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Moving Sudanese Stories: Voices That Contest the Dominant Refugee Discourse(S)

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MOVING SUDANESE STORIES: VOICES THAT CONTEST THE DOMINANT REFUGEE DISCOURSE(S) DEEPA RAJKUMAR A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO JUNE 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54103-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54103-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 14-1 Canada Moving Sudanese Stories: Voices that Contest the Dominant Refugee Discourse(s) By Deepa Rajkumar a dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of York University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY © 2009 Permission has been granted to: a) YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES to lend or sell copies of this dissertation in paper, microform or electronic formats, and b) LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA to reproduce, lend, distribute, or sell copies of this dissertation anywhere in the world in microform, paper or electronic formats and to authorize or procure the reproduction, loan, distribution or sale of copies of this dissertation anywhere in the world in micro­ form, paper or electronic formats. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the dissertation nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission. Abstract This dissertation is a composition, of stories, many stories, of journeys, of people as they moved from Sudan to Canada, confronting and contesting the dominant refugee discourse(s). Stories that also challenge the form and content of academic writing. Form builds on content, moves away from certain academic conventions, and centers the storytellers themselves, who tell their stories of moving, on their own terms. Storyteller- centric stories decentre the conventional academic author as the author. Speaking dialogically, they engage, as persons, speakers, with one another, with me, and with the readers. About meanings: given, subverted and opened up as possibilities, to think and be different. Not fitting into the framings, which reproduce certain people, as refugees, as passive, victims, voiceless, or even threatening. In dialogical conversations that take place through single-voiced stories of the storytellers; through interviews with storytellers and those who asked questions of my project; and through mixed-voiced first person conversations. Questioning. Performances of authorship, readership, participation, and obj edification. Through contestations, conversations. For possibilities. Telling a different story, living a different story. iv With my father, Who knew, and did, differently. The same. Simply, complex. Accepting, people. For those, This matters to. v Acknowledgements To the innumerable people who supported me in myriad ways through the years it took me to complete my dissertation. Some of whom stayed from beginning to end, some who were there in the beginning, in the middle, at the end. Who came and went, stayed and didn't. When I needed them, when I asked, when I didn't. In academic and non-academic ways, mixed together. To Prabh Rabindra Rajkumar, my dearest father, who passed on May 11 2009, the day I almost submitted my dissertation. Who supported me through anything and everything in life, especially in breaking established rules that curtailed life. Who understood me, more than anyone else. Without whom my life is half, and who would still have pushed me to make it one and a half. With humour, and awareness of the other. With others, humbly, proudly, groundedly in an ungrounded way. In moving. To Gerald Kernerman, my supervisor, who some friends have teased me as being my adopted parent, for his immense support that went beyond the role of a supervisor, or maybe one that actually filled it completely. Finding him made me relaxed, and pushed me to put my raw ideas and writing in sync with my political project. To Peter Nyers and Honor Ford-Smith, also members of my supervisory committee, for their valuable guidance and backing. To Maroussia Ahmed (External), Gamal Abdel-Shehid (Internal External) and Shannon Bell (Dean's Representative), members of my examining committee, for their engagement and belief in my project. To those I met with a bit, and gained a lot: Ambrose Beny, VY Mudimbe, Gustavo Esteva. To those who directly helped me with the dissertation process in their understanding: Susan Henders, David Mutimer, Ato Sekyi-otu Anna Agathangelou, Deborah Barndt, Elizabeth Dauphinee Leah Vosko, Valerie Preston, Robert Latham And Marlene Quesenberry. Among the many. To Nadia Hasan and Jabin Jacob, whose were also my editors, proofreaders. They had fun. Or so they said. To the hundreds of people from the Sudanese communities in Canada, and through them in Sudan, who took me into their communities, into their homes, and into their lives. Including, and especially, those who shared stories with me. About whom, through whom and with whom I have written this dissertation. VI To the many many people, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, even strangers, who helped me along the way. Sometimes in agreement and sometimes not. Directly, indirectly. Abdelhamid, Abdulkareem, Absheri, Adau, Ajay, Albert, Anju, Antoni, Anuradha, Apidech, Arafa, Archna, Ash, Atchara, Augustine, Ayung, Bena, Beig, Benjamin Bol, Benjamin, Bhaweshi, Bic, Bikrum, Brian, Buay, Burak, Bwogo, Caglayan, Charles, Daniel, Daudi, David Lukudu, David Lugeron, David Majok, Deepa, Deng Leng, Deng Domac, Deng Alor, Dennis, Derek, Deny, Dubey, Duoth, Edwina, Eknko, Elfadil, Elfatih, Elizabeth, Emmanuel Kembe, Gamal, Gamal Adam, Gatluak Deng, Gokul, Hakim, Hillary Adeba, Hussan, Nori, Isa, Isabella, Jacob Karaba, James, James Biel, James Choul, Jayanthi, Jim Nugent, John Aban, John Carlaw, John Chhetri, John Jok, John Loku, Jong-Chul, Jorge, Joseph, Jossy, Joyce, Juliane, Jun, June, Kamala Narayanan, Katsu, Keak, Khalid Abdelwahab, Khalid Ahmed, Kon, Kuel, Kuer, Kwongo, Lam, Laura, Levish, Lomumba, Machar, Machar Buol, Mading, Madut, Maita, Majok, Malual, Manyang, Manzar, Margaret, Manut, Marial, Mark, Martin Ochaya, Mawien, Melanie, Mervet, Michael, Miriam, Mourn, Morgan, Mutwakil, Muhammad Iqbal, Nabarun, Namrata, Naoko, Nashwa, Natalia, Naveena, Nelson, Nishant, Nithya, Nyandeng, Nyakong, Nyalela, Olura, Omme, Omprakash, Orik, Pal, Papiti, Peter Opio, Peter Longwala, Peter Van Wonterghem, Portia, Preethy, Prem, Ragamalika, Ravinder, Richard, Ritika, Ritu, Ruben, Saad, Sabit, Sadia, Sai, Salil, Salimah, Salwa, Sandeep, Sarah, Saritha, Secil, Senthil, Simon Keat, Smita, Sudarshana, Sumanth, Suresh Paul, Sushila, Tony, Tor Both, Tsugumi, Tut, Valarmathi, Vasavi, Vipul, Volen, Wani, William, Yalini, Yasir, Yien Puc, Zahir, Zuba. And to, especially the young(er) ones: Raan, Pajok, Nyaluak, Chamrin, Vishav, Nyandeng, Arual, Afongwa, Kiyang, Luwa, Ibrahim, Arul, Shagun, Shubham and Shivani. To those who are my immediate family: my mother Pramila Rajkumar, my sister Divya Rajkumar, my cousins Sidharth Kumar, Clifton Noble, Jefferton Noble and Simanda Noble. And the rest, grandparents, great aunts and great uncles, uncles and aunts, cousins. Who accept me as I am, not asking for more but believing in me. And to those who passing me by, did me deeds that helped sustain me, inspire me, in all kinds of ways. Deepa Rajkumar Toronto 23 June 2009 vn Summarized Table of Contents Preface xvii Introductions: To all of us 1-52 Contexts: Sudan 53-145 Living in and leaving Sudan 146-204 Journeys 205-317 In Canada 318-539 A hope: Going back 540-552 Conclusions: To all of this 553-563 You can see, easily see what I am here. 564 Appendix: Conversations 565-573 Glossary: A selective referring 574-578 Bibliography: As it is 579-587 viii Detailed Table of Contents, Stories, Journeys Preface xvii-xxii Introductions: To all of us 1-52 -A Story. A long story. A never ending story. Many stories. 1 A place. Many places. Moving stories. -Who are you? 2-5 -Telling Stories. Theorizing method. 6-9 Osama: I am a regular Sudanese person born to a worker man, 10-11 a very simple, religious man, and a simple woman. Ajak: My father left to join Sudanese People's Liberation Army. 11-13 Santino: I was six years old when my dad left and went to 13-14 London, to study more. Athaia: I am from Yei. I grew up in Juba. And I stayed in 14-17 Khartoum too.
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