Science 10th grade LEARNING OBJECT

LEARNING UNIT How do the Colombian indigenous communities transform their environment? How do we transform our planet? S/K  List the different indigenous communities in .  Ask about the political system within some indigenous communities.  Describe the infrastructure built by the indigenous communities in Colombia.  Analyze the current situation of the indigenous communities with regard to the policies of Colombian agro-industrial megaprojects.  Learn about the world view of the Colombian indigenous communities and compare it to your own.  Express opinions in writing and share them orally in present tense. Language English Socio cultural context of Colombia the LO Curricular axis Living Environment. Standard competencies Explain biological diversity as a result of environmental, genetic and dynamic relationship changes within ecosystems. Background Knowledge Recognize that the Colombian population is multicultural and consists of different ethnic groups, each of which has its own specific social, political and cultural rights. English Review topic Inhabitant: a person or animal that lives in a particular place. Watershed: the area of land that includes a particular river or lake and all the rivers, streams, etc. that flow into it. Monoculture: the cultivation or growth of a single crop or organism especially on agricultural or forest land. Vocabulary box Present tense

NAME: ______GRADE: ______

INTRODUCTION

Read the following dialog

Indigenous child: Did you know that we humans come from the knee of the god Gútapa? White child: From the knee of God Gútapa? Indigenous child: Yes, one day Gútapa was taking a bath in the creek, and some wasps stung her in her knees, they swelled up and from there emerged Ipi and Yoi. White child: Who? Indigenous child: Well, the first humans. After them there were many more men that came out of one knee, and women for the other. White child: .... And what happened? Indigenous child: They grew, got married and formed clans. White child: I’ve never heard that before. They taught me something else. Indigenous child: This story is part of the oral tradition, my traditions. White child: Oral tradition? The stories I know are written Indigenous child: Oral tradition is very important in our culture; that is the way the elders share their knowledge. White child: That is very interesting! I see that in spite of the fact that you and I are , we have different knowledge and beliefs. Indigenous child: Yes, that is why it is said that Colombia is a multicultural country in which there are many indigenous peoples. White child: Ah! And also Afro-Colombians, Gypsies and people like me, without ethnicity. Indigenous children: Exactly, we are all Colombians!! White child: …and we can all respectfully learn from the culture of others.

Now answer:

 What Indigenous groups do you know and what do you think we can learn from them?  How do you think your culture influence other ethnic groups?

OBJECTIVES

1. To compare and contrast different ways through which the Colombian indigenous communities change their environment. 2. To expose orally and in writing the different relations the indigenous communities in Colombia have with the environment and other cultures. 3. To be interested in the knowledge and traditions that the Colombian indigenous communities have.

ACTIVITY 1

Skill 1: List the different indigenous communities in Colombia. Skill 2: Ask about the political system within some indigenous communities.

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN COLOMBIA

The Colombian population is the product of a varied miscegenation, where cultures and traditions of American, European and African people have mixed. There are three ethnic sectors: Afro-Colombian populations, the ROM people or gypsy, and indigenous peoples. However, the 85.94% of the Colombian population has no ethnic affiliation (DANE, 2007).

The recognized indigenous peoples represent 3.43% of the total population. There are 87 recognized indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples have 64 Amerindian languages and different dialects which are grouped into 13 linguistic families. The departments where half of the indigenous population is located are: La Guajira, Cauca and Nariño (DANE, 2007).

Indigenous peoples are also distributed in Guainía, Vaupes, Amazonas and Vichada. In total they occupy 7% of the Colombian territory. The most representative indigenous people by the amount of its inhabitants are: the Sicuani, Curripako, Tucano, Pijao, Uva, the Nasa, Embera, Pastos, Guambianos, Wayúu, Senú and (UNICEF, 2003).

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF COLOMBIA

Locate the different indigenous peoples on the map.

Indigenous people of Colombia

Figure 1. Representation of the geographical location of the different indigenous peoples of Colombia (UNHCR, 2016).

Exercise 1

On the map of Colombia, locate the indigenous peoples that are listed in the following table.

Political map of Colombia

Figure 2. Representation of the thirty-two (Valenzuela, 2015).

Table 1. Indigenous people of Colombia Indigenous Department people Wayuu Guajira Kogui Guajira Kankuamo Cesar Arhuaco Cesar Mokana Atlántico Yuco Cesar Cundin. Zenú Córdoba Embera Katío Chocó Embera Chocó Guane Santander Sikuani Meta Curripaco Guainía Pijao Tolima Paez-Nasa Cauca Guambianos Cauca Pastos Nariño Awa Nariño Kamsá Putumayo Huitoto Caquetá Yurutí Vaupés Vaupés Makú Amazonas Ticuna Amazonas POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

Indigenous peoples have their own system of governance and its own institutional structure. These institutions have the ability to interact with the national, regional and municipal government structure, and have the right to participate in the decisions of the country. The success or failure of these communities depends on these interactions.

The central elements of the indigenous governance are the traditional authorities, whose social organization is based on kinship, consanguinity and affinity relationships. These authorities do not centralize political power and fulfill (same as the others) daily activities such as food production and house building.

The highest traditional authorities, according to the indigenous people, have several names like: mamo, cacique, curaca and shaman. They pass down ancestral knowledge, but do not tell the people what they should do, except if they are in danger or in an emergency. They lead the decision making by means of collective dialogs. Some have leaders or assistants that aid in different functions.

Family is the economic and production nucleus within indigenous people. Activities within the families are arranged according to sex and age. Marriages or unions play an important role based on certain standards, which are the ones who will determine the social organizational system (Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza, 2016).

Did you know?

Currently there are both traditional and modern authorities in most of the indigenous communities. The modern authorities are also composed of indigenous communities, but unlike traditional authorities, they base their actions on the legal framework set by the State.

Modern authorities tend to devote themselves solely to their tasks as such authority; they are elected by vote and represent the community in order to accomplish what was proposed in the assemblies. Decisions made by this authority are taken by vote. Cabildos are an example of this special public entity (Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza, 2016) (Mininterior, 2013).

INDIGENOUS SOCIO-POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

The Kankuama, located in Cesar, as well as the groups in the Sierra Nevada have as the highest social and magic-religious authority the Mamo. Furthermore, they are politically affiliated to the Kankuama Indigenous Organization (OIK) which is a council that represents them administrative and legally.

The Curripaco, located in the department of Guainia, are traditionally organized in five groups linked to a mythical territory, and are organized by family units (such as brothers and cousins with their wives); they may have marriage alliances with the Puinave, Kubeo and Piapoco, and the authority is the Captain (which also exercises as a protestant pastor).

In the Pastos of Nariño, the Taita is the authority and is the one that manages the interests of the community. The council governor is the authority for the Pastos that live in the reservations. The family is the axis of social organization. To select a partner, they take into account the prestige that person would bring them.

The Awa, in Nariño, do not have a specific authority, reason why principles and punishments play an important role. Their regional organization goes under the name Indigenous Union of the Awa People (UNIPA), for the purpose of reclaiming their territories and the creation of reservations (Martinez, 2016).

Exercise 1

Define whether the following statements about the socio-political organizations of the indigenous peoples are true or false, and justify your answer.

1. The central elements of the indigenous governance are the traditional authorities, which are elected by popular vote. ( )

2. The traditional authorities make decisions according to their own criteria and then make an announcement to the community. ( )

3. The council or cabildo is a public institution whose members are natives and its function is to legally represent the community. The Kaukama use this method. ( )

4. The Awa natives do not have a specific authority and that is why its communal principles and effective reprimands are so important. ( )

ACTIVITY 2

Skill 3: Describe the infrastructure built by the indigenous communities in Colombia Skill 6: Express opinions in writing and share them orally in present tense.

INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

T The infrastructure of the indigenous communities is characterized by being in balance with its environment. Indigenous people use nearby resources to build functional, austere housing in accordance to their surroundings.

For example, the Embera, located to the west of Colombia, make use of the Peach Palm to manufacture their roofs. Their homes, called tambos, are built close to rivers and on stilts to protect against flooding. The indigenous housing is very practical; during the day they can function as a workstation, and at night as a resting place.

Figure 3. Representation of the traditional housing of the Embera Katío indigenous community (Hernández, 2012).

The establishment of the Arhuaco housing depends on topography, and must be located away from graveyards and stones, and trees or holy wells. These houses have straw roofs and are round; they are a representation of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the four structural bearings symbolize the Kogüi, Arhuaco Kancuami and Asraio communities (Rubio, 2000).

Figure 4. Representation of the traditional housing of the Kogui indigenous community (Los Kogui, 2012).

For its part the maloca Huitoto is a multifamily house that represents a social meeting place, where they dance, hold ceremonies and meetings to make decisions. The individual family houses are around it.

Figure 5. Representation of the traditional housing of the Huitoto indigenous community (Institute of Tourism of Villavicencio, 2016).

The Wayuu rancherías are groups of five or six houses, located a few minutes away from each other. They do not tend to be stable settlements; their relocations depend on social commitments and the grass availability for animals. There is a roofed bower for activities, a corral and kitchen with no roof next to the houses, and it is all surrounded by plants to protect it (Martinez, 2016).

Figure 6. Representation of the traditional housing of the Wayuu indigenous community (Londoño, 2009).

INFRASTRUCTURE OF PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES THAT ARE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Cultural heritage is the legacy that a community has left to the following generations, passing down the history of what has happened in a territory. Many of the recognized cultural heritages sites are infrastructures made by Pre-Columbian indigenous communities. Some of them are:

 Ciudad Perdida or Lost City

Ciudad Perdida is a system of constructions, cobbled roads, stairs and walls interconnected by various terraces and platforms, where they built ceremonial centers, homes and storage places for supplies. Its beautiful architecture merges into the environment without destroying it. It was built by the Tayrona between the VII and VIII century and was discovered in 1976 (colombiapotenciaendesarrollo, 2009).

The Tayrona culture still remains and lives on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. In addition to this archaeologically relevant city, they stand out for the construction of their houses on artificial terraces which are reached by stone paths. They also stand out due to their bridges, canals, drainage, pools, tanks and ceremonial patios.

Figure 7. Representation of the Tayrona infrastructure. System of several interconnected terraces, built between the VII and VIII century (Colombiapotenciaendesarrollo, 2009).  The Muisca cemetery

The Muisca cemetery is located in a rocky place in the municipality of Guatavita. The slabs were harnessed to make the caves. Some of the caves have a path that symbolizes the connection of life and death. For , the death ritual was one of the most important social and cultural activities, which can be seen in their infrastructure. The orientation of the cemetery allows for direct sunlight to enter it only twice a year, characteristic of these burial places (Santos, 2013).

Figure 8. Set of underground chambers that make up the Muisca cemetery of Guatavita (Santos, 2013).

 Tierradentro Archeological Park

This park is an archaeological reserve located in the department of Cauca. There are several statues and underground galleries with funeral functions, made by the community of Tierradentro. The tombs were collective and were located near the homes, on the mountain tops, that were flattened for that purpose. The walls of these tombs were decorated with geometric, human and animal shapes (Rutacol, 2016)

Figure 9. Represents one of the most important archaeological reserves of Colombia, it is located in the department of Cauca (Rutacol, 2012).

 Hydraulic system of the San Jorge River

The San Jorge River is in the watershed of the Magdalena, there we have a network of canals and dividing strips made by the Zenú culture among the centuries I and VII. This work occupies twenty thousand square kilometers and is the largest Pre-Columbian network of America. In this work we can see that the Zenú were highly sophisticated. The objective of this infrastructure was to keep this highly-floodable area drained, so that the population could settle down (Buitrago, 2012).

Figure 10. Represents one of the most important infrastructure works made by the Colombian indigenous population. This is the largest hydraulic system of America built in Pre-Columbian times (Buitrago, 2012).

Exercise 1

Now that you know some of the indigenous housing and Pre-Columbian infrastructure that are cultural heritage, match the infrastructure to the corresponding description in the following table.

Infrastructure:

 The Muisca cemetery  Bohio Kogui  Tambo Embera  San Jorge hydraulic system

Table 2. Indigenous infrastructure in Colombia

Infrastructure Description This is a mobile infrastructure. It is characterized by straw roofs and its round shape that represents the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.

Houses built near rivers. They are built on stilts to protect them from flooding. This infrastructure is located in the basin of the Magdalena and forms a network of canals and dividing strips made to keep this zone drained, as floods are very common.

It is a set of caves located in the municipality of Guatavita. It was built to honor the ritual of the death, which was very important for this culture.

ACTIVITY 3

Skill 4: Analyze the current situation of the indigenous communities with regard to the policies of Colombian agro-industrial megaprojects. Skill 5: Learn about the world view of the Colombian indigenous communities and compare it to your own.

EFFECT OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL MEGAPROJECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

In Colombia we recognized the right to collective ownership of indigenous territories by creating reservations and shelters. However, the control agencies have shown the shortcomings of this law, and the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia - ONIC confirms that this has not been done (INDEPAZ, 2009).

There is a direct relationship between the violation of the rights of indigenous people and the displacement from their territories caused by armed, unarmed, legal and illegal actors. These territories are wanted for planting illicit crops or for lawful activities such as mining, woodcutting and cultivating agro-industrial monocultures (INDEPAZ, 2009).

One of these monocultures is African palm, sown for the production of biofuels. This planting has caused deforestation, displacement and occupation of indigenous territory, a situation that has greatly affected, for example, the indigenous Awa community (Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza, 2016).

There are several effects caused on the territories such as: the reduction of arable land, pollution and the increasing exploitation of natural resources that affects the communities in many ways, such as in food security. A high percentage of indigenous children suffer from malnutrition and some have died due to this cause (OIDH, 2013).

Faced with this situation the indigenous communities have reported that there were no prior consultation processes and that there is no compliance with the requirements posed to the different megaprojects. Various entities, including the Office of the Attorney General of the nation asks to recognize the vulnerability of indigenous and ethnic groups in general (INDEPAZ, 2009).

WORLD VIEW OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

World view is the way we see the world. This varies depending on the person or culture. It is determined by experiences and perceptions. In its origin, the world view of indigenous peoples is founded on the systemic and harmonious relationship with the elements of the "Mother Earth" to which man belongs (but does not own).

The indigenous communities do not have a clear concept of possession and accumulation. Reason why many indigenous people do not have in their vocabulary words such as "wealth", "development" and "poverty" (Gasca, 2007). Currently and in some cases, the so-called development has been imposed on indigenous communities, and in other cases it has been used to convince the communities of the profitable use of their land under an intention of cultural homogeneity (Andean Community, 2009).

There has been pressure from the large landowners and political classes to impose models of production since long ago, in contrast to the indigenous world view that has a tendency to ensure balance and the existence of living beings. This collides with the western vision of unlimited use of nature and the expansion of productive projects. For example, from the world view of indigenous Nasa community it is possible to use the earth, but maintaining its diversity and sacred sites. Territory for them is a collective entity that belongs to a group; an entity that includes all living, inert and spiritual beings.

Society and culture are also part of the Nasa territory. That is to say, they think there is no separation between these aspects and the land includes all. Consequently, they do not understand the individualistic forms of development, nor the cumulative economic models and competition (Andean Community, 2009). Society and culture are also part of the Nasa territory. That is to say, for them there is no separation between these aspects and the land includes all. From there they do not understand the individualistic forms of development, nor the cumulative economic models and competition (Molina, 2015).

Exercise 1

Read “ONIC se une a la lucha del Resguardo Indígena Triunfo Cristal Paez, por la defensa del páramo Las Tinajas” (ONIC, 2016). The text is the manifesto of the indigenous community of the Triunfo Cristales de Florida Reservation in Valle del Cauca; they have been harmed by various economic activities, which have also affected the Tinajas moor.

Link to the reading: http://cms.onic.org.co/2016/04/onic-se-une-a-la-lucha-del-resguardo-indigena-triunfo- cristal-paz-por-la-defensa-del-paramo-las-tinajas/

Answer the following questions and orally share your answers with your classmates and teacher. Generate specific answers, which are conjugated in present tense.

a) How do you perceive the indigenous territory of the Triunfo Cristales Reservation and how do you consider that “development” affects them? b) Lists the mega-projects that affect the territory of the indigenous community of the Triunfo Cristales Reservation c) What are the similarities and differences between your worldview of territory and its uses, compared to the world view of this indigenous community?

Very Important

The wisdom of indigenous people has been achieved through the accumulation of life lessons and experiences. Indigenous communities have a wide knowledge of the stars, animal behavior, plant properties, and spiritual characteristics of beings, among many others.

Part of this knowledge remains in the collective memory, but much is lost over the years. Therefore, many initiatives have been set in place. One of them is the encyclopedia of traditional medicine made by the Matsés Amazon tribe located between Peru and Brazil.

This encyclopedia compiles the botanical knowledge of five shamans. This initiative was motivated when they realized that valuable information had been lost after the death of one of the wisest Matsés healers. The work was only published in the Matsés tongue to avoid it being patented and marketed (Acaté, 2016).

a. What similar initiatives do you know about that have been made with the indigenous peoples of Colombia? b. What are the pros and cons that you detect in this type of initiatives?

Matsés Shamans

Figure 11. Represents how the Matsés shamans seek to preserve their knowledge by writing down documents, in this case a medicine encyclopedia (Acaté, 2016).

ABSTRACT

List the following paragraphs in logical order to make a summary of the Learning Object. Then read them aloud and propose a general conclusion for your classmates and teacher.

( ) Currently, many indigenous communities have problems with the recognition of their territories and these are used for executing extraction and agro-industrial megaprojects. The effects of this situation include the reduction of arable land, pollution, the destruction of the natural resources and malnutrition, mainly of children.

( ) Originally the world view of indigenous peoples is founded on the systemic and harmonious relationship with the elements of the "Mother Earth". Not only man is part of Mother Earth, but all living beings, inert and spiritual that form a unified whole.

( ) Indigenous peoples have their own system of governance and their own institutional structure. The central elements of indigenous governance are the traditional authorities. According to the indigenous people, these authorities have several names like: mamo, cacique, curaca and shaman. Currently traditional and modern authorities interact in indigenous communities.

( ) In Colombia there are 87 recognized indigenous peoples. They are distributed mainly in the departments of La Guajira, Cauca and Nariño, occupying 7 % of the country. Some indigenous groups are: The Sicuani, the Curripako, the Tucano, the Pijao, the Uva, the Wayúu, the Senú and the Arhuaco.

( ) The infrastructure of indigenous communities is characterized by being in balance with its environment. They use nearby resources such as palms and wood to make their homes. Furthermore, housing and other constructions, take into account the location, topography and symbology.

HOMEWORK

With this assignment you will be able to compare how indigenous communities relate to their environment and modify it. Follow these instructions:

1. Watch the fragment of the video titled Pensamiento, palabra y obra (Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, 2014). It describes some of the research made by indigenous biologists, about the Amazon communities of the small town Chorrera (Colombia). 2. Watch the video titled Mamo Norberto (Pranacomunicación, 2011) 3. For each indigenous community in the videos, write a paragraph in present tense no longer than two hundred and fifty (250) words, using the information from the videos and what you have learned throughout this Learning Object.

The issues that you must address in each paragraph are:

a) Name of the indigenous community and geographic location. b) Describe the infrastructures seen in the videos and their uses. c) Synthesize the worldview of indigenous communities about their relationship with the environment.

4. Present the paragraphs that you wrote to your teacher and classmates

5. Now you will research indigenous groups of your department. Carry out this activity with other three classmates. Present the results of the investigation in a video no longer than 5 minutes. The video will simulate a news clip from a news program and should include images of the research process. For this:

a) Visit the nearest city hall and find out which are the indigenous groups of the department. b) Inquire about the type of infrastructure and activities that the indigenous communities usually carry out in order to know how they relate and change their environment. c) Investigate aspects of the worldview of their environment. d) Briefly explain the differences and similarities that you find between infrastructures, and every day activities as well as the world view of the indigenous communities that you investigated. e) Present the video to your classmates and teacher.

EVALUATION

1. Find the following Colombian indigenous communities in the word puzzle: Embera Katio, Muisca, Pasto, Barasana, Matapi, Inga, Guane, Senú, Wanano and Nonuya

g h i y g U a n e g h i y t o i y v j h J g u i d f i o n f t o n i n Q n i y g u g n g h a m a t a P i s u i v j o a s v j n h i Y t o f g u n n s d m o a g u T a m d f i o u d g o u s h i Y t u y u p o y n m v j a e r T n i u w a n a n o e y r a u N e s u o s t o o l s u a o f G u c v j t i y t o e m b e r A k a t i o i y g u

2. Underline the correct option for the words that are in italics to correctly complete the paragraph. Then read it again to get the whole idea.

Political System within some Indigenous Communities

Indigenous peoples have their own system of governance, libraries. The central elements of indigenous governance are the traditional, modern authorities. These do not centralize political power and also comply with daily activities such as creating statutes, planting food. Authority, Family is the core of production for the indigenous communities. The unions of couples will determine the social organization, ancestral mythology.

3. Match the indigenous infrastructure to the corresponding description.

Infrastructure:

 Wayuu Ranchería  Tierradentro Archeological Park  Ciudad Perdida or Lost City  Maloca Huitoto

Infrastructure Description This multifamily house represents the social meeting place, where they dance, hold ceremonies and meetings to make decisions. The individual family houses are around it Groups of five or six houses, located a few minutes away from each other. They do not tend to be stable settlements; their relocations depend on social commitments and the grass availability for animals. It is a system of constructions, cobbled roads, stairs and walls interconnected by various terraces and platforms. It is located in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. This park is located in the department of Cauca. Contains several statues and underground galleries that served for funeral functions.

4. Mark false (F), True (T) or true but badly written (TB) in the following statements about the current situation of the indigenous communities with regard to mega-projects. Justify your answers.

a) In Colombia, the right to collective ownership of indigenous territories has not been legally acknowledged. ( ) b) A large part of the indigenous territories is being used for planting of illicit crops, mining, woodcutting and monoculture plantations. ( ) c) Indigenous people believe that the recognition of their knowledge is one of the main effects mega-projects have had over the Triunfo Cristales Indigenous Reservation. ( ) d) The Awa Indigenous people have been victims of displacement and occupation caused by the monoculture of African palm. ( )

5. Organize the prayers to find three ideas about the indigenous world view.

a) (man and all beings) (of the indigenous communities) (are a whole part of the Mother Earth). (According to the world view) b) (a profitable value in their territory.) (Some indigenous communities) (do not have the word development in their vocabulary,) (so they do not see) c) (and represents a whole.) (For the Nasa,) (which belongs to all beings) (territory is a collective entity)

GLOSSARY

Austere: Sober and without excesses. Archeology: Science that studies the changes in the remains of different societies through time. Consultation: is the fundamental right of participation of ethnic groups in the legislative and administrative measures, and in the development of all kinds of activities in their territories. Ethnicity: Community that shares affinities of race, culture and language. Governance: It is the interaction that happens between rulers and the ruled to generate opportunities, reach agreements and resolve community problems. Large state: Extension of big land for agricultural activities. Pre-Columbian: the people who lived in America before the colonization or the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Topography: Characteristics of a field mainly related to its surface.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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