Innovation Und Wandel Durch Chinas Heimgekehrte Akademiker?

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Innovation Und Wandel Durch Chinas Heimgekehrte Akademiker? Reverse Brain Drain: Innovation und Wandel durch Chinas heimgekehrte Akademiker? Eine Studie zum Einfluss geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlicher Rückkehrer am Beispiel chinesischer Eliteuniversitäten Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades der Doktorin der Philosophie an der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg im Promotionsfach Sinologie vorgelegt von Birte Klemm Hamburg, 2017 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Yvonne Schulz Zinda Datum der Disputation: 14. August 2018 游学, 明时势,长志气,扩见闻,增才智, 非游历外国不为功也. 张之洞 1898 年《劝学篇·序》 Danksagung Ohne die Unterstützung einer Vielzahl von Menschen wäre diese Dissertation nicht zustande ge- kommen. Mein besonderer Dank gilt dem Betreuer dieser Arbeit, Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich, für seine große Hilfe bei den empirischen Untersuchungen und die wertvollen Ratschläge bei der Erstellung der Arbeit. Für die Zweitbegutachtung möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei Frau Prof. Dr. Yvonne Schulz Zinda bedanken. In der Konzeptionsphase des Projekts haben mich meine ehemaligen Kolleginnen und Kollegen am GIGA Institut für Asien-Studien, vor allem Prof. Dr. Thomas Kern, mit fachkundigen Ge- sprächen unterstützt. Ein großes Dankeschön geht überdies an Prof. Dr. Wang Weijiang und seine ganze Familie, an Prof. Dr. Chen Hongjie, Prof. Dr. Zhan Ru und Prof. Dr. Shen Wenzhong, die mir während meiner empirischen Datenerhebungen in Peking und Shanghai mit überwältigender Gastfreundschaft und Expertise tatkräftig zur Seite standen und viele Türen öffneten. An dieser Stelle möchte ich auch die zahlreichen Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern der empiri- schen Umfragen dieser Studie würdigen. Hervorheben möchte ich die Studierenden der Beida und Fudan, die mir sehr bei der Verteilung der Fragebögen halfen und mir vielfältige Einblicke in das chinesische Hochschulwesen sowie studentische und universitäre Leben ermöglichten. Darüber hinaus danke ich Prof. Dr. Zhou Baowei für seine geduldige Unterstützung bei der Ent- zifferung und Übersetzung der handschriftlichen Antworten der Fragebogenuntersuchung. Auch bei Prof. Dr. Li Hongtu möchte ich mich für die Vielzahl inspirierender Gespräche in Shanghai sowie bei Bernhard Bartsch für seine Gastfreundschaft und stets guten Ratschläge nicht nur in Peking bedanken. Des Weiteren gilt mein Dank der Landesgraduiertenförderung Hamburg sowie dem DAAD für die finanzielle Unterstützung der Studie. Insbesondere möchte ich mich bei Stefan Hase-Bergen und Dr. Klaus Birk für die Bereitstellung wichtiger Informationen und die anregenden Diskussi- onen bedanken. Ein sehr herzliches Dankeschön geht zudem an Lena Wolff, Nina Dieckmann, Fabian Wenner, Daniel Rusch und Rainer Milnikel für das Korrekturlesen der Arbeit. Zu guter Letzt danke ich meiner Familie und meinen Freunden, vor allem Nina und Andy, dass sie stets für mich da sind. Gewidmet ist diese Arbeit meinen Eltern Inge und Günter Klemm. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... V Abbildungsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................... VII Tabellenverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... VIII 1 Einleitung .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Einführung in die Problemstellung ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aktueller Forschungsstand und Quellenlage ..................................................................... 4 1.3 Theoretische Überlegungen .............................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Das Auslandsstudium als Auslöser sozialer Wandlungsprozesse.................................... 8 1.3.2 Ansätze und theoretische Eckpfeiler der Diffusionsforschung ................................. 9 1.3.3 Kritik an der Diffusionstheorie im Kontext der Studie ........................................... 18 1.4 Zentrale Fragestellungen, methodisches Vorgehen und Aufbau der Arbeit ..................... 20 1.5 Begriffserklärungen, Bemerkungen zu statistischen Angaben und allgemeine Hinweise . 24 2 Politische und institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen für Rückkehrer im chinesischen Hochschulwesen............................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Vom Brain Drain zum Reverse Brain Drain: Chinas Politik zum Auslandsstudium seit Beginn der Reformära .................................................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Etappen der Regierungspolitik und ihre Auswirkungen ......................................... 29 2.1.1.1 Kurzer historischer Rückblick ....................................................................... 29 2.1.1.2 Aufbruch und Restriktion: Das Auslandsstudium 1978-1991 ........................ 31 2.1.1.3 Die Boomphase: Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Rückkehrzahlen ................ 36 2.1.1.4 Neuere Entwicklungen: Rückkehrtrend, Breitenzugänglichkeit und „Verjüngung“ des Auslandsstudiums ..... 42 2.1.2 Rückkehrer in China ............................................................................................. 48 2.1.2.1 Eckdaten zu Rückkehrern: Ausbildungsländer, Studienabschlüsse und -fächer, Beschäftigungsfelder ................ 48 2.1.2.2 Erwartungen der chinesischen Regierung an die Rückkehrer und Einbindung in das politische System ........................................................................................... 52 2.1.2.3 Rückkehrer in Lehre und Forschung ............................................................. 60 2.2 Das chinesische Hochschulwesen im Wandel ................................................................. 66 2.2.1 Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen ................................................................. 66 2.2.1.1 Historischer Rückblick und zentrale Reformen seit 1978 .............................. 66 2.2.1.2 Eckdaten und Problemfelder ......................................................................... 71 2.2.2 Yu guoji jiegui: Internationalisierungsstrategien und Eliteuniversitäten ................. 77 2.2.2.1 Auf dem Sprung an die Weltspitze: Eliteuniversitäten in China .................... 77 2.2.2.2 Regierungsmaßnahmen zur Internationalisierung chinesischer Hochschulen . 81 I 2.2.3 Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften im Spannungsfeld zwischen Internationalisierung und Sinisierung ............................................................................. 86 2.2.3.1 Stellung und Funktion der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Fächer ....... 86 2.2.3.2 Umgang mit ausländischem Gedankengut ..................................................... 95 2.3 Zwischenfazit: Ambivalente Rahmenbedingungen für geistes- und sozialwissenschaftliche Rückkehrer im chinesischen Hochschulwesen ........................ 103 3 Methodisches Vorgehen der empirischen Untersuchung ............................................ 106 3.1 Methodenwahl und Forschungsdesign .......................................................................... 106 3.2 Erläuterungen zum Vorgehen der empirischen Datenerhebungen: Gütekriterien, Forschungsphasen und Änderungen im Forschungsprozess .......................................... 110 3.3 Praktische Durchführung der empirischen Untersuchung .............................................. 115 3.3.1 Haupterhebungsinstrument leitfadenstrukturierte Interviews: Gewinnen von Interviewpartnern als Herausforderung ........................................................................ 115 3.3.2 Leitfadeninterviews mit Hochschullehrern .......................................................... 118 3.3.2.1 Themenfelder ............................................................................................. 118 3.3.2.2 Teilnehmer, Durchführungsschritte und Nachbearbeitung der Interviews .... 121 3.3.2.3 Heterogener Verlauf der Interviews ............................................................ 126 3.3.3 Leitfadeninterviews mit Studierenden ................................................................. 128 3.3.4 Experteninterviews ............................................................................................. 130 3.3.5 Ergänzendes Erhebungsinstrument I: Teilnehmende Beobachtung von Lehrveranstaltungen ................................................. 131 3.3.6 Ergänzendes Erhebungsinstrument II: Studierendenbefragung anhand standardisierter Fragebögen ........................................ 134 3.4 Auswertung der erhobenen Daten ................................................................................. 139 4 Heimgekehrte Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftler an der Beida und der Fudan ........ 142 4.1 Rückkehrer an der Beida .............................................................................................. 142 4.1.1 Kurzvorstellung der Beida................................................................................... 142 4.1.2 Rückkehrer auf höchster Verwaltungsebene der Beida ........................................ 145 4.1.3 Entwicklung der Anzahl von Rückkehrern an den Fakultäten für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften der Beida: 2005/06 und 2015/16 im Vergleich ........................... 148 4.2 Rückkehrer an der Fudan .............................................................................................. 154 4.2.1 Kurzvorstellung
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