Aranzazu Flores Romero
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Marginalisation and Violence Considering Origins of Insurgency and Peace Implementation in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan
Marginalisation and violence Considering origins of insurgency and peace implementation in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan INTRODUCTION and narrow base of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Both agreements were essentially Renewed interest in investigating the causes of confl ict exclusive power-sharing deals between the main rebel in Africa’s Sahel region can be partly credited to Homer- organisations and the government regime. Consequently, Dixon’s work1, in which he links ‘environmental scarcity’ a broad-based analysis of the origins of war in the 1980s and violent confl ict. Th is framework has led to a number is necessary for a deeper understanding of the current of analyses on the causes of insurgencies in the Sahel, situation and to provide well-founded policy recommen- which have supported the role of natural resources in dations to minimise the possibility of another large-scale confl ict.2 However, although natural resources are an confl ict in the future. In an eff ort to implement any such important factor in local confl icts in the region, it is recommendations, the extensive role of the international necessary to view them in the social and political context community is fundamental. in which they acquire signifi cance. Th e paper consists of six sections. Th e following Th is paper addresses two issues. First, it builds on section provides a brief historical background to the an argument in earlier research on the Nuba Mountains Nuba and their general relationship with neighbouring that purely resource-based explanations are not suffi cient peoples and the Sudanese state in an attempt to highlight to fi nd comprehensive measures for confl ict resolution,3 Nuba grievances against the state and the governing showing that any resource scarcity explanation needs elite. -
Principales Movimientos Rebeldes Armados Del Sur De Sudán
Humania del Sur. Año 11, Nº 20. Enero-Junio, 2016. Alfredo Langa Herrero Principales movimientos rebeldes armados del sur de Sudán... pp. 43-55. Principales movimientos rebeldes armados del sur de Sudán Alfredo Langa Herrero Universidad Pablo de Olavide (Sevilla, España) Universidad Alice Salomon (Berlín, Alemania) [email protected] Resumen En este artículo se presenta una descripción detallada de los principales grupos armados que han actuado en el sur de Sudán desde la independencia hasta la fundación de la República de Sudán del Sur, como consecuencia del escenario del confl icto armado que ha vivido el país durante prácticamente toda su existencia. El carácter y la evolución de dichos grupos ha sido muy diversa y su desarrollo no se ha limitado al sur del país, sino también al norte, donde la represión ejercida por los sucesivos gobiernos centrales ha propiciado la organización de diversas formas de resistencia y oposición armada. Palabras clave: Sudán, Guerra, Grupos armados, Rebeldes, Oposición. Main Armed Rebel Movements in Southern Sudan Abstract Th is article introduces a detailed description of the main armed groups that have been acting in the southern territories of Sudan, until the foundation of the Republic of South Sudan as a result of the armed confl ict the country has faced during practically the whole of its existence. Th e character and evolution of those groups has been quite diverse and their development has not been circumscribed to the South, for they have also arisen in the North, where armed repression by the successive central governments has yielded diverse forms of resistance and armed opposition. -
RVI Local Peace Processes in Sudan.Pdf
Rift Valley Institute ﻤﻌﻬﺪ اﻷﺨدود اﻟﻌﻇﻴم Taasisi ya Bonde Kuu ySMU vlˆ yU¬T tí Machadka Dooxada Rift 东非大裂谷研究院 Institut de la Vallée du Rift Local Peace Processes in Sudan A BASELINE STUDY Mark Bradbury John Ryle Michael Medley Kwesi Sansculotte-Greenidge Commissioned by the UK Government Department for International Development “Our sons are deceiving us... … Our soldiers are confusing us” Chief Gaga Riak Machar at Wunlit Dinka-Nuer Reconciliation Conference 1999 “You, translators, take my words... It seems we are deviating from our agenda. What I expected was that the Chiefs of our land, Dinka and Nuer, would sit on one side and address our grievances against the soldiers. I differ from previous speakers… I believe this is not like a traditional war using spears. In my view, our discussion should not concentrate on the chiefs of Dinka and Nuer, but on the soldiers, who are the ones who are responsible for beginning this conflict. “When John Garang and Riek Machar [leaders of rival SPLA factions] began fighting did we understand the reasons for their fighting? When people went to Bilpam [in Ethiopia] to get arms, we thought they would fight against the Government. We were not expecting to fight against ourselves. I would like to ask Commanders Salva Mathok & Salva Kiir & Commander Parjak [Senior SPLA Commanders] if they have concluded the fight against each other. I would ask if they have ended their conflict. Only then would we begin discussions between the chiefs of Dinka and Nuer. “The soldiers are like snakes. When a snake comes to your house day after day, one day he will bite you. -
1 AU Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P. O
AU Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P. O. Box 3243 Telephone: +251 11 551 7700 / +251 11 518 25 58/ Ext 2558 Website: http://www.au.int/en/auciss Original: English FINAL REPORT OF THE AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION OF INQUIRY ON SOUTH SUDAN ADDIS ABABA 15 OCTOBER 2014 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 3 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER I ..................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER II .................................................................................................................. 34 INSTITUTIONS IN SOUTH SUDAN .............................................................................. 34 CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................... 110 EXAMINATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND OTHER ABUSES DURING THE CONFLICT: ACCOUNTABILITY ......................................................................... 111 CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................... 233 ISSUES ON HEALING AND RECONCILIATION ....................................................... -
Addis Ababa Universiy
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSIY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCEINCES CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND ORIENTAL STUDIES EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES OF IGAD-LED PEACE PROCESS OF SOUTH SUDAN BY MULUGETA BIRHANU ADDIS ABABA October, 2016 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES OF IGAD-LED PEACE PROCESS OF SOUTH SUDAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN AFRICAN STUDIES (STATE AND CITEZENSHIP IN AFRICA) BY: MULUGETA BIRHANU ADVISOR: SAMUEL TEFERA (PhD) ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND ORIENTAL STUDIES ADDIS ABABA October, 2016 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND ORIENTAL STUDIES EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES OF IGAD-LED PEACE PROCESS OF SOUTH SUDAN BY 2 MULUGETA BIRHANU Approved by the Board of Examiners: Dr.__________________________ ________________ _________________ Advisor Signature Date Dr.__________________________ _________________ _________________ External Examiner Signature Date Dr.__________________________ __________________ _________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date 3 Acknowledgement I would like to express my most cordial gratitude to all those who made this thesis possible. First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Samuel Tefera for his guidance and encouragement. I would also like to thank all my key informants for their obedience and willingness to bestow valuable information for this study. I would like to forward my appreciation to my beloved wife (Adenech Bekele), for her unreserved encouragement and for standing by my side as well as for her financial support throughout the study. Further, I would like to thank my entire families and my friends (Meseret Bekele, Adene W/Abe and Bekele Habitamu), for their unlimited assistance in sharing their experience and suggestions respectively. -
Barbarian Beasts Or Mothers of Invention Relation of Gendered Fighter and Citizen Images Dissertation by Annette Weber
Barbarian Beasts or Mothers of Invention Relation of Gendered Fighter and Citizen Images with a specific case study on Southern Sudan Dissertation by Annette Weber Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin July 2006 Annette Weber betreut von Prof. Dr. Marianne Braig/ Erstgutachterin Prof. Dr. Ute Luig/ Zweitgutachterin Verteidigt am 23. April 2006 Magna cum laude 2 To you Meret! you rule my world 3 Acknowledgement: To those staying with me in times of tension. And those who kept me happy. To all my friends who brought life and fun to me and my house. To my family who hardly ever asked why this is still going on but never gave up believing it will be done. To the women in Sudan who took me in – regardless, who talked to me – in spite of, who inspired me with their clarity and power, who kept their friendship over all these years, who questioned and critizised and challenged. To the women in Eritrea who were disillusioned but new their strength and will never go back. To all the people, women, men and children in the conflict areas of Chiapas, Los Angeles, Sudan, Darfur, Nuba Mountains, Upper Nile, Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, Khartoum, Cairo, Uganda, Eritrea, DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, who allowed me to take their thoughts, their experiences, their suffering and sorrow, their knowledge and hopes with me in my notebook. To Marianne Braig and Ute Luig who are my supervisors. To Ulrich Albrecht, who was my supervisor for many years. To Kris, who was reading it and re-reading it and kept on giving me the right words and grammar and encouragement. -
Policy & Practice Brief
ISSUE # 011 October Policy & Practice Brief 2011 Knowledge for durable peace The New Sudans: The First 100 Days By Dr Kwesi Sansculotte-Greenidge and Dr William Tsuma This Policy & Practice Brief focuses on the challenges facing the two Sudans post separation. 17 October marks 100 days since the fracturing of the Sudan. It is, therefore, an opportune moment for reflection on the state of affairs as the two states move into uncertain futures. The date also offers a chance to assess the trajectories of the two countries as they chart separate, but linked destinies. While assessing the past 100 days, one should be cognisant that the next three years will most likely set the tone for not only the internal dynamics but also the cross-border relations between the two states. This brief highlights the fact that much of the current tension between and within the two states can be seen as a manifestation or projection of internal political dynamics and power struggles. As a result, policy interventions need to be designed to have a dual focus, namely the national capitals and the actual sites of conflict. UN Photo/Tim McKulka Photo/Tim UN Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of the Republic of South Sudan, and Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir, President of the Sudan at the independence ceremonies for South Sudan on 9 July 2011. Introduction Current conflicts in both the Sudans show that the from a holistic scope. Consequently, the accord was signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement unable to quell all conflict in and between the two (CPA) has not been able to definitively end violent countries. -
Moving Sudanese Stories: Voices That Contest the Dominant Refugee Discourse(S)
MOVING SUDANESE STORIES: VOICES THAT CONTEST THE DOMINANT REFUGEE DISCOURSE(S) DEEPA RAJKUMAR A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO JUNE 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54103-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54103-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. -
AC Vol 42 No 7)
www.africa-confidential.com 6 April 2001 Vol 42 No 7 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL SOUTH AFRICA 2 UGANDA Rules of law Lawyers fear the government’s Ungracious winner draft legal practice bill could bring President Museveni’s crushing victory raises concerns about the their profession under state control return of personal rule through a council which would report to the Minister of Justice. ‘Losing is completely hypothetical. It will not happen,’ President Yoweri Museveni told journalists in Kampala on the eve of the presidential election on 13 March. He did not lose and his opponent, Kizza Besigye, is asking the Supreme Court to annul the result because of rigging and intimidation by KENYA 3 Museveni’s campaign team. Besigye’s court action started on 2 April and may last a month. The Court is likely to hear much about the Museveni team’s rough tactics and may see video and audio evidence of Leave it to Sally abuses. Few believe that Besigye will win but reporting of the proceedings will further damage New civil service chief Sally Kosgey Museveni’s reputation as a progressive reformer. He abandoned his revolutionary Marxist views shortly wasted no time in sacking the after winning power in 1986. senior officials installed by her predecessor, Richard Leakey. The Most Ugandans had never before witnessed real elections. Museveni’s first serious challenger - a civil service is safely back in the retired colonel, formerly his personal physician and government minister - is, like the President, Ankole hands of the Kalenjin elite under from the east of the country. He stood as a reformer of the ruling National Resistance Movement, gaining Moi and Nicholas Biwott. -
Nuba Mountains So That Nothing Can Exist There.’13 Zens by Sudan’S Arab Elite, the Nuba’S Was Brutal
expanding herds.9 Although repre- Yousif Kuwa Mekke, they demanded out of their homes were forcibly relo- senting a ‘bewildering complexity’ of ‘the right to be Nuba’ and an end to cated to ‘peace camps’ in government- tribes,10 with different cultures, inter- marginalization in all its forms. As controlled areas. Nuba women were ests, and grievances, most Nuba are ‘Africans’ within the political bounda- systematically raped and children for- sedentary farmers and share an expe- ries of Arab-dominated northern Sudan, cibly Islamized.12 The head of security rience of oppression. The subjugation they fervently supported SPLA Chair- in South Kordofan, who later sought extends from the slaving raids of the man John Garang’s vision of a ‘New political asylum in Switzerland, said 19th century to the jihad declared against Sudan’, in which all Sudanese would the orders given to government troops them during the civil war by the gov- have equal rights and duties, irrespec- were ‘to kill anything that is alive . ernment of President Omar al-Bashir. tive of ethnicity. to destroy everything, to burn the area Long regarded as second-class citi- The civil war in the Nuba Mountains so that nothing can exist there.’13 zens by Sudan’s Arab elite, the Nuba’s was brutal. The government of Sadiq For 13 years, Nuba in SPLM/A- indigenous cultures and religions were al-Mahdi (1986–89) armed the Baggara controlled areas went without humani- suppressed, and local languages banned. to fight their Nuba neighbours, politi- tarian aid: the government sealed off Many reacted to political, economic, cizing age-old resource tensions. -
The Derg-SPLM/A Cooperation: an Aspect of Ethio-Sudan Proxy Wars
The Derg-SPLM/A Cooperation: An Aspect of Ethio-Sudan Proxy Wars Regassa Bayissa∗ Abstract The warm and friendly Ethio-Sudan diplomatic relations that followed Sudan’s independence in 1956 and the long standing frontier trade between the two countries have been severely damaged by the outbreak of civil wars in southern Sudan in 1955 as well as in Eritrea in 1962. As the civil wars intensified in both countries, the influx of refugees and insurgents across their common border took place. Internal political and socio-economic problems in Ethiopia and the Sudan, together with super-power rivalries in the Horn brought about periods of increasing hostilities between the two countries. On a tit for tat basis, both the Imperial and military governments of Ethiopia and the successive governments of the Sudan came to encourage and assist cross-border guerrilla forces from either side. Thus, animosity rather than cooperation characterized relations between the Sudan and Ethiopia until the fall of the Derg in 1991. Keywords: Derg, Ethio-sudan relations, SPLM/A, proxy wars Introduction The Upper Nile and Jonglei regions of Southern Sudan bordering Gambella and the Gambella region itself were intensively affected by the wars between the governments of the Sudan and the Anyanya I (the southern Sudan Guerilla group in the first civil war 1955- 1972), the SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army of the second civil war 1983-2005), the Lou-Jikany conflict (1993-1994), the armed conflicts following the splits within the SPLM/A and the South Sudan Independence Movement Army (SSIM/A) 1991-2005). The Sudan governments claimed that Ethiopia was supporting the South Sudan guerrillas struggling to secede from the north while the governments of Ethiopia accused successive Sudanese governments of material and moral support to the Eritrean secessionist movements. -
Download Thesis
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Conflict Resolution As a Learning Process The Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army 1983-2005 Dor, Malual Ayom Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Conflict Resolution As a Learning Process: The Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army 1983-2005 Malual Ayom Dor In partial fulfilment of the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy King’s College, University of London 1 Abstract This research focuses on the role of the SPLM/A in the negotiating process that eventually brought about the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005.