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Remember We Are Not Managing the Ocean, but the Behavior of the People Who Use the Ocean! Presentationpresentation Outlineoutline

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Remember We Are Not Managing the Ocean, but the Behavior of the People Who Use the Ocean! Presentationpresentation Outlineoutline TOWARDS INTEGRATED NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC: Solomon Islands. Competing & Conflicting Issues in Ocean Policy… Rudolf H. Dorah UN-The Nippon of Japan Foundation Fellow (2006-07 Remember we are not managing the ocean, but the behavior of the people who use the ocean! PresentationPresentation OutlineOutline 1. HOW FAR HAVE WE GONE SINCE UNCLOS & RIO? GLOBAL LEVEL PACIFIC CONTEXT Geographical Realities Political Realities Economic Realities Ocean Realities 2. TOWARDS INTEGRATED OCEAN POLICY: Conceptualization Rationale Objective 3. TOWARDS AN INTEGRATE REGIONAL OCEAN POLICY IN THE PACIFIC Development of the PIROP Evolution of the Policy? The Policy Environment Policy Process Major Principles Adopted Institutional Arrangements 4. DEVELOPMENT OF SOLOMON ISLAND NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY: ISSUES BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND UNCLOSUNCLOS UNCEDUNCED Relevant provisions of UNCLOS UNCED reinforces UNCLOS, related to Ocean Policy are: deals with new challenges, and also set new targets for states to accomplish including 1. Living Marine Resources: Part V (EEZ) Art 61-73, Part VII ( High Seas), Section 2, Art 116-120 & 1. Deals with Climate change Annex 1. ( Rights and Obligations 2. Support full ratification and of States, Annex 1 (types of highly implementation of UNCLOS migratory species) 3. Agenda 21, Ch 17, Sustainable 2. Non-Living Marine resources: Part Development (27 principles of XII, Protection and Preservation of sustainable development). Of the marine environment (12 Sec), particular relevance to this thesis is Sources of pollutions, Art 145 Chapter 17, programmes C and D of protection of the Environment Agenda 21 which specifically look at from the area. the sustainable use and resource management and conservation of marine resources. BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND CONTCONT…… UNCLOSUNCLOS UNCEDUNCED Marine Scientific Research: All of Chapter 17 recognizes that the Part XIII ( 6 Sec) deals with MSR within “marine environment, including the oceans and all EEZ and the high seas. International seas and adjacent coastal areas, forms an integrated whole that is an essential component of the global cooperation is encouraged to strengthen life support system and a positive asset that developing states capabilities, and call presents opportunities for sustainable for scientific data obtained to be development”. disseminated. No research to be carried To achieve that, Programme C charges out with out authorization states to take effective action which Technology Transfer: Part XIV, includes bilateral and multilateral co- provides international cooperation in operation to ensure that high seas supporting the needs of developing fishery resources are managed in countries. accordance with the UNCLOS. ( IUU, overcapacity etc) UNCLOS did not deal with climate overcapacity etc) change and sea level rise. Part D really promote Eco-system based management as oppose to a legal approach (UNCLOS). HOWHOW FARFAR HAVEHAVE WEWE GONEGONE SINCESINCE UNCLOSUNCLOS ANDAND UNCED?UNCED? While a number of developed countries have made significant advances in establishing National Ocean Policies frameworks in the last decade, majority of developing countries & LDCs remains far behind. A study conducted by the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands, 2006) on the establishment of National Ocean Policies (GFOCI) revealed that; - 6 countries are in the policy implementation stage - 5 countries are in the policy formulation stage - 5 countries are in the policy preparation stage GlobalGlobal GlanceGlance NATIONAL OCEAN POLICIES ( Cicin-Sain et.al.2006) Implementation Stage Policy Formulation Stage 1. AUSTRALIA 1. NEW ZEALAND 2. BRAZIL 2. JAMAICA 3. CANADA 3. NORWAY 4. CHINA 4. PORTUGAL 5. UK 5. UNITED STATES 6. RUSSIAN FEDERATION Policy Preparation Stage REGIONAL LEVEL 1. INDIA 1. Pacific Regional Ocean Policy and 2. JAPAN Integrated Strategic Action Plan 3. MEXICO 4. PHILIPPINES 5. VIETNAM GlobalGlobal GlanceGlance OutOut ofof thethe sixsix (6)(6) countriescountries inin thethe implementationimplementation stage,stage, nonenone isis fromfrom SouthSouth EastEast Asia,Asia, Africa,Africa, LatinLatin America,America, && CaribbeanCaribbean (( alsoalso PacificPacific IslandIsland individualindividual states).states). EastEast Asia,Asia, AfricaAfrica andand PacificPacific StatesStates areare alsoalso missingmissing inin thethe PolicyPolicy formulationformulation stage,stage, withwith thethe exceptionexception ofof thethe CaribbeanCaribbean beingbeing representedrepresented byby JamaicaJamaica MostMost countriescountries areare eithereither inin thethe initialinitial preparationpreparation stagestage oror havehave notnot started.started. (Global Ocean Forum 2004) WhyWhy OceanOcean Policy?Policy? GlobalGlobal LevelLevel Oceans compose 72% of the earth surface Coasts contains more than 50% of human population 70% of mega cities ( greater than 8 million) are coastal 44 of the world’s nation are small island developing states coasts yield 90% of global fisheries on which 400 million fishers rely 90% of world trade moves by ship Travel and Tourism is the largest industry in the world, much of it is related to coasts and marine areas Over 25% of the world’s energy supplies are produced in the ocean areas offshore Coral reef resources contribute almost $375 billion to the world’s economy Cicin-Sain et.al.2004. PacificPacific IslandIsland ContextContext WhyWhy OceanOcean PolicyPolicy forfor PICs?PICs? Geographical, Political & Economic Realities Pacific region consist of 22 Island PacificPacific RegionRegion countries & territories dotted over a vast ocean, out of which only 9 are politically independent and the rest have political associated relations with certain metropolitan states such as: - USA, FR, AUST, NZ, & UK Pacific ocean covers one third of the earth surface or about half the area covered by water and one fifth more than all land put together. This area is calculated to encompass an area equivalent to four times the land mass of Australia, three times that of the United States and Several times the size of western Europe. SOUTH PACIFIC COUNTRIES PRINCIPAL PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC FEATURES State Land Sea Area Est. Density Annual Total GDP Per Capita Year Area (‘000 1994 Person/ Growth (A$’000) (US$) (‘000 Sq. Km) Populat. sq.km % (1994) Sq.km) (‘000) 1974-91 Cook Is. 237 1,830 21 73 1.07 82,224 4,328 1994 FSM 701 2,978 110 159 4.02 181,000 1,554 1993 Fiji 18,272 1,290 784 41 1.91 1,715,652 2,051 1993 Kiribati 690 3,550 78 107 2.07 48,875 500 1994 Marshalls 181 2,131 54 265 4.21 52,682 1,610 1993 Nauru 21 320 10 457 2.28 206,250 4,640 1993 Niue 259 390 2 8 -5.27 4,347 3,447 1992 Palau 488 629 15 32 1.80 48,831 3,564 1994 PNG 462,243 3,120 4,100 9 1.48 4,853,623 1,290 1994 Samoa 2,935 120 163 55 0.28 150,000 748 1993 Sol. Is. 27,5567 1,340 367 12 3.67 234,900 708 1993 Tonga 747 700 98 130 0.49 125,000 1,591 1993 Tuvalu 24 900 9 380 2.30 203,386 1,009 1990 Vanuatu 12,190 680 164 12 2.41 150,000 1,160 1993 Source: SPC, Economics Statistical Bulletin, 1993 and Foreign Investment Climate in South Pacific Forum Island Countries, Forum Secretariat, 1995. WhyWhy OceanOcean PolicyPolicy conticonti…… TheThe totaltotal landmasslandmass ofof 552552 789789 squaresquare kilometerskilometers comparedcompared withwith aa totaltotal seasea boundaryboundary ofof 30,30, 569,000569,000 squaresquare kilometers.kilometers. BIOLOGICAL & MINERAL DEPOSITS ( EEZ, ECS) The Pacific Ocean has both the potential for living and non-living resources, and the ocean serves as an important medium of transport. Shipping caters for about 85-90% of total Pacific trade. As for the non-living resources, research is continuing into the rich seabed minerals which at present have an estimated economic value of trillions of dollars. Gillett R.D., 2002. WhyWhy OceanOcean PolicyPolicy…… Mineral including oil & gas and deep sea biological surveys 2000-5 WhyWhy OceanOcean PolicyPolicy…… FISHERIES For most Pacific Island countries, fish and fishery related food consumption is as high as 70% with a total estimated subsistence capture of 102 000 mt per year. These catches are from the coastal fisheries alone. As far as the offshore pelagic fishery especially with tuna fisheries, estimates 70 percent (3.2 million tonnes) of the world annual tuna catch is taken from the WCPO region. Knowing also that despite the Pacific region is the largest supplier of world tuna trade (1.8 million metric tons), yet only a fraction of the total value is retained in the region. It was reported that in 1998, the landed value of tuna caught in WCPO region was estimated at US$1.92 billion, and out of that about US$1.3 billion was the value of tuna caught within the EEZ of the PICs, which represents about 68%. However, only about 11% is retain by the PICs. Most of it is consumed by the DWFNs, who invested heavily in the harvesting, processing and marketing of tuna. Van Saten and Miller, 2000 WhyWhy OceanOcean Policy..Policy.. SHIPPING SECTOR Over ninety-five percent (95%) of Trade from either outside to the region, or within the region and, or within an island state itself is conducted through shipping services. However, the issues and concerns associated with the Pacific SIDS shipping, and especially, inter-island shipping are; safe and secure shipping to meet international standards, cleaner seas, improved social and economic well-being of seafaring communities, building proper wharfs, and safety at sea. The current capacity of Pacific Islanders to manage, administer, regulate, control and gain employment in the maritime transport sector in a socially responsible manner is weak. WhyWhy OceanOcean PolicyPolicy…… TOURISM SECTOR The Pacific SIDS possesses some astounding magnificent sceneries of islands, beaches, lagoons, and unique coastal areas that attract tourism developments. Tourism has been steadily progressing in the Polynesian Island States of the Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Niue, and the nearby French territory of French Polynesia (Tahiti). Polynesia – 74%-80% of GDP Micronesia – 40%-60% Melanesia -20%-50% An emerging issue that has the potential to threaten the growth of tourism in the Pacific region is the increasing rate of loss of biodiversity.
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