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Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement in Colombia

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Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement in Colombia Mining-induced displacement and resettlement in Colombia Socio-economic and cultural consequences of resettlements of campesinos and indigenous people - The case of the Cerrejón open pit mine in La Guajira Masterarbeit vorgelegt von Benedikt Hora bei Univ. Prof. Dr. Martin Coy Universität Innsbruck August 2014 Masterarbeit Mining-induced displacement and resettlement in Colombia Socio-economic and cultural consequences of resettlements of campesinos and indigenous people – The case of the Cerrejón open pit mine in La Guajira Verfasser Benedikt Hora B.Sc. Angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Science (M.Sc.) eingereicht bei Herrn Univ. Prof. Dr. Martin Coy Institut für Geographie Fakultät für Geo- und Atmosphärenwissenschaften an der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebene Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich an den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurde, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister- /Master-/Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht. _______________________________ Innsbruck, August 2014 Unterschrift Contents CONTENTS Contents ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Contextualizing Extractivism ................................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Historical perspective of Extractivism in Latin America .................................................................... 12 2.2 Extractivism in Colombian politics .............................................................................................................. 14 2.3 Colombia – An emerging player in the coal market.............................................................................. 16 2.4 Extractivism in neighbouring countries .................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Is the Cerrejón megamining project following the same path? ....................................................... 20 2.6 Colombia’s coal – Location and genesis ..................................................................................................... 21 3 Theoretical framework ............................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Political Ecology .................................................................................................................................................. 24 3.2 Development-induced displacement and resettlement ...................................................................... 27 3.2.1 Reasons and scale of Development-induced displacement and resettlement .................. 28 3.2.2 Mining –induced displacement and resettlement (MIDR) ........................................................ 28 3.2.3 Development induced displacement and resettlement risks ................................................... 31 3.3. Mitigation measures in Colombia, the World Bank Guidelines and critique ............................ 33 4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 35 5 Introduction to the research region – The department of La Guajira and its uniqueness ............ 37 5.1 Wayuú – people of the sun, sand and wind .............................................................................................. 44 5.2 Constitutional rights and living conditions of indigenous people in Colombia today ........... 48 6 Cerrejón megamining project ................................................................................................................................ 50 6.1 Cerrejón coal production – who is profiting? .......................................................................................... 54 6.2 The royalty system in Colombia ................................................................................................................... 55 6.3 Social-spatial and environmental impacts of the Cerrejón mine .................................................... 56 6.4 Cerrejón- responsible mining? ...................................................................................................................... 60 3 Contents 6.4.1 Third Party Review of Cerrejón’s CSR practices ............................................................................ 60 6.4.2 CSR Practices of Cerrejón ........................................................................................................................ 61 6.5 Critical perspectives on CSR of Cerrejón ................................................................................................... 66 7 Resettlements in the Cerrejón mining region.................................................................................................. 68 7.1 History of resettlements in the Cerrejón mining region ..................................................................... 68 7.2 Recent resettlements......................................................................................................................................... 70 7.2.1 Who are the actors of the resettlement?........................................................................................... 74 7.3 Resettlement location ....................................................................................................................................... 76 8 The rural community of Roche .............................................................................................................................. 78 8.1 Viejo Roche ............................................................................................................................................................ 78 8.2 The new resettlement of Nuevo Roche ...................................................................................................... 81 8.2.1 Planning and implementation of the resettlement ...................................................................... 81 8.2.2 The living situation now in Nuevo Roche ......................................................................................... 82 8.2.3 Agricultural production and socio-economic perspectives of Nuevo Roche ..................... 86 8.2.4 Summarizing the of the situation of Nuevo Roche ....................................................................... 89 8.2.5 Opinion of the Rocheros about their resettlement ....................................................................... 90 9 The indigenous community of Tamaquito II .................................................................................................... 92 9.1 Old Tamaquito II ................................................................................................................................................. 92 9.2 The resettlement of Tamaquito II ................................................................................................................ 93 9.2.1 Planning and implementation of the resettlement ...................................................................... 93 9.2.2 The living situation now in Tamaquito II ......................................................................................... 95 9.2.3 Agricultural production and socio-economic perspectives of Tamaquito II ..................... 98 9.2.4 Summarizing the situation of Tamaquito II .................................................................................. 102 9.2.5 Opinion of the residents of Tamaquito II about their resettlement ................................... 103 10 Comparing perspectives in a Political Ecology context ......................................................................... 106 10.1 Benefit - Power structure of the Cerrejón mining project ........................................................... 107 11 Conclusion, reflection and outlook ................................................................................................................. 111 12 Abstract in English ................................................................................................................................................ 114 13 Zusammenfassung auf Deutsch ....................................................................................................................... 116 4 Contents 14 Resumen en Español ............................................................................................................................................ 118
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