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Université Pontificale De Comillas UNIVERSITÉ PONTIFICALE DE COMILLAS DÉPARTEMENT DE LA THÉOLOGIE DOGMATIQUE ET FONDAMENTALE MÉMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU MASTER EN THÉOLOGIE THÈME: LA LIBÉRATION DES PEUPLES NÉGRO- AFRICAINS COMME MODÈLE SOTÉRIOLOGIQUE DANS LA THÉOLOGIE DE JEAN-MARC ELA L’ÉTUDIANT: EMILE NOCKLIBO DIRECTEUR: PEDRO FERNÁNDEZ CASTELAO MADRID, LE 03 DÉCEMBRE 2020 pág. 1 pág. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al final de los dos años y medio de aprendizaje y de iniciación a la investigación científica en la Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, queremos agradecer al Señor por su amor eterno a nosotros. Agradecemos a los Profesores de dicha Universidad por los conocimientos recibidos por parte de ellos. Al Rector, al Decano, al Jefe del Departamento de Teología Dogmática y Fundamental, a nuestro director Prof. D. Pedro Fernández Castelao, a D. Pedro Rodriguez Panizo, a D. Gabino Uríbarri Bilbao, a D. Ángel Cordovilla Pérez, a D. Santiago Madrigal Terrazas, a Dª. Nurya Martínez-Gayol Fernández, a D. Marek Raczkiewicz, y a todos los que nos han comunicado la ciencia de Dios, mediante la iluminación de arriba y el empeño y la entrega en su labor docente. No olvidamos al personal del Secretariado de la Facultad de Teología ni el servicio de la Beca. Tampoco a los compañeros y amigos de todas las categorías, que nos acogieron con humanismo en Comillas y nos ayudaron para que pudiésemos entrar en este nuevo ámbito cultural y nos sintiésemos en una familia. Junto a todos ellos, también tenemos mucho agradecimiento al Cardenal de Madrid, D. Carlos Osoro, a los Obispos Auxiliares, y a al Vicario del Clero, así como a tantos otros vicarios episcopales, párrocos, otros sacerdotes, y seglares, familias y buenos amigos por su acogida, sus cuidados, su hospitalidad, su paciencia y su fe. Gracias a mi Obispo de la diócesis de origen, Edea, Mgr Jean Bosco Ntep, por haberme permitido profundizar en la experiencia pastoral que no tuve antes, y más aún, en los conocimientos teológicos. Agradezco otra vez, de forma peculiar, a nuestro director de memoria, D. Pedro Fernández Castelao que se ha tomado el tiempo para dirigirnos con fervorf, paciencia y con un compromiso muy llamativo hasta manejar el contenido teológico y cultural de un autor del África Negra, cuyas obras originales están escritas en la lengua francesa. Nuestro director, junto con D. Ángel Cordovilla y D. Pedro Rodríguez Panizo nos animaron a trabajar sobre la soteriología para que se enraice en los desafíos culturales y socioeconómicos para impulsar un soplo nuevo a las reflexiones teológicas para el crecimiento integral de las iglesias locales de África. Terminamos pidiendo al Señor que siga derramando sus bendiciones sobre la Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, la Archidiócesis de Madrid y sobre todos los miembros de mi familia tanto biológica como espiritual. pág. 3 SOMMAIRE AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................................... 3 SOMMAIRE ............................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPITRE I: LES CIRCONSTANCES D’ECLOSION DE LA SOTÉRIOLGIE DE JEAN-MARC ELA ...................... 14 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 14 1. L’HOMME ET SON OEUVRE ................................................................................................................... 14 1.1. La naissance, l’enfance et la jeunesse de Jean Marc Ela (1936-2008) ...................................... 14 1.2. Le parcours universitaire de Jean-Marc Ela .............................................................................. 17 1.3. Jean Marc-Ela: théologien et sociologue africain prolifique ..................................................... 18 2. LES INFLUENCES DE LA PENSÉE SOTÉRIOLOGIQUE DE JEAN-MAR ELA ............................................................ 23 2.1. L’expérience pastorale d’Ela auprès des Kirdi du Nord-Cameroun ........................................... 23 2.2. La situation dramatique des peuples négro-africains après les années 1960 ........................... 26 2.3. La Thèse de Jean-Marc Ela sur Martin Luther et les influences doctrinales .............................. 29 3. LES DESTINATAIRES DE LA THÉOLOGIE DU SALUT DE JEAN-MARC ELA ........................................................... 35 3.1. Les pauvres (paysans, jeunes, malades, immigrés) ................................................................... 35 3.2. Les Eglises d’Afrique et les théologiens africains ...................................................................... 36 3.3. Rome et ses institutions ............................................................................................................ 37 3.4. LES DIRIGEANTS SOCIO-POLITIQUES AFRICAINS ...................................................................................... 38 3.5. Le système post-colonial ........................................................................................................... 38 3.6. LA COMMUNAUTÉ INTERNATIONALE .................................................................................................. 38 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPITRE II: ANALYSE THÉOLOGISQUE DU SALUT COMME LIBÉRATION CHEZ JEAN-MARC ELA DANS LE CONTEXTE NÉGRO-AFRICAIN. .............................................................................................................. 40 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 40 1. Elucidation et analyse du concept théologique de la libération ................................................. 40 1.1. APPROCHE LEXICO-SÉMANTIQUE DE LA LIBÉRATION ............................................................................... 41 1.2. La libération comme l’un des modèles sotériologiques au sein de la théologie dogmatique ... 47 1.3. LA THÉOLOGIE DE LA LIBÉRATION NÉGRO-AFRICAINE: UNE RÉCUPÉRATION DE LA THÉOLOGIE DE LA LIBÉRATION DE L’AMÉRIQUE LATINE? ................................................................................................................................... 50 2. Jean-Marc Ela et la problématique de la libération des peuples dans le contexte négro-africain. 57 2.1. LES FONDEMENTS THÉOLOGIQUES DE LA LIBÉRATION CHEZ JEAN-MARC ELA ............................................... 57 2.2. De la christologie à la sotériologie de la libération ................................................................... 64 pág. 4 2.3. L'IRRUPTION DES PAUVRES ET L’URGENCE DE LA LIBÉRATION ................................................................... 72 2.4. Ecologie et libération dans la sotériologie d’Ela ....................................................................... 74 3. “LA THÉOLOGIE SOUS L’ARBRE”: UNE RÉ-INVENTION THÉOLOGIQUE ÉLAENNE. .............................................. 76 3.1. Une théologie au service des pauvres ....................................................................................... 76 3.2. Une théologie des mains sales et du terre à terre..................................................................... 77 3.3. Repenser la théologie africaine. ................................................................................................ 78 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPITRE III: LA RESPONSABILITÉ DES EGLISES D’AFRIQUE DANS LA DYNAMIQUE DE LA LIBÉRATION 83 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 83 1. ETAT DE LA QUESTION .................................................................................................................. 83 1.1. La situation des Eglises d’Afrique selon Jean-Marc Ela ............................................................. 84 1.2. L'ESPOIR QUI RENAÎT DES TOUT PETITS OU DES GENS D’EN BAS ................................................................. 88 2. Le droit à la différence ou l’enjeu actuel des Eglises locales en Afrique noire. ........................... 91 2.1. LE DROIT À LA DIFFÉRENCE: LES IMPLICATIONS DE L’UNIVERSALITÉ DE L’EGLISE. ........................................... 92 2.2. Jean-Marc Ela: les débats sur la théologie de la libération et la théologie de l’inculturation en Afrique noire. ......................................................................................................................................... 97 3. L’ENGAGEMENT DE L’EGLISE EN AFRIQUE POUR LA LIBÉRATION DES PAUVRES. ............................................ 108 3.1. Le rôle libérateur des pasteurs et des théologiens .................................................................. 108 3.2. LA MISSION DES LAÏCS DANS LE COMBAT POUR LA LIBÉRATION. .............................................................. 115 3.3. Sacrements et libération: le cas de l’Eucharistie. .................................................................... 120 3.4. La pastorale du grénier comme mission ecclésiale ..............................................................
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