Tourismus Management Europäisches Kulturerbe

FAKULTÄT FÜR TOURISMUS Tourismus Management Europäisches Kulturerbe

Heft 11|18

Passport Passport Tourismus ManagementTourismus www.tourismus.hm.edu | ISSN 1866-3044 www.tourismus.hm.edu Fakultät für Tourismus der Hochschule München Tourismus für Fakultät

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Editorial Studium

Felix Kolbeck ��3 Studieren über Ländergrenzen hinweg: Pilotprojekt zwischen Irland und Deutschland Norbert Klassen, Catherine Gorman, Europäisches Kulturerbe Lynda Murphy, Kevin Drung ��48

Europa zwischen Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Von Fans und Followern: Wie präsent sind europäische Kurzreise in die Kulturhauptstädte 2018 Metropolen in den sozialen Medien? Felix Kolbeck ��6 Mike Hazen ��54

Städte im Fluss oder wohin fließt das Geld? Der VIR und die Fakultät für Tourismus: Eine Kooperation Marion Rauscher ��10 zur Stärkung der Digitalisierung der Branche Ralph Berchtenbreiter, Michael Buller ��56 Wettbewerb auf Schienen: Liberalisierung im euro päischen Eisenbahnmarkt – eine Herausforderung New Generation, New Trends, New York:

INHALT Lisa Feuerstein, Torsten Busacker, Jingjing Xu ��16 Internationalen Hoteltrends auf der Spur Laura Schmidt ��58 Cultural National Parks: Das traurige Modell der Zukunft? Burkhard von Freyberg ��22 Hinter die Kulissen blicken: Exkursion zur Allianz Arena Sibu Aminian ��60 Zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit: Sprachliche Vielfalt in der Europäischen Union Ein Schritt in die Zukunft: Tilman Schröder ��24 Smarte App für Geschäftsreisende Lutz I. Stammnitz ��61 Die Wiederkehrer oder die Unendlichkeit des Endlichen Alexander Möbius ��28 International Kulturtourismus: Besuchermagnet für ländliche Räume Sabine Hepperle ��34 Unsere Partnerhochschulen weltweit Birgit Dittrich, Cornelia Liem ��62 Alpine Lebensmittel als Kulturerbe? Erkenntnisse aus dem AlpFoodway-Projekt In der Welt zu Hause: Florian Ortanderl ��36 Internationales Angebot an der Fakultät Birgit Dittrich, Cornelia Liem ��64 Blickfang: Naturerbe ��40 Knowledge transfer: Combining science and teaching Zwischen Natur- und Kulturerbe: Alexey Gunya ��66 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern schafft Synergien Interview mit Bernd Fischer, Geschäftsführer des Taylor’s University in Malaysia: Tourismusverbandes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. ��42 Ideal destination for student exchange Jayvien Lau ��68 Tannheimer Tal...... 44

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48 79

Gäste unserer Fakultät Herzlich willkommen an der Fakultät: Erstsemester auf Zeitreise in ihre berufliche Zukunft Michelle Kremer, Henrike Martius, Mirja Fürst ��80 Die Gastronomie als Profitcenter der Hotellerie: Welche Wege gehen Hoteliers heute? Stellenanzeige ��81 Sophia Pfundstein ��70 ProfessorInnen der Fakultät für Tourismus ��82 Alumni Nachruf ��84

Welch ein Wiederseh’n! Unsere MitarbeiterInnen ��86 Alumni-Jahrestreffen an der Fakultät Burkhard von Freyberg, Kerstin Mesch ��72 Unsere internationalen GastdozentInnen ��87

Karrieren – Ehemalige stellen sich vor! f.a.s.t. e.V. – die Studierendenvertretung ��87 Elena Günther, Astrid Steiner ��74 Lehrbeauftragte an unserer Fakultät ��88

Die Fakultät INHALT Sichtvermerk ��90

Deutschland und Tansania verbinden: Mit Kaffee für mehr Lebensqualität und gerechten Handel Katharina Mutagwaba ��76

Tor zu einer global vernetzten Welt: Unsere Masterstudiengänge im Kurzporträt Kerstin Mesch ��78

20 Jahre Fakultät für Tourismus: Rückschau auf einen gelungenen Jubiläumsabend ��79

Impressum: Herausgeber: Prof Dr. Felix Kolbeck, Fakultät für Tourismus, Hochschule München, Schachenmeierstraße 35, D-80636 München Internet: www.tourimus.hm.edu V.i.S.d.P: Prof Dr. Felix Kolbeck Redaktion: Kerstin Mesch ISSN: 1866-3044 Verlag: vmm wirtschaftsverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Kleine Grottenau 1, 86150 Augsburg, www.vmm-wirtschaftsverlag.de Media- und Objektleitung: Hans Peter Engel, Telefon: 0821 4405-420, hanspeter. [email protected] Titelbild: Iris Cvetkovic, iStock: Katerina_Andronchik, Malchev Bilder: Hochschule München; iStock: Ansud, violettenlandungoy, venemama, Jan-Schneckenhaus, Stone, jotily, stnazkul, NLshop, bluejayphoto, FORGEM, paulrommer, devolmon, kotoffei, AlxeyPnferov, vectortatu Bilder Regionenspecial: Tourismusverband Tannheimer Tal Grafik: Svenja Walz Bildbearbeitung: Martin Eckert Druck: Kessler Druck + Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Bobingen Anzeigen: Derzeit ist die Anzeigenpreisliste 2018 gültig. Der Inhalt dieses Heftes wurde sorgfältig erarbeitet. English version Für die Inhalte sind ausschließlich die Autoren verantwortlich. Herausgeber, Redaktion und Verlag übernehmen für die Richtigkeit der Angaben sowie für of this article eventuelle Druckfehler keine Haftung. Alle in PASSPORT abgedruckten Beiträge sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Nachdruck oder anderweitige Verwen available for dung sind nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung des Herausgebers gestattet. iOS and Android.

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Valletta, die Hauptstadt Maltas und Europäische Kulturhauptstadt 2018.

Europe between the past and the present Short trip to the 2018 Capitals of Culture

Felix Kolbeck “The Council, in its conclusions of hints at the question: What do we sha- 21 May 2014, stated that cultural heri- re of our cultural heritage, what do we he European Year of Cultural He- tage encompasses a broad spectrum pass on? And why? Tritage 2018 (Sharing Heritage) has of resources inherited from the past Actually a very exciting and intri- begun. The German contribution to Deutsche Fassung in all forms and aspects – tangible, guing question. In stark contrast to it, the Year of Cultural Heritage concen- intangible and digital (born digital the website sharingheritage.de greets trates on five key themes: and digitised), including monuments, its visitors in a cheerless, resigned ••Europe: Exchange and Movement sites, landscapes, skills, practices, tone: with the European Year of Cul- ••Europe: Border and Encounter Re- knowledge and expressions of hu- tural Heritage “the European Com- gions man creativity, as well as collections mission calls on us to help Europe be ••The European City conserved and managed by public perceived not as something remote ••Europe: Remembrance and New and private bodies such as museums, or out of touch with reality, but as so- Starts libraries and archives.”1 mething that belongs to all of us”2 Not ••Europe: Heritage Lived The explicitly stated mission to exactly what you would call curiosity conserve and manage the cultural he- and enthusiasm, but instead a poin- What a wide range! Is such a wide ran- ritage is also in keeping with the sym- ted finger by academic Europe profes- ge a good idea? The core website (sha- bolism and brand European Year of sionals and a thinly veiled reproach ringheritage.de) offers an almost un- Cultural Heritage 2018, as it focuses that we Europeans don’t think, act or manageable number of projects on one particular topic from among a feel European enough. It does not (grouped according to the main the- large number of European topics and arouse our interest, but makes us mes) and events (not grouped accor- forces us to reflect on what actually thoughtful, even a little aggressive. ding to main themes). The website is constitutes modern-day European Have things gone this far already? Do very slow and unmanageable – which culture. For one day how, and where, we first have to get back in touch with perhaps reflects the state of pre - we live today and what we experience each other again? And if so, is this sty- sent-day Europe. will be part of a cultural heritage that le of communication the right way to What does the European Year of has to be protected. The term “sha- do it? Cultural Heritage 2018 want to achie- ring” in the name Year of Cultural He- Maybe tourism can help us here. ve? The concept of (European) cultu- ritage “Sharing Heritage” already Tourism is always a bridge between ral heritage seems relatively clearly cultures, geographically, linguistical- defined, as in the Decision of the Eu- ly, ethnically … in so many respects. 1 Decision (EU) 2017/864 of the European Parli- ropean Parliament and of the Council ament and of the Council of 17 May 2017 on a on a European Year of Cultural Heri- European Year of Cultural Heritage (2018), Official Journal of the European Union L 131/1 of 20 May 2 https://sharingheritage.de/kulturerbejahr/ tage (2018): 2017, English version. (06.02.2018)

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But it is also always a bridge between A particular parallel than to go to faraway places in search and currents. Since 1980 the whole culture: Valetta has past cultures and present cultures as, noticeably more of answers to pressing questions? city of Valletta has been on the UNES- in a cultural sense, it embraces “jour- letter-box City trips are a good choice, as where CO World Cultural Heritage list. What neys around the world, journeys into companies than it else are you more likely to find any a rich fund. How has the city de - has inhabitants. the past and journeys of self-disco- answers than in the European Capi- veloped since 1980? Valletta in 2018 is very”3 tals of Culture. The title “Capital of a paradise for 1.8 million tourists and Culture” has been awarded to a Euro- several billion tax assessment bases November 2017 pean city every year since 1985, and which do not exist anywhere else.6 Va- Okay, let us give the topic “European since 2004 to at least two cities a ye- letta has around 6,000 inhabitants Year of Cultural Heritage 2018” a ar.4 As regards aims and target groups, but, according to the Maltese financi- chance and first of all ask our friends the European Year of Cultural Herita- al supervisory authority, also around casually every now and then if they ge 2018 cannot be separated from the 70,000 internationally owned com- are aware that 2018 is a European Year European Capitals of Culture 1985- panies, of which 1,616 are partly Ger- of Cultural Heritage. And – if they are 2018: “The European Capitals of Cul- man owned.7 The state tax burden is – what the title stands for, if they ture are an integral part of the Creati- low, and above all the registers of know any of the projects planned as ve Europe programme 2014-2020, shipping and aeroplanes as well as fi- The official website part of this theme year. Nobody knew. of the European whose ambition is to promote Euro- nancial services are growing strongly. So let us hit the road as tourism Year of Cultural pe’s cultural diversity and cultural he- Of great importance is the online ga- Heritage offers an professionals. What is more obvious almost unmanage- ritage and to reinforce the competiti- mes market since Malta, as the first able number of veness of our cultural and creative EU country, in 2004 created a suitab- projects and events. sectors.”5 le legal framework for this market 3 Eberhard, Theo: The Discovery of Culture, in: Tou- rismus Management Passport, No.1/2011, page 3 The two cultural capitals in the and appointed itself the “Silicon Val- European Year of Cultural Heritage ley of the internet games industry”8 A 2018 are Leeuwarden-Friesland popular export article is the Maltese (Netherlands) and Valletta (Malta). Let passport and the EU citizenship it us go there for a look at the cultural brings with it (cost: € 650,000 plus heritage, and the cultural present. an investment of €150,000 in bonds). In the year 2017 a journalist critical of Valletta – European Capital of the government was murdered, re- Culture 2018 ports of corruption and infiltration of Valletta, the capital of the Republic of Malta. For centuries an important seat and bastion of the Order of Mal- ta, a treasure trove of cultural sites 6 See also and in the following: Moll; Mirjam etc etc

4 European Cities of Culture (ECOC), cf. https://ec. 7 Vgl. Pollmeier, Achim/Spinrath, Andreas. Steuer- europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/ tricks mit Malta-Jachten; in: Tagesschau.de vom capitals-culture_de (07.02.2018) 16.02.2017, online unter https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/malta-129.html (06.02.2018) 5 European Commission, brochure 30 Years Europe- an Capitals of Culture, p.1 8 Ebd.

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the island by the Mafia increased.9 ciation of a community of values and Leeuwarden: quiet, as European Capital of Culture 2018: What sort of “European Cultural Heri- thus for a deepening of the rifts bet- self-confident and... “The unique identification of the Frisi- tage” has grown up here in the past ween the peoples of Europe. ans with their immediate environ- few years, how is it compatible with ment, with their family, their neigh- its status as “Capital of Culture” enjo- Leeuwarden/Friesland – European bours, clubs, corps and/or choirs made yed by both tourism and the Maltese Capital of Culture 2018 a big impression.”12 It is a positive sur- government? The journey continues. Holland, prise; even the projects and initiatives The city of Valetta’s official websi- that’s closer to home. A real holiday- named for 2018 testify to a well-consi- te (valetta2018.org/) gives practically maker’s paradise, evoking a lot of dered and balanced campaign. no indication of the city’s perception pleasant memories going back to of itself as a European metropolis or childhood. Leeuwarden with around December 2017 indeed any background to its status 110,000 inhabitants is an old trading To find out whether this identificati- as a European capital of culture. It is town and the administrative centre of on is reflected in broad support for merely a website with information on the province of Friesland with around the Capital of Culture campaign events. Even a lot of Malta’s creative 650,000 inhabitants, with which the among the general public, I contacted artists criticize that the 2018 cultural town shares the title “European Capi- a friend and colleague at the Leeuwar- events are firework displays and spec- tal of Culture” 2018. den NHL Stenden University of Ap- tacles put on for tourists rather than In stark contrast to the above-de- plied Sciences. We exchanged ideas contemporary critical art.10 Valetta scribed website of the Capital of Cul- and opinions on the town’s upcoming first of all poses a lot more questions ture Valetta, the Capital of Culture year as European Capital of Culture. than it provides clear answers: cul- Leeuwarden-Friesland proudly descri- He summarized his impression as fol- ture seems to be reduced too much to bes itself as convinced Europeans on lows: “Here in Leeuwarden the “Open merely displaying historical artefacts its website www.friesland.nl: “As a pro- Mienskip” concept is one that has in museums and to staging cultural ud region and a part of Europe. With a been praised in the bid procedure, but show elements. In stark contrast to all strong local culture and an internatio- criticised a lot during the preparation this are the current negative develop- nal outlook: Friesians draw their crea- phase. Leeuwarden 2018 is struggling ments in core areas of social and com- tive power from contrasts. (…) In order to connect to the inhabitants.” The munity life. These do NOT bring Eu- as a province, as a country and as Eu- big, unsolved challenges facing Euro- rope closer again to the Europeans, rope to go through a stage of develop- pe, condensed in a city application. but stand for an internal European ment, from a “Mienskip” (society) to The situation seemed to have impro- fight for low-tax havens, for promo- become a “lepen Mienskip” (open soci- ved a little at least by February 2018; ting the wealth of a few, for a renun- ety). (…) By being flexible, adaptable the opening ceremony watched by and yet remaining true to oneself.”11 40,000 spectators was impressive, in The Friesian “Mienskip” (society) was touch with the people and went down 9 Dpa/WELT: etc. the decisive factor for the European very well. jury to choose Leeuwarden-Friesland 10 DPA/Deutsche Welle: Valletta startet ins Kultur- hauptstadt-Jahr; in: DW.com vom 20.01.2018; online unter http://www.dw.com/de/vallet- 12 https://www.mooileeuwarden.nl/de/pagina/het- ta-startet-ins-kulturhauptstadt-jahr/a-42239778 verhaal-van-2018/veelgestelde-vragen-over-2018 11 https://www.friesland.nl/de/kulturhaupt- (06.02.2018). (07.12.2018). stad-2018/uber/unsere-geschichte (07.12.2018).

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Numerous projects in Leeuwar- current political developments in ... together with with a political character, which do den-Friesland 2018 show a lot of re- Maltese society (closed, financial par- Friesland also not have this problem as they are cle- European Capital of flection on the cultural heritage and allel society). Culture 2018 arer and better-defined. This applies love of detail: a good example of this Leeuwarden-Friesland 2018 is ba- for example to the “European Prize is the “Historisch Reisbureau”.13 In this sed on a much wider concept of cul- for Urban Public Space” which is office visitors can trace any Frisian ture, one which embraces values/ awarded every two years (including roots they may have and research standards, social environments and 2018). It is devoted to the design, revi- how their [Frisian] ancestors lived. development in the society. Leeuwar- val and development of urban public Help is given not only by an online den-Friesland 2018 is thus much spaces which are inherently import- platform which can be divided into more political (“open society”, see ant for the “democratic health” of our several parts, but also by local guides above), and it is not surprising that cities. This is why this initiative above on site. In general, the concept of con- the application procedure and the be- all relies on artefacts and symbols, serving cultural heritage seems to be ginning of the campaign met with a which are important elements in a much more strongly anchored in the lot of criticism. broad understanding of culture. Leeuwarden-Friesland project than is If only because of its claim to re- Nor does the “general state” of Eu- the case with the Valetta 2018 project, present all of Europe, the European rope, including the culture of political which makes a much more commer- Year of Cultural Heritage 2018 plays intercourse, values and civic confi- cial impression. out on many different levels of cultu- dence seem conducive to bringing Eu- ral understanding. How different na- rope’s Cultural Heritage “effortlessly” Quintessence tions implement it varies greatly to its people. Nevertheless, the Euro- How can we sum up this brief trip to from one to another. It does not offer pean Year of Cultural Heritage 2018 the 2018 European Capitals of Culture the European peoples easy access – can help to again project the cultural for the European Year of Cultural He- however, once you have read about, heritage onto Europe as a whole and ritage 2018? The focus and ambitions thought about and examined indivi- to raise our awareness both for a com- of the current Capitals of Culture and dual projects closely, you become mon [European] past and a common Year of Cultural Heritage 2018 seem very curious. future. to vary a lot compared to those of the There is not much lightness or first Capitals of Culture in the 1980s even lived happiness to be felt in the- and 1990s: se projects 2018. This probably re- Valetta 2018 takes as its basis a flects the spirit of the times and the very restricted view of culture (educa- current fundamental problems fa- tion, art, literature), is largely unpoli- cing the European Union and its bo- tical and is, basically, an urban all-ye- dies. Applications to become capital ar touristic cultural event. The project of culture seem more to groan under is therefore a stark contrast to the the weight of very varying expectations than to be able to do justice to all of these expectations in every res- 13 Vgl. hierzu und im Folgenden: https://www.fries- pect. There are other culture-orienta- land.nl/en/events/2189912621/historisch-reisbureau (07.12.2018). ted initiatives of the European Union,

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Cities in flux or where is the Marion Rauscher According to the current Global Finan- money flowing to? cial Centres Index (GFCI) London has for years clearly topped the list of the How London and Frankfurt developed world’s most attractive financial centres. But Frankfurt also gets a good ran- into international financial centres king, at number eleven, behind important international financial centres like New York or Hong Kong. In the Eu- ropean ranking list, Frankfurt is even number three behind London and Zü- rich. Both Frankfurt and London operate as “global leaders”, meaning financial centres whose financial activities are both broad and deep and which are networked with many other financial centres.1 How the two cities gained this position and what effects Britain’s exit from the EU will have, will be dis- cussed in the following article.

London As far back as the Middle Ages, it was the biggest town in Britain and home to wealthy citizens, was the seat of government and had a port to conduct global trade.2 For this reason, financial operations such as the issue of government bonds or trade credit transactions were already handled in the City of London at that time. Lon- don become the central clearing house for all the banks in the country and contributed significantly to the financing of the prospering British domestic economy during the Indus- trial Revolution. Business at the Lon- don Stock Exchange was also focussed on the domestic market as, above all, government bonds were traded. From 1870 onwards the financial transactions decoupled from the British economy and became increasingly internationally orientated. Driven above all by the port of London, international money funds, which were traded preferably as bills of exchange, flowed into the City. Soon, too, the international securities business made its entrance, helped by the continuing improvements in telecommunica- tions, first through the telegraph and then the telephone. Finally, the lar-

1 Cf. Yeandle (2017) pp.4, 12 and 16

2 Compare this report on London in detail with Mi- chie (2016)

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gely unregulated conditions on the Ironically, at the end of the 1950s and lucrative international opera- money and bond market guaranteed the same developments in the USA tions. From then on these operations that long-term funding could be rai- contributed to London regaining its were conducted in a well-ordered, le- sed more easily and more cheaply in international importance, an import- gally compliant and reliable way. Al- London than elsewhere. This in turn ance it still enjoys today. Tight restric- Deutsche Fassung though the low level of regulation ori- attracted investors and their money tions in the US financial sector led to ginally attracted many investors, this from all over the world and the finan- banks there to look for alternative secure framework was nevertheless cial industry flourished. By the end of locations. London was a good option, appreciated by many capital market the 19th century London had establis- as participants as an advantage. These hed itself as an internationally im- ••There was still a strong internatio- and other measures resulted in a portant financial centre. Most foreign nal network of relations between blurring of the borders between for- banks, and with them their valuable the banks eign and British financial markets. human capital, were represented in ••There was still a strong financial The London Stock Exchange (LSE) alo- London. “In the year 1912 for example cluster with the necessary human ne remained focussed on the home there were 1,132 banks from all over capital and the required infrastruc- market and continued to loss in im- the world in the City, either directly or ture to provide supporting services portance. This all changed with the through a connection with a bank ••London had good transport connec- so-called Big Bang in October 1986 [physically] represented in London.”3 tions when the government under Marga- In spite of this British investors still ••Culture, language and the legal sys- ret Thatcher pushed through diverse dominated the scene and the City of tem in the USA were based on the reforms such as the abolition of the London was thus a British financial English. fees and licensing restrictions for fo- centre up to World War 1. Its capital reign securities in order to open up flows however began to be increa- In the following decade a two-tier the global financial market to the LSE. singly internationally oriented. financial system arose in London: the The liberalization of the financial Increasing regulation and state US financial institutions carried out markets, which was just beginning at control characterized the period du- their operations in dollars and for that time, catapulted London again to ring and after World War 1 – the dome- non-British customers, with the re- the number one spot on the list of stic market was to be protected, the sult that they did not affect the Bri- global financial centres. The financial volume of international business tish financial market. They were the- culture in London developed from a decreased. That also, admittedly, ap- refore subjected to very few controls conservative private club into a glo- plied to most other countries as well. by the British financial supervisory bally operating, high-performance In Britain, the “Old Lady of authority. Due to the high stock of Eu- American-style investment banking Threadneedle Street” (Bank of Eng- rodollars4, a rapidly expanding Euro- market.6 The breadth and depth of its land), founded back in 1694 and the- bond5 market serving international markets, in particular the credit, for- refore very experienced, pursued still investors quickly developed there. eign exchange, bond, stock, raw mate- relatively moderate measures and in The domestic banks and financial in- rials and derivatives markets still to- London a large, internationally orien- stitutions looked after the British day ensure London the top spot and ted network of banking relations had customers and conducted operations have led to a firmly established back already established itself, with the re- in pounds sterling. The London stock office of bookkeepers, certified public sult that the City was nevertheless exchange also primarily served the accountants, lawyers, consultants, able to assert itself as an internatio- domestic capital market and high computer service providers and nally important financial centre. fees and strict regulations were impo- others. The collapse came with World sed on foreign securities. War II, when the entire London finan- This two-tier system only began Frankfurt cial market was put under state cont- to disintegrate in the 1970s. At this Conveniently located on the river rol and supervision. Numerous pro- time, due to its strict focus on the Bri- Main and not far from the Rhine, im- tectionist measures led to financial tish market, London was in danger of portant trade routes crossed in Frank- transactions moving abroad. As a re- being overtaken not only by New furt in the Middle Ages.7 Thus the city sult, in the 1950s Wall Street in New York, but also by smaller European fi- became both politically – Frankfurt York overtook the London financial nancial centres. In the mid-1970s the was a coronation site – as well as com- market and new offshore centres Bank of England therefore placed fo- mercially important early on. The lat- such as, for example, the Channel Is- reign banks under its supervision also ter is evidenced by the fact that Frank- lands, Hong Kong or Bermuda grew and thus integrated the high-volume furt was granted trade fair privileges up. Once again, money flowed to tho- as early as the 12th century. These in- se locations where it was subjected to 4 US dollars held outside of the USA, in this case in the fewest restrictions. Europe, in London. 6 For the cultural change in the City, see also the Economist (2006). 5 International capital market bond issued in a currency outside the jurisdiction of the issuer’s 7 For a detailed account of Frankfurt’s historical 3 Michie (2005), p.26 domicile development, see Holtfrerich (2005).

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cluded the right to mint coins and led lin gained in importance by acting as to a thriving money market. When in a central bank. The years of rapid in- the 16th century many merchants dustrial expansion following the esta- from various parts of Europe fled to blishment of the German Empire cau- Frankfurt, they brought their huge sed the rise of equity trading on the wealth of experience with them. This Berlin Stock Exchange and soon also led in 1585 to the setting up of the encouraged bond trading. The Berlin Stock Exchange, after trading regula- Stock Exchange overtook the Frank- tions and fixed exchange rates had furt Stock Exchange. Many of the pri- been agreed on. At this point in time, vate banks in Frankfurt were forced to financial activities were already thri- close or were taken over by the large ving, not least due to the fair activi- banks which had been set up in Berlin ties. The fair also triggered the split (such as for example the Deutsche between the money trade and the tra- Bank, which was set up in Berlin in de in goods. Thus the second trade fair 1870). Geographically too, Frankfurt week soon served as a due date for in- was now situated at the edge of Prus- voices, levies and taxes, loans and in- sia, whereas Berlin was at the heart of terest payments for the whole coun- things. Frankfurt was relegated to a try. The trade fair loan which had a provincial financial centre. National term lasting from one fair until the Socialism and World War II meant its next one was an innovation of the age. end as a financial centre as numerous Commercial enterprises of the age private banks in Frankfurt were Jewish such as Metzler or Bethmann were al- and thus did not survive the years up ready using these financial instru- to 1945. ments for their interest rate arbitrage Frankfurt’s renaissance as a finan- and currency transactions. As in Lon- cial centre began after World War II. don, bills of exchange were also used Due to the Soviet occupation in Ber- in Frankfurt and became so popular lin, the city was not able to maintain that, from the middle of the 18th cen- its position as Germany’s main finan- tury, the exchange rates were publis- cial centre. Capital and personnel hed daily. In this respect too, the com- migrated to the West. Moreover, the mercial enterprises quickly adapted western Allies decentralized the large their business models and focussed banks by setting up state central on endorsement – which means the banks on a federal state level. These discounting of bills of exchange – and state central banks were established thus the first step towards the creati- to put the currency reform into on of banks was taken. In their cons- practice and, in 1948, the Bank deut- tant search for lucrative financial acti- scher Länder was set up as central vities, they finally starting dealing in bank in Frankfurt, which originally government bond issues for Austria, was intended to become Germany’s Prussia and others. The high level of capital and was also conveniently spending by the governments fuelled located as regards transport. This was this business so much that in the a decisive factor and at the end of the course of time trading in government 1950s both large banks as well as spe- bonds gradually supplanted bills of cialist institutions, such as the Deut- exchange on the stock market. Until sche Bank, Dresdner Bank or the DG the occupation by Prussia and the set- Bank, set up again in the immediate ting up of the German Empire at the vicinity of the Central Bank. This was end of the 19th century, the banks also the time when world trade was Metzler, Bethmann and Mayer Am- beginning to liberalize. And Frank- schel Rothschild firmly established furt’s easily accessible location contri- themselves in this business and thus buted significantly to international guaranteed Frankfurt’s position as the trade flows being financed there on a most important financial centre in large scale. Moreover, due to its stabi- the country. lity, the German mark became a relia- With the establishment of the ble, internationally popular invest- German Empire, the gold-backed ment currency. At the same time Mark currency was introduced nati- Frankfurt provided a market transpa- onwide and the Bank of Prussia in Ber- rency that was attractive to investors,

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by publishing daily a reference inte- Geographical location: important and Citigroup, Bank of China and the rest rate for interbank dealings from trade routes by water and overland fa- Deutsche Bank are also renting addi- 1985 on – the FIBOR (Frankfurt Inter- voured the establishment of the first tional office space in Frankfurt.10 In bank Offered Rate), the predecessor to monetary and trading systems in the total, according to the Börsenzeitung, today’s EURIBOR and a counterpart to Middle Ages and laid the foundation in December 2017 twenty-four banks the LIBOR (London Interbank Offered for the future rise. announced their intention to expand Rate). The financial centre Frankfurt International networking: their operations in Frankfurt.11 The thus again gained in importance and, cross-border connections ensured the reason for these relocations lies in just like in London, a financial cluster survival and further development of the “EU passport”, under which finan- which attracted further banks, trade the financial centres through the influx cial institutions with their head of- activities, supporting services and as- of international financial resources. fice in the EU can offer their services sociated human capital grew up there Human capital: the knowledge EU-wide, without having to establish too. and innovativeness of the workforce a subsidiary or company at the loca- The decisive factor in its develop- make a significant contribution to the tion where they are conducting their ment into a financial centre of inter- development of the financial centres. business activity. As things stand at national ranking was however here Liberal financial market regula- the moment, it is very likely that Bri- too the deregulation of the financial tions: financial resources flow to tho- tish companies will lose their “pas- market. In Germany this took place se locations where they are subject to sporting” rights as a result of leaving by promoting the capital market, an the fewest restrictions. At the same the EU, as the EU Commission’s chief important part of which were the re- time a certain degree of legal compli- Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier said forms, liberalization and financial ance as well as transparency are in November.12 The conditions under market promotion measures of the necessary in order to maintain stabi- which EU employees will be able to late 1980s and 1990s. One example of lity and as a confidence-building continue living and working in the these is the abolition of the 25% cou- measure. UK are still not clear, with the result pon tax on the interest on fixed-inte- When a financial cluster has once that many companies are already be- rest securities, which resulted is a re- arisen, it inevitably attracts further fi- ginning to refocus. turn to Germany of the capital mar- nancial market participants and ex- Frankfurt seems to be in a good ket activities which had migrated to ternal services. An easily accessible position to absorb new employees the Euro markets in London and Lux- location – in today’s world in particu- and provide office capacities, as the embourg. This however also entailed lar by air – again plays a central role city offers several locational advanta- a lowering of the Bundesbank’s high in firmly establishing a financial cen- ges:13 minimum reserve ratios or the crea- tre. ••A firmly established financial clus- tion of a secondary market for war- ter with various directive institu- rants. The Future tions such as the ECB and the Ger- To date, the zenith of Frankfurt’s Frankfurt is currently focussed above man Central Bank, the Federal Fi- attractiveness as a financial centre all on the continental European mar- nancial Supervisory Authority (Ba- came in 1998 with the decision to ket, even though individual sectors of Fin) and the Deutsche Börse group.14 locate the European Central Bank in the financial industry have an im- ••An excellent traffic infrastructure the city. Today (as at: end of 2016), 195 portant position beyond these bor- with the international airport, mo- financial institutions are headquarte- ders.9 How will this status quo change torway connections and ICE connec- red in Frankfurt, of which 156 are for- after Britain leaves the EU? Is Frank- tions. eign banks. A further 30 foreign banks furt well equipped to absorb possible ••A comprehensive IT infrastructure have representative offices in Frank- relocations from London? Will the with server farms all around the furt.8 Numerous supporting services Main metropolis even outstrip Lon- location and the world’s largest in- such as companies dealing in invest- don? ternet node. ment funds or securities, rating agen- During the second half of 2017 se- ••Active support for fintech compa- cies or law firms have settled in the veral banks already announced their immediate vicinity of the banks in relocation plans: Bank of America Frankfurt am Main. will relocate its European headquar- 10 Cf. Manager Magazin (2017); Handelsblatt (2017) and Sidders/Aron (2017). For an overview ters to Dublin, JP Morgan Chase is of the already announced relocations, see Helaba Conclusion continuing to expand its locations in (2017), p.10f

In summary, the following factors Dublin, Luxembourg and Frankfurt, 11 Gothenrath/Borse (2017). which were important to both Lon- Goldman Sachs could even triple its 12 Cf. Chi (2017). don’s and Frankfurt’s development workforce in the Main metropolis into international financial centres 13 Cf. Helaba (2016) and Helaba (2017), pp. 14-18. can be identified: 14 The Deutsche Börse AG is worldwide the tenth 9 The Eurex futures and options exchange for ex- biggest stock exchange group, measured by mar- ample is ranked no.3 as measured by the globally ket capitalization (as at: December 2017). The 8 Bürgeramt/Statistik und Wahlen, Frankfurt am traded volume of derivatives. Cf. Hofstätter/Pet- London Stock Exchange is ranked 6th. Cf. World Main (2017), p.115. zold (2015), p.14f. Federation of Exchanges (2017).

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nies from the city of Frankfurt and pened by the fact that the European the State of Hesse. Banking Supervisory Authority EBA ••Attractive international events in is, contrary to expectations, being re- the financial sector for information located to Paris and not to Frankfurt.19 purposes and for networking activi- How strong the effect on the Ger- ties. man financial centre will in the end ••A high quality of life, as reflected in be depend on a large extent on Bri- the comparatively low office and tain’s post-Brexit role. In March 2019 living expenses, the wide range of Britain will de facto leave the EU. This cultural services offered, opportuni- will be followed by a transition phase ties for local recreation, educational lasting until the end of 2020 to give offerings for families as well as the Britain and companies based there general international character of planning reliability and allow them the city. to better define their future role as partners of the EU. The latter point is The ECB and the BaFin are making still very unclear. There is a lot of un- intensive efforts to win over the Lon- certainty about the modalities of the don financial industry for Frankfurt. separation and all in all the negotia- In July 2017 the FAZ forecast that tions are not making much headway. Frankfurt would be among the win- It remains to be seen how “hard” the ners as regards new jobs in the ban- exit will in the end be. king sector, with an increase of It is however undisputed that the- 10,000 jobs in the banking industry re will be disruptions and that Frank- over the coming four years.15 On this furt can by all means improve its basis a study by the WHU comes to competitive position. Nevertheless, the conclusion that, in total, an in- London will presumably not lose its crease of around 21,000 to 34,000 outstanding importance as an inter- new jobs can be expected for the city national financial centre. “Over time of Frankfurt alone. The calculation for a virtuous circle, supported by sen- the Rhine-Main region is as high as sible regulations, has developed to 36,000 to 88,000.16 Although this such an extent that London is more may seem a lot at a first glance it is, than a network: it’s become a knot compared to the current 559,566 em- and it’s very difficult to disentangle a ployees in Frankfurt who are subject knot.”20 to social insurance contributions, only a moderate increase of 3.75% to 6.08%. An increase of 10,000 employees in the banking industry in Frank- Literatur: furt on the other hand means an in- Bürgeramt/Statistik und Wahlen, Frankfurt am Main (2017). Statistisches Jahrbuch crease of 13.39% compared to the 2017, online unter http://www.frankfurt.de/ 74,684 employees subject to social in- sixcms/detail.php?id=3877&_ffmpar[_id_ inhalt]=54675 (28.12.2017). surance contributions working in the 17 Chu, Ben (2017). Brexit: What does Britain industry at the end of 2016. By com- losing its EU ‘passporting’ rights mean for parison, in London in mid-2015 there banks and how will it affect the economy? in: Independent, 20.11.2017, online unter were around 143,600 people emplo- http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ yed in the banking sector alone, and business/analysis-and-features/brexit- passporting-rights-eea-explained-what- around 370,000 in the entire financi- does-it-mean-for-banks-economy-pound-eu- al services industry.18 Moreover, the ro-a8065131.html (04.01.0218). expectations for Frankfurt are dam- Economist, The (2006). London as a financial centre, Capital City, October 19th 2006, online unter http://www.economist.com/ node/8058157 (25.11.2017).

15 Cf. Schleidt (2017). The Helaba makes a similar forecast and talks more cautiously of 8,000 employees over a period of several years. Cf. Helaba (2017), p.20f. 19 Cf. Süddeutsche (2017).

16 Cf. Johanning/Noll (2017), p. 15 20 Economist (2006), p.4, to quote Sir David Wal- ker, senior advisor at Morgan Stanley. The same 17 Cf. Bürgeramt/Statistik und Wahlen, Frankfurt opinion is expressed by Helaba (2017), p.8 and am Main (2017), p.126. Frankfurt Main Finance (2017), p.11, to quote Ka- rin Schambach, Founder and Managing Director, 18 Cf. Statista (2018a) and Statista (2018b). Indigo Headhunters.

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Frankfurt Main Finance (2017). Building Bridges, Frankfurt and Europe after Brexit, online unter http://www.manager-maga- Financial Center Report 2017, online unter zin.de/unternehmen/banken/brexit-fol- https://frankfurt-main-finance.com/build- ge-bank-of-america-bofa-verlegt-eu- ing-bridges-frankfurt-europe-brexit-der- ropasitz-nach-dublin-a-1159236.html neue-standortbericht-von-frankfurt-main-fi- (04.01.2018). nance/ (03.12.2017). Michie, Ranald C. (2005): Der Aufstieg der Godenrath, Björn/Borse, Anna-Maria (2017). City of London als Finanzplatz: Vom Inlands- Frankfurt offers Spahn fordert mehr Elan für Frankfurt, geschäft zum Offshore-Zentrum?, in: Chris- many locational Börsen-Zeitung, 07.12.2017, Nummer 235, toph Maria Merki (Hrsg.), Europas Finanz- advantages, for Seite 2. zentren, Geschichte und Bedeutung im 20. example a firmly Jahrhundert, Frankfurt am Main, S. 23–51. established Handelsblatt (2017). JP Morgan mietet financial cluster angeblich Büros für 200 Banker in Frank- Schleidt, Daniel (2017). Zehntausende furt, 24.11.2017, online unter http:// Stellen durch den Brexit, in: Frankfurter with various www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/ban- Allgemeine Zeitung, 25.08.2017, online directive ken-versicherungen/brexit-auswirkun- unter http://www.faz.net/aktuell/brexit/ institutions such as gen-jp-morgan-mietet-angeblich-bueros-fu- frankfurts-brexit-chance-zehntausende-stel- the European er-200-banker-in-frankfurt/20630196.html len-moeglich-15167178.html (04.01.2018). Central Bank (ECB). (04.01.0218). Sidders, Jack/Aron, Stevens (2017). There’s a Helaba (2016). Finanzplatz Frankfurt be- Space Race in Frankfurt for Post-Brexit Bank wegt sich weiter, Jubiläumsausgabe Volks- Offices, in: Bloomberg, 06.11.2017, online wirtschaft/Research, Frankfurt, Juni 2016, unter https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ online unter https://www.helaba.de/blob/ articles/2017-11-06/jpmorgan-to-citi-said- helaba/391184/167a220da716e20db6d- to-join-brexit-fueled-frankfurt-space-race 83f726859b099/report---finanzplatz-frank- (04.01.2018). furt--bewegt-sich-weiter-30-05-2016-data. pdf (25.11.2017). Statista (2018a). Number of employees in the banking sector in London from 2007 Helaba (2017). Finanzplatz Frankfurt, In der to 1st half of 2015, online unter https:// Pole-Position für Brexit-Banker, Volkswirt- www.statista.com/statistics/298358/uk-fi- schaft/Research, Frankfurt, September nancial-sector-banking-sector-employ- 2017, online unter https://www.helaba.de/ ment-in-london/ (08.01.2018). blob/helaba/436294/e25e37900d3958a- 4627cae86ffd8fb59/finanzplatz-stu- Statista (2018b). Number of employees in die-20170831-data.pdf (28.11.2017). the financial services sector in London from 2007 to 1st half of 2015, online unter Hofstätter, Lukas/Petzold, Conny (2015). https://www.statista.com/stati- Globale Finanzplätze im Vergleich, Frankfurt stics/298354/uk-financial-sector-total-fi- und Sydney zwischen Global City und lokaler nancial-services-employment-in-london/ Variation, Global financial Class Working Pa- (08.01.2018). per Series #2, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, August 2015. Süddeutsche (2017). Frankfurt scheitert bei Abstimmung zur EU-Bankenaufsicht, 20.No- Holtfrerich, Carl-Ludwig (2005). Frankfurts vember 2017, online unter http://www. Weg zu einem europäischen Finanzzentrum, sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/nach-dem-bre- in: Christoph Maria Merki (Hrsg.), Europas Fi- xit-frankfurt-scheitert-bei-abstimmung-zur- nanzzentren, Geschichte und Bedeutung im eu-bankenaufsicht-1.3758457 (08.01.2018). 20. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt am Main, S. 53–81. World Federation of Exchanges (2017). Monthly Reports December 2017. Johanning, Lutz/Noll, Moritz (2017). Winning Frankfurt: Brexit Bankers‘ Welsfare Effect Yeandle, Mark (2017). The Global Financial beyond bringing their Jobs, August 2017, Centres Index 22, Financial Center Futures, online unter https://www.whu.edu/en/pu- hrsg. von Z/Yen und China Development In- blic-relations/news-archive/news-single- stitute, London/Shenzhen, September 2017, view/article/frankfurt-profitiert-von-brexit/ online unter http://www.longfinance.net/ (03.12.2017). images/gfci/gfci_22.pdf (15.11.2017). Manager Magazin (2017). Bank of America verlegt Europasitz nach Dublin, 22.07.2017,

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Competition on rails Liberalization of the European railway market – a challenge

Lisa Feuerstein, to be overcome. For example, in most achieved only low customer satisfac- Torsten Busacker, Jingjing Xu European countries the rail transportation figures and consistently lost mar- tion networks are still dominated by ket share to road traffic. The EU pas- The liberalization of the European rail- big state-run companies. Despite cons- sed a series of directives, so-called Deutsche Fassung way market began at the beginning of tantly growing mobility markets and railway packages, which laid the foun- the 1990s. It laid the foundation for only a few service providers, entering dation for liberalization of the mar- competition in rail traffic. Since then the European SPFV market seems to be ket. This led to competition in SPFV, more and more companies have deci- particularly unattractive. The recent beginning in Britain, where the mar- ded to offer passenger and freight rail bankruptcy of Locomore confirms this ket was already liberalized to a greater transportation services in competition assumption. extent than the EU requirements, and to the state-run companies. In the di- in Germany. visions passenger local rail traffic Background The liberalization index shows (SPNV), passenger long-distance rail In 1991 the EU began to set up a new the status of liberalization in the traffic (SPFV) and freight rail traffic the political and legal framework to revi- passenger rail traffic market in Euro- conditions however vary from country talize the railway market. At that time pe in 2011: to country; and even within the diver- the market was still dominated by Competition in passenger rail traf- se business segments in the individual monopolistic state-run companies fic can take different forms: competi- Table 1: LIB Index, European countries they are different. which, although they received a high Passenger Rail tion for the market and well as compe- For this reason, different hurdles have of subsidies, operated inefficiently, Traffic in 2011 [1] tition on the market, also called open

LIB Index 2011 (Passenger rail traffic)

855 SE Advanced GB 852 DE 814 DK 808 NL 779 AT 761 IT 706 CZ 705 SK 702 EE 701 PL 699 On Schedule CH 680 PT 676 BG 668 BE 663 FI 661 NO 652 RO 650 HU 592 SI 590 GR 559 LT 530 Delayed FR 521 market LU 508 LV 500 ES 485 IE 399 0 200 400 600 800 1000

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access competition. Competition for 11 May 2017 Locomore filed for insol- the biggest influence on competition the market means that different com- vency and, on 12 May 2017, stopped on the SPFV market, followed by poli- panies compete for market access th- operations temporarily until it was la- tical/legal factors. rough acquiring monopoly rights in ter taken over by FlixBus/LEO Express the form of transportation contracts. [7]. The Locomore case In Germany this is the case in passen- In addition to the market entries Locomore GmbH & Co. KG was foun- ger local rail traffic. Competition on described above, two private compa- ded in 2007 by Derek Ladewig with the market means that companies nies MSM and derschnellzug.de un- the aim to provide a new, eco-friend- compete on the same routes for the successfully prepared a market entry ly, low-cost rail mobility concept. Be- same passengers at the same time, in 2012/2013 as well as in 2015/2016 fore founding Locomore, Ladewig had with full commercial responsibility. In and failed. All these actual examples been working as a specialist for trans- Germany, this applies to passenger raise the question as to why competi- portation and railways, even in the long-distance rail traffic and freight tion on the German SPFV market is so German parliament. Locomore was rail traffic. A precondition for this is difficult, despite the existence of a le- significantly involved in initiating the existence of rights of access for gal framework. Existing specialist lite- HKX; Ladewig took over as managing private railway undertakings (RUs). At rature makes no attempt to consider director. In 2011/2012 Locomore pul- present the EU demands, since 2010, the overall influence of competition led out, according to its own statem- this open access competition only for on the SPFV market or to identify indi- ent because of strategic differences international connections through its vidual influencing factors. with HKX’s main investor RDC Directive 2007/58/EC [2,3,4]. Deutschland and sold most of its sha- National open access competition Delphi Study res to HKX. After it pulled out of HKX thus exists only in countries which As a result, in 2016 a Europe-wide De- Locomore began to prepare its own have proactively implemented it. In lphi study considered what factors market launch and, in December Germany, competition in rail traffic have a positive influence on competi- 2016, started operating a daily has in principle been possible since tion on the SPFV market and what fac- connection on the Stuttgart-Berlin the Railway Reform in 1994. As a result tors a negative one, and thus promote line. On market entry Ladewig held of the functioning competition in or hinder competition. The Delphi pa- 61.5% of the shares in the business, local transportation, where approxi- nel consisted of 30 experts with expe- 22.5% were held by silent sharehol- mately one third of rail services were rience of commercially viable compe- ders and 16% by the Locomore team provided by competitors of German tition on the passenger long-distance [8]. After 5 months of rail operation, Railways (DB AG), Germany was long rail traffic (SPFV) markets in Germa- diverse problems with the rented wa- seen as a pioneer of liberalization in ny, the Czech Republic, Italy, Austria, gon material and constantly increa- Europe [1,5]. A few examples from the Sweden and the EU in general. Those sing but not sufficiently high ticket past and the present show however interviewed were high-ranking ex- sales, Locomore had to file for insol- that, in contrast to this, open access perts from RUs, research and consul- vency in Berlin in mid-May [7]. Since competition on the German SPFV ting as well as politics and institu- the company was founded, Locomo- market is extremely challenging: In- tions. 67% of all those interviewed re’s development has been influenced terConnex, a subsidiary of today’s had more than ten years working ex- by various factors, in different phases Transdev GmbH, entered the market perience in the industry, 33% of all ex- different factors came to the fore. The in the year 2002 and operated the War- perts were CEOs or board members. main influencing factors will be con- nemünde-Leipzig line. After several The study consisted of three rounds sidered more closely below. The re- unsuccessful attempts to operate of digital questionnaires: in the first sults are based on a case study by the other lines, InterConnex stopped its round the influencing factors were re- authors which itself is based on offi- rail services in December 2014. In 2012, quested, in the subsequent rounds cial reports and documents, studies, the private company Ham - the intensity of the influence was as- interviews with experts as well as on burg-Köln-Express (HKX) started pro- sessed. In the first round the response press reports. viding a Hamburg-Cologne service, in rate was 83%, in the second round competition to DB Fernverkehr AG. Af- 100% and in the third round 92%. The Planning phase ter an unsuccessful attempt to intensity of the influencing factors Already in the planning phase vari- connect Frankfurt am Main as well, ad- was recorded on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = ous influencing factors have an effect ded to some economic problems, HKX no influence, 4 = very strong influen- on new competitors entering the reduced their services. After Locomore ce) in ascending order according to field: among others, access to attrac- was also involved in HKX’s market their mean value. Table 2 gives an tive routes (1) and railway vehicles (6), entry, in December 2016 the private overview of the top 25 influencing access to railway property (7), the RU started providing rail services bet- factors, which will be used below as a licensing process (8), the entrepre- ween Stuttgart and Berlin, in competi- framework for an analysis of Locomo- neurial spirit of the players (12) as well tion to DB Fernverkehr. Despite re’s market entry planning, opera- as access to financing (16). Examples 70,000 passengers in the first 100 tions and insolvency. All in all the stu- such as MSM or derschnellzug.de days, the service did not prevail [6]. On dy shows that economic factors have show that these may lead to failure

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even before the actual entrance into cult. For this reason Locomore decided gons, helped Locomore significantly in the market. Locomore overcame the on a crowdfunding process and collec- the planning phase. biggest hurdles during the planning ted more than 700,000 euros by Janu- phase and started operations on 14 ary 2017 to cover the operating costs Operating phase December 2016. for the first months of operation. The Once market entry has been achieved, Locomore succeeded where MSM lack of funding in the early planning examples such as HKX and InterCon- and derschnellzug.de were not able to. phase made it impossible for Locomo- nex show how difficult it is to remain The company gained access to attrac- re to access new railway vehicles, al- competitive in the rail industry and tive and suitable routes on the highly though talks with manufacturers had make a profit. After market entry, Lo- frequented corridor Stuttgart-Berlin. already been conducted. The lack of a comore too had problems with some After long years of experience with market for used motor coaches and influencing factors such as market HKX, Locomore applied in good time wagons made it difficult to buy or rent size and market potential (2), the exis- for framework agreement routes with rolling stock at a favourable price. Lo- tence of intermodal competition (3), DB Netz and thus secured the required comore decided in favour of a coope- infrastructure costs (5) as well as vehicles until 2020. Locomore also ration with SRI Rail Invest GmbH. SRI customers’ willingness to pay (11) and succeeded in gaining access to railway bought old IC wagons in the Nether- access to distribution systems (13). property such as stations and sidings. lands and had them modernized spe- By connecting two metropolises Gaining access to sufficient financing cially for Locomore. The licencing pro- such as Stuttgart and Berlin and stop- proved to be more difficult: despite a cess for the wagons did not present ping at other large cities such as Frank- wide-ranging search and numerous any problems. In addition to the alrea- furt am Main, Locomore hoped to talks with investors and banks, Loco- dy described influencing factors, the achieve adequate market size and more did not secure any classic finan- entrepreneurial spirit also played a market potential. DB Fernverkehr was ce capital. Above all, the generally low part in Locomore’s planning phase: in Table 2: Influencing already operating the route success- factors on profitability in the industry together particular, the experience that Lade- competition in fully and offering a direct connection with uncertainty about what how the wig and his team had gained with SPFV, evaluated on every two hours. Locomore offered a scale of 0=no market leader would behave, made the HKX, for example with regard to ap- influence to 4=very one pair of trains daily. To be able to search for financing in Germany diffi- plying for routes and modernizing wa- strong influence. operate profitably, Locomore needed a utilization rate of at least 50% or 1,000 Nr. Influencing factor Average value sold tickets per day. In the first 100 1 Access to attractive routes 3,27 days, Locomore carried 70,000 passengers, the goal of 1,000 sold tickets 2 Market potential and market size of the connection or network 3,18 per day was however only reached on 3 Existence of intermodal competition 2,86 high-load days such as Fridays and 4 Low profitability in the industry 2,86 Sundays. In addition, the modernized 5 Infrastructure 2,86 but nevertheless older rolling stock 6 Access to railway vehicles 2,82 caused technical problems, and 7 Access to railway property (stations, maintenance etc.) and data 2,68 furthermore not all of the wagons had been modernized in time for the ope- 8 Licencing process 2,64 rating start. To stabilize operations, Lo- 9 Lack of technical harmonization within the EU 2,59 comore reduced its service to the five 10 Attitude of politicians and government to competition 2,50 weekdays on which demand was hig- 11 Willingness of customers to pay 2,45 hest. Locomore sold tickets through its 12 Entrepreneurial spirit 2,43 own distribution channels, above all 13 Access to distribution systems 2,41 online, through the service hotline 14 Law in Action 2,36 and on board the trains. Locomore did not succeed in being included in Ger- 15 Demerging of infrastructure and operation 2,27 man Rail’s (DB) distribution system. 16 Access to financing 2,27 The intermodal competition in the 17 Opportunity for cherry picking 2,23 form of long-distance buses was a 18 State of and investment in infrastructure 2,18 further influencing factor on Locomo- Cross-subsidising of train operating companies re: with an average number of more 19 1,91 and lack of transparency than 70 connections between Stutt- 20 Presence of network effects for the state-run enterprise 1,90 gart and Berlin, long-distance bus 21 Presence of (strong) trade unions 1,86 companies have built up a solid custo- 22 Law in the Books 1,81 mer base in the years since market liberalization in 2013. After consolidati- 23 Adaptation to customer expectations 1,73 on of the long-distance bus market, 24 Presence of required personnel 1,73 FlixBus has established itself as the 25 Performance and conduct of the state-run enterprise 1,68 biggest competitor. Long-distance bus

18 Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport Europäisches Kulturerbe

operators address above all price-sen- the locomotives from Hector Rail and and was dependent on the immediate sitive travellers – similar to Locomore. employed only the service personnel success of its transportation opera- Moreover, the price war among bus on board, as well as lean overheads. tions. In the end this led to insolvency. operators in the past few years has led It was not possible to realize as to a changed perception of prices: the Insolvency planned the expected market potenti- willingness of customers to pay On 11 May 2017 Locomore filed for in- al and the utilization rate was not a las- [more] is even lower than it was before solvency and did not carry out any ting 50% - the increase in passenger the market was liberalized. As a reacti- transportation operations for several numbers turned out to be too slow. on to the low-priced competition from months. The insolvency can also be ex- The already mentioned low level of bus operators, DB Fernverkehr also ad- plained by a number of influencing willingness to pay together with the justed its prices and offered a higher factors, some of which were already high costs leads to overall low profita- percentage of low-cost tickets. Loco- becoming apparent in the planning bility in the industry. The cost struc- more felt the effects of this and, in or- and operating phase, such as market ture in the rail industry thus produced der to achieve its utilization rate goal, size and market potential (2), low pro- a negative operating result which had to offer a lot of low-cost tickets. In fitability in the industry (4), little could not be absorbed. Locomore has 2014, this was already the decisive rea- [customer] willingness to pay (11) as meanwhile been taken over by FlixBus son for InterConnex leaving the mar- well as access to financing (16). and the Czech rail company LEO Ex- ket. The customers’ low level of wil- Whereas the poor economic situation press. FlixBus sells the tickets, while lingness to pay made it difficult to of InterConnex was borne over the ye- LEO Express operates the service. shoulder the high cost burden in SPFV, ars by the parent company Transdev under which Locomore also suffered: and Henry Posner III as patient inves- Conclusion the infrastructure costs alone are esti- tor behind RDC Deutschland for a long The Locomore case shows that com- mated to account for 25%-30% of the time accepted the fact that HKX was in petition on the German and also on total costs [9]. Moreover, Locomore the red, Locomore, due to the low fi- the European SPFV market is still dif- bought the traction output including nancing sum, had no further security ficult and is dependent on many in-

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fluencing factors. The in general low [3] Warnecke, Christiane/Götz, Georg (2012). Locomore Rail Offener Marktzugang im europäischen profitability in the industry, which in Schienenpersonenverkehr: Erfahrungen the end led to Locomore’s insolvency, aus der Wettbewerbsentwicklung. In Vierteljahreshefte zur Wirtschaftsfor- was made even worse by the market schung, DIW Berlin (1), S. 111–130. entrance of the long-distance buses in [4] Holvad, Torben (2009): Review of Railway 2013. Added to this is the difficulty to Policy Reforms in Europe. In Built Environ- raise sufficient funding, and access to ment 1978- (35:1), S. 24–42. rolling stock – which Locomore did [5] Deutsche Bahn AG (2016). Wettbewerbs- bericht 2016, https://www.deutsche- indeed manage to do at first but bahn.com/file/de/11877804/rQAC0F- which, due to the instability, also con- 2MrPToryGj9rSdati3fiw/11698752/ data/160712_wettbewerb.pdf tributed to its failure. It turned out (09.07.2017). that demerging infrastructure and [6] Locomore (2017). Betriebsupdate und operation in Germany worked well Bilanz, https://locomore.com/de/aktuel- les/2017-04-06/ (16.07.2017). for Locomore and it was possible to find routes. A large percentage of the [7] Locomore (2017). Locomore GmbH & Co. KG hat Insolvenz angemeldet (aktuali- top 25 influencing factors considered siert), https://locomore.com/de/aktuel- in the Delphi study turned out to be les/2017-05-11/ (23.05.2017). relevant in the planning, operating [8] Locomore (2017). Über Locomore, https:// locomore.com/de/ueber (09.07.2017). and insolvency phases of Locomore and thus it was possible to confirm [9] Finger, Matthias/Messulam, Pierre (2015). Rail economics and regulation. In: Mat- their effectiveness for the market. thias Finger, Pierre Messulam (Hrsg.): Rail Economics, Policy and Regulation in Europe. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar This article is based on a publication Publishing Limited, S. 1–21. by the authors in Internationales Ver- [10] Feuerstein, Lisa/Busacker, Torsten/Xu, kehrswesen, Heft 03/2017 [10] Jingjing (2017). Wettbewerb im deut- Autoreninformation schen Schienenpersonenfernverkehr: Der Fall Locomore. In Internationales Lisa Feuerstein, M.Sc.; Doktoran- Verkehrswesen, Heft 03/2017, S. 11–13. din, University of Plymouth, Literatur: [email protected] [1] Kirchner, Christian (2011). Rail Liberalisa- Torsten Busacker, Prof. Dr.; tion Index 2011. Market opening: compa- rison of the rail markets of the Member Professor an der Fakultät für States of the European Union, Switzer- Tourismus, Hochschule München, land and Norway. Herausgegeben von [email protected] IBM Deutschland GmbH, Brüssel. Jingjing Xu, Prof. Dr.; Associate [2] Cox, James/Offermann, Theo/Olson, Dean Research an der Fakultät für Mark/ Schramm, Arthur (2002). Compe- tition for versus on the Rails: a laboratory Business, University of Plymouth, experiment. In International Economic [email protected] Review (43:3), S. 709–736.

20 Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport GEH DEINEN WEG!

R P R A R W R T R J

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Between Ideal and Reality Linguistic diversity in the European Union

Tilman Schröder promotion and is held in high regard. as the Charta itself is only of a recom- The aspects cited cannot however mendatory character and does not pro- Europe’s linguistic diversity is an inte- hide the fact that the manner in vide for any sanction mechanisms (cf. gral part of its intangible culture. True which the EU handles linguistic diver- Riemersma 2012:170). to the motto “United in Diversity”, the sity is in many respects problematic. A second problem which, above Deutsche Fassung European Union has always seen itself all, the EU’s internal multilingual po- as a multilingual institution. The Trea- EU policy on linguistic diversity licy has to deal with is the dilemma ty of Lisbon explicitly states (Art.3, On the one hand, the subsidiarity prin- between on the one hand promoting Para.3) the Union “shall respect [Euro- ciple applies to the protection of lingu- linguistic diversity and, on the other pe’s] rich cultural and linguistic diver- istic varieties in the EU, as it does in hand, wanting to ensure more or less sity, and shall ensure that Europe’s cul- other areas as well (c. Riemersma efficient communication. It is no tural heritage is safeguarded and en- 2012:173). This means that the EU may secret that most of the EU institu- hanced.” well commit itself officially to multi- tions do not use all 24 official langua- lingualism, but in reality it has hardly ges, but only a few working languages n this spirit the EU recognizes no any own competencies in this respect. – predominantly English, now and Iless than 24 official languages and It can merely regulate language use wi- then French and, in very seldom ca- moreover, with its so-called MT+2 thin its own institutions but not influ- ses, German. The propagated equality strategy, aims at every citizen of Euro- ence how its Member States deal inter- of all the official languages is therefo- pe being able to speak two other Eu- nally with linguistic diversity (cf: re in practice confronted with a very ropean languages in addition to their Kraus/Kazlauskaité-Gürbüz 2014:524). limited selection of languages (cf. mother tongue. In addition, the EU France and Greece for example largely Kraus/Kazlauskaité-Gürbüz recommends its Member States to ra- ignore the linguistic diversity within 2014:525). The whole 24 official langu- tify the “European Charta of Regional their own territory and instead follow ages are only used for speeches in the and Minority Languages”. An initiati- a national policy of linguistic homoge- European Parliament as well as for ve of the European Council, this Char- neity in favour of the official languages the publication of all EU Regulations, ta provides for extensive protective French and Greek (cf. Riemersma Directives and Laws. This results in measures for lesser spoken langua- 2012:173). It is therefore no big surprise annual transaction costs of more ges. Among the more than 60 regio- that neither France nor Greece has ra- than one billion euros for translation nal and minority languages which tified the “European Charta of Regional and interpreting services (cf. Ammon profit from the protection offered by and Minority Languages” – after all, the 2012:580). In view of this sum, every the Charta, we have in Germany for EU can only recommend but not pre- so often there are calls for the EU to example Low German, Sorbian, Ro- scribe ratification. Even if it is ratified, restrict itself to English as sole official mani and Frisian. All in all, one has the non-implementation of linguistic language. A discussion on the sense the impression that Europe’s lingui- protective measures has no conse- and possible consequences of such a stic cultural heritage enjoys special quences for the countries in question regulation would go beyond the sco-

24 Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport Europäisches Kulturerbe

pe of this article. One thing is certain vain for a scientifically precise definiti- amples however this argument does however, namely that as regards lin- on of the term “language” in linguistics not work – Spanish and Portuguese guistic diversity in the EU institu- as well. Why this is the case is described for example are also structurally si- tions, there is a substantial gap bet- briefly below. milar and to a large degree mutually ween ideal and reality. intelligible, but they are two langua- A dip into linguistics ges nevertheless. Mutual under- Regional and minority languages First of all, in linguistics a distinction standability is moreover scientifically in the EU is made in principle only between difficult to measure as in interperso- The third problem – from a linguistic equivalent “types of talking to each nal communication not only mere perspective a very controversial one other” (Coseriu 1980:112) or “language ability but also good will plays a cen- and therefore at the core of this article varieties”. The inner structure of a tral role (cf. Berruto 2000:191). Nor – is that the protection of linguistic di- language variety, meaning its vocabu- would structural similarity and mu- versity in the EU falls short and merely lary, its syntax or its grammar does tual intelligibility explain why, of the covers a tiny selection of the languages not allow us to deduce whether or not four varieties first mentioned above, spoken in Europe. For both the EU and it should be considered a “language”. only High German is considered a the European Charta of Regional and From a purely scientific viewpoint “language”. Minority Languages only protect what there is no reason to designate only The reason why it is difficult to is commonly designated as a “langua- the (High) German variety as a “lan- find a linguistically well-founded de- ge” (cf. Kraus/Kazlauskaité-Gürbüz guage”, but not the Bavarian, Palatina- finition of a “language” is because, as 2014:527). It is completely unclear ho- te or Saxon varieties. One could of a rule, processes which have nothing wever what a “language” is supposed to course argue that the four varieties to do with language are responsible be and what distinguishes it from a named are structurally similar and for considering some varieties as “non-language” or a “dialect” – neither mutually understandable, which spe- “languages” and others not. In princi- the EU nor the Charta provides precise aks against classifying them all as dif- ple, only a few targeted measures are information on this. And we look in ferent “languages”. With other ex- needed to raise any variety to the sta-

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tus of a “language”. To do this, a vari- or Croatian. Due to political will alo- kaité-Gürbüz 2014:534). In view of the ety first of all needs grammatical and ne, two new languages thus arose – eroding confidence in Europe, a pro- orthographical standards, i.e. it has to admittedly without any changes at all cess which has been going on some be normed and codified. Moreover, it having been made to the linguistic time, this is more than alarming. In is important that it has an extensive structures of Serbo-Croat. A similar order to provide equal protection for specialist/technical vocabulary which curious situation arose in Belgium as all the linguistic diversity in Europe, allows the variety to be used for com- well. Up until the end of the 1980s the the EU should on the one hand stop munication in all socially relevant French-speaking community in Belgi- the one-sided focus of its protective areas, for example in politics, law, re- um described their varieties as “dia- measures on “languages”. On the search, art and education. Such mea- lects” of French. As, however, in the other hand the Member States should sures are called linguistic upgrading. course of preparing the “European be prepared to hand over to the EU A variety which has successfully been Charta of Regional and Minority Lan- competencies as regards linguistic upgraded to a “language” will, in time, guages” it became clear that the Char- policy. Both of these steps, however, become a sort of umbrella for neigh- ta would only protect “languages” but seem to be in the very distant future, bouring, not upgraded varieties – ty- not “dialects”, the French-speaking even in the “European Year of Cultural pically the dialects in the region. The Belgians from 1990 on simply relabel- Heritage”. forms of expression used by the “lan- led their varieties “regional langua- guage” are increasingly perceived as ges”, so that they would be protected correct, the linguistic forms used in by the Charta (cf. Tacke 2012:91). Bibliography: the dialect on the other hand are Ammon, Ulrich (2012). „Language Policy in perceived as wrong and people use Conclusion and Forecast the European Union (EU)“, in: Spolsky, Ber- nard (Hrsg.): The Cambridge Handbook of the standards of the “language” to The European commitment to lingu- Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- correct speakers of the dialect (cf. Ber- istic variety and multilingualism, versity Press, S. 570–591. ruto 2000:192). Another feature which after all only targets “langua- Berruto, Gaetano (2004). „Sprachvarietät – Sprache (Gesamtsprache, historische Spra- which particularly in Europe is cha- ges”, thus only applies to a small che)“, in: Ammon, Ulrich et al. (Hrsg.): Sozio- racteristic of “languages” is the link to selection of the European language linguistik. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft. a clearly-defined territory and a (fre- varieties which, in view of how easily Band 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, S. 188–195. quently nation-state) awareness of the factors giving rise to language can Coseriu, Eugenio (1980). „Historische Spra- identity on the part of its speakers. be influenced, seems to be very ar- che und Dialekt“, in: Göschel, Joachim/Ivić, The same nation state in many cases bitrary. The more than 400 other va- Pavle/Kehr, Kurt (Hrsg.): Dialekt und Dialek- tologie. Ergebnisse des Internationalen Sym- also ensures that, in official commu- rieties in Europe (cf. High Level Group posions „Zur Theorie des Dialekts“, Marburg/ nication processes, the “language” is on Multilingualism 2007:7) which are Lahn, 5.-10. Sept. 1977. Wiesbaden: Steiner, S. 106–122. given priority over other varieties. not recognized as “languages” are ig- Europäische Union (2016). Vertrag über die In the course of European history, nored, although they of course are Europäische Union (konsolidierte Fassung). often over longer periods of time tho- also part of Europe’s cultural heritage. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012M/TXT se varieties whose speakers were soci- And it should not be forgotten in this (07.01.2018). ally, politically or militarily dominant discussion that every variety, be it a High Level Group on Multilingualism – over other speaker groups were “language” or a “dialect”, creates in Commission of the European Communities (2007). Final Report. http://ec.europa.eu/ upgraded to “languages”, such as for the same way an identity for its spea- education/policies/lang/doc/multireport_ example the Castilian variety in kers and serves as a unifying social en.pdf (07.01.2018). Spain (modern-day Spanish) or the factor (cf. Kraus/Kazlauskaité-Gürbüz Kraus, Peter/Kazlauskaite-Gürbüz, Ruta Parisian variety in France (mo - 2014:519ff). This also applies to (2014). „Addressing linguistic diversity in the European Union: Strategies and dilemmas“, dern-day French). However, it is migrants living in the EU – their vain: Ethnicities 14, 4, S. 517–538. equally possible to politically initiate rieties may well qualify as “langua- Riemersma, Alex J. M. (2012). „European the above measures at short notice or ges” but they nevertheless do not en- Language Policies: Realities and Challenges for Regional and Minority Languages“, in: by resolution label a variety as a “lan- joy any sort of protection in Europe at Schmidt-Hahn, Claudia (Hrsg.): Sprache(n) guage”. This has happened at least all. The danger involved in preferring als europäisches Kulturgut. Innsbruck: Studi- enverlag, S. 167–186. twice in recent European history. In particular individual linguistic varie- former Yugoslavia for example, ties to others is a considerable loss in Tacke, Felix (2012). „Belgien. Territorialitäts- prinzip und Minderheitenproblematik vor Serbo-Croat as official language was trust in the EU on the part of the dem Hintergrund der ECRM“, in: Lebsanft, spoken almost identically in Serbia neighbouring speaker groups when Franz/Wingender, Monika (Hrsg.): Die Sprachpolitik des Europarats. Die ›Europäi- and Croatia, though different alpha- they realize that in reality European sche Charta der Regional- oder Minderhei- bets (Cyrillic or Latin) were used. After integration does not mean equal tre- tensprachen‹ aus linguistischer und juristi- scher Sicht. Berlin: de Gruyter, S. 87–104. the break-up of Yugoslavia however, atment for linguistic varieties, but both Serbia and Croatia insisted on poses a threat to smaller linguistic having their own “language” – Serbian identities (cf. Kraus/Kazlaus -

26 Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport Prien am Chiemsee

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Studying beyond borders Pilot project between Ireland and Germany

How could sustainable mobility in tou- The highlight was a joint excursion by rism look like? What solutions in an in- the student group from Munich to Ire- ternational context are possible? And land. In addition to specialist topics, what measures can prove effective in the focus was also on intercultural e.g. town planning or in controlling questions, such as “What is typical of and directing visitor flows? These and us? What can we learn from each many other topics were elaborated by other? How do study or work contexts a German/Irish student group in the differ between the two countries? Four 2017/2018 winter semester for the participants in the excursion reveal first time ever in a pilot project in col- their personal impressions of this in- laboration with the Dublin Institute of tercultural encounter. Technology (DIT).

Welcome to… or better still céad míle fáilte?

Norbert Klassen, Professor in the famines, waves of emigration to Ame- a pub on the west coast of Ireland, you Department of Tourism rica, the struggle for independence, hear sentences like “I grew up here”, terror and bombs, peace negotiations “my roots are here” or “I just like reland – the Emerald Isle, wild and and reconciliation, the economic living here” again and again. What is Ibeautiful, wind and weather, stormy boom as Celtic Tiger and the [high] meant is the private space, the flat or sea, radiant colours, friendly people, unemployment after the banking cri- the farm, but also the public space music in the pubs, easy conversati- sis – all of these were dramatic events that has become their own. The bus on… and also céad míle fáilte as they for the country and its people. Always ride every morning from the suburbs say in Ireland, meaning “one hundred in flux, ups and downs, deprivation to the city centre of Dublin, the mor- thousand welcomes”, and not just followed by happy days – actually ning view over the river Liffey on the “Welcome to Ireland”. quite normal and not much different way to the office, the little local café Ireland – a place of yearning for from in other countries. And yet there on the corner where you so often grab many Germans. Maybe even a second is something special about this coun- a quick coffee. Cherished memories home away from home? Is there even a try and its people: is it the warm and and routines that root you firmly to plural form of “home”? One home or friendly way they get on together, the place, that keep you grounded two homes or even several homes? Per- their attitude to life, that fascinates and allow you become one with the haps a good topic for us at the moment, and touches us, that puts us in a posi- place. And so in the end you not only with all the discussions and arguments tive mood? know the places, but – as funny as it about the concept “homeland” and fee- There are three things that you ex- may sound – the places also know ling “at home” that are going on in Ger- perience again and again in Ireland: you, and you “feel at home” there and many …? Or is it just that holiday fee- the close identification of its people they become “homeland” to you. ling of “experiencing something new” with their home town or region, the before happily returning home to one’s openness of the Irish and their unsha- When strangers are no longer familiar environment? keable belief that after the wildest strangers In addition to its dramatic and storm sunny days will come again. Secondly, the locals themselves: Liam, fascinating wide landscapes, Ireland’s the owner of the little café who also political circumstances and the vicis- When foreign places feel like home comments the previous evening’s situdes of its history have left their Whether it’s Seamus the bus driver in match results; the two colleagues in indelible mark on the Irish people: Dublin that you meet, or Maeve, the the overheated office who every mor- early Christian settlement, conquest, old lady who starts singing a song in ning talk about the evening before; Deutsche Fassung

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Ireland – the Emerald Isle, wild and beautiful

Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport 49 Studium

the Irish colleague who quite natural- sunny days will come again; that the that leaves space for change, that re- ly took me with her to lunch as if we storm may change the coastline but cognizes that home is a very individu- were old schoolmates; the musician that the new coastline will bring with al feeling and by no means limited to in the pub who, during a break in the it new and good paths; that change a single, closely defined geographical music, wanted to know what Bavarian also means new opportunities if you area, and that home is certainly not a folk music was like and then explains combine them with tried and tested hackneyed word to be used in politi- why the Irish grace notes are so im- ways. cal discussions to discriminate bet- portant, as they turn the simple basic Then my home, my homeland, is ween people. Not by a long chalk! melody into the elaborated and so ty- not something static and unchan- To be at home, the word home un- pically Irish music. ging, but capable of change and ex- derstood in a positive sense as a place Encounters that give you the im- pansion in the firm knowledge that it that you can shape individually and pression that, at least for a short space offers a safe “guaranteed” space for personally, that lets you be who you of time, you are allowed into their me. And then my home also has space are, that offers a feeling of security lives, allowed to be part of their lives, for others. but yet is open and pluralistic, that to ask questions, even deeper ones… does not exclude anybody, that is in- and yet you are allowed to be yourself Home for me and others terested in, appreciates and tolerates at the same time. To be yourself I experienced these three things – fo- other people and things. A place that, because the Irish have a clear profile, reign places, open people and, meta- because it is at peace with itself and cultivate values and traditions, are phorically speaking, storms - again knows its own worth, can and wants one with their country and their cul- and again, as being a stranger myself to be home to others as well – that is ture. And in this way offer a home to also sharpened my own concept of what I learned from Ireland and the me, and to others. But also a home home. As a home, a place where I feel Irish. And that is precisely why the away from home to the Polish const- good and which for me is marked by “hundred thousand welcomes” fit ruction worker, or the Syrian doctor. positive memories and encounters them so well. with people. But also as a place that is When after the storm the sun open to new things and other people, Céad míle fáilte! shines again And thirdly, the apparently unshake- able belief that after the raging storm

Hohe-Lebenshaltungskosten Offene-Menschen Männer-in-Röcken Seltsames-Nationalgericht-(Name-entfallen) Nette-Gesellschaft Viele-Firmenansiedlungen Kleeblatt Cliffs-of-Moher Euro-und-Pfund Konﬂ ikt Kobold Felsig Wunderschön Trinklieder Perceptions of Ireland and Germany St-Patricks-Day Raufbolde Nordirland Rote-Haare Küste Akzent Catherine Gorman, PhD, Irish means being able to embrace the and Kavanagh. We having a way of senior lecturer at DIT extensive nature of both the urban summing it up ‘its grand place to be’. Kneipe Sagen Schön Hügel Kühl and rural spaces, being able to conver- LandschaftWälder Creating a better world Hohe-Mieten hinking about the question “What se and think freely (despite all the Flagge Dublin is it to be Irish?” I have to say that challenges), means talking about the Concerning what is important if stu- Bier UK Bar Dudelsack T Lustig I have lived in Ireland for the majority weather, smelling the gorse and the dying in Ireland, I am rather biased as Schafe Trinkfest Wind Andere-Kultur of my life – though I have a mixed he- ozone of the crashing waves. It is to I have undertaken both my undergra- Tradition Whiskey Insel Kalt Historisch Schlösser ritage and identity and I am not a tho- have a pint in a small Irish pub sur- duate and postgraduate studies in Pub Feiern Kleine-Dörfer Kleine-Städte roughbred. However, I have made Ire- rounded by the locals while the wind Dublin at both University College Dub- NaturGastfreundschaft StürmischGrünKultur Weitﬂ ächige-Wiesen Gute-Stimmung land my home and was, once I com- and rain batters on the roof outside lin and Trinity College Dublin and I Dialekt pleted college, one of the few who gra- – and you are all there, snug in front now teach in Dublin Institute of Tech- Meer Bodenständig Regen Niedrige-Steuersätze duated, who found employment here of the turf fire. It is the sense of li- nology. Therefore you could say I have Guinness in the nineteen-eighties which was a terary history in that pub, the streets a rather parochial view of education. WiesenKlippen Herzlichkeit Livemusik period of very high unemployment and the country lanes which inspired However, through the course of my life Irish-Coffee Pferderennen Unberührte-Natur Unabhängigkeit Humor and emigration and so I stayed. To be such greats as Beckett, Joyce, Behan and job I have travelled and taught ab- Freundliche-Menschen Rauhe-Landschaft Nationalstolz Sehenswürdigkeiten

50 Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport Studium

If you think about Majority-Speaking-English Germany: Vor der Bavarian-Castles Oktoberfest Strong-force-in-Europe Exkursion Beautiful-Buildings sammelten irische Strong-personalities Studierende ihre Erdbeer Eindrücke von Stable-Economy Demanding Deutschland in Effi cient einer Wordcloud. Angela Merkel Acceptance Volkswagen Rich Angry Scheduled Bit-Blunt Well-Developed-Country Skiing Music Festivals Serious BMW Audi Education CarsHistory War Mountains Wall Sport Lakes Excellent-Public-Transport Developed Harsh Culture Football Motorways Punctual Food Forests Innovation Beer Business Frankfurters Language Bit-Boring Hospitality Hard-Working Powerful Aggressive Big-Pints Time-Sensitive Benz Strict Sausages Lederhosen Stand-Offi sh Organised Lufthansa The-Brother-Grimm They-Like-Ireland-A-Lot Lots-Of-Meat Some racist Different-Sense-Of-Humour Excellent-Education Helping-Immigrants

KneipeLandschaftSagen Wälder Schön Hügel Kühl Hohe-Mieten Flagge Dublin Bier UK Bar Dudelsack Lustig Schafe Trinkfest Wind Andere-Kultur Tradition Whiskey Insel Kalt Historisch Schlösser Pub Feiern Kleine-Dörfer Kleine-Städte Gastfreundschaft Wenn du an Irland Natur StürmischGrünKultur Weitﬂ ächige-Wiesen Gute-Stimmung denkst: Vor der Dialekt Exkursion Meer Bodenständig sammelten Regen Niedrige-Steuersätze deutsche Guinness Studierende ihre WiesenKlippen Livemusik Eindrücke von Irish-Coffee Pferderennen Herzlichkeit Irland in einer Unberührte-Natur Unabhängigkeit Humor Wordcloud. Freundliche-Menschen Rauhe-Landschaft Nationalstolz Sehenswürdigkeiten

Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport 51 Studium

road for short periods of time. Studying On the other hand Germans are cities and large towns, is improving, in Ireland emphasizes breadth of renowned for their technical efficien- though is still significantly behind education. It seeks to embrace the cre- cy, their ability to apply themselves that of Germany. We live in houses ative… we are good communicators and and their discipline to life. All of these with gardens….and apartments, we take an approach that embraces hu- traits are worthy and help progress though in demand in Dublin, are not mor. We can focus, we can achieve a world affairs and productivity. And considered as homes. Our history, depth of knowledge… however not to their kindness shown to the im - whereby we had neither land nor lar- the exclusion of everything else. Increa- migrant population struck a chord ge residences, has created an obsessi- singly, we seek to develop more of the globally. We can learn from this. on with owning houses and land. It is soft-skill competencies such as resilien- considered a status of wealth and suc- ce, empathy, initiative with the view to Not just work, but life cess. Unlike Germany, Ireland is not creating a better world. Education is not But what is different in Ireland com- an industrialized country. Our most discipline specific, it is about building pared to Germany? I worked in Ger- important industries are agriculture, a community that will sustain many many for a summer many years ago IT and tourism. The resources required generations into the future. and have been back a number of for these, the types of jobs that these In work context in Ireland we times since. Ireland has a more rela- industries provide, require a certain appreciate work relationships, open xed attitude to life… not just work, but type of infrastructure, landscape and communication, trust, creativity, ban- life. There is an informality – and this employee. ter, empathy, enthusiasm, optimism may be due to such differences as Overall, providing the students and a willingness to set and achieve density of population – we, in Ireland with opportunity to engage through goals relating to the work place. This is only have a population of 5 million. education broadens their perspective what you can learn from the Irish. Our infrastructure, particularly in the of the world.

Some secrets of Irish culture …

Lynda Murphy, Bachelor the shades of green that fill your The German and I think it makes us more sponta - student at DIT eyes...... and yes, even the rain. Our Irish participants in neous than our mainland counter- front of the interchangeable weather (rain with information centre parts. If the sun appears you drop hen we are not ‚at home‘ we cloudy intervals, cloud with interva- at the Cliffs of everything and run outside and if Moher. WIrish miss the cool clean air, ls of rain) is a national obsession and you get caught in the rain, so what? I once had a child‘s picnic under a large bush in a thunderstorm. If the Nordic countries have a hundred words for snow we have as many de- scriptions of rain.

Irish love guests The other thing that defines us is our tradition of hospitality; we are forever ‚visiting‘ each other and love guests. The welcome is very important, so no ‚grunts‘ or mumbling at the door! The guest must have the best seat, the best cup, the best view, but be ca- reful not to start to ‚expect‘ or ‚impo- se‘ ...the guest must also show grace or

52 Ausgabe 11|2018 Tourismus Management Passport Studium

they will be deemed ‚a pain‘ and not ted as quickly as possible; long good- morning fare. The German fascinati- asked back again. Then the pleasan- byes are for lovers. on with techno music is interesting tries (chat) can begin. This should be – is it because you have a technology as aimless as possible to allow for cre- German pragmatism culture? I‘ve seen a German band ativity and relaxation. and huge breakfasts use chainsaws as instruments but Just like in Germany our literary The Irish can learn pragmatism from we are more grateful for Kraftwerk tradition started as an oral one so the the Germans; as one of the German and Germany‘s well organized music verbal exchange of ideas and opi- girls on our field trip spelt out after a festivals. nions is a treasured national pastime. long day“ We haven‘t eaten in 6 Take note that Irish people may say hours!“ whilst the Irish were grum- Being at home one thing whilst thinking the other bling and saying nothing. We thought Being at home for the Irish usually but this is not because they are lying it was funny as if we weren‘t fed for 9 means going home to mammy [mo- but rather because you, the guest, hours in Germany we would say no- ther] at any age. There you will get must not be insulted. They might also thing out loud but complain endless- what you need and leave feeling better. be ‚winding you up‘ i.e. gently poking ly. See, I‘m still complaining about it! It’s not vital to have an actual mammy, fun at you. Don‘t take offence and do The German breakfast seems you can nominate a ‚mammy figure‘ participate once you get the hang of huge; meat and cheese and breads who could be one of your friends. It’s it. It is called ‚the bants‘, which is short and cake...a bowl of porridge or cere- usually the people & place that hold for banter. The exit should be execu- al and a coffee is the domestic Irish the best memories.

My impressions of the small Emerald Isle

Of cultural differences and Kevin Drung, Bachelor student in German is seen as being cool and re- similarities the Department of Tourism served and orderly like a Prussian, the The beer culture is definitely a Irish are perceived as sociable and he small green island of Ireland in “well-cultivated” similarity between cheerful, communicative and easy-go- Tthe northwest of Europe is just Germany and Ireland. Nevertheless, ing. This makes it easy for a German to about the size of Bavaria and has only there are differences between the two strike up a conversation with the locals a third of Bavaria’s population density. countries. Not only has Germany 17 and talk about the country and its peo- Nevertheless, Ireland attracts more times the population of Ireland, there ple. And late in the evening you end up than nine million tourists every year are also substantial differences in the once more in a traditional Irish pub, – for good reason. The island offers political administration, the settle- over a cool Guinness, philosophizing great variety: for example, the Wild At- ment structure and infrastructure. for hours about legendary rainbows, lantic Way from Derry in the north of Moreover, Ireland and Germany mystical leprechauns and lost pots of the island winds 2,600kms to Cork in not only differ in their landscapes, but gold. the south along the impressive coast- also culturally. Whereas the stereotype line and past the steep and famous Cliffs of Moher. The town of Doolin in the west of the country also offers a Module cooperation project between the University of perfect opportunity to leave the Irish Applied Sciences Munich and the Dublin Institute of “mainland” and take the ferry across Technology (DIT) the rough sea to the Aran Islands. The- re you can enjoy nature in its purest form and let the fresh sea air tickle The pilot project by the Department of Tourism, University of Applied Scien- your nostrils. City lovers can also look ces Munich, in cooperation with the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) forward to a real gem: Dublin is a mo- was made possible also by the support of QualiFIVE funding from the dern, pulsating city with large parks Presiding Committee of the University of Applied Sciences (HM). The declared aim of the Department of Tourism and its partner at the DIT is and gardens, a lot of museums and a to use the experiences gained in the course of the pilot project to firmly vibrant student life. Nevertheless, establish a common module in the timetable at the University of Applied Dublin has not lost its historical flair. Sciences Munich and at the DIT. We too sauntered down streets steeped This will be a subject-based and intercultural contribution to a cross-border in history, past world-famous pubs examination and analysis of the upcoming problems in touristic regions and were able to get an impression of and a working-out of sustainable solutions. Ireland’s beer culture. Klaudia Kornas

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