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Steve Tai Oladosu COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES RELIGION, CONFLICT, AND PEACEBUILDING IN AFRICA The Role of the Church in the Peacebuilding process in the Democratic Republic of Congo from2001 to 2016 By STEVE TAI OLADOSU Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster of Social Sciences In Conflict Transformation and Peace Studies MAIN SUPERVISOR: DR. KHONDLO MTSHALI & CO-SUPERVISOR: MS. SBUSISIWE PHILILE GWALA DECEMBER 2017 ii ABSTRACT This study examines the roles of the Church and its models of peace effort in the DRC from 2001 to 2016. The main objective is to identify and analyze the impact of the role of the church on the conflict; to evaluate the success of the Church in Peacebuilding from 2001- 2016; to examine the key challenges and opportunities facing the Churches in its intervention, and; to identify how the church could maximize its peacebuilding potential in the DRC. Thus, the following questions were set forth to guide the research: 1) what role has the church played in DRC conflict from 2001 to 2016? 2) What successes has the church achieved? 3) What obstacles has the Church faced in its peace efforts? 4) How can the church deal with these obstacles to maximize its potential of achieving a sustainable peace in the DRC? Therefore, the qualitative approach is found appropriate for these research questions, because it grants valuable understanding of the issues through a careful examination of historical data. So, the non-empirical study makes use of secondary sources of data collection.Also, John Paul Lederach’s “peacebuilding pyramid” is opted for as the conceptual framework. The framework focus on reconciliation and on reconstruction of broken down relationships: a process that recognizes that conflicts are essentially types of relationships and prioritizes on addressing its psychological components. Therefore, it was used to address such questions as, should peace be built from the top down, or from the bottom up? What parts should the various actors play? Are there spaces for the church at all the three levels? However, the key study finding was that the Church in the DRC is large, strong, and significant. With these, and its predictable solidarity with the grassroots populace, have the capacity to transform conflict situation in the DRC. The study also reveals that the church in the DRC are engaged in a kind of reactive approach to peace work which focuses on the immediate conflict, with no long-term peace process to address the root cause, and to deal with those policies and structures that sustains conflicts. The researcher thus maintains that the Church in the DRC needs a review of their models of engagement in conflict transformation and peacebuilding. Key Terms: Peace, Conflict Transformation; Peacebuilding; Church; Intervention; Pyramid Model. i DECLARATION Student number: 208517195 I, Steve Tai Oladosu, hereby declare that this dissertation captioned, “RELIGION, CONFLICT AND PEACEBUILDING IN AFRICA: The Role of the Church in the Peacebuilding Process in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2001 to 2016” is my own work. The work is originally mine and has not been used for any purpose anywhere. I also hereby state that all the sources that I have used directly or indirectly have been indicated and acknowledged according to the ethical requirements. ___________________ _________________ Steve Tai Oladosu Date Student ___________________ __________________ Dr. Khondlo Mtshali Date Supervisor ___________________ __________________ Ms Sbusisiwe Philile Gwala Date Co-Supervisor ii DEDICATION To My Wife, Omolola Oladosu and My Mother, Leah Olorunyemi. [The Two Great Women in My Life] iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All glory and thanks to God for His generous grace towards me: I take not for granted the surpassing love and divine manifestation of the Lord in my life. I am so grateful for His unstinting attention, inspiration, and dexterity, without which this project would not have been possible, no word seems to be suitable enough to express my gratitude. I wish to extend my profound appreciation to my Professor, Stephen Mutula, the man God has uses in diverse ways to provide motivation and guidance to me (and many others) through his able leadership and depth of wisdom. I am grateful to God for giving me Dr. Khondlo Mtshali for a supervisor. His diligence and hard-work was a great impact on this project. Dr Mtshali was not just a supervisor but a coach per excellence, his wealth of knowledge, professionalism and work ethics are reflected on every page of this dissertation. I am really indebted to this great man. How could I ever forget Ms. Sbusisiwe Philile Gwala, my co-supervisor for her tremendous contribution to my success? Though mostly working behind the scene, yet her impact on this project is certainly not unnoticed. She is such a blessing to me, I am thankful to God for bringing you my way at this time. To all the admin staff of the School of Social Sciences, in the College of Humanity at the UKZN Pietermaritzburg campus, I tender my profound gratitude. Your administrative support and guidance are greatly acknowledged and appreciated. A particular thanks to Mrs. Nancy Mudau for her excellent services. iv ACRONYMS AACC All Africa Conference of Churches ABAKO Alliance of Bakongo ADF Allied Democratic Forces AFDL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIMM Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission AMFI American Mineral Fields Incorporation BGC Barrick Gold Corporation BOMAS Mennonite Brethren Board of Missions and Services CAFOD Catholic Agency for Overseas Development CCIA Commission of the Churches on International Affairs CEJP Commission Épiscopale Justice et Paix CENCO Catholic Episcopal Conference of the Congo CIA Central Intelligent Agency CIM Congo Inland Mission CIME Commission for Integrity and Electoral Mediation CNDP National Congress for the Defense of the People CNM Congolese National Movement CONAKAT Confédération Des Associations Tribales Du Katanga v CPRC Council for Peace and Reconciliation in the Congo CPT Christian Peacemaker Teams CRS Catholic Relief Services DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EACTI East Africa Counter-Terrorism Initiative ECC Church of Christ in Congo (Église du Christ au Congo) ESFGA Children Released from Armed Forces and groups FAR Rwandan Armed Forces FAZ Zairian Armed Forces FAZ Forces Armées Zaïroises (Armed Forces of Zaire) FBO Faith-Based Organisation FDLR Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda FP Public Force GO Governmental Organisation HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICC International Criminal Court ICD Inter-Congolese Dialogue ICG International Crisis Group ICS International Conciliation Services IMF International Monetary Fund vi INAC African Institute of Conciliation ISTK Theological Institute of Kinshasa JMPR Youth of the Popular Movement of the Revolution JPC Justice and Peace Commission LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MCC Mennonite Church Council MLC Movement for the Liberation of Congo MLC Movement for the Liberation of the Congo MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola MWC Mennonite World Conference NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights RCC Roman Catholic Church RCD Congolese Democratic Rally RCD Congolese Rally for Democracy RDF Rwandan Defence Forces RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front RUF Revolutionary United Front SACC South African Council of Churches SADC Southern African Development Community vii SAHO South African History Online SGIR Standing Group on International Relations UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNSC United Nations Security Council US United States WCC World Council of Churches viii TABLE OF CONTENTS RELIGION, CONFLICT, AND PEACEBUILDING IN AFRICA............................................ i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ iv ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES...................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1 THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO FROM 2001 TO 2016 ........................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 STUDY BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 The United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in the DRC ....................................... 3 1.2.2 The Intervention of the Church in the DRC .............................................................. 4 1.3 RATIONALE FOR
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