DOCSLIB.ORG

MHC Class II Haplotypes of Colombian Amerindian Tribes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Genetics and Molecular Biology, 36, 2, 158-166 (2013) Copyright © 2013, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Research Article MHC Class II haplotypes of Colombian Amerindian tribes Juan J. Yunis1,2,3, Edmond J. Yunis4 and Emilio Yunis3 1Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina e Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia. 2Grupo de Identificación Humana e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. 3Instituto de Genética, Servicios Médicos Yunis Turbay y Cia, Bogotá, Colombia. 4Brigham and Womens Hospital, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. Abstract We analyzed 1041 individuals belonging to 17 Amerindian tribes of Colombia, Chimila, Bari and Tunebo (Chibcha linguistic family), Embera, Waunana (Choco linguistic family), Puinave and Nukak (Maku-Puinave linguistic fami- lies), Cubeo, Guanano, Tucano, Desano and Piratapuyo (Tukano linguistic family), Guahibo and Guayabero (Guayabero Linguistic Family), Curripaco and Piapoco (Arawak linguistic family) and Yucpa (Karib linguistic family). for MHC class II haplotypes (HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1). Approximately 90% of the MHC class II haplotypes found among these tribes are haplotypes frequently encountered in other Amerindian tribes. Nonetheless, striking differ- ences were observed among Chibcha and non-Chibcha speaking tribes. The DRB1*04:04, DRB1*04:11, DRB1*09:01 carrying haplotypes were frequently found among non-Chibcha speaking tribes, while the DRB1*04:07 haplotype showed significant frequencies among Chibcha speaking tribes, and only marginal frequencies among non-Chibcha speaking tribes. Our results suggest that the differences in MHC class II haplotype frequency found among Chibcha and non-Chibcha speaking tribes could be due to genetic differentiation in Mesoamerica of the an- cestral Amerindian population into Chibcha and non-Chibcha speaking populations before they entered into South America. Keywords: MHC, Class II, Amerindians, Colombia, linguistic. Received: August 28, 2012; Accepted: January 29, 2013. Introduction and Jews. These Mestizo populations are located in the An- The arrival of Native American through Beringia oc- dean, Pacific, Atlantic regions and, in a minor degree, in the curred around 12,000-15,000 years before present based on Orinoquian and Amazonian regions. On the other hand, archeological, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome microsatellites populations with a higher proportion of African ancestry, haplotypes/SNP studies (Crawford 1988; Salzano and Cal- derived from slave trading during the 17th and 18th centu- legari-Jaques 1988; Santos et al., 1996; Bonatto and Sal- ries, are located in the Pacific coast, Caribbean coast and is- zano 1997a; 1997b; Santos et al., 1999; Dillehay 2009; lands. The Amerindian populations, with 81 tribes are O’Rourke and Raff 2010). Recent studies using high reso- located in the plains (Orinoquian region), Amazonian jun- lution SNP genotyping analysis indicate that Native Ameri- gle and in some regions of the Colombian Andes. In Amer- can populations, including all Amerindian populations ica, Brazil has the highest number of Amerindian tribes derived from an Asian ancestral populations with at least followed by Colombia (81 Tribes), Mexico (68 tribes) and two additional streams of gene flow from Asia (Reich et al., Venezuela (20 tribes) (Salzano and Callegari-Jaques 1988; 2012). Yunis et al., 1994, 2001). The population of Colombia is highly diverse (Yunis Different studies of MHC class-I and class-II alleles et al., 2000). The majority of the Colombian contemporary in Amerindian populations have been carried out for an- population derived from Spaniards and Amerindians ad- thropological as well as evolutionary studies (Layrisse et mixture, with a lower contribution of other European al., 1973; Kostyu and Amos 1981; Williams et al., 1981; (French, Italian, German, and Portuguese) as well as Arabs, Vullo et al., 1984; Gorodezky et al., 1985; Long et al., 1991; Petzl-Erler et al., 1993; Tsuneto et al., 2003; Parolin and Carnese 2009; Arnaiz-Villena et al., 2010, 2011; Var- Send correspondence to Juan J. Yunis. Departamento de Pato- logía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, gas-Alarcon et al., 2011). New MHC class I and class II al- Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected]. leles have been identified in North and South Amerindian Yunis et al. 159 communities (Belich et al., 1992; Watkins et al., 1992; Zhang et al., 1993; Layrisse et al., 1997; Mack and Erlich 1998). The analysis of MHC along with other genetic mark- ers such as mtDNA, Y-chromosome haplotypes and SNP might provide important information regarding the peo- pling of the continent. Due to its geographical location, Co- lombia was a necessary stepping-stone for entrance of Amerindian populations into South America. Thus, the study of the actual living Amerindian populations in Co- lombia should shed some light regarding migrations, ad- mixture, and linguistic relationship. We have previously reported the MHC class II data obtained from four Amerindian tribes located in the north- ern section of Colombia (Arhuaco, Arsario, Kogui and Wayuu) (Yunis et al., 1994), as well as the MHC class II re- sults obtained from three Amerindian tribes located in the southwest section of Colombia (Guambiano, Paez and Ingano) (Yunis et al., 2001). In these reports we found a correlation between genetics and linguistic affiliation for the Chibcha speaking tribes, demonstrating that the Guam- biano and Paez Amerindian tribes (formerly classified as Chibcha speaking populations) are not genetically related to the Chibcha speaking tribes of northern Colombia (Yunis et al., 1994, 2001). Figure 1 - Geographical location of Amerindian tribes of Colombia (see Table 1). Lines within the country identify the natural regions of Colom- Here, we report the MHC class II haplotype data bia. Different shapes were used to identify the linguistic affiliation of each (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1) from 17 additional Amerindian tribe. Numbers identify each population. Chibcha speaking populations: tribes located in the Amazonian, Orinoquian, Pacific and Chimila (1), Barí (2), Tunebo (3); Choco speaking populations: Wau- nana/Noanama (4) and Embera/Katio (5); Karib speaking population: Perija mountain range regions of Colombia, plus an analy- Yucpa/Yuko (6); Arawak speaking populations: Curripaco (7) and Pia- sis with the data from those seven Amerindian tribes previ- poco (8); Guahibo speaking populations: Guahibos/Sikuane (9) and Gua- ously reported. Significant differences between Chibcha yabero (10); Maku speaking populations: Nukak (11) and Puinave (12); speaking tribes and non-Chibcha speaking tribes were Tukano speaking populations: Cubeo (13), Guanano/Wanano (14), Tu- cano (15), Desano (16), Piratapuyo (17). found. These results suggest that the genetic differentiation between Chibcha and non-Chibcha Amerindian groups oc- curred in Mesoamerica before they entered and spread habitants of the Orinoquian flats, the Amazonian, the pa- throughout South America. cific region and the Perija Mountain range. DNA isolation Material and Methods DNA was isolated from ACD (anticoagulant citrate Populations studied dextrose) preserved blood by a quick lysis method (Ka- wasaki 1990), or by a salting-out method with minor modi- We have analyzed 1041 individuals from 17 different fications (Miller et al., 1988). Amerindian tribes of Colombia that belong to 7 different linguistic families (Arawak, Chibcha, Choco, Guahibo, Ka- PCR Amplifications rib, Maku and Tukano) (Figure 1, Table 1). Blood samples MHC class II typing was carried as described before. were collected between 1989-1992 after proper informed The second exon of the DRB1 generic locus, and the DQA1 consent was obtained, including the approval of each Chief and DQB1 loci were amplified by PCR from genomic or Governors of each Tribe. The analysis included the data DNA. The primers and conditions used in this study have obtained from the Arhuaco, Koguí, Arsario (Chibcha), been published elsewhere (Salazar et al., 1992; Yunis et al., Wayuu (Arawak), Ingano (Quechua), Paez and Guambiano 1992, 1994, 2001). In addition, allele specific amplifica- (no linguistic classification at present) tribes had been re- tions for DRB1*15/16 and DRB1*04 were performed as ported previously (Yunis et al., 1994, 2001). Among each described before (Yunis et al., 1994). tribe there were unrelated individuals and family groups The DRB generic and high resolution (except for based on the information derived when the samples were DRB1*04 alleles), DQA1 and DQB1 alleles were deter- obtained. The geographical location and their linguistic af- mined in the locus-specific PCR amplified products by filiation are shown in Table 1. Most of these tribes are in- sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization 160 MHC Class II in Amerindians Table 1 - Number of individuals (N), linguistic family affiliation (based on Ruhlen, 1991) and geographical location of Amerindian Colombian Tribes an- alyzed. Tribe N Linguistic family Geographical location Number in Figure 1 CHIMILA 88 CHIBCHA Sierra Nevada Santa Marta 1 BARI 90 CHIBCHA Perija Mountain Range 2 TUNEBO/ U’WA 29 CHIBCHA Orinoquian region 3 EMBERA/CATIO 73 CHOCO Pacific region 4 WAUNANA/NOANAMA 60 CHOCO Pacific region 5 YUCPA 47 KARIB Perija Mountain Range 6 CURRIPACO 49 ARAWAK Orinoquian region 7 PIAPOCO 25 ARAWAK Orinoquian region 8 GUAHIBOS/SIKUANE 34 GUAHIBO
Recommended publications
  • Content of Sessions

    Content of Sessions

    10:00 - 11:00 a.m. Register: https://bit.ly/2ZUdDpN Session 1a, Indigenous Perspectives: Ethnographic Travels Around Ethnic Groups in Africa and South America Bilingualism conditions in an indigenous bilingual school in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia: education policies and use of languages at an iku school community, Nicolás David Barbosa Varón, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá The iku or arhuaco is an indigenous ethnic group located at Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern Colombia. They have historically been characterized by their resistance and resilience to phenomena of cultural threat derived from colonization and the constitution of a country that has been politically and socially adverse towards indigenous cultures and languages. Within the framework of linguistic conservation, it is established that school education is an important element for the maintenance of ethnic languages, in consequence the iku people began, at the end of 20th century, a process of establishing their own education program. Simunurwa is an iku community close to the town center of Pueblo Bello (Cesar Department), so the contact between indigenous and mestizo people is remarkable; nevertheless, the traditional culture and language remain widespread despite economic, political and cultural external influences. This sociolinguistic research, from an ethnographic approach, proposes the analysis of the state of bilingualism at Simunurwa Indigenous Educational Center, considering the linguistic planning and the use of ikun (indigenous language) and Spanish in different speech situations of the school context. It is identified that in Simunurwa exists a linguistic policy favorable to the indigenous tongue so it maintains its place in the multiple speech contexts; however, in the educational field, the ikun language is at disadvantage compared to Spanish, mainly in terms of literacy.
  • A Retrospective Look at the Winding Paths to Legalizing Afro-Colombian Rights in Law 70 of 1993 Kiran Asher / University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    A Retrospective Look at the Winding Paths to Legalizing Afro-Colombian Rights in Law 70 of 1993 Kiran Asher / University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies Faculty Publication Series Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies 2016 A Retrospective Look at the Winding Paths to Legalizing Afro- Colombian Rights in Law 70 of 1993 Kiran Asher Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/wost_faculty_pubs ENSAYOS A Retrospective Look at the Winding Paths to Legalizing Afro-Colombian Rights in Law 70 of 1993 Kiran Asher / University of Massachusetts, Amherst Abstract Black communities in Colombia have gained remarkable national and global visibility in the last two decades thanks August 2013 marked twenty years since the passing of in part to Law 70 of 1993, which legally recognizes their Law 70, which legally recognizes the ethnic, territorial, and ethnic, territorial, and socioeconomic rights. The actual socioeconomic rights of black communities in Colombia. implementation and gains of Law 70 have been mixed at In the past two decades its implementation has been mixed best, and the political and economic status of most black at best, and the actual political and economic status of communities or “Afro-Colombians” as they began being most Afro-Colombians remains grim. Yet this flawed law called after the 1990s remains grim.1 Yet, this flawed and remains an important icon and political instrument of Afro- incomplete law in serves as an important icon and political Colombian struggles. A retrospective look at the processes instrument of Afro-Colombian rights. It also serves as a and peoples that led up to Law 70 may be useful in the model or inspiration to other Afro-Latino groups seeking context of ongoing Afro-Latin(o) struggles to obtain real and legal recognition of their rights.
  • Cuaderno Colombia Según El Cine Extranjero

    Cuaderno Colombia Según El Cine Extranjero

    cuadernos de de cine colombiano Colombia según el cine extranjero Sergio Becerra Introducción: Ver y ser vistos. Notas introductorias sobre cine, diáspora y geo-estética Oswaldo Mejía y Roberto Fiesco La construcción de un imaginario común. Coproducciones colombo-mexicanas Anne Burkhardt Películas europeas filmadas en Colombia – Imaginarios de Colombia desde el “viejo” continente (1967 – 2009) 18.2013 Hugo Chaparro Valderrama Las imágenes del exotismo 18.2013 Nueva época 09> Libertad y Orden 9 770001 692665 cuadernos de cine colombiano cubCuaderno18.indd 1-3 14/11/13 12:09 ALCALDÍA MAYOR DE BOGOTÁ D.C. Gustavo Petro Urrego ALCALDE MAYOR DE BOGOTÁ D.C. Clarisa Ruiz Correal SECRETARIA DE CULTURA, RECREACIÓN Y DEPORTE INSTITUTO DISTRITAL DE LAS ARTES - IDARTES Santiago Trujillo Escobar DIRECTOR GENERAL – INSTITUTO DISTRITAL DE LAS ARTES - IDARTES Sergio Becerra Anne Burkhardt Bertha Quintero Medina Crítico e investigador colombiano. Realiza una licenciatura Investigadora alemana. En 2002 comienza su carrera de Estudios SUBDIRECTORA DE LAS ARTES en la Universidad Lumière Lyon 2 y estudios de master Cinematográficos y Teatrales en la Universidad Johannes Julián David Correa Restrepo GERENTE DE ARTES AUDIOVISUALES – IDARTES en la Universidad Sorbonne Nouvelle París 3 en Estudios Gutenberg de Mainz. Se gradúa como “Magistra Artium”, con Cinematográficos y Audiovisuales. Profesor de la Facultad una tesis sobre el cine colombiano contemporáneo. En agosto MINISTERIO DE CULTURA de Artes de la Universidad de los Andes de 1999 a 2012. Ha de 2009 comienza un doctorado en Estudios Cinematográficos, Mariana Garcés Mora MINISTRA DE CULTURA colaborado con El Espectador, Kinetoskopio y la revista Número. en la Universidad Eberhard Karl en Tübingen, también dedicada al Director de la Cinemateca Distrital de 2008 a 2012, donde co- cine colombiano.
  • GRUPOS INDÍGENAS EN COLOMBIA Indígenas De Colombia Achagua

    GRUPOS INDÍGENAS EN COLOMBIA Indígenas De Colombia Achagua

    GRUPOS INDÍGENAS EN COLOMBIA Indígenas de Colombia Achagua, Amorúa, Andoke, Arhuaco, Awa, Bara, Barasana, Barí, Betoye, Bora, Cañamomo, Carapana, Cocama, Chimila, Chiricoa, Coconuco, Coreguaje, Coyaima-Natagaima, Desano, Dujo, Embera, Embera Katío, Embera-Chamí, Eperara-Siapidara, Guambiano, Guanaca, Guane, Guayabero, Hitnu, Hupdu, Inga, Juhup, Kakua, Kamëntsá, Kankuamo, Karijona, Kawiyarí - Cabiyarí, Kofán, Kogui, Kubeo, Kuiba, Kurripaco, Letuama, Makaguaje, Makuna, Masiguare, Matapí, Miraña, Mokaná, Muinane, Muisca, Nasa - Páez, Nonuya, Nukak, Ocaina, Pasto, Piapoco, Piaroa, Piratapuyo, Pisamira, Puinave, Sáliba, Sánha, Senú, Sikuani, Siona, Siriano, Taiwano, Tanimuka, Tariano, Tatuyo, Tikuna, Totoró, Tsiripu, Tucano, Tule, Tuyuka, Uitoto, U‘wa - Tunebo, Wanano, Waunan, Wayuu, Wiwa, Yagua, Yanacona, Yauna, Yuko, Yukuna, Yuri, Yurutí, PUEBLO ACHAGUA ( ajagua, axagua ) Lengua: Pertenece a la familia lingüística Arawak Ubicación Geográfica Achagua Los Achagua estuvieron esparcidos en algunas sabanas del río Meta entre el río Casanare y el río Ariporo. Actualmente se asientan en los resguardos de la Victoria -Umapo- y en el resguardo del Turpial, jurisdicción del municipio de Puerto López, departamento del Meta, donde conviven con los Piapoco. Población Achagua La población estimada es de 283 personas, repartidas en un perímetro de 3.318 hectáreas. Cultura Achagua Los Achagua, uno de los grupos más numerosos y representativos de la región de la Orinoquia en el momento de la conquista, ocupaban una amplia zona que se extendía desde los Estados de Falcón, Aragua y Coro en Venezuela, hasta territorio colombiano. De acuerdo a las fuentes etnohistóricas, los grupos de la región desarrollaron formas comerciales de intercambio. En particular, los Achagua crearon mecanismos de reciprocidad y cooperación que les permitieron explotar junto con los Sicuani y otros pueblos, microambientes diferentes.
  • The Colombian Transitional Process

    The Colombian Transitional Process

    International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2017, 0, 1–18 doi: 10.1093/ijtj/ijx033 Article The Colombian Transitional Process: Comparative Perspectives on Violence against Indigenous Women Mo´nica Acosta,* Angela Castaneda,~ † Daniela Garcı´a,** Fallon Herna´ndez,†† Dunen Muelas*** and Angela Santamaria††† ABSTRACT1 Colombia has a comprehensive system of truth, justice and reparation stemming from its history with the justice and peace process and its most recent peace agreement. Although indigenous women are the most affected before, during and after conflict, their participa- tion is marginalized within this political context. This article discusses how Colombian transitional justice can be reconfigured when indigenous women’s practices and knowl- edge travel ‘from the margins’ to the center. We seek to demonstrate how these practices legitimize gender and other types of violence in the name of tradition and also how indig- enous women’s experiences go beyond the gendered perspective of violence as a ‘weapon of war.’ Working within the context of the peace process, we gathered data through learn- ing and teaching techniques with indigenous women in three indigenous contexts (Sierra, Pan-Amazon region and Choco´). Our focus is on the interaction between local transi- tional justice practices and the violence against indigenous women, their resistance practi- ces and the peacebuilding agendas used to implement transitional justice in Colombia. KEYWORDS: indigenous women, intersectionality, transitional justice ‘from below,’ Colombia * PhD Candidate in Sociology of Law, Basque Country University, Spain; Member, Intercultural School of Indigenous Diplomacy (EIDI). Email: [email protected] † A. Edward Myers Dolan Professor of Anthropology, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Chair of Sociology and Anthropology, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN, USA.
  • Peoples in the Brazilian Amazonia Indian Lands

    Peoples in the Brazilian Amazonia Indian Lands

    Brazilian Demographic Censuses and the “Indians”: difficulties in identifying and counting. Marta Maria Azevedo Researcher for the Instituto Socioambiental – ISA; and visiting researcher of the Núcleo de Estudos em População – NEPO / of the University of Campinas – UNICAMP PEOPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA INDIAN LANDS source: Programa Brasil Socioambiental - ISA At the present moment there are in Brazil 184 native language- UF* POVO POP.** ANO*** LÍNG./TRON.**** OUTROS NOMES***** Case studies made by anthropologists register the vital events of a RO Aikanã 175 1995 Aikanã Aikaná, Massaká, Tubarão RO Ajuru 38 1990 Tupari speaking peoples and around 30 who identify themselves as “Indians”, RO Akunsu 7 1998 ? Akunt'su certain population during a large time period, which allows us to make RO Amondawa 80 2000 Tupi-Gurarani RO Arara 184 2000 Ramarama Karo even though they are Portuguese speaking. Two-hundred and sixteen RO Arikapu 2 1999 Jaboti Aricapu a few analyses about their populational dynamics. Such is the case, for RO Arikem ? ? Arikem Ariken peoples live in ‘Indian Territories’, either demarcated or in the RO Aruá 6 1997 Tupi-Mondé instance, of the work about the Araweté, made by Eduardo Viveiros de RO Cassupá ? ? Português RO/MT Cinta Larga 643 1993 Tupi-Mondé Matétamãe process of demarcation, and also in urban areas in the different RO Columbiara ? ? ? Corumbiara Castro. In his book (Araweté: o povo do Ipixuna – CEDI, 1992) there is an RO Gavião 436 2000 Tupi-Mondé Digüt RO Jaboti 67 1990 Jaboti regions of Brazil. The lands of some 30 groups extend across national RO Kanoe 84 1997 Kanoe Canoe appendix with the populational data registered by others, since the first RO Karipuna 20 2000 Tupi-Gurarani Caripuna RO Karitiana 360 2000 Arikem Caritiana burder, for ex.: 8,500 Ticuna live in Peru and Colombia while 32,000 RO Kwazá 25 1998 Língua isolada Coaiá, Koaiá contact with this people in 1976.
  • Colombian Nationalism: Four Musical Perspectives for Violin and Piano

    Colombian Nationalism: Four Musical Perspectives for Violin and Piano

    COLOMBIAN NATIONALISM: FOUR MUSICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR VIOLIN AND PIANO by Ana Maria Trujillo A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts Major: Music The University of Memphis December 2011 ABSTRACT Trujillo, Ana Maria. DMA. The University of Memphis. December/2011. Colombian Nationalism: Four Musical Perspectives for Violin and Piano. Dr. Kenneth Kreitner, Ph.D. This paper explores the Colombian nationalistic musical movement, which was born as a search for identity that various composers undertook in order to discover the roots of Colombian musical folklore. These roots, while distinct, have all played a significant part in the formation of the culture that gave birth to a unified national identity. It is this identity that acts as a recurring motif throughout the works of the four composers mentioned in this study, each representing a different stage of the nationalistic movement according to their respective generations, backgrounds, and ideological postures. The idea of universalism and the integration of a national identity into the sphere of the Western musical tradition is a dilemma that has caused internal struggle and strife among generations of musicians and artists in general. This paper strives to open a new path in the research of nationalistic music for violin and piano through the analyses of four works written for this type of chamber ensemble: the third movement of the Sonata Op. 7 No.1 for Violin and Piano by Guillermo Uribe Holguín; Lopeziana, piece for Violin and Piano by Adolfo Mejía; Sonata for Violin and Piano No.3 by Luís Antonio Escobar; and Dúo rapsódico con aires de currulao for Violin and Piano by Andrés Posada.
  • Colombia Page 1 of 21

    Colombia Page 1 of 21

    Colombia Page 1 of 21 Colombia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 Colombia is a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately 42 million. On May 28, independent presidential candidate Alvaro Uribe was reelected in elections that were considered generally free and fair. The 42-year internal armed conflict continued between the government and terrorist organizations, particularly the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN). .The United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) was demobilized by August, but renegade AUC members who did not demobilize, or who demobilized but later abandoned the peace process, remained the object of military action. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which elements of the security forces acted in violation of state policy. Although serious problems remained, the government's respect for human rights continued to improve, which was particularly evident in actions undertaken by the government's security forces and in demobilization negotiations with the AUC. The following societal problems and governmental human rights abuses were reported during the year: unlawful and extrajudicial killings; forced disappearances; insubordinate military collaboration with criminal groups; torture and mistreatment of detainees; overcrowded and insecure prisons; arbitrary arrest; high number of
  • Forced Displacement and Reconstruction in Contemporary Colombia

    Forced Displacement and Reconstruction in Contemporary Colombia

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Claiming Lands from the City: Forced Displacement and Reconstruction in Contemporary Colombia DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Anthropology By Andrés Salcedo Fidalgo Dissertation Committee: Professor Teresa Caldeira, Chair Professor William Maurer Professor Susan Coutin Professor Karen Leonard 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi CURRICULUM VITAE ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xi Introduction: Contemporary Colombian Social Disarticulations 1 Bogotá: Disconnected Cities 11 Fieldwork 16 Blocking the Pain of Violence 25 The Battle of the Oaks 32 Scheme of the Dissertation 36 Chapter 1 Geopolitics of War in Historical Light 38 Is it a War? 41 Techniques of Fear 42 A History of Violence Revisited 50 Competing Sovereignties and the Rule of Violence 59 Plan Colombia, FTA and Peace Process with Paramilitaries 66 Geo-warfare 71 Conclusion 83 Chapter 2 Mobility, Victimhood and Place 85 Forced Displacement and Migration 86 Humanitarian Discourses 94 Colombian State’s Assistance 100 Countering Victimization 105 Place and Stigma 114 Conclusion 125 iii Chapter 3 Remembering the Land of “Before” 127 Place-memories 128 Motherland 132 A Land of Plenty 136 Former Work and Social Standing 141 Forgetting War 145 Mementoes in Practices of Resettlement 147 Conclusion 152 Chapter 4 From Struggles over Land to the Politics of Ethnicity 156 Ethnicity and the 1991 Constitution in Colombia 163 History of Colombian Agrarian Movements
  • Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region

    Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region

    OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1.
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The experiencing of the Wayuu lucha in a context of uncertainty: Neoliberal multiculturalism, political subjectivities, and preocupación in La Guajira, Colombia A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Latin American Studies by Esteban Ferrero Botero Committee in charge: Professor Nancy Postero, Chair Professor Jonathan Friedman Professor Christine Hunefeldt Professor Steven Parish Professor Kristin Yarris 2013 The thesis of Esteban Ferrero Botero is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii DEDICATION For all of us who suffer within and without, consciously or unconsciously, from above and from below. May we all recognize and courageously face the root of our suffering, together. And may we develop true, all-encompassing compassion for ourselves and for others. iv EPIGRAPH Pródiga Guajira en romance y amor, plácida existencia, futuro ensoñador. Naturaleza parida de grandeza preñada en eterno condumio, Su Cerrejón. Singular belleza de ancestros de ilusión, a sus descendientes guardaban cual cofre de valor convincentes,
  • Download File

    Download File

    Reinterpreting the Global, Rearticulating the Local: Nueva Música Colombiana, Networks, Circulation, and Affect Simón Calle Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Simón Calle All rights reserved ABSTRACT Reinterpreting the Global, Rearticulating the Local: Nueva Música Colombiana, Networks, Circulation, and Affect Simón Calle This dissertation analyses identity formation through music among contemporary Colombian musicians. The work focuses on the emergence of musical fusions in Bogotá, which participant musicians and Colombian media have called “nueva música Colombiana” (new Colombian music). The term describes the work of bands that assimilate and transform North-American music genres such as jazz, rock, and hip-hop, and blend them with music historically associated with Afro-Colombian communities such as cumbia and currulao, to produce several popular and experimental musical styles. In the last decade, these new fusions have begun circulating outside Bogotá, becoming the distinctive sound of young Colombia domestically and internationally. The dissertation focuses on questions of musical circulation, affect, and taste as a means for articulating difference, working on the self, and generating attachments others and therefore social bonds and communities This dissertation considers musical fusion from an ontological perspective influenced by actor-network, non-representational, and assemblage theory. Such theories consider a fluid social world, which emerges from the web of associations between heterogeneous human and material entities. The dissertation traces the actions, interactions, and mediations between places, people, institutions, and recordings that enable the emergence of new Colombian music. In considering those associations, it places close attention to the affective relationships between people and music.