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Sonia Chager Navarro Ph.D. DISSERTATION Ph.D. PROGRAM IN DEMOGRAPHY Sonia Chager Navarro Supervisors: Dr. Albert Esteve Palós and Dr. Joaquín Recaño Valverde Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics / Departament de Geografia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Source Cover Photo: GOSIPPME BLOG (January 22, 2014) : 'My Life Was Ruined': Ethiopian Child Bride, Forced Into Marriage At 10, Pregnant At 13 And Widowed By 14, Tells Her Story" , Picture above "Global problem: India is the country with the highest number of child brides, this little girl among them"; accessed on date September 20, 2014 at 'http://www.gosippme.com/2014/01/my-life-was-ruined-ethiopian-child.html' Ph.D. DISSERTATION Ph.D. PROGRAM IN DEMOGRAPHY Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics / Departament de Geografia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Tying the Knot and Kissing Childhood Goodbye? Early Marriage in Educationally Expanding Societies Sonia Chager Navarro Supervisors: Dr. Albert Esteve Palós Dr. Joaquín Recaño Valverde September 2014 | 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS La realización de esta tesis no hubiera sido posible en primer lugar sin la ayuda, guía, cariño y apoyo incondicional que he recibido de personas muy especiales para mí a lo largo de estos años. Además, la culminación de este trabajo de investigación doctoral se ha hecho realidad gracias al soporte institucional de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, de su Departamento de Geografía, y particularmente del Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics y a su directora, la Dra. Anna Cabré, quién depositó en esta doctoranda su confianza y acompañamiento, permitiendo que llevara a término esta tesis, que además de enriquecerme en el terreno profesional lo ha hecho también, si cabe más, en el personal. Mi eterna gratitud para mis dos Directores, que junto a Anna Cabré, decidieron que estudiase principalmente dos países que llevo en mi corazón, por mis fuertes raíces tanto en la India como en Kenia. Al Dr. Joaquín Recaño por haberme iniciado en la Demografía, en sus clases durante mis estudios de Licenciatura en Ciencias Políticas, promoviendo mi interés y ofreciéndome la oportunidad de trabajar ahondando en esta materia. Sin Joaquín no hubiera comenzado este largo camino durante el cual ha perseverado en lograr mi total implicación, creyendo en mí. Muchísimas gracias al Dr. Albert Esteve, por su convicción y su confianza en mí, por integrarme en su maravilloso equipo de trabajo, por su paciencia y su constante motivación, y sobre todo por hacerme creer en mis propias posibilidades. Sin su saber, sus consejos, y su acompañamiento continuado, no hubiera logrado alcanzar la meta. Agradecer asimismo la financiación recibida de la Generalitat de Catalunya, junto con la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, con la beca pre-doctoral FI-DGR 2010, adscrita al proyecto “La movilidad geográfica de la población extranjera en España: factores sociodemográficos y territoriales” (Ref. SEJ2007-61662/GEOG). Y también mi participación en el proyecto “Towards a Unified Analysis of World Population: Family Patterns in Multilevel Perspective” (European Research Council - Starting Grant - Ref. 7PM240978). Mi reconocimiento al profesorado e instituciones durante mis estancias en el Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, en Rostock (Alemania) y el Centre for Economic Demography, en la Universidad de Lund (Suecia), en el marco de la European Doctoral School of Demography, donde aprendí un mundo de conocimientos y herramientas absolutamente indispensables para desenvolverme eficaz y eficientemente en las técnicas demográficas que me han permitido elaborar con rigor académico mi tesis doctoral. Son muchas las personas que compartieron conmigo estos años de profundo estudio, es casi imposible nombrarles y agradecerles uno a uno por todo su apoyo, en los buenos y no tan buenos ratos pasados, pero sí que me gustaría enviar un fuerte mensaje de agradecimiento y cariño a algunos compañeros/as. A Joan García y Toni López, con quiénes he trabajado codo a codo. Joan es un crack en estadística, datos y metodología, gracias mil. Y Toni no se queda corto en su materia preferida, preciosísimos mapas | 3 muy trabajados. Son estupendos compañeros y confío que les haya entrado el “gusanillo” para viajar a la India tras ayudarme en mi tesis. A Soco, en administración del CED, por su amabilidad, su profesionalidad y su constante ayuda en todas las pesadas tareas administrativas y burocráticas de becas, etc. Gracias por salvarme constantemente. A mi paisano de Terrassa, Antonio David, por hacerme reír siempre. A Anna Turu, por cuidar de mi que soy un desastre andante. A Albert García, compañero de múltiples fatigas en Suecia, siempre dispuesto a ayudarme con sus buenos consejos. Y también a Toni Medina, por esas charlas tan necesarias y ese apoyo mutuo. Los últimos serán los primeros, eso dicen. Todo mi cariño para mis compañeras del alma y de despacho, Pilar y Elsa. Soy muy afortunada porque me llevo del CED dos grandes amigas, que siempre me han escuchado, y confió que yo haya sabido estar a su altura. Hemos compartido mucho en el proceso de crecer juntas y hacer crecer las tesis respectivas, hemos sufrido, reído, llorado, y por esto y mucho más las quiero. A mis queridos padres, Manori y Yoyes. Por amarme tanto. Por creer en mí. Por estar siempre a mi lado. Por empujarme y motivarme. Por su incondicional apoyo. Pienso que por alguna razón desconocida, el éxito siempre se manifiesta en privado, mientras que el fracaso se muestra a la vista de todo el mundo. Gracias papa y mama por estar conmigo en tiempos de éxito y fracaso, por enseñarme a abrir mi mente y por guiarme para que pueda lograr mis sueños. Os quiero. Gracias a mi familia materna por su entrañable cercanía, y a la paterna, que aunque repartida por varios países, me envían sus buenos deseos. A Paquita, mi segunda “mami”, que siempre me alegra los días y me inspira a ser mi mejor versión. A mis amistades personales, importantes, de por vida, que me han hecho más llevadera esta experiencia, este camino del estudio y de realización personal. Kjersti, Ester, Alba, no importa la distancia, siempre estamos ahí. Sin olvidarme nunca de Patricia, Jess, Ana, Aida, Lluís, Mireia, Meri, Xavi, Lidia, Oriol, Gemma, Marta, Carme e Imma. Pero, sobre todo, le dedico esta Tesis a una persona muy especial. No somos hermanas de sangre, pero casi. Gracias Isis. Dicen que no hay nada mejor que una buena amiga, excepto quizás una buena amiga con chocolate. Isis, me conoces muy bien, algunas veces incluso mejor que yo misma. Gracias por todo y más. | 4 AGRAÏMENTS La realització d'aquesta tesi no hagués estat possible en primer lloc sense l'ajuda, guia, afecte i suport incondicional que he rebut de persones molt especials per a mi al llarg d'aquests anys. A més, la culminació d'aquest treball de recerca doctoral s'ha fet realitat gràcies al suport institucional de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, del seu Departament de Geografia, i particularment del Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics i a la seva directora, la Dra. Anna Cabré, qui va dipositar en aquesta doctoranda la seva confiança i acompanyament, permetent que portés a terme aquesta tesi, que a més d'enriquir-me en el terreny professional ho ha fet també, si cap més, en el personal. La meva eterna gratitud per als meus dos Directors, que al costat d'Anna Cabré, van decidir que estudiés principalment dos països que porto en el meu cor, per les meves fortes arrels tant en l'Índia com a Kenya. Al Dr. Joaquín Recaño per haver-me iniciat en la Demografia, en les seves classes durant els meus estudis de Llicenciatura en Ciències Polítiques, promovent el meu interès i oferint-me l'oportunitat de treballar aprofundint en aquesta matèria. Sense el Joaquín no hagués començat aquest llarg camí durant el qual ha perseverat a aconseguir la meva total implicació, creient en mi. Moltíssimes gràcies al Dr. Albert Esteve, per la seva convicció i la seva confiança en mi, per integrar-me en el seu meravellós equip de treball, per la seva paciència i la seva constant motivació, i sobretot per fer-me creure en les meves pròpies possibilitats. Sense el seu saber, els seus consells, i el seu acompanyament continuat, no hagués aconseguit arribar a la meta. Agrair així mateix el finançament rebut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, juntament amb la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, amb la beca pre-doctoral FI-DGR 2010, adscrita al projecte “La mobilitat geogràfica de la població estrangera a Espanya: factors sociodemogràfics i territorials” (Ref. SEJ2007- 61662/GEOG). I també la meva participació en el projecte “Towards a Unified Analysis of World Population: Family Patterns in Multilevel Perspective” (European Research Council - Starting Grant - Ref. 7PM240978). El meu reconeixement al professorat i institucions durant les meves estades en el Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, en Rostock (Alemanya) i el Centre for Economic Demography, a la Universitat de Lund (Suècia), en el marc de la European Doctoral School of Demography, on vaig aprendre un món de coneixements i eines absolutament indispensables per desembolicar-me eficaç i eficientment en les tècniques demogràfiques que m'han permès elaborar amb rigor acadèmic la meva tesi doctoral. Són moltes les persones que van compartir amb mi aquests anys de profund estudi, és gairebé impossible nomenar-los i agrair-los un a un per tot el seu suport, en les bones i no tan bones estones passades, però sí que m'agradaria enviar un fort missatge d'agraïment i afecte a alguns companys/as. | 5 A Joan García i Toni López, amb qui he treballat força. Joan és un crack en estadística, dades i metodologia, gràcies mil. I Toni no es queda curt en la seva matèria preferida, preciosíssims mapes molt treballats. Són magnífics companys i confio que els hagi entrat el “gusanillo” per viatjar a l'Índia després d'ajudar-me en la meva tesi.
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