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Seventh Report on Unilateral Acts of States, by Mr. Víctor Rodríguez Cedeño, Special Rapporteur [Original: English/French/Spanish] [22 April 2004]

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Seventh Report on Unilateral Acts of States, by Mr. Víctor Rodríguez Cedeño, Special Rapporteur [Original: English/French/Spanish] [22 April 2004] UNILATERAL ACTS OF STATES [Agenda item 5] DOCUMENT A/CN.4/542*1 Seventh report on unilateral acts of States, by Mr. Víctor Rodríguez Cedeño, Special Rapporteur [Original: English/French/Spanish] [22 April 2004] CONTENTS Page Multilateral instruments cited in the present report ..................................................................................................................................... 207 Works cited in the present report ................................................................................................................................................................. 208 Paragraphs INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1–12 211 Chapter I. ACTS AND DECLARATIONS THAT MAY REPRESENT THE PRACTICE OF STATES................................................................................................. 13–201 212 A. Acts whereby States assume obligations .................................................................................................................................... 13–79 212 B. Acts by which a State waives a right or a legal claim................................................................................................................. 80–88 232 C. Acts by which a State reaffirms a right or a legal claim ............................................................................................................. 89–178 234 D. Some forms of State conduct which may produce legal effects similar to those of unilateral acts .......................................... 179–186 244 E. Silence and estoppel as principles modifying some State acts ................................................................................................. 187–201 247 II. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 202–231 250 Multilateral instruments cited in the present report Source Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (New York, 9 December United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 78, 1948) No. 1021, p. 277. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (Geneva, 28 July 1951) Ibid., vol. 189, No. 2545, p. 137. Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America (San Francisco, Ibid., vol. 131, No. 1736, p. 83. 1 September 1951) Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance (Warsaw, 14 May 1955) (Warsaw Pact) Ibid., vol. 219, No. 2962, p. 3. Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone (Geneva, 29 April 1958) Ibid., vol. 516, No. 7477, p. 205. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (London, Moscow and Washington, D.C., Ibid., vol. 729, No. 10485, p. 161. 1 July 1968) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna, 23 May 1969) Ibid., vol. 1155, No. 18232, p. 331. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982) Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3. General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Paris, 14 December 1995) ILM, vol. XXXV, No, 1, January 1996, p. 89. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2303, 11 December 1997) No. 30822, p. 162. * Incorporating documents A/CN.4/542/Corr.2 and A/CN.4/542/Corr.3. 207 208 Documents of the fifty-sixth session Works cited in the present report ARCOS VARGAS, Marycruz COUSSIRAT-COUSTÈRE, Vincent and Pierre Michel EISEMANN, eds. “El reconocimiento de Estados: nuevos aspectos de la institución Repertory of International Arbitral Jurisprudence. Vol. I: 1794– tras las declaraciones de los doce respecto a las antiguas repúbli- 1918. Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1989. 546 p. cas yugoslavas”, Anuario Hispano-Luso-Americano de Derecho Internacional, vol. 11, 1994, pp. 97–126. DEGAN, Vladimir-Djuro “Unilateral act as a source of particular international law”, Finnish BARALE, Jean Yearbook of International Law, vol. V, 1994, pp. 149–266. “L’acquiescement dans la jurisprudence internationale”, An- nuaire français de droit international (Paris), vol. XI, 1965, Sources of International Law. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1997. pp. 389–427. DEHOUSSE, Renaud BARBERIS, Julio A. “The international practice of the European Communities―cur- “Los actos jurídicos unilaterales como fuente del derecho internac- rent survey: European political cooperation in 1991”, European ional público”, Hacia un Nuevo Orden Internacional y Europeo: Journal of International Law, vol. 4, No. 1, 1993, pp. 141–156. Estudios en Homenaje al Profesor Don Manuel Díez de Velasco. Madrid, Tecnos, 1993, pp. 101–116. DE MARTENS, G. Fr. Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités et Autres Actes Relatifs aux BENTZ, Jacques Rapports de Droit International. 2nd series, vol. XXII. Leipzig, “Le silence comme manifestation de volonté en droit international Dieterich, 1897. public”, RGDIP, vol. LXVII, 1963, pp. 44–91. DÍEZ-PICAZO PONCE DE LEÓN, Luis BERGIN, Anthony La doctrina de los propios actos: un estudio crítico sobre la “The new Australian policy on recognition of States only”, Austral- jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo. Barcelona, Bosch, 1963, ian Outlook, vol. 42, No. 3, December 1988, pp. 150–154. 505 p. DUCULESCO, Victor BEUKES, Margaret “Effet de la reconnaissance de l’état de belligérance par les tiers, y “Southern African events of international significance: 2000”, South compris les organisations internationales, sur le statut juridique African Yearbook of International Law, vol. 26, 2001. des conflits armés à caractère non international”, RGDIP, vol. LXXIX, 1975, pp. 125–151. BÜHLER, Konrad G. “State succession, identity/continuity and membership in the United FOCSANEANU, Lazar Nations”, in Pierre Michel Eisemann and Martti Koskenniemi, “La République populaire de Chine à l’O.N.U.”, Annuaire français eds., State Succession: Codification Tested against the Facts. de droit international (Paris), vol. XX, 1974, pp. 115–152. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 2000, pp. 187–326. FURET, Marie-Françoise CAFLISCH, Louis “Limitation et réduction des armements stratégiques en 1992”, RG- “La pratique suisse en matière de droit international public 1982”, DIP, vol. XCVI, 1992, pp. 603–621. Annuaire suisse de droit international (Zürich), vol. XXXIX, 1983, pp. 177–268. GARCÍA RICO, Elena del Mar “La pratique suisse en matière de droit international public 1986”, El Uso de las Armas Nucleares y el Derecho Internacional: Análisis Annuaire suisse de droit international (Zürich), vol. XLIII, sobre la Legalidad de su Empleo. Madrid, Tecnos, 1999. 1987. GONZÁLEZ CAMPOS, Julio D., Luis I. SÁNCHEZ RODRÍGUEZ and Paz Andres SÁENZ DE SANTA MARÍA CAHIER, Philippe Curso de Derecho Internacional Público. 6th ed. Madrid, Civitas, “Le comportement des États comme source de droits et 1998. d’obligations”, Recueil d’études de droit international en hom- mage à Paul Guggenheim. Geneva, Graduate Institute of Inter- national Studies, 1968, pp. 237–265. GROS ESPIELL, Héctor La Neutralidad de Costa Rica. San José, Juricentro, 1986. 96 p. CARRILLO SALCEDO, Juan Antonio “Funciones del acto unilateral en el régimen jurídico de los espacios GROTIUS, Hugo marítimos”, Estudios de Derecho Internacional Marítimo. Uni- De Jure Belli ac Pacis: Libri Tres, in James Brown Scott, ed., The versity of Sarragosa, 1963, pp. 7–27. Classics of International Law. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913. Vol. I. Reproduction of the edition of 1646. CASTEL, J.-G. HACKWORTH, Green Haywood International Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied in Canada. 3rd ed. Toronto, Butterworths, 1976. 1268 p. Digest of International Law. Vols. I–VIII. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office, 1940–1944. CHARPENTIER, Jean HILLE, Saskia “Les déclarations des Douze sur la reconnaissance des nouveaux États”, RGDIP, vol. XCVI, 1992, pp. 343–355. “Mutual recognition of Croatia and Serbia (+Montenegro)”, Eu- ropean Journal of International Law, vol. 6, No. 4, 1995, pp. 598–611. “Engagements unilatéraux et engagements conventionnels: diffé- rences et convergences”, in Jerzy Makarczyk, ed., Theory of In- ternational Law at the Threshold of the 21st Century: Essays in JACQUÉ, Jean-Paul honour of Krzysztof Skubiszewski. The Hague, Kluwer, 1996, Éléments pour une théorie de l’acte juridique en droit international pp. 367–380. public. Paris, LGDJ, 1972. 511 p. Unilateral acts of States 209 “À propos de la promesse unilatérale”, Mélanges offerts à Paul “United Kingdom materials on international law 1999”, British Year Reuter—le droit international: unité et diversité. Paris, Pedone, Book of International Law, 1999 (Oxford), vol. 70, 2000. 1981, pp. 327–345. “United Kingdom materials on international law 2000”, British Year JIMÉNEZ GARCÍA, Francisco Book of International Law, 2000 (Oxford), vol. 71, 2001. Los comportamientos recíprocos en derecho internacional a propósito de la aquiescencia, el estoppel y la confianza legítima. “United Kingdom materials on international law 2001”, British Year Madrid, Dilex, 2002. 312 p. Book of International Law, 2001 (Oxford), vol. 72, 2002. JIMÉNEZ PIERNAS, Carlos MARTIN, Antoine “La ratificación por España de la Convención de 1982 sobre el dere- L’estoppel en droit international public précédé d’un aperçu de la cho del mar y del Acuerdo de 1994 sobre la aplicación de la théorie de l’estoppel en droit anglais. Paris,
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