Balinese

Principal consonants1

(h)a2 ᬳ ᭄ᬳ

na ᬦ ᭄ᬦ

ca ᬘ ᭄ᬘ᭄ᬘ

ra ᬭ ᭄ᬭ

ka ᬓ ᭄ᬓ

da ᬤ ᭄ᬤ

ta ᬢ ᭄ᬢ

sa ᬲ ᭄ᬲ

wa ᬯ 

la ᬮ ᭄ᬙ

pa ᬧ ᭄ᬧ

ḍa ᬟ ᭄ᬠ

dha ᬥ ᭄ᬟ

ja ᬚ ᭄ᬚ

ya ᬬ ᭄ᬬ

ña ᬜ ᭄ᬜ

ma ᬫ ᭄ᬫ

ga ᬕ ᭄ᬕ

ba ᬩ ᭄ᬩ

ṭa ᬝ ᭄ᬝ

nga ᬗ ᭄ᬗ Other consonant forms3

na (ṇa) ᬡ ᭄ᬡ

ca (cha) ᭄ᬙ᭄ᬙ

ta (tha) ᬣ ᭄ᬣ

sa (śa) ᬱ ᭄ᬱ

sa (ṣa) ᬰ ᭄ᬰ

pa (pha) ᬨ ᭄ᬛ

ga (gha) ᬖ ᭄ᬖ

ba (bha) ᬪ ᭄ᬪ

‘a ᬗ᬴

ha ᬳ᬴

kha ᬓ᬴

fa ᬧ᬴

za ᬚ᬴

gha ᬕ᬴

Vowels and other agglutinating signs4

5 a ᬅ

6 ā ᬵ ᬆ

e ᬾ ᬏ

ai ᬿ ᬐ

ĕ ᭂ

ö ᭃ

i ᬶ ᬇ ī ᬷ ᬈ

o ᭀ ᬑ

au ᭁ ᬒ

u7 ᬸ ᬉ

ū ᬹ ᬊ

ya, ia8 ᭄ᬬ

r9 ᬃ

ra ᭄ᬭ

rĕ ᬋ

rö ᬌ ᬻ

lĕ ᬍ ᬼ

lö ᬎ ᬽ

h ᬄ

ng ᬂ

ng ᬁ

Numerals

1 2 3 4 5 ᭑ ᭒ ᭓ ᭔ ᭕

6 7 8 9 0 ᭖ ᭗ ᭘ ᭙ ᭐

1 Each consonant has two forms, the regular and the appended, shown on the left and right respectively in the romanization table. The vowel a is implicit after all consonants and consonant clusters and should be supplied in transliteration, unless: (a) another vowel is indicated by the appropriate sign; or (b) the absence of any vowel is indicated by the use of an adeg-adeg sign ( ). (Also known as the tengenen sign; ᭄ paten in Javanese.)

2 This character often serves as a neutral seat for a vowel, in which case the h is not transcribed. Generally speaking, ha in word-initial or vowel-medial position in a root word is transcribed without the h. Root word-final ha followed by suffixal vowels, on the other hand, is always transcribed with h. When questions arise as to whether the h should be represented, consult a standard dictionary of Balinese in Latin script. 3 “Other consonant forms” refers to aksara wayah (“on the left”) and aksara rekan (“on the right”). The aksara rekan, which are most frequently encountered in texts originating from north Bali and Lombok, are used to indicate phonemes alien to Balinese, particularly words of Arabic or Dutch origin. When used in purely Balinese words, the aksara wayah are similar to capital letters and have an honorific effect which is not preserved in standard romanization. In words of Sanskrit origin, or in writing Sanskrit, Old Javanese, or Old Balinese text, the same characters represent aspirated or other consonants and should be romanized with the alternative equivalents provided in parentheses. 4 Vowels are almost always indicated by one of a class of agglutinating signs (pangangge-suara) added above, below, before, or after the consonant or consonant cluster which they affect. Other signs are used to indicate the various forms of the semi-vowels r, l, and y, as well as the consonants h and ng, when they occur in certain positions within a syllable. Free-standing vowels (shown to the right in romanization table) are most commonly found in initial syllables only. No difference between vowels indicated by free- standing characters and those represented by agglutinating signs is preserved in romanization. 5 Sometimes this character, the a-kara, is used as a neutral seat that, when marked with the appropriate sign, can also be transliterated as i, u, etc. Thus ᬅᬶ is romanized i, and so forth. 6 This mark, the tedung, forms optional ligatures with all letters except ba, nga, ja, and nya, slightly changing their morphology. For example, may also be written ᬾᬤᬵ 7 This character, the suku-u, takes the form ± with certain consonants and semi-vowels. Thus is romanized hru and is romanized nyu. 8 This character, the nania, is used in consonant clusters within words. Consonant clusters between words formed when the second word begins with y use the ordinary appended form of ya. In romanization these two forms are not distinguished. In some words (for example, siap), the nania is transcribed as ia instead of ya. Familiarity with the orthographical conventions is necessary to assure proper romanization of such words.

9 This character, the surung-i, takes the special form following the suku-i. Thus is romanized rhi.