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2014 Country Review Sudan 2014 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Acknowledgements Contributors There are several people without whom the creation of the CountryWatch Country Robert C. Kelly Reviews could not have been accomplished. Robert Kelly, the Founder and Chairman of Founder and Chairman CountryWatch envisioned the original idea of CountryWatch Country Reviews as a Denise Youngblood- concise and meaningful source of country-specific information, containing Coleman Ph. D. fundamental demographic, socio-cultural, political, economic, investment and Executive Vice President environmental information, in a consistent format. Special thanks must be conveyed to and Editor-in-Chief Robert Baldwin, the Co-Chairman of CountryWatch, who championed the idea of Mary Ann Azevedo M. A. intensified contributions by regional specialists in building meaningful content. Today, Managing Editor while I am responsible for the Herculean task of writing almost 200 CountryWatch Cesar Rosa Country Reviews, these monographs covering the recognized countries of the world IT Consultant simply would not exist without the research assistance of the current Editorial Department at CountryWatch. Accordingly, I would like to acknowledge the unique Julie Zhu Economics Editor talents of Mary Ann Azevedo, Julie Zhu, Ryan Jennings, Ryan Holliway, Rachel Marcus, Cristy Kelly, Anne Marie Surnson and Michelle Hughes within the Editorial Department. Ryan Jennings These individuals faithfully expend long hours of work, incredible diligence and the Economics Analyst highest degree of dedication in their efforts. For these reasons, they have my utmost Ryan Holliway gratitude and unflagging respect. A word of thanks must also be extended to Researcher and Writer colleagues in the academic world with whom specialized global knowledge has been Rachel Marcus shared and whose contributions to CountryWatch are enduring. Accordingly, I am Researcher and Writer indebted to Stanton Doyle, the former co-Editor of CountryWatch, Richard Marcus, the Director of the International Studies Program at California State University and former Cristy Kelly Research Analyst Africa Editor for CountryWatch, Brigette Allen former Latin America Editor for CountryWatch, and Christina Surowiec, former Regional Editor for CountryWatch. Also Anne Marie Surnson of vital importance is the extraordinary technical and production assistance of our News Wire Manager Information Technology department. The CountryWatch Country Reviews simply Michelle Hughes would not be published without the efforts of Cesar Rosa who works responsively with News Wire Editor the Editorial Department to ensure their annual production and publication. There are John Torres no words that can adequately convey my thanks to him for his technical solutions, Technical Network Manager which are always crafted in the spirit of calm creativity. As such, I am truly indebted to him for his efforts. I must also note that John Torres ensures our technical capacity functions efficiently -- a boon in a 24-hour production cycle. Finally, my utmost gratitude is extended to my mentors in the disciplines of Anthropology, International Development and International Relations, who taught me about the tensions between states and nations in the contemporary world, the value of ethnographic research as the best lens of understanding the complexity of the human condition, and that policy is meaningless unless it positively impacts the quotidian lives of people across the planet. Denise Youngblood Coleman Ph. D., Executive Vice President and Editor in Chief CountryWatch COUNTRYWATCH REVIEW 2014 EDITION Denise Youngblood Coleman Ph.D. Editor in Chief CountryWatch, Inc. Houston, Texas Country Overview 1 Country Overview 1 Key Data 1 Political Overview 7 History 7 Political Conditions 8 Political Risk Index 30 Political Stability 40 Freedom Rankings 50 Human Rights 58 Government Functions 60 Government Structure 62 Principal Government Officials 64 Leader Biography 68 Foreign Relations 70 National Security 76 Defense Forces 77 Economic Overview 81 Economic Overview 81 Real GDP and GDP Per Capita 83 Nominal GDP and Components 83 Government Spending and Taxation 83 Money, Prices and Interest Rates 83 Trade and the Exchange Rate 83 The Balance of Payments 84 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 84 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 84 World Energy Price Summary 85 CO2 Emissions 85 Agriculture Consumption and Production 85 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 86 Metals Consumption and Production 86 World Metals Pricing Summary 87 Investment Overview 89 Foreign Investment Climate 89 Foreign Investment Index 90 Corruption Perceptions Index 98 Competitiveness Ranking 106 Taxation 113 113 Partner Links 114 Social Overview 125 People 125 Human Development Index 127 Life Satisfaction Index 131 Happy Planet Index 138 Status of Women 145 Global Gender Gap Index 146 Culture and Arts 156 Etiquette 157 Travel Information 159 Diseases/Health Data 172 Environmental Overview 177 Environmental Issues 177 Environmental Policy 178 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 179 Global Environmental Snapshot 187 Global Environmental Concepts 198 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 217 Appendices 233 Bibliography 233 Chapter 1 Country Overview Country Overview Country Overview Country Overview Country Overview SOUTHERN SUDAN Southern Sudan is one of the newest entrants into the global community of independent nation states. Once an autonomous region in Sudan, Southern Sudan began this path of sovereignty years earlier. In 2005, the signing of a peace accord between the Sudanese government and rebels of the Sudan Peo- ple's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM) brought an end to Africa's longest running civil war in Sudan (at the time, unified and centered in Khartoum) that left close to two million people dead. The war divided the Muslim north from the Animist and Christian south until the signing of the Compre- hensive Peace Accord (CPA). The peace accord, which coalesced eight previous peace deals and pro- tocols, established a unity government in the capital city of Khartoum, and an autonomous government in the south that would govern until the time of the January 2011 referendum. In practical terms, the CPA provided for a power sharing government between Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir's National Congress Party and the SPLM nationally, while the SPLM could run affairs in the south on its own, with an eye on the independence referendum. To that end, while President Bashir has said he would accept the referendum results, even if the south chose the path of sovereignty, there were fears that conflict could be sparked due to completing claims over the oil fields in the north- south borderlands. Nevertheless, following an independence referendum at the start of 2011, voters overwhelmingly rat- ified the notion of an independent and sovereign making Southern Sudan. The country's capital is the city of Juba. Southern Sudan is bordered by the Sudan (proper), Ethiopia to the east, Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, and the Central African Republic to the west. The official date of the declaration of independence and Southern Sudan's entrance into the community of nation states was set for July 9, 2011. © Copyright 2014 CountryWatch, Inc. All Rights Reserved. For permission to cite CountryWatch, please email [email protected]. For the full CountryWatch offering, please visit www.coun- trywatch.com. Key Data Region: Africa Population: 10,040,473 2012 Total Area: 640,000 Sq. Km. Total Land: 640,000 Sq. Km. Coastline: 0 km (Landlocked) Climate: Equatorial climate with tropical savannah grasslands, high-alti- tude plateaus, floodplains, and wetlands. Rainy season varies re- 1 Southern Sudan Review 2014 Country Overview Key Data gionally but is generally between April and November. Average Daily Temperature: Capital: Juba January: 37C / 99 July: 30C / 86 Annual Rainfall: 966 mm / Languages: English is the official language of Southern Sudan. There are also hundreds of recognized languages and dialects. These in- clude: colloquial Arabic, Juba Arabic, Nuer, Dinka, Nubian, Shilluk, Acholi, Mabaan, Bari, along with several others. Currency: 1 Sudanese pound = 100 piastres . National Holiday: Date of Southern Sudan's (Juba) Independence Referendum is Janu- ary 9, 2011; declaration of independence is July 9, 2011 Capital City: Juba Boundaries: Sudan: -1 km Ethiopia: -1 km Kenya: -1 km Uganda: -1 km Congo (DRC): -1 km Central African Republic: -1 km Largest Cities: City: Juba Population: 508,908 Year: 2012 City: Rumbek Population: 181,732 Year: 2012 City: Wau Population: 163,421 Year: 2012 Ethnic Groups: n/a.......Dinka Southern Sudan Review 2014 2 Key Data Country Overview n/a.......Nuer n/a.......Zande n/a.......Bari n/a.......various Nilotic groups n/a.......various Nilo-Hamitic communities n/a.......various Bantu groups Religions: n/a.......Islam n/a.......Southern Sudanese practice traditional beliefs n/a.......Christianity Flag: 3 Southern Sudan Review 2014 Country Overview Key Data Sudan Country Map 24° ° Administrative 30 Boundary 36° Egypt Lake Libya Nasser "Hala'ib Triangle" Halaib Red Al 'Uwaynat Wadi Halfa Jiddah Dunqunab Ash Nile Shamaliyah (Northern) Ash Sharqiyah Sea (Eastern) Port Sudan Suakin Dongola Karima 18° Haiya 'Atbarah Ed Damer 'At ba Chad ra h Darfur Khartoum Halfa' el Eritrea Omdurman Gadida Ak' ordat Khartoum Blue N Asmara Kassala Teseney ile Wad Medani T e Kordofan ke Al Qadarif ze El Fasher Ed Dueim Geneina Sennar
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