Ethnic Minority Development Plan

ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

April 2010

Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation (YPDOT)

CONTENTS DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 SUMMARY EMDP 2 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5 2 EMDP JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVES 5 2.1 Justification for the EMDP 5 2.2 EMDP Objectives 6 3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 6 3.1 Government Policies on Ethnic Minorities 6 3.2 ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement and Indigenous People’s Principles 7 4 ETHNIC MINORITY PROFILE 8 4.1 The EMDP Area 8 4.2 Ethnic Minority Groups and Their Cultural Traits 8 4.2.1 Dai Group 9 4.2.2 Jingpo 11 4.2.3 De'ang 12 4.2.4 Lisu 13 4.2.5 A'chang 14 4.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Ethnic Minority Groups 15 4.3.1 Poverty and Landholding 15 4.3.2 Road Accessibility 17 4.3.3 Non-farm Skills and Migrants 18 4.3.4 Education and Literacy 19 4.3.5 Access to Other Social and Economic Services 20 4.4 Gender Profile 20 4.4.1 Education and Non-farm Skills 20 4.4.2 Decision Making by Gender 21 4.5 Target of this EMDP 21 5. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 22 5.1 Stakeholder Analysis and Consultation 22 5.1.1 Stakeholder Analysis 22 5.1.2 Stakeholder Consultation and Information Disclosure 23 5.1.3 Summary of Key Findings of the Stakeholder Consultation 28 5.1.4 Attitudes of the Affected Minorities Toward the Project 29 5.2 Existing and Future Management Measures 29 5.2.1 Government Management Measures 29 5.2.2 NGO Management Measures 34 5.2.3 Programs in Northern Myanmar 34 5.3 Key Findings of the Social Impact Assessment 34 5.3.1 Direct Benefits 37 5.3.2 Indirect Positive Impacts 38

5.3.3 Negative Impacts 39 5.3.4 Poverty Impacts 42 5.3.5 Gender Impacts 43 5.3.6 Summary Social Impact Assessment 44 6 EMDP ACTION PLAN 53 6.1 Proposed Benefits Enhancement Measures 53 6.1.1 Employment Priority to Ethnic Minorities 53 6.1.2 Giving Preference of Other Services to Other Ethnic Minorities 53 6.1.3 Giving Ethnic Minority Name to the Bridges and/or Tunnels 57 6.1.4 Continuous Consultation during Implementation 57 6.1.5 Encouraging the Contractors' Contribution to Ethnic Minorities 57 6.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures 57 6.2.1 Minimizing Resettlement Impacts on EMs 57 6.2.2 Minimizing Impacts on EM's Culture 58 6.2.3 Ensuring Road Safety 58 6.2.4 Minimizing Spread of Communicable Diseases 58 6.2.5 Anti-drug Use and Trafficking 59 6.2.6 Anti-human Trafficking 59 6.3 Complementary Measures of Local Government 60 6.3.1 Improving Village and Community Road Network 60 6.3.2 Increasing Agricultural Products and Non-farm Engagement 60 6.3.3 Facilitating Tourism 61 6.3.4 Cultural Development 61 6.3.5 Improving Marketing Environment 61 6.3.6 Improving Health Services 62 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND GRIEVANCE 62 7.1 Consultation and Participation at Preparation Stage 62 7.2 Consultation and Participation Plan for Design and Implementation 62 7.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism 63 8 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 65 9 CAPACITY BUILDING 65 10 MONITORING, REPORTING AND EVALUATION 66

ANNEX 1 TOR for the EMDP External Monitor 67

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4-1: Ethnic Minorities in the LRH Area (%) 8 Table 4-2: Ethnic Minority Concentrated Areas 8 Table 4-3: Population and Culture 15 Table 4-4: Poverty and Income Structure (2008) 16 Table 4-5: Major Causes of Poverty in Ranking 16 Table 4-6: Social Development 17 Table 4-7 Farmers Having Non-Farm Skill by Ethnic Minorities 18 Table 4-8 Enrollment Rate (%) 19 Table 4-9 Farmers Education by Gender (%) 19 Table 4-10: Access to Other Social Services 20 Table 4-11: Non-Farm Skills of Rural Labor by Gender (%) 20 Table 4-12: Labor Division by Gender (%) 21 Table 4-13: Decision Making by Gender (%) 21 Table 5-1: Stakeholder Analysis 22 Table 5-2: Consultation Conducted in Oct 2009-Mar 2010 (#) 24 Table 5-3: Stakeholders Consulted in Oct–Nov 2009 264 Table 5-4: Stakeholders Consultation in Dec 2009 265 Table 5-5: Village Consulted in Dec 2009 (person) 25 Table 5-6: Stakeholders Consulted in Feb 2010 (person) 25 Table 5-7: Farmer Focus Group Discussion Separated by Gender 26 Table 5-8: Village Leader Interview (27/Oct/2009–14/Nov/2009) 27 Table 5-9: Household Survey (27/Oct/2009–14/Nov/2009) 27 Table 5-10: Government Agencies Interviewed 28 Table 5-11: Major Findings of the Consultation 29 Table 5-12: On-going and Future Government Management Measures 30 Table 5-13: NGOs Conducting Projects in the LRH Area 34 Table 5-14: Social Impact Assessment of Negative Risks 45 Table 6-1: EMDP Action Plan (2010–2015) 54 Table 7-1: Public Participation Plan during Implementation 62 Table 10-1: Budget for External M&E on EMDP Implementation 70

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ABBREVIATIONS

AB: Agricultural bureau ACWF: All-China Women’s Federation AHB: Animal husbandry bureau CAB: Cultural affairs bureau CB: Communication Bureau CDC: Center for diseases control and prevention EA: Executive agency EB: Education bureau EM: Ethnic minority ERAB Ethnic & religious affairs bureau EMDP: Ethnic minorities development plan FB: Forestry bureau FGD: Focus group discussion GAD Gender and development GDP: Gross domestic product HB: Health bureau HH: Household LREC: Longrui Expressway Company LRH: Longrui Highway LRMR: Local road maintenance and rehabilitation HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. IA: Implementation agency km: Kilometer M&E: Monitoring and evaluation PA: Project area PADO: Poverty alleviation and development office PPTA: Project preparatory technical assistance PRC: People’s Republic of China PSB: Public security bureau RCC: Rural credit cooperative SPS: Safeguard Policy Statement of ADB (2009) STI: Sexually transmitted infection TB: Tourism Bureaus YEAC: Yunnan Ethnic Affairs Commission YPDOT: Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Village and community. In southern China including Dehong prefecture, one administrative village consists of several natural villages. For simplicity, in this report, administrative village is named village and natural village is named community.

Main community and non-main community. Village committee is located in one community which is usually with more social and economic facilities, such as clinic, primary school, roads, market. In this report, village committee located community is named main community and other community is just named community or other communities.

Ethnic minority village. There are often several ethnic minority groups in one village. If there is only one ethnic minority group having more than 30% of the total population of the village, the village is given a name under this ethnic minority group, such as Dai village, or Jingpo village; If there are two ethnic minority groups, each having more than 30% of the total population, the village is given a name under these two ethnic minority groups, such as De’ang and Jingpo village; same to three ethnic minority groups if any.

Ethnic minority community. This report defines ethnic minority community using same criteria as used in ethnic minority village, but exceptions are for De’ang, Lisu and A’chang groups who have a small population in this project area. If taking more than 15% of the community population, the community is given a name under these ethnic minority groups.

SUMMARY EMDP

A. Legal and Policy Framework

1. The EMDP specifies mitigation and enhancement measures to comply with Asian Development Bank's (ADB's) Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), Safeguard Requirement No. 3 on indigenous peoples.1 This Project is Category A in terms of potential safeguard risks to ethnic minorities. As per ADB requirement, an Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) has been prepared by the LongRui Expressway Company (LREC), in coordination with Dehong Dai and Jingpo Prefecture Government (DPG).

2. The EMDP is designed to ensure that project benefits are distributed equitably among affected minority communities and individuals, and that culturally appropriate measures are taken to (i) avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, and (ii) enhance benefits for ethnic minorities. The Project will ensure that ethnic minorities are consulted in matters related to each subproject, and provided with opportunities to participate in decision making and/or implementation activities (refer to the Consultation and Participation Plan in the EMDP).

B. Impact Assessment and Action Plan

3. The expressway component will pose potential negative impacts and social risks to ethnic minorities, so a draft EMDP has been prepared for this component. The local roads improvement component only requires resurfacing within the existing alignment; this will benefit 2.5 million ethnic minorities without posing negative impacts. The community-based rural road maintenance component will also benefit ethnic minority villages and focuses on the participation of women; this will directly enhance the empowerment of and benefits to ethnic minorities without posing negative impacts. Therefore, the draft EMDP has focused on the expressway component, because the other two components are addressed as part of project design.

4. In the Project Area for the expressway component, there are about 1 million people being directly benefitted in the expressway influence area, of which 38% are ethnic minorities (mainly in Dehong Prefecture). Dai, Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang are the five minority groups in Ruili and Luxi cities. Of these, the Dai people are usually located in valley areas, with more irrigated farmland, relatively good traffic condition, and more access to social and economic services. The poverty incidence of Dai is relatively low, especially those villages along the existing highway A320. This EMDP addresses concerns of all five ethnic minority groups, but measures at particularly targeted at the more vulnerable groups (i.e., the poor within each group including Han, and the small ethnic minority groups—De’ang and A’chang peoples.

1 For projects in the PRC, the term "ethnic minorities" is used hereinafter.

5. Project Benefits. The Project will improve road access which will stimulate economic development and reduce the costs of transporting goods in and out of this remote area. The highway construction provides local employment opportunities for ethnic minorities. The village and household surveys indicated that ethnic minority communities support the highway construction, because it will improve their economic condition. Better transport infrastructure will also promote tourism and facilitate regional trade.

6. Potential Adverse Impacts. Some ethnic minorities could also face negative impacts or social risks, including: land acquisition and resettlement (about 73% of affected persons), communicable diseases (communities near construction camps), changes to traditional culture and value systems, human trafficking, drug use & trafficking, or possible lack of access to inclusive benefits. Some of these risks stem from the increase in economic and tourism development. To avoid, reduce or address these risks, a number of mitigation or enhancement measures have been designed under the Project and targeted at those groups that are vulnerable. One of the main adverse social impacts or risks for ethnic minorities is land acquisition and resettlement, which has been addressed in a separate Resettlement Plan (RP) and includes specific provisions for ethnic minorities. HIV/AIDS is also a moderate risk and has been addressed in a separate HIV/AIDS Prevention Plan (HAPP). The EMDP action plan is provided in Table X-1.

C. Implementation Arrangements

7. LREC will be responsible for implementation of the EMDP, in conjunction with DPG. Various local government agencies will have specific roles in planning and implementation including ethnic affairs bureaus, cultural affairs bureaus, transport bureaus, poverty alleviation offices, center of disease control and prevention, women's federations, public security bureaus, and tourism bureaus. The EMDP includes a budget for implementing the action plan. The funding will come from both the project budget and local government.

8. Consultation and Participation. The Project will follow a proactive approach to ensure the affected ethnic minority communities: (i) participate in decision-making; (ii) are fully involved in implementation; and (iii) receive equitable and culturally appropriate benefits from the Project. Ethnic minority people have been consulted during the project preparation through informal discussions, household surveys, and public consultation meetings/workshops. Further consultation will be conducted by LREC in collaboration with local government agencies and local community groups during detailed design, implementation and monitoring.

9. Disclosure and Grievance Redress. The draft EMDP will be reviewed and endorsed by YPDOT and DPG. A summary of the draft EMDP will be distributed to targeted villages for public disclosure and consultation by the end of April 2010. If there are no further comments

from stakeholders, the EMDP will become final prior to commencement of the Project. The EMDP has a grievance redress mechanism to resolve any issues raised by the local people in an effective and transparent manner.

10. Monitoring and Supervision. LREC and the Dehong Ethnic Affairs and Religious Bureau will regularly supervise and monitor the implementation of the EMDP. LREC will have overall responsibility for internal supervision, monitoring, and reporting progress in the Quarterly Progress Reports submitted to ADB. The project supervision engineers will monitor social aspects related to construction contractors to ensure compliance with relevant labor, health and safety requirements. Also, the LREC will engage a consultant/firm to periodically monitor and evaluate the implementation and results of the EMDP action plan and submit reports to YPDOT and ADB semi-annually until the completion of the Project. Data and information will be disaggregated by ethnic group and gender. The cost of EMDP external monitoring is estimated at CNY340,000.

1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1. Yunnan Integrated Road Network Development Project (the Project) comprises (i) construction of 135 kilometer (km) of expressway from Longling to Ruili across hilly terrain and 24 km of Class II highway from Ruili to Nongdao (LRH); (ii) local road maintenance and rehabilitation (LRMR) of 605.54 km distributed over 9 cities and prefectures; and (iii) community- based rural road maintenance in Dehong prefecture following a gender and development (GAD) pilot.

2. The LRH component will pose negative impacts and social risks, as well as significant positive benefits, to ethnic minorities, an ethnic minority development plan (EMDP) is required by ADB in accordance with its 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and Supplementary Requirements (SR)-3. The LRMR component only requires resurfacing within the existing alignment, which will indirectly benefit 2.5 ethnic minorities without posing negative impacts. The GAD component will also benefit ethnic minority villages and focuses on the participation of women, and will directly enhance the empowerment of and benefits to ethnic minorities without posing negative impacts. The design and formulation of GAD component greatly considers full participation and equal benefits of ethnic minority women. Therefore, the EMDP has focused on the LRH component.

2 EMDP JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 Justification for the EMDP

3. This Project invokes ADB’s safeguard policy for indigenous peoples because there are: (i) distinct ethnic minority groups with self-identification and recognition by PRC government; (ii) cultural, religious and social institutions, which are separate from those of mainstream Han society; and (iii) distinct languages used by ethnic minority groups.

4. There are no ancestral domains, lands or natural resources that are claimed based on customary rights. Instead, lands are mainly collectively owned by the rural people, who possess collective legal rights to land ownership and individual legal rights of land use (30 years for farmland and 50–70 years for forest lands).

5. For ADB, this Project is considered category A (i.e., significant), but there is no impact on: (i) commercial development of cultural resources; (ii) loss of or physical displacement of ancestral or customary land; or

(iii) commercial development of natural resources.

2.2 EMDP Objectives

6. This EMDP is designed to ensure that project benefits are distributed equitably among affected minority communities and individuals, and that measures are taken to (i) avoid or mitigate adverse impacts to ensure ethnic minorities are no worse off; (ii) enhance benefits for ethnic minorities in an culturally appropriate manner; and (iii) protection or enhancement of vulnerable groups (poor, illiterate, elderly, disabled). The EMDP will ensure that ethnic minorities are consulted in matters related to each subproject, and provided with opportunities to participate in decision making and/or implementation activities.

3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Government Policies on Ethnic Minorities

7. During 1950’s, Chinese government has defined, enumerated and mapped the ethnicities (“minzu” in Chinese) according to shared language, territory, economic base, and tradition/culture. Under this policy and ethnicity definition, there are total 56 official ethnicities registered in PRC. Among them, the Han constitutes the majority, while the other 55 ethnicities are so-called ethnic minorities. Many ethnic minorities keep their own language, written, culture, customs etc. while some (e.g., Hui and Man) have become assimilated to some degree into the Han language and culture. They are all still recognized and treated as ethnic minorities. Ethnic minority (EM) in China equivalent to indigenous people (IP) in ADB.

8. The fundamental principle of Chinese ethnicity policy is that all 56 ethnic groups are legally and constitutionally equal, while due to some historical, geographical and cultural reasons, generally speaking, ethnic minority groups were to some degree less developed economically. In order to help the ethnic minorities "catch up" with the majority, some preferential policies to minorities have been formulated and implemented, such as preferential policies of education, loans, subsidies, tax relief.

9. Besides, autonomous minority regions, prefectures and counties have been established. The autonomous administrative units have rights to make autonomous regulations according to the specific social and economic situation of their areas. The 1954 Constitution specified mechanisms for exercising autonomy in minority areas, where major ethnic minority/minorities have representation in government bodies at all levels. In 1983, ethnic minority township has been established too. The autonomous townships have received preferential policies to ethnic minority, such as major leaders of the townships should be the minority, the minority townships can establish minority schools, can receive preferential government financial transfer.

10. Ethnic minority people in China are concentrated in 3 provinces (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces) and 5 minority autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Ningxia and Xizang). There are 30 ethnic minority prefectures, 120 ethnic minority counties and 1,159 ethnic minority townships in China.

3.2 ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement and Indigenous People’s Principles

11. Indigenous Peoples (IP) in ADB’s SPS (2009)/SR-32 is defined as groups with social or cultural identities distinct from that of the dominant or mainstream society (for this Project, the mainstream society is the Han). It is a generic concept that includes cultural minorities, ethnic minorities, indigenous cultural communities, tribal people, natives, and aboriginals.

12. Two significant characteristics of indigenous peoples are (i) descent from population groups present in a given area before modern states or territories were created, and (ii) maintenance of cultural and social identities separate from mainstream or dominant societies or cultures. Additional characteristics include (i) self-identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct indigenous cultural group, and the display of the desire to preserve their cultural identity; (ii) a linguistic identity different from that of the mainstream or dominant society; (iii) social, economic, and political traditions and institutions distinct from the mainstream society; (iv) an economic system oriented more toward a traditional system of production than toward the mainstream production system; and/or (v) a unique tie with and attachment to traditional habitat and ancestral territory and its natural resources.

13. The ADB’s SPS (2009) recognizes the potential vulnerability of indigenous peoples in development processes. The policy works to ensure that indigenous peoples have opportunities to participate in and benefit equally from development. Accordingly, project activities must ensure that development initiatives affecting indigenous peoples are effective, sustainable and culturally appropriate. Initiatives should be compatible in substance and structure with the affected peoples' culture and social and economic institutions, and commensurate with the needs, aspirations, and demands of affected peoples. Initiatives should be conceived, planned, and implemented, to the maximum extent possible, including consultation with affected communities to ensure respect for indigenous peoples' dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness. Projects must avoid negatively affecting indigenous peoples, and provide culturally adequate and appropriate mitigation when a negative impact is unavoidable. Project strategies and approaches to development that affect indigenous peoples must include clear mechanisms for accurate, objective analysis of their circumstances. Development processes must

2 Indigenous People’s requirements are detailed in Safeguard Requirements (SR-3) which is Annex 3 of the SPS. As the main distinction in this Project for ethnic minority peoples, the remainder of the EMDP refers to ethnic minorities rather than IPs.

incorporate transparency and accountability, and encourage the participation of IPs in project design and implementation.

4 ETHNIC MINORITY PROFILE

4.1 The EMDP Area

14. The LRH will pass through (i) Longxin and Longshan townships of Longling county in Baoshan prefecture, with less than 5% of ethnic minorities in the total population; and (ii) Luxi and Ruili cities in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, with 46% and 49% of ethnic minorities respective. Therefore, this EMDP focuses on Luxi and Ruili cities in Dehong prefecture. Table 4-1 shows the population by ethnicity in the LRH project area.

Table 4-1: Ethnic Minorities in the LRH Area (%) Total EM Major Ethnic Minority population (%) (person) Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang Ruili 170,000 46.08 33.39 8.23 1.07 0.54 0.15 Luxi 370,000 49.35 34.75 6.74 2.61 1.11 0.54 Longling 270,000 5.1 NA NA NA NA NA EM: ethnic minority. Source: Dehong Statistics YERABook 2008; Ethnic Affairs and Religious Management Bureaus of Ruili, Luxi and Longling city/county.

4.2 Ethnic Minority Groups and Their Cultural Traits

15. Dai, Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang are the five major ethnic minority groups in Ruili and Luxi cities. While distributed throughout Ruili and Luxi cities, they are concentrated in some communities. Table 4-2 presents concentrated areas of these ethnic minority groups.

Table 4-2: Ethnic Minority Concentrated Areas Township Village Community Population

(#) (#) (#) (person) Dai 4 14 N/A 51,858 Jingpo 4 16 N/A 11,585 Ruili De’ang 3 5 6 1070 Lisu 2 3 6 712 A’chang 0 0 0 0 Dai 5 17 289 116,613 Jingpo 9 46 133 20,886 Luxi De’ang 6 11 23 6,439 Lisu 5 8 18 3,062 A’chang 1 1 7 1,824 Dai 9 31 N/A 168,471 Jingpo 13 62 N/A 32,471 Total De’ang 9 16 29 7,509 Lisu 7 11 24 3,774 A’chang 1 1 7 1,824 Source: Consultant calculated according to data from http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn.

16. Map 1 shows geographical location of these ethnic groups including the Han. It is evident from the map that Dai people are mainly located along G3203 (the existing national highway).

4.2.1 Dai Group

One of the holy trees 17. In China, Dai can only be found in Yunnan. They are mainly concentrated in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous county in Lingcang prefecture and Menglian Dai, Lahu and Wa Autonomous county in Simao prefecture. Dais are divided into three types according to their culture, with Dehong Dai and

3 In China, G stands for National road and S for provincial road. Temple in Mangbie community, Fengping township, Luxi

Xishuangbanna Dai as the major two. They use different languages and written characters, which makes each sub-group quite distinctive although they share common traits (e.g. festivals).

18. It was 4,000 years ago that Dai, from Thailand and Dali, moved to and settled in Dehong. There are 350,000 Dai in Dehong in 2008, accounting for 30 percent of the total in China. 187,000 Dai persons are distributed throughout Ruili and Luxi while concentrated at more than 300 communities. Most of them are located in river valley and flat areas, and thus occupy the best farmlands.

19. Language and written character. Dehong Dai have their own written characters and oral language. Many Dai, mainly young generation, in Dehong not only can speak and read Dai but also can speak and read Mandarin.

20. Culture. Dehong Dai believe in Theravada, Buddhism. In each Dai community, there is a Buddhist temple. People, especially older than 40 years, go to the temple twice a week during August and October for confessing what they done in the past year. People entering into the temples must take off their shoes. Women cannot enter the temples through the center gate, and can only through the side door.

21. Dai people regard banyan trees as holy trees, so they never damage or cut the trees and do not allow anyone to deface areas nearby the trees. If having to move a tree, for instance for building a road, the tree has to be transplanted properly with the owner’s permission. There is at Side door Center door least a large banyan tree in each community. They celebrate their festivals under large banyan trees and prey to large banyans for health.

22. Besides, in each Dai community there is also a place called “Zhai-shen-miao” where the first old man/woman of the community was buried. When organizing a big activity in the community, the community must go to the “Zhai-shen-miao” to express their respect to ancestors.

23. An outside man is allowed to have Dai girl friend. However, he has to be honest and serious. To have sex relationship with Dai girl just for fun is the most taboo.

24. The biggest festival is “Water-Splashing” Festival, which is celebrated for three days in the New Year of Dai calendar (middle of April). During the Water Splashing Festival, the water

of good luck is sprayed to everybody. Singing and dancing are Dai’s favor. Peacock dance is a famous dance of Dai. 57.7% Dai communities have cultural centers where people can organize cultural activities.

25. Dai people have their traditional handicrafts such as paper cutting, bamboo weaving, songs, dance, music instruments such as Hulusi (a kind of flute), food, etc.

26. There are also Dai people living in Myanmar who are named “Shan”. Shan people are mainly located in Shan State, adjacent to Dehong's southern border. There were about 500,000 Shan people in Myanmar in 2005. Dai and Shan people live together in some communities and/or in neighboring communities along boundary of China and Myanmar. They share similar language, customs, and celebrate same “Water Splashing” festival. Besides official border ports, there are also many informal crossing points between and within communities through which Dai and Shan people communicate with each other. Some Shan people attend schools in Ruili and use local hospitals.

4.2.2 Jingpo

27. Location and population. Jingpo dwell in Dehong and Myanmar along the boundary. Jingpo group is unique to Yunnan. It was in the 17th century that they established themselves in Dehong, and the population amounted to 140,000 million in 2008, 95% of its total in China. In Ruili and Luxi cities, there are 43,000 Jingpos concentrated in about 140 communities although some live in mixed communities with Han and/or De’ang. Most of them are situated in mountainous areas.

28. Written character and Language. Jingpo have their written characters and oral language. Many Jingpo, mainly young generation, can read and speak Jingpo language as well as Mandarin.

29. Culture. Most Jingpo believe in primitive religion, which developed into believing in Ghosts; everything has its ghost and the ghosts protect people. In each Jingpo community, there is a temple for sacrifices, such as cattle and hogs. Touching cattle skulls in Jingpo community is prohibited. Everyone entering into the temples has to take off his/her shoes.

30. There are also a “ghost hill”/”ghost forest” with thick ancient trees in the entrance of Jingpo community, where Jingpos celebrate their collective sacrifice twice a year, one is before planting and the other after harvest. Damaging the hills is not allowed.

31. “Munao Zongge” is the biggest festival of Jingpos. “Munao” and “Zongge” both stand for “dancing”. “Munao Zongge” means collective dancing and singing, renowned as the “dance of paradise” and “dance of thousands of people”. “Mumao Zongge” is celebrated for four days from

January 15th of Chinese lunar calendar, with singing, dancing etc. 11.8% of Jingpo communities have their cultural centers for cultural activities.

32. Carving, weaving, and embroidery of Jingpo people are widely known for their high quality materials and exquisite work.

33. Jingpo ethnicity is called Kachin in Myanmar, who are mainly located in Kachin State, adjacent to Dehong's western border. There were about 850,000 million Kachin people in Kachin and Shan states in 2001. Jingpo and Kachin people live together in some communities or in neighboring communities along the boundary. They can meet with each other through many informal border crossings. They share similar language, customs, and celebrate same “Munao zongge” festival.

4.2.3 De’ang

34. Location and population. De’ang people reside in Dehong as well as Myanmar. De’ang group is a small population ethnic minority4 in China, and Yunnan is the only province that has De’angs. Its original name is Benglong, and officially changed to De’ang in 1985. It was earlier than Dai group that De’angs lived in Dehong. Currently there are 13,900 De’angs living in Dehong, representing 82% of the total in China.

35. The majority of De’angs (11,500 people) live in Ruili and Luxi, especially in Santaishan De’ang township in Luxi city, which is the only De’ang township in China. There are also 15 De’ang concentrated communities in 11 villages of 8 townships in Luxi and Ruili cities. The majority of De’angs made their home in mountainous areas.

36. Written character and Language. De’ang people have their own oral language, but do not have their own written characters. They use Han and Dai characters. Many De’angs can speak Mandarin, Dai and Jingpo. Shoes

Red stair

4 Since 1999, China has made some preferential policies to ethnic groups with population less than 100,000 persons (named small population ethnic minority) in China. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups, 22 are small population minorities, including De’ang and A’chang groups.

37. Culture. De’ang people believe in Theravada Buddhism. Their lives and religions are greatly influenced by the Dai people, but some unique features still remain. In each De’ang community, there is a temple for sacrifices, such as cattle and hogs. From August to October, people go to the temple for reflection over their behavior in the past year. There are also many taboos, such as people must take off his/her shoes before entering the temple; gentlemen can go up the red stair inside the temple while lady is not allowed. De’ang people also regard Banyan trees as holy trees, which are not allowed to be cut down or damaged by anybody. “Water Splashing” festival is their biggest traditional festival. They have similar taboos to the Dai. De’ang people are good at singing and dancing too, but only 14.3% of De’ang communities have a cultural center.

38. De’ang people are famous as “old tea farmers” for being the first cultivator of tea and the longest history of tea-growing. Wherever they relocated, the first thing is to plant tea trees. Tea is not only an important drink, but also plays a significant function in De'ang society. They almost cannot go without tea. Among the De'ang, tea carries their good wishes and welcome. When a guest has arrived, the host first greets him or her with a cup of tea. A visit to friends, relatives, or the matchmaker, also requires tea. One who has injured another in a misunderstanding and wishes to apologize brings tea to the injured person as a gift. In a word, the function of tea for the De'angs is irreplaceable. Like a song goes, where there is De’ang there is tea, and where there is tea there is De’ang.

39. “Suan Tea” is a De’ang tea, which can either be drunk as tea or be eaten as dish. De’ang-style house that has four-eaves discharging rain water is unique. Both are applied for the world’s intangible culture heritage.

40. De’ang people also live in Myanmar, who is named Bolang or Oalaung. There are about 700,000 Bolang people in Myanmar side.5 De’ang and Bolang have similar speaking language and customs, and enjoy same “Water Splashing” festival.

4.2.4 Lisu

41. Location and population. In China, Lisu only live in Yunnan. It was during the 17th century and 19th century that they moved to Dehong. The total population living in Dehong Prefecture was 29,900 in 2008, 4.3% of the total in Yunnan. There is a Lisu township in Yingjiang county, Dehong prefecture. In Luxi city, most of the 4,000 Lisu are concentrated in 6 communities of three villages in three townships. Other Lisu live in mixed with Han, Jingpo, and De’ang. In Ruili, the 900 Lisu live in mixed with Han and Jingpo located in three communities of Dengzha village, Mengxiu township. Lisu usually live in mountainous areas.

5 , by Luxi City Leading Committee of Poverty Reduction and Development of “small-population ethnic minority”.

42. Written character and Language. Lisu people have their own written characters and oral language. There is very little difference between Lisu dialects in different areas in Yunnan or Myanmar. Phrases of Lisu character in different areas are very similar. Many Lisu can read Han and speak Mandarin.

43. Culture. Lisu believe in primitive religion, which everything in the world has its god. “Kuoshi” festival is the Lisu New Year festival, celebrated on Chinese lunar January 9th and 10th in Dehong, which is a statutory holidays set down by Dehong Prefecture government in 1983. During the festival, there are activities such as sword-ladder climbing, stepping into fire, throwing cigarette pack, finger-guessing game, drinking, dancing and singing. There is a legend that Sword-ladder Climbing Festival is in memory of an ancient Han hero who offered a great favor to the Lisu people. Lisu set the death anniversary date of the hero as their ethnic traditional festival and show their willingness to thank the hero by “climbing up a sword-ladder and dancing in a sea of flames”—most severe trials. Lisu like singing and dancing. There is no cultural center yet in the three villages that the six Lisu communities belong to.

44. Carving, weaving, and embroidery of Lisu are widely known. Flax weaving, straw weaving and bamboo weaving are widely preferred by Lisu women.

45. There are about 300,000 Lisu in Myanmar, who are mainly located in high-altitude areas of Kachin and Shan states.

4.2.5 A’chang

46. A’chang people live in Dehong Prefecture, China as well as Kachin and Shan states of Myanmar. A’chang ethnicity is a small-population ethnic minority in China, who only exist in Yunnan. It was in the 13th century when A’chang people settled in Dehong. The population in Dehong totals 29,800 in 2008, more than 85% of the total in Yunnan. There are three A’chang townships in China, who are all in Dehong, two in Lianghe county and one in Longchuan county. In Luxi city, there are seven A’chang communities in Gaogengtian village in Jiangdong township, totaling 2,000 A’chang. In Ruili, there are about 200 A’chang. Most of of A’chang live in semi- mountainous areas.

47. Written Character and Language. They have their own oral language, but do not have their own written characters. They use Han and Dai written characters. Most of A’chang people can also speak Mandarin and Dai.

48. Some A’chang people believe in Theravada, Buddhism and some believe in other religions due to long time mixed living with other ethnicities, such as Han and Dai. In each of the A’chang community, there is a temple used for enshrining and worshiping mountain-god and soil-god.

49. Huijie festival and Wolo Festival once were two traditional festivals of A’chang, that were integrated into “Alu Woluo” Festival by Dehong government in 1993, in order to facilitate development of A’chang’s Festival. A’chang women are skillful in weaving. A’chang people like dancing and singing. There is one cultural center in the main community, but none of the A’chang communities has its own cultural center.

50. There are about 400,000 A’chang people in Myanmar, who are mainly located in Kachin and Shan states.

51. A’chang people are good carpenters, stonemasons, and silversmiths. A’chang knife is famous, in which some A’chang are engaged, generating certain income. However young generation prefers to migrate, although the number of migrants is currently small.

52. Table 4-3 summarizes the population and culture of the five ethnic minority groups.

Table 4-3: Population and Culture Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang Population in PRC 1,340,000 150,000 19,000 680,000 36,000 Population in Dehong 1,025,000 119,000 15,500 575,000 27,700 Population in Luxi & 185,931 38,992 11,564 5,060 2,274 Ruili Own characters Have Have Don’t have Have Don’t have Characters used by Dai, Han Jingpo, Han Han, Dai, Jingpo Lisu, Han Han, Dai most Own language Have Have Have Have Have Language spoken by Dai, Jingpo, De’ang, Mandarin, Lisu, A’chang, most Mandarin Mandarin Dai Mandarin Han, Dai Major belief Theravada, Primitive Theravada, Primitive Theravada, Buddhism religion Buddhism religion Buddhism Holy trees Banyan Yes Banyan Yes Yes Holy mountain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Community temple yes Yes yes Yes Yes Own song and dance yes Yes yes Yes Yes Communities having 57.7 11.8 14.3 13 0 cultural centre (%) EM in Myanmar 500,000 850,000 700,000 300,000 400,000 (Shan) (Kachin) (Bolang) Source: Dehong Statistics Yearbook, 2008 and consultant field survey

4.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Ethnic Minority Groups

4.3.1 Poverty and Landholding

53. Table 4-4 indicates that majority of Dai people are located in valley area with more paddy land while other groups (including Han) are mostly located in mountainous and semi- mountainous areas; although all groups earn their income mainly from farming, Dai earn more from 2nd and 3rd sectors. In terms of geographical location, paddy land and income, and poverty

incidence, Dai is an advanced group who is better than the others including Han. Traditionally, the Dai operated most of the commercial activities, although today there are many Han migrants doing business as well.

Table 4-4: Poverty and Income Structure in the LRH Project Area (2008) Indicators Han Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang Major locations Mountain Valley Mountain Mountain Mountain Semi-mountain Household size 4.6 5.1 4.9 4.6 5.3 4.5 paddy land 3.0 7.9 3.8 3.2 4.1 3.6 Land dry land 8.9 5.2 24.2 14.5 5.3 1.5 (mu/HH) economic forest 3.6 0.4 1.1 7.2 1.5 0.9 Rural net income 1,634 3,108 1,208 1,236 1,051* ≈1,000* (CNY/person) - farming 51.2 52.4 57.6 50.7 42.2 52.2 - livestock 22.2 22.5 16.8 27.7 24.0 14.9 Income - forest 4.5 2.9 7.4 5.8 11.6 11.6 Source - migrant work 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.4 4.8 8.4 (%) - 2nd and 3rd 9.2 17.2 14.8 5.4 4.8 8.8 sectors - Others** 10.5 2.0 1.0 8.0 12.6 4.1 Paddy Paddy Paddy Paddy Paddy Paddy Rubber Sugarcane Walnut Major products Sugarcane Sugarcane Tea Sugarcane Tea Tea Swine Swine Swine Swine Swine Swine Poverty incidence (%)*** 10 3 50 50 60 65 *Rural net income per capital are from household survey of Ruili, Luxi, Longchuan and Longling cities/counties. Longchuan and Longling are poorer. **others mainly include subsidies and support of governments and other institutions. ***estimated by the consultant according to field consultation and observation. Source: Consultant calculated according to data from http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn

54. Ethnic minority groups of Jingpo, De’ang and Lisu were undertaking slash-and-burn cultivation with primitive tools until 1949 and the productivity was very low, which made them lag behind the others in terms of social and economic positions. Since 1949, the PRC Government has supported them with preferential “direct transition” policy 6 in social and economic development. However due to many reasons, many ethnic minority are still poor. Rural poverty is highly related to geographical location, farmland held and income structure. Major causes for poverty include lack of paddy land, poor irrigation system, poor road condition, lack of non-farm skills and low literacy (see Table 4-5).

Table 4-5: Major Causes of Poverty in Ranking Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang - sick - lack of paddy land, - low literacy - lack of farmland - Lack of farmland members - poor irrigation system - lack of business skills - poor irrigation system - Poor road - lack of - poor road production - poor irrigation system - lack of technology and condition technology condition - lack of paddy land non-farm skills - Poor irrigation - low literacy - lack of technology and - poor road condition - poor road condition system - poor road non-farm skills - low literacy - Lack of condition - low literacy - sick family members technology and non-farm skills - Low literacy Source: interviews of the 23 village leaders and PADOs.

6 Means transition directly from primary society to socialism society.

4.3.2 Road Accessibility

55. Map 1 shows that G320 (class II) crosses through Ruili and Luxi cities, which is the only national highway in these two cities.7 There is one provincial road of S232 (class II)8 in Ruili and one of S232 (class III) 9 in Luxi city. The other roads (more than 85%) are all local roads including county, township and village roads, of which, 99% are class IV and below.

56. People from Ruili and Luxi who travel to Baoshan and further to Kunming are through G320. Unless located next to G320, people are connected to G320 through local roads (e.g. for transporting farmers’ products).

"Gaogengtian A’chang village in Luxi city is the farthest village from G320. It is connected to G320 through class IV roads. A’chang non-main communities are connected to the main community by unpaved roads, then further paved roads are connected to G320."

57. Motorcycle is the major vehicle used for taking children to and from schools, visiting friends and relatives, transporting small items, and going to towns etc. Although tractors are not officially allowed to carry people, they are actually often used for carrying people, especially the poor, women, and the elderly who do not have or cannot drive a motorcycle.

58. Table 4-6 presents road accessibility by ethnic groups. It can be seen that (i) Dai people have better access to road, because of their location of next-to-G320; and (ii) Dai and Han possess more transport vehicles.

Table 4-6: Social Development Indicators Han Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang Asphalt/concrete 15.4 11.5 7.1 0 0 0 Stone-paving 30.8 23.1 35.8 75 0 100 Village road (%) Gravel 7.7 34.6 7.8 25 50 0 Unpaved 46.4 30.8 49.3 0 50 0 Asphalt/concrete 7.4 4.2 6.7 0 0 0 Stone-paving 11.1 37.5 18.3 19 0 14.3 Community roads (%) Gravel 3.7 33.3 16.0 23.8 40 0 Unpaved 77.8 25 59.0 57.2 60 86.7 Motorcycle 80.6 98.9 33.3 23.3 37.9 22.2 Vehicle possession (%HH) Tractor 47.2 44.1 15.6 12.7 13.7 7.9 Others* 8.4 4.6 2.9 2.3 1 0.8 *other type of vehicles including tractor with trailers, four-wheel vehicle, trucks etc. Source: Consultant calculated according to data from http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn

7 33 km within Ruili and 94 km within Luxi 8 64 km 9 39 km

59. In practice, due to poor road condition and lack of transport vehicles, Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang people reduce their travelling, or experience a long time of travelling to go outside, such as to Myanmar for festival celebration, for tourism and for fun.

4.3.3 Non-farm Skills and Migrants

60. In general, there are less ethnic minority households running businesses locally than Han people (6.9% vs. 13.6%).10 Among the ethnic minority groups, Dai has more non-farm skills and experiences than the others. Major constraints for the other ethnic minorities to run business include remote mountainous locations, poor road accessibility and lack of information (see Table 4-7).

Table 4-7 Farmers Having Non-Farm Skill By Ethnic Minorities Indicators Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang Women 6.14 0.42 0.1 0.1 0.1 Farmers with small business experience (%) ＜＜＜ Men 0.83 ＜0.1 ＜0.1 ＜0.1 ＜0.1 Women 0.12 0 0 0 0 Farmers with other non-farm skills* (%) Men 3.92 0.58 0.17 ＜0.1 ＜0.1 Migrant (%) ＜10 4.5 3 6.3 6.5 *such as carpenter, brick mason, transport services, wholesale and running firms Source: interviews of the 23 village leaders

61. There are also few Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang people migrating outside for wage work (see also Table 4-7). Those that do migrate are mainly unmarried young men and few girls, because (i) most of ethnic minority farmers lack of migration experience, and it is not easy for them to find a job outside and sometimes are easily deceived; (ii) they have enough land (dry land and forest land) to work; and (iii) their preference to stay at home, since they are bosses enjoying more freedom if working in their own fields.

“Of the total 16,000 rural laborers in Zhefang township in Luxi city, around 1,500 migrated to Guangzhou and Fujian but only for less then half a year recently years, because they could not endure the hard work.” said one township government staff.

In Chudongguan De’ang village of Santaishan township in Luxi city, of the total 1,130 labor, 30 migrated in 2009 (average 0.5 mu paddy-land and 5.5 mu dry-land per person). Farmland is big enough for farmers to work, and so, if farmers work hard in their own farmland, it should be better than migrating outside, said the village leaders.

Of the 169 rural laborers in Yangjiachang Lisu communities in Luxi in 2009, 11 migrated outside. Among the 43 rural labors in Mahuanggou Lisu community, only 2 migrated outside.

10 362 household surveys.

In 2009, in seven A’chang communities, 61 of the total 938 (6.5%) laborers migrated for wage work."

4.3.4 Education and Literacy

62. Regardless of ethnicity, enrolment rates of primary and junior high school are high but senior high school enrollment is low, which is around 40%. The major reasons are limited capacity of senior high schools and relatively high schooling cost including transport cost, living cost and tuition fee. There is only one senior high school and one vocational high school in Ruili city, two senior high schools and one vocational high school in Luxi and the total accommodating capacity is much lower than actual demand. Consequently, many parents in rural areas do not have the financial means or don't see the economic justification to send their children to senior school.

Table 4-8: Enrollment rate (%)

Han Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu 100 100 99.8 100 100 Primary school 99.8 98.2 97.8 100 95 Junior high school Senior high school 40 Source: Ruili and Luxi city Education Bureaus

63. “Nine-year Compulsory Education” is only for primary and junior high school students. Students in senior high school and above have to cover their education costs by themselves, which is expensive for poor households. Total education cost of one senior high school student each year is about CNY8,000, much high than annual net income of a poor household. There are additional costs for transport and/or room and boarding because the senior high schools are located in the county towns. Amongst the adult population, Han and Dai farmers have higher education and literacy rates than the other groups (see Table 4-9).

Table 4-9: Farmers Education by Gender (%) Han Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu Illiterate 3.0 9.9 26 24 17 Primary school 34.8 54 47 44 38 Male Junior high school 53.0 29 22.6 26 45 Senior high school and above 9.1 7.8 5.2 6.8 1.0 Illiterate 10.0 12.0 31.6 24 22 Primary school 51.7 54.0 46.8 43 33 Female Junior high school 26.7 26.0 18.6 28 45 Senior high school and above 11.7 6.6 3.0 5 1.0 Source: 362 households surveyed in 2009

4.3.5 Access to other Social and Economic Services 64. In general, (i) Dai people are near to market, while the other four ethnic minority groups are not; (ii) most villages have access to clinic, while communities have poor access; and (iii) all village and communities have access to electricity (see Table 4-10).

Table 4-10: Access to Other Social Services

Han Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu A’chang

Distance to nearest market (km) NA 0-5 5-15 4-28 6-37 2-10

Health Village having clinic NA 82 82.4 25 100 100 services Community having clinic NA 38 5 0 0 0

Access to electricity (village/community) 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Consultant calculated according to data from http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn

4.4 Gender Profile

65. Women farmers accounting for 48.6 percent of the rural labor force in the Project area play an important role in social and economic activities as well as in the domestic sphere.

4.4.1 Education and Non-farm Skills

66. As presented in Section 4.3.4, one fifth of women farmers are illiterate, which is somewhat higher than that of men farmers (17.5%). There should be more attention to encourage girls to continue their education through to senior high school, but accessibility and cost is a problem for households in the remote rural areas.

67. Significantly more men than women have special non-farm skills, such as carpenter, brick mason, transport services, wholesaler, labor contractor for construction, manufacturer, while slightly more women than men have small businesses experience (see Table 4-11). Usually women do small businesses in nearby villages and towns. Improvement of local roads and transport services will greatly facilitate women’s opportunities for running small businesses and increasing their income.

Table 4-11: Non-farm Skills of Rural Labor by Gender (%) # of total labor Labor with special Labor with small-businesses (person) non-farm skills* experience Female 23, 675 1.3 5.9 Male 23, 942 19.6 4.8 Such as carpenter, brick mason, transport services, wholesaler, labor contractor for construction, manufacturer. Source: interviews of village leaders of the 23 surveyed villages.

68. Villager focus group discussion shows that both women and men are equally engaged in farming. More women than men are engaged in taking care of animals. Both women and men

were engaged in small businesses. The division of labor by gender is shown in Table 4-12. These findings indicate that technical training on farming should involve women as well as men and technical training on livestock production should be more targeted at women. More men than women migrate outside for wage work, who are all young people and usually unmarried.

Table 4-12 Labor division by gender (%) Female Male Washing cloth 83 17 Take care the old and kids 63 27 Taking care animal 58 42 Taking care crops 45 55 Migrant labor 43 57 Large businesses 27 63 Small-business 68 32 Source: Village Focus Group Discussion

4.4.2 Decision Making by Gender

69. Generally speaking, men make more decisions on production expenses, house construction or maintenance, funds raising and government document informing meeting, while women make more decisions on daily expenses (see Table 4-13).

Table 4-13: Decision Making by Gender (%) Female Male Daily expenses 65 35 Production expenses 43 57 Visit relatives 50 50 House construction or maintenance 34 66 Education of children 50 50 Funds raising 38 62 Collective facility construction 37 63 Government documents informing meeting 31 69 Coordination of neighbor relationship 53 47 Source: Field Focus Group Discussion and Villages Leadership Interview.

4.5 Target of this EMDP

70. Taking into consideration the current economic situation in the Project area and its potential economic and social development, including income and its sources, quantity of farmland, number of people with non-farm skills, farmers’ education, geographical location and road condition, this EMDP addresses concerns of all five ethnic minority groups, but measures at particularly targeted at the more vulnerable groups (i.e., the poor within each group including Han, and the small ethnic minority groups—De’ang and A’chang peoples.

5 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

71. This section presents the stakeholder analysis, existing government and non- government (NGO) programs and social impact assessment of the proposed LRH component of the Project. This assessment considers impacts in terms of ethnicity, gender, income level, and other vulnerabilities. At the end of this section, Table 5-10 summarizes the social impact assessment (i.e., baseline situation, the initial project related impacts/risks, existing management measures, and residual impacts/risks) and proposed mitigation measures to address the residual impacts/risks. The action plan to implement the proposed mitigation measures is presented in Section 6.

5.1 Stakeholder Analysis and Consultation

5.1.1 Stakeholder Analysis

72. Table 5-1 presents key stakeholders, their interests, their influence on the LRH, the LRH impacts on them and their priorities to the LRH.

Table 5-1: Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders Interests / priorities Influences on the The LRH Priority to LEH Impacts the LRH YDOT Improved Yunnan road High High Yes network Local governments Improved road network Very high High Yes and economic growth Resettlement Livelihood recovery and Low-medium Negatively high No affected EMs and improvement EM villages Other rural EMs Better local roads, and Very low Low - high Yes socioeconomic development Industry Improved road condition Low-medium High Yes factory/firms ERABs EMs’ development Low-medium Low-medium Yes PADOs EMs’ poverty reduction Low-medium Low-medium Yes CABs EM’ culture development Low-medium Low-high Yes TBs Road network and traffic high High Yes improvement CDCs Prevention and control of Low-medium Medium-high Yes diseases PSBs Prevention and control of Low-medium Medium-high Yes drug and human trafficking, and drug users, reduction of traffic accidents ACWFs EM women’s Low-medium Low-medium Yes development

73. Construction of the LRH will improve road network of Yunnan province, which is one of the major objectives of Yunnan department of transportation (YDOT). YDOT has high influence on the LRH and is one of the key decision makers.

74. Ruili and Luxi city governors’ highest priority is to speed up local economic development. Currently no expressway is in these two cities. Building the LRH will connect the two cities in the national expressway network and will greatly promote local economic development. The LRH highly meet the governors’ priority while the governors have high influence on the LRH.

75. Resettlement affected EMs and communities will be negatively affected by the LRH. They have different concerns and hope inconvenience to their life and production will be minimized, compensated or restored as early as possible. 76. Other rural EMs will benefit from improved road condition of G320 and local roads, and other indirect benefits, such as increased employment and small business opportunities. The LRH will not pose direct negative impact on EMs with no land acquisition and house demolition.

77. Industries/factory/firms will highly benefit from the LRH in terms of better road conditions, and transport cost savings. There are no negative impacts on them.

78. Government agencies, such as city ethnic and religious affairs bureaus (ERAB), poverty alleviation and development office (PADO), cultural affairs bureaus (CAB), transportation bureaus (TB), health bureaus (HB), centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), public security bureaus (PSB), all-China women’s federation (ACWF), animal husbandry bureaus (AHB), agricultural bureaus (AB), forest bureaus (FB), and land resource bureaus (LRB) have been doing many activities to improve social and economic situation of ethnic minorities. The LRH can enhance benefits of their efforts if actions are integrated. The local governments have various development plans which will make great contribution to the LRH Project, such as poverty reduction plan, ethnic minority development plan, etc., which are presented in Section 5-3 on existing and future government management measures. These agencies gave high priorities to the construction of the LRH.

5.1.2 Stakeholder Consultation and Information Disclosure

79. Stakeholders have been consulted in different phases using various methods including: • Preview of secondary data source (books, statistics, internets etc.). • Interviews with village leaders, which cover various villages (different economic and social condition, different geographical situation, different ethnic minority groups, etc). • Farmer focus group discussion (FGD), which are separated by gender, with focus on ethnic minority and poor farmers.

• Household questionnaire survey, which include households of EMs, and Han; poor, the poorest, non-poor. • Interviews with key Informants of government agencies analyzed above. • Public consultation workshops.

(i) In October 2009, at the beginning of the Project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA), the social/poverty/gender/ethnic minorities specialist, heath specialist, resettlement specialist and environment specialist (the study team) went to the field together and visited 9 project affected townships in Ruili, Luxi and Longling counties. They organized 9 key informant workshops and/or interviews at county and township levels, visited affected farmers for understanding the local social and economic, poverty, gender and ethnic minority situations, potential positive and negative impacts, and communicating with local people about the Project.

(ii) From Middle of October to November 2009, the study team carried out field survey of key stakeholders interviews at county level and 23 affected villages, 23 separate male and female farmer focus group discussions (FGDs), and 362 household (HH) questionnaire survey (of which, 318 ethnic minority household surveyed) for collecting information on ethnic minorities’ social and economic situation (see Table 5-2).

Table 5-2: Consultation Conducted in Oct–Nov 2009 (#) FGD organized HH surveyed Village Village Sub- Leaders Male Female Dai Jingpo De’ang Lisu total 23 23 23 23 239 34 33 12 318

During the field survey, the Project information was widely disclosed while collecting relevant information for the PPTA. Government agencies consulted is presented in Table 5-3.

Table 5-3: Stakeholders Consulted in Oct–Nov 2009 Ruili Luxi PADO 1 1 Ethnic minority bureau 1 1 Women federation 1 Education bureau 1 1 Land resource bureau 1 Forest bureau Civil affairs bureau 1 1 Tourism bureau 1 Logistics company 1 Agricultural procession firm 1 Small store 4 Fruit wholesale market 1

(iii) In December 2009, the social/poverty/ gender/ethnic minority specialist and the resettlement specialist conducted public consultation in Ruili, Luxi and Longling, county/cities (stakeholders consulted is presented in Table 5-4), and in three ethnic minority villages in Ruili and Luxi cities (presented in Table 5-5). The consultation identified the LRH anticipated Consultation Paluan village Dec 2009 positive and negative impacts on local people, especially local minorities, as well as the enhancement measures and mitigation measures. The ethnic minority villages were informed of the potential impacts and relevant measures were identified by stakeholders and relevant agencies.

Table 5-4: Stakeholders Consultation in Dec 2009 Ruili Luxi Longling Vice mayor 1 1 PSB 1 2 (leader of drug trafficking 1 department) ERAB 1 1-deputy director HB 1 1-deputy director 1 EB 1 1-deputy leader PADO 1 1-deputy director 1 FB 1 1-deputy director 1 Communications bureau 1 2 (deputy director) ACWF 1 1-director 1 Land resource bureau 1 1-deputy director 1 Civil affairs bureau 1 1-deputy director 1 AHB 1 1-director 1 CAB 1-deputy director Resettlement bureau 1 1-dean of the office 1

Table 5-5: Village Consulted in Dec 2009 (person) Total participant Minority Women participant participant Ruili Mengmao Mangling 12 9 (5 Jingpo) 2 Luxi Zhefang Paluan 17 16 (9 Jingpo) 5 Luxi Zhefang Zhexiang 15 Dai 6

(iv) In February 2010, the ethnic minority specialist together with resettlement specialist, health specialist and ADB staff organized public consultation workshops with key informants from different government agencies of YDOT, Implementation agency (IA), Dehong prefecture, and Ruili and Luxi cities. Stakeholders consulted are presented in Table 5-6. In addition, the social team, accompanied by ADB staff, interviewed Luxi cultural bureau, and ERAB, and consulted two villages (Mangbie and Chudonggua) in Luxi city.

Table 5-6: Stakeholders Consulted in Feb 2010 (person) Dehong Prefecture Ruili Luxi Administration of cultural heritage 1 1 CAB 1 City government 2 2 (Vice mayor) Township government 2 ERAB 1 1 1 CDC 1 2 HB 1 1 PADO 1 1 1 FB 2 2 1 Communications bureau 1 1 1 Tourism bureau 1 1 1 ACWF 1 1 LRB 1 1 1

(v) In March 2010, the study team and ADB staff organized a consultative workshop in Mangshi to finalize the EMDP, Resettlement Plan (RP), and HIV/AIDS Prevention Plan (HAPP).

80. The principle of all interviews/consultations/workshop is that introduction of the Project first, so the consulted parties could understand the potential implications before they provided opinions on the Project. The major activities are summarized in Table 5-7.

Table 5-7: Farmer Focus Group Discussion Separated By Gender Date Location Participants # of FGD Main activities Women Men 27/Oct- Hunan village in Ruili Representatives of 1 1 - Introduction of the Project 14/Nov/2009 women farmers, - Information collection of farmers’ representatives of men social and economic farmers (including poor development, including and other vulnerable education/training, language, groups) income and its sources, poverty, Mangbang village in Ruili ditto 1 1 migration agricultural and non- Jiele village in Ruili ditto 1 1 farm skills, access to market, Jiegao village in Ruili ditto 1 1 clinic, schools, movement of Tuanjie village in Ruili ditto 1 1 women and men, etc. Nuanpo village in Ruili ditto 1 1 - Data collection of labor division by Leiyuan village in Ruili ditto 1 1 gender, decision making by gender Xiadong village in Luxi ditto 1 1 - Detailed identification of the Dawan village in Luxi ditto 1 1 Project positive, and negative Yunmao village in Luxi ditto 1 1 impacts, and social risks Mangsai village in Luxi ditto 1 1 - Identification of enhancement and Mangbie village in Luxi ditto 1 1 mitigation measures Yunqian village in Luxi ditto 1 1 - Interview outline is in Annex of the Chuguadong village in ditto 1 1 Social Report Luxi Hulong village in Luxi ditto 1 1 Humen village in Luxi ditto 1 1 Gazhong village in Luxi ditto 1 1 14- Mangling village in Ruili ditto 1 19/Dec/2009 Paluan village in Luxi ditto 1 Zhexiang village in Luxi ditto 1 4-9/Feb/2010 Mangsai village in Luxi Leaders of village and 1 communities De’ang village in Luxi Leader of village 1

Table 5-8 Village Leader Interview (27/Oct 2009–14/Nov/2009) Location # of interview Main activities Hunan village in Ruili 1 - Introduction of the Mangbang village in Ruili 1 Project Jiele village in Ruili 1 - Information collection of Jiegao village in Ruili 1 farmers’ social and Tuanjie village in Ruili 1 economic development, including Nuanpo village in Ruili 1 education/training, Leiyuan village in Ruili 1 language, income and Xiadong village in Luxi 1 its sources, poverty, Dawan village in Luxi 1 migration agricultural Yunmao village in Luxi 1 and non-farm skills, Mangsai village in Luxi 1 access to market, Mangbie village in Luxi 1 clinic, schools, by Yunqian village in Luxi 1 gender and by Chuguadong village in Luxi 1 ethnicity. Hulong village in Luxi 1 - Detailed identification Humen village in Luxi 1 of the Project positive, Gazhong village in Luxi 1 and negative impacts, and social risks - Identification of enhancement and mitigation measures - Interview outline is in Annex of the Social Report

Table 5-9: Household Survey (27/Oct/2009–14/Nov/2009) Location # of Household surveyed Main activities Mangbie in Luxi 15 Layuan in Luxi 14 Guangxiang in Luxi 13 Yiqiutian in Luxi 13 Zaowai in Luxi 16 - Introduction of the Erzu in Luxi 16 Project Manghao in Luxi 29 - Social and economic Zhegao in Luxi 20 and transport Gazhong in Luxi 20 information of the Hengmao in Ruili 11 household Jinkan in Ruili 18 - Interview outline is in Dengfenghan in Ruili 16 Annex of the Social Yinjing in Ruili 16 Report Jiele in Ruili 16 Longmulai in Ruili 16 Hunban in Ruili 16 Huihuan in Ruili 23

Table 5-10: Government Agencies Interviewed Data Location Participants Major activities 27/Oct - Bureaus of interviewed Key staff of PADOs, ERAB, Education 14/Nov/2009 inRuili and Luxi cities Bureaus, Transportation Bureaus, CABs, Tourism Bureaus, Health Bureau, ACWFs, Civil Affairs Bureaus 15/12/2009 City Transportation Key staff of city Transportation Bureau Bureau 16/12/2009 Luxi government Deputy mayor, key staff of Transportation Bureau, PADO, ERAB, CAB, ACWF, Tourism Bureau, Health Bureau, CDC, Land Resource Bureau etc. totally 14 departments 16/12/2009 Zhefang township Chairman of Zhefang People’s Congress,, government deputy chief, government officials of Transportation Station, Poverty Alleviation, Introduction of the Project Land Management Station, Labor Security Disclosure of information Station etc. total 5 departments collected from household 17/12/2009 Zhexiang village, Luxi Village officials, villagers surveys, farmer focus 18/12/2009 Ruili Transportation Deputy mayo, government officials of groups discussions, and Bureau Transportation Bureau, Poverty Alleviation, village leader interview Land Resource Bureau etc. total 12 Identification of positive departments and negative impacts of the 18/12/2009 Mangling village, Ruili Village officials, villager of Mangling village Project and suggestions on in Mengmao town, staffs of state-owned enhancement and farm mitigation measures 18/12/2009 Ruili government Deputy mayor, Deputy mayor, key staff of Possible contribution of the Transportation Bureau, PADO, ERAB, bureaus can make, etc. CAB, ACWF, Tourism Bureau, Health Bureau, CDC, Land Resource Bureau etc. 04-09/02/2010 Luxi ERAB Key staff of the ERAB

Luxi CAB Key staff of the CAB

30/12/2009 Dehong Prefecture Party Secretary-General, government Transportation Bureau officials of Transportation Bureau, Poverty Alleviation, Land Resource Bureau etc. Totally 10 departments. Dehong power company, mobile company; deputy mayors of Luxi, Ruili & Longling and leaders of Transportation Bureau, Poverty Alleviation, Land Resource Bureau etc.

5.1.3 Summary of Key Findings of the Stakeholder Consultation

81. Major findings from the stakeholder consultation are presented in the Table 5-11 including positive and negative impacts and relevant measures to enhance or mitigate the impacts.

Table 5-11 Major Findings of the Consultation Women Men - Reduction of traffic accidents on - Reduction of traffic jam on G320, which makes a G320 better environment for driving motorcycle and tractor - Better access to socioeconomic in G320 services - Reduction of traffic accidents on G320 and other Positive impacts - Better marketing of tea, walnut, costs watermelon, banana etc. - Better marketing of farm products - Small business opportunities - Project employment - More tourists - Farmland loss and house demolition - Farmland loss and house demolition - Damage of irrigation and drainage - Damages of irrigation and drainage systems and systems and pollution of drinking pollution of drinking water source water source - Separation of houses from social/economic facilities Perceived negative - Separation of houses from farmland by the expressway impacts by the expressway - Lack of employment opportunity will increase men’s - Traffic risks for students going to risks to take drugs, and taking drugs will increase schools during the construction men’s risks to HIV/AIDS

- Improving village and community - improvement of community and village roads roads - Training of local motorcycle and tractor drivers on - improving irrigation system traffic regulations and safety Measure to - Training on technologies of cash - High value crops and animals planting/raising enhance positive crops, tea, walnut, banana, - Improvement of irrigation systems impacts watermelon - Employment opportunities - small business skills training - providing loans - Minimizing land acquisition and - Avoiding damage of farmland and house demolition house demolition - Adequate and appropriate compensation Measure to - Adequate and appropriate - Setting up enough and proper passes mitigate negative compensation - Avoiding damage of drinking water source and impacts - Setting up enough and proper irrigation system passes - Warning signboards - Providing employment opportunities - More interchange Source: consultation of ethnic minorities and other key stakeholders in 2009.

5.1.4 Attitudes of the Affected Minorities toward the Project

82. All consulted stakeholders including ethnic minority people hold that if the Project negative impacts being properly addressed, the Project will much benefit the ethnic minorities, men and women. They all have positive attitude to the Project.

5.2 Existing and Future Management Measures

5.2.2 Government Management Measures

83. Major government on-going and future management measures are summarized in Table 5-12 including major activities, targets and results. Detailed information is presented in the Social, and Poverty Report prepared by the PPTA consultant. Also, detailed information on health impacts is provided in a separate Health Impact Assessment Report. The proposed

mitigation measures for HIV/AIDS prevention is also a separate action plan approved by YPDOT and local government for implementation under the Project agreement.

Table 5-12: On-going and Future Government Management Measures Implementation Programs Budget (CNY) Major activities Targets Effectiveness Agencies 11th FYP for Poverty High for poverty alleviation - 250,000-500,000 reduction, but - whole community per poverty less targeted at promotion community women - Cash crop - relocating villages - 30 million The poor planning - improving houses - 10 million (60% men - Build road, - non-farm skill training - 500 per farmer and 40% biogas systems - subsidized loan - 88 million women, Han - tree planting th PADOs and EMs) 12 FYP for Poverty - technical and High for poverty

Alleviation (2011-2015) For Ruili: non-farm skill reduction and 80% of the - whole community - 53.85 million training women loan target at promotion - 5 million - Relocation development women - relocating villages - 13.58 million - Subsidized loan - improving houses - 240,000 - non-farm skill training - 75 million - subsidized loan For Luxi: more than Ruili Dehong Prefecture Pilot 5 million High for ethnic New Rural Construction minority Plan for Jingpo villages in development Border Area (2007-2010) and poverty Dehong Prefecture Socio- 32 million reduction, but economic Development less targeted at Dehong, Ruili and Plan for Lisu Areas (2007- - Build road, women Luxi ERABs 2010) school, biogas Ethnic Dehong Prefecture 4.63 million system minorities Development Plan for - Cash crop (60% men Supporting Small- planning and 40% population A’chang Group - technical and women) (2007-1010) non-farm skill Shanghai ERAB Five Year 5.8 million training Development Plan for Shanghai ERAB Supporting De’ang Group (2006-2010) 12th FYP for Development For Luxi: 412 million Dehong and Luxi of Jingpo and Lisu (2011- ERAB 2015) Subsidized Loan for More than 20 million Farmers (non- Moderate for Ruili and Luxi Farming and Animal Loans poor and poverty AHBs Husbandry poor) reduction Revolving Fund for Dehong 350,000 High for women ACWF in Dehong Loans Women Women Development development Prevention of HIV/AIDS 13 million each year All people High for (men and HIV/AIDS CDCs Publicity, training women, Han prevention and EMs) Prevention of Other NA CDCs High for Infectious Diseases infectious All people disease (men and prevention Publicity, training women, Han and EMs)

Implementation Programs Budget (CNY) Major activities Targets Effectiveness Agencies 448 million for anti- Publicity, High for all local drug trafficking and education on communities People use (2005-07) relevant laws, Anti-drug Trafficking PSBs crossing 396 million for examine in border alternative crop border check production in points northern Myanmar High for all local All city Publicity, All communities Anti-drug Use government prevention, communities departments treatment

Publicity, High for all People examine in people Anti-human trafficking PSBs, ACWFs crossing border check border points Ruili and Luxi 12th FYP for tbd County, High for all Transportation CBs Build roads township and people Development (2011-2015) village roads NA = not available; tbd = to be determined.

84. Government poverty alleviation programs implemented by PADO are comprehensive, including activities of promoting economic development, providing subsidized loans, relocating houses who are poor and in mountainous areas, and providing technical and non-farm skill trainings. For the 12th FYP, a revised approach will be taken to ensure poor households are properly targeted. They will be divided into groups: (i) those capable of working who need training and livelihood support; and (ii) those incapable of working who need basic social welfare.

85. De’ang and A’chang groups are small-population ethnic minority groups in China, and Jingpo and Lisu are two of the poorest ethnic minority groups in Yunnan. There are different ethnic minority development programs that support development of the poorest ethnic minority groups and small-population ethnic minority groups. Some are implemented by Dehong ERAB and some by Shanghai ERAB (see details in Table 5-12 above).

86. Subsidized Loans for Farming and Animal Husbandry are issued through rural credit cooperatives (RCCs) which operates the funds based on operation and management principles of enterprise. The funds are from government which varies from time to time and from place to place. In the future, the Agricultural Bank of china will pursue more micro-credit support for farmers.

87. Revolving Fund for Dehong Women Development has been established since 2000, covering all prefectures in Yunnan. CNY1,000 to CNY10,000 are allocated to an individual woman, targeting at income generation activities, accompanied by technical and non-farm skill trainings.

88. Governments at city and township levels and village committees are all have responsibilities to prevent HIV/AIDS. in the Department of Health ensures every village and village group is covered by designated officials in terms of prevention of HIV/AIDS. Each staff from the institutions is accountable for at least one villager group for prevention of HIV/AIDS. Anti-drug and HIV/AIDS prevention are priority concern of city and township governments in Dehong and Yunnan.

89. Health bureaus and CDCs have made infectious diseases prevention and control plans, which covers rat plague, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and hepatitis B. for example, all children under 15 years receive Hepatitis B vaccination for free). In 2008, Dehong Prefecture strengthened its efforts in prevention and control by establishing and carrying out timely actions on prevention and control of infectious diseases. Dehong Prefecture Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau also conducts quarantine inspections of imported plants and products. Further details are provided in the Health and Sanitation Report prepared by Winlot.

90. According to statistics collected for Dehong Prefecture in 2004, there were 25, 285 drug users, accounting for 2.41% of its population. Since then, many and various measures have been taken for anti-drug drug trafficking and use. Common points include: (i) careful examination of drugs trafficking in all check points; (ii) police bureaus regularly conduct training and publicity of local people especially local rural people on what are drugs, relevant laws and the legal consequences, prevention skills to avoid getting into Anti-Drug-trafficking billboard in village drug use or trafficking; (iii) every administrative village is cared by one designated institution at county level and every villager group is cared by at Anti-drug trafficking leaflet least one designated staff member of the institution for preventing drug trafficking and drug use, and to construct non-drug-trafficking and no-drug-use villages; (iv) PSBs provide face to face training of farmers who plan to migrate to Myanmar on anti-drug trafficking and anti-drug use; (v) publicity billboards are set up in every village for anti-drug trafficking and anti-drug use.

91. Different measures have also been taken in different townships according to the actual situation. For example, in Mangshi township of Luxi city, set aside CNY20,000 as incentive funds for anti-drug trafficking and use in 2009. People are awarded for reporting one case of drug use: CNY200 for reporting and one to two users being arrested; CNY300 for three to five

users being arrested; CNY500 for ten to fourteen, and CNY1,000 for fifteen and above. People are awarded for reporting drug trafficking and manufacture: CNY200 for reporting one case of sporadic drug trafficking; CNY300 for reporting and one drug-trafficking gang being cracked; and CNY500 for reporting and one drug manufacturing site being cracked.

92. In 2007, the PRC National Plan of Action on Human Trafficking in Women and Children was approved. In 2007, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) and Department of Public Security of Yunnan have set up Border Liaison Offices to fight human trafficking, and one of the seven offices is in Ruili, China. Meanwhile four sub- offices have been set up in Anti-human trafficking leaflet Myanmar side. Their missions are to fight cross-border human trafficking and rescue trafficking victims. The MPS is responsible for identifying victims whereas the Ministry of Civil Affairs is responsible for providing assistance to victims. All Myanmar victims being rescued have been transferred to the government of Myanmar through the liaison office in Ruili. The PRC MPS reported that 50-60% of cases related to forced work in the entertainment industry, and teenage girls are the primary group at risk. Labour Laws have been strengthened to prevent trafficking and improve enforcement and prosecution.

93. Police bureaus, education bureaus and women's federations in the project cities/counties are carrying out anti-human trafficking as their routine work. They are also carrying out special activities against human trafficking, such as media outreach seminars to raise awareness of anti- trafficking strategies, victim protection, and relevant legislation. Legal assistance is also available for the protection of women's rights. Better livelihoods opportunities for rural women within their local communities will also help reduce the supply of human trafficking. In the LHR Project area, the EM communities generally have strong social networks and such activities are considered taboos. These Anti-human trafficking leaflet traditions combined with government awareness

programs have helped maintain a low prevalence of human trafficking in Dehong Prefecture. Nonetheless, new economic development posses challenges so these activities must be continued.

94. Human trafficking is being carefully examined in all check points in the project area, through different ways, such as checking ID, observing abnormal outlook and behaviors, and community monitoring. Police officers receive special training for this.

95. Police bureaus in the project cities/counties and police stations at townships of the project cities/counties regularly conduct training and publicity on identification and prevention of human trafficking in villages in forms of TV program, delivering leaflets, providing face to face training and consultation, analysis human trafficking cases, etc.

96. PADOs of Ruili and Luxi cities have made their 12th five year plan (FYP) for poverty alleviation and development (2011-2015). For example, 12th FYP for poverty alleviation and development in Ruili has budget of CNY 48.5 million.

97. Luxi City has proposed their 12th FYP for development of the poorest ethnic minority groups (Jingpo and Lisu) in 2011-2015, which has budgeted CNY421.15 million.

98. Dehong and city transport bureaus have been formulating 12 FYP for transportation, to construct, upgrade and maintain the local roads network. The FYP will be improved in July 2010.

5.2.2 NGO Management Measures

99. Several NGOs have been conducting projects on prevention and control infectious diseases in the LRH area (see Table 5-13). Their activities focus on HIV/AIDS prevention and control, and against malaria, Hepatitis B, and tuberculosis.

Table 5-13 NGOs Conducting Projects in the LRH Area NGO Main activities Remarks Health Unlimited Prevent/control HIV/AIDS Global Fund Prevent/control HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, Hepatitis B Clinton Foundation Prevent/control HIV/AIDS Red Cross Prevent/control many diseases World Vision Community development Ruili Women and Children Development Center Prevent/control HIV/AIDS Domestic, founded in 2004 AIDS Care China - Ruili Bamboo Group Prevent/control HIV/AIDS Domestic, founded in 2005

5.2.3 Programs in Northern Myanmar

100. The current socio-political situation in northern Myanmar posses certain social risks in the LRH Project area, particularly given the openness of the border and the potential for increased trade. Fortunately, increased trade commenced more than ten years ago and many

social problems had been encountered, and now actions as being taken both by the Myanmar Government and the PRC Government to address these issues. The main problems included (i) the illegal growing of opium/poppy and related drug use and drug trafficking, (ii) human trafficking related to the entertainment, (iii) increase in the spread of HIV related to gambling and commercial sex industry and other communicable diseases, both amongst the local population (mainly EMs) and migrant Chinese workers, and (iv) illegal logging and smuggling of timber into Yunnan.

101. Drug Use and Drug Trafficking. The PRC Government and the Myanmar Government have been cooperating to eliminate opium/poppy growing by investing in other agricultural livelihood development. The Ministry for Border Area and National Races and Development Affairs has coordinated much of the efforts by implementing awareness, agriculture and infrastructure development and training activities, as well as assisting with disease prevention. This work is also supported by the UN Office for Drug Control (UNODC), UN Development Program (UNDP), World Food Program, JICA, SwissAID and several INGO such as World Vision and German Agro Acion. These programs have enabled some local communities to break their dependency on opium production and have reduced drug use, but the latter remains an ongoing challenge for Myanmar. There are some INGOs working in Myanmar to address drug use (i.e.,Malteser, Aide Medicale International (AMI), Artsen Zonter Grezen), but they face difficulties to work in Shan State and Kachin State because they are under the control of local military groups`. Also, the illegal opium growers have shifted their production to other areas, so the supply of drugs remains a serious problem. Consequently, the PRC Government has stepped up its border surveillance of drug trafficking in cooperation with the Myanmar Government, Border Liaison Offices, and UNODC. There are also a series of road inspection points in Dehong Prefecture, both fixed stations and mobile check points. In 2010, the PRC Government will adopt E-passport to help prevent illegal exit-entry activities.

102. Human trafficking. This is a worldwide problem. China is both a source and destination, whereas Myanmar is primarily a source, and the northern Myanmar-Yunnan border area is one of the primary routes used. The Myanmar Government is collaborating with UN agencies and INGOs to address human trafficking, and they are implementing a National Plan of Action on human trafficking, which is in line with the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative. An Anti- Trafficking in Persons Law was passed in 2005, which is in line with the Palermo Protocol. Cross border enforcement with the PRC Government is implemented by Border Liaison Offices, which is based on a bilateral agreement signed in November 2006. These have been supported by UNICEF, UNODC, UNDP and Institute of Medicine (IOM) through the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP) and the Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project (ARTIP). The Myanmar Government programs are coordinated by the Central Body for Suppression of Trafficking in Persons and implemented through several agencies including the

Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Social Welfare, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Hotel and Tourism, Ministry of Labour, Myanmar Police Force, Department of Immigration and National Registration, and township anti-trafficking in persons committees. This work is supported by INGOs including World Vision, Save the Children and Association Francois-Xavier Bagnoud (AFXB). The PRC Government and the Myanmar Government cooperate on the repatriation of victims of trafficking. Efforts are now being targeted at high risk communities along both sides of the border.

103. HIV and Other Communicable Diseases. Although Yunnan has a well developed institutional arrangement to prevent and control HIV and other communicable diseases, the capacity on the Myanmar side is quite limited, especially in Shan State and Kachin State where HIV prevalence remains high is many border villages. This posses an ongoing threat to people in Dehong given the scale cross border traffic by local people. HIV and disease control awareness is provided at all formal border crossings, including medical inspection stations. The Myanmar Government has implemented an HIV/AIDS program but few government agencies or NGOs are able to operation in Shan State and Kachin. One NGO11 that is working under the 3 Diseases Fund is Health Unlimited, from their regional base in Kunming. This program is supported by the PRC as part of the Global Fund Round 5 and Round 6. The PRC Government has also restricted the movement of Chinese across the Myanmar border for gambling, so this business has shifted to more controlled areas such as Macao, and Vietnam. The commercial sex industry in Ruili is now quite strictly controlled and HIV awareness and behavioral change programs have been effective, but efforts must continue. The other problem is the spread of malaria, dengue and tuberculosis. Prevalence is high in Myanmar and Chinese migrant workers are at risk. Also, Burmese migrant workers in Dehong can spread these diseases. Consequently, continued efforts will be needed both along the border and in Dehong Prefecture to prevent and control such diseases. So far, these efforts have been quite successful to protect Chinese citizens, but Burmese workers in Dehong lack access to free medical. For this reason, Health Unlimited is working to treat Burmese living in Dehong with HIV or other diseases.

104. Illegal Logging. When the PRC Government issued a ban on cutting forests in 2000, the local logging enterprises in Baoshan and Dehong prefectures shifted their logging activities to northern Myanmar. This activity reached a peak in 2005 but since then the PRC Government and the Myanmar Government have cooperated to limit the quantity of trees cut and control the illegal shipment of logs and timber into Yunnan. The quantity of logs and timber crossing into Yunnan has fallen from 1 million m3 in 2005 to 270,000 m3 in 2008.12 There is still some illegal transport of logs and timber which use informal border crossings and old logging roads to avoid detection, but the PRC PSB is activity controlling the border and setting up roadside check

11 Another NGO working on HIV Prevention in northern Myanmar is Asian Harm Reduction Network. 12 Global Witness, "A Disharmonious Trade – 2006-09", October 2009.

points. Consequently, this issue is being adequately managed and will such illegal trade will not be affected by the LRH. Global Witness is an INGO that monitored illegal logging in several developing countries, including Myanmar. They prepared a very critical report on Myanmar in 2005 and recommended several actions be taken by the Myanmar Government and PRC Government. Their latest report in 2009 still raises some concerns but the situation of illegal shipment of logs and timber into Yunnan has improved considerably due to the actions of governments and enterprises. Global Witness will likely continue to monitor this situation over the next few years.

5.3 Key Findings of the Social Impact Assessment

5.3.2 Direct Benefits

105. Direct benefits refer to those benefits caused by the LRH which occurring at the same time and place as the project construction and operation.

106. The LRH will improve road conditions and road networks in the LRH area, which will directly benefit rural people and other beneficiaries in terms of: (i) Better and safer travelling. Travelling in the LRH will be smoother, faster and safer than in G320. The expressway of the LRH might be used mainly by truck and bus companies and car owners, while the class II Longdao to Ruili sections of the LRH will be used by local people and businesses. The long- term plan is to upgrade this section to expressway class as well when traffic warrants. Those with own vehicles will get more benefits; (ii) Travel time saving. Travelling in the LRH will save much time than in G320. Current speed of G320 is around 40km/h while speed of the LRH will be 80-100 km/h; and (iii) Reduced transport costs. Smoother and safer travelling in the LRH will reduce vehicle wear and tear and other transport costs than in G320.

107. Construction of the LRH will require a total of 4.3 million labor-days, including 2.5 million labor-days of unskilled employment opportunities for local farmers which is equal to about 2,100 permanent employment opportunities for four years assuming 300 labor-days per year per person. Lack of experience and information are two of the major constraints to migration for the young people. Construction of the LRH will provide employment opportunities locally which will be enjoyed by some EMs.

108. The LRH construction will use 2.5 million tons of cement and 16.2 million cubic meters of sand, clay and stones of various types,13 which will use local construction materials from cement works and sand-stone plants.14

13 Consultant calculated based on material used in Yanyu expressway in Shaanxi Province. 14 Such as Luxi Suburban Cement works, Luxi Huixian stone-sand plant.

5.3.2 Indirect Positive Impacts

109. Indirect positive impacts refer to those that have several dependent factors, but the LRH could play a facilitation role, and the impacts tend to occur later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable and significant.

110. The LRH will divert some traffic from G320 (refer to the Economic Analysis Report), which will improve traffic situation along G320, and may reduce traffic accidents because large vehicles and faster car are more likely to use the expressway. Next to G320, Dai and De’ang people will benefit more than other EM groups in terms of better and safer travelling, travel time and cost saving, and incremental travelling while all ethnic minorities will benefit indirectly because G320 will remain a key highway for local people in the local transport network.

111. Improved transport condition in G320 will facilitate ethnic minorities' access to social and economic facilities, such as markets, senior high schools, hospitals, technical service centers and other social and economic facilities. Initially, it will benefit those who own vehicles or have access to bus services, but as the economy develops and income increase, more ethnic minorities will gain improved access. The LRH and improved G320 will also increase Myanmar people’ access to social and economic facilities in Luxi. A large number of Myanmar people travel to Luxi for marketing, festival celebration, tourism and for labor. The LRH will make it more convenient for Myanmar people to access other social and economic facilities and services in Dehong.

112. Local EMs can use both the improved G320 and the LRH to market their products, which will promote trade of agricultural products. Dai and De’ang should benefit more than other EM groups, for they are nearer to G320 and the LRH. Improved transport condition will enable marketing of farm products, but may not increase farmers’ production unless complementary measures are taken (e.g., training, micro-credit, etc).

113. Improved transport conditions will facilitate more tourists. Boosted tourism will benefit EM villages/communities with good road condition more than those without. Most of Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang villages are with poor roads condition, therefore will get less benefit. Dai will benefit more.

114. Development of tourism would create a number of related business opportunities, including opportunities for small business, such as selling souvenirs of minority items, providing local food, accommodation, performing minority sings and dances, etc. Dai women will benefit

more from increased business opportunities because they have more experience and are skillful, while other ethnic minorities are restricted by lack of initial capital and business skills. With some targeted training programs, other ethnic minorities could also benefit.

115. With transport conditions improved, agricultural trade would be boosted and diversified. It is a trend that farmers will adjust agricultural structure from more grain cultivation to more cash crops and more animal keeping. Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang people have more forest land, which can be developed as economic forest planting, such as walnut, Australia nuts, and tea.

116. Government agencies have conducted, are undertaking and will continue to carry out a number of programs of economic growth, poverty reduction and social development (refer to details in Social and Poverty Report). The LRH will add impetus to government programs of past, present and in the future, because their function is highly associated with road conditions. For example, walnuts, Australia nuts, and swine developed under government poverty reduction programs and ethnic minority development programs in the past can be transported outside much easer than without the LRH.

117. Many communities in Ruili and Luxi border on Myanmar, and there are frequent communications between ethnic minorities in both sides. The LRH's positive impacts will be extended to EMs in Myanmar, such as economic development, increase tourism, awareness and knowledge of preventing and controlling HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, agricultural technology and non-farm skills.

5.3.3 Negative Impacts

118. A social impact assessment of all potential negative impacts has been conducted and the results are summarized in Table 5-14 (attached at the end of this Section). In general, negative impacts are mainly related to villages along the alignment but could extend to other local townships as well as to the Myanmar side. The main negative impacts/risks include (i) resettlement; (ii) disturbances from the construction; (iii) spread of HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases; (iv) increase of human and drug trafficking, and drug use; (v) culture violation and loss of heritage and identity; and (vi) potential cross border issues stemming from an increase of Myanmar migrants in Dehong or local people working in Myanmar that could increase the spread HIV/AIDS, other communicable diseases, drug trafficking and drug use.

119. The EM communities affected by land acquisition and resettlement will mainly impact Dai, Jingpo, and some De’ang peoples. Among the 957 members of surveyed HHs, 74.5% are Dai, 4.6% Jingpo, and 1.6% De’ang. These ethnic minorities will be affected by resettlement

impacts such as potential land loss, house demolition, damage of irrigation system, separation of houses from farmland, etc.

120. Some construction disturbances might occur during the LRH implementation that will upset community life, such as traffic risks caused by construction vehicles, detours and road damages especially for children, pollution of drinking water sources, construction dust vibration and noise, and debris left behind by the construction teams.

121. There are HIV/AIDS cases and other communicable diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and Hepatitis (refer to the Health Impact Assessment Report and the Social and Poverty Report) in the LRH area. Construction of the LRH will result in an influx of construction workers from outside (both skilled and non-skilled). They will mix with local construction workers and local communities and will attract sex workers to the Project area. After the construction, the LRH will be used by truck drivers, whom in some cases are vulnerable to risks associated to HIV/AIDS, and other communicable diseases. Increased communication between EMs in the LRH area and Myanmar might increase the spread of diseases.

122. As presented in the Social and Poverty Report, in many parts of the PRC, the left-behind children, migrant children and migrant women are vulnerable to human trafficking. However, there are very few EMs in the LRH area migrating outside and accordingly few left-behind children. So in the local townships, there are fewer people vulnerable to human trafficking and risk of EMs in the LRH area being trafficked is low. However, many Myanmar women migrate to China and may be deceived. The traffickers sometimes use local EMs as translators (refer to the Social and Poverty Report). Therefore risk of local EMs being involved in or as trafficker exists, even though most of local EMs do not know the real situation. Sharing 168 km boundary with Myanmar plus poor economic and social situation in Myanmar, Ruili is a transit area of international human trafficking, with Myanmar as the major source. The main means are fraud and deception, and the main route is through informal crossing points between communities in both sides, and few through highway where there are a number of check points with careful check. So while the risk of human trafficking continues, it will not be significantly affected by the construction of the LRH. The local governments have been making great efforts on anti-human trafficking, such as set up Ruili Liaison Office to fight cross-border human trafficking, set up check points and carrying out careful checks, regular publicity to anti-human trafficking knowledge, policies, laws and consequences through TV, leaflets, face to face consultation, case studies etc. There is also close collaboration with the Myanmar Government to address this cross border issue. These efforts will be continued and are deemed adequate to address to small incremental risk caused by the LRH. However, the local governments should monitor this situation closely because economic growth and increased tourism can lead to greater social risks.

123. Similarly, although there are a large number of opium poppy cultivation and users in Myanmar, it is not anticipated that the LRH will have a significant impact on the ongoing drug use and drug trafficking problem. China has supported a program of Opium Poppy Control Alternative Planting for Preventing Drug Use. Amongst the local people, there are: (i) very few addicts to other kinds of drug, such as morphine; and (ii) much fewer drug users and drug trafficking in non-opium-growing villages than those with opium-growing villages, (iii) China does not have any opium poppy cultivation; (iv) careful examinations are done in all check points; (v) amounts of training to local people including EMs have been carried out by local different government departments; (vi) local institutionalized management system functions well, in which all government agencies are responsible and accountable to at least one village’s anti-drug trafficking and anti-drug use, and construction of non-drug village; and (vii) majority of local EMs have awareness already and knowledge on prevention of drug trafficking and drug use. However, increase of cross border travel could increase the risk of EMs’ taking drugs, especially youth who are tempted by money and excitement in cities, and which often leads to drug-trafficking. Furthermore, there is also close collaboration with the Myanmar Government to address this cross border issue. These efforts will be continued and are deemed adequate to address to small incremental risk caused by the LRH. However, the local governments should monitor this situation closely because economic growth and increased tourism can lead to greater social risks.

124. Construction of the LRH will more than about 2,000 outside workers, and there will be closer interactions with nearby EMs communities. These outside workers may not be familiar with local EM culture so it is possible that they violate EMs traditions, taboos and culture. When the expressway starts operating, there will be more business people and tourists coming to Dehong. The local EM communities might alter their culture, tradition and language to cater to business and tourists for economic and/or other reasons. This could result in a loss of cultural heritage and identify, so this concern needs to be addressed both in the short-term and long- term. This requires increased awareness of cultural identity, as well as possible threats due to development, and formulation of strategies for local people to participate in economic development in ways that strengthen their cultural systems. Local officials will be supported to increase awareness and formulate cultural appropriate strategies and measures. Local government would then assist EM communities to implement these measures.

125. The LRH may increase the risk of cross border issues stemming from an increase of Myanmar migrants in Dehong or local people working in Myanmar that could increase the spread HIV/AIDS, other communicable diseases, drug trafficking and drug use, and other social problems. The impact of the LRH construction and operation is expected to have moderate risks for HIV and other communicable diseases, limited risks for drug use, drug tracking, human

trafficking and movement of migrant workers, and no incremental risk for illegal logging. The reason for this assessment relates to the current level of economic development along G108 and the ongoing programs and measures taken by the Dehong Government to address negative social impacts of economic development that began 15 years ago. Consequently, Dehong Government has developed the capacity and experience to manage these problems, although they will need to continue and perhaps strengthen these efforts in specific locations. The new expressway will follow closely to G108, where the awareness and capacity to manage risks is greatest. Also, as discussed in Section 5.2.3, there are many ongoing programs and measures to control problems in northern Myanmar and along the border areas. These will need to be continued, including the close cooperation between the Myanmar Government and PRC Government. As the expressway nears completion, the facilities and staffing at the Wanding, Ruili and Nongdao border crossings (adjacent to interchanges) will need to be expanded as the traffic grows. The Dehong Government has agreed to continue these efforts and will report progress to YPDOT.

5.3.4 Poverty Impacts

126. Most of the LRH impacts on poverty reduction are indirect, requiring efforts from different stakeholders, while the LRH will complement efforts made by other agencies in the past, present and reasonably foreseeable future. In Dehong Prefecture, at least 15% of the rural population is poor and many more are living just above the poverty line. The majority of the poor are ethnic minorities, especially Jingpo and Lisu. The LRH should benefit these people in the following ways.

127. Lack of farmland and non-farm skills are common constraints of poor EMs from generating income. Lack of migrant experience is one of the major factors restricting local EMs from migration. Being employed locally will benefit poor EMs. The aim is to improve local economic conditions and employment opportunities that can be taken up by local people, including ethnic minorities.

128. As far as social and economic activities scope is concerned, the poor will mainly benefit from improved transport conditions in G320 in terms of better and safer travelling and possibly increased farm-gate prices. The poor, especially Dai and De’ang, will benefit more from the safer travelling in G320 when travelling to schools, seeing doctors, going to markets, etc. because they are nearer to G320.

129. Improved transport conditions in G320 will facilitate the poor’s access to social and economic facilities. However, unless additional measures were taken, non-poor will benefit more than the poor, because the poor are located far from G320, and lack their own vehicles.

130. The LRH and improved G320 will boost marketing of agricultural products. The more products the more trade. It is essential to assist the poor to produce more products. Currently major products produced by the poor are paddy, sugarcane, tea, and swine. Constraints on the poor including lack of technology, poor irrigation system and less access to credit.

131. Non-poor along the LRH and G320 will benefit more than those far-away poor. Effective measures to increase the poor’s benefits are needed.

132. Road condition improvement will result in agricultural structure adjustment, which will benefit non-poor more than the poor, because non-poor have more awareness and technology of cash crops. Preferential measures to enhance the poor’s benefits are necessary.

133. Efforts from different agencies to alleviate poverty such as technical training, non-farm skill training, have been made to EMs. The LRH will facilitate and enlarge impacts of poverty reduction efforts, which widely and highly benefit the poor in the whole LRH area.

5.3.5 Gender Impacts

134. Improved transport condition in G320 and local roads will benefit women in terms of safer travelling. It is men who mainly ride motorcycle and accordingly will get more benefits than women from driving motorcycle in G320, while most women travel by tractor and will get more benefits from tractors’ better and safer travelling. However, travelling by tractor or motorcycle is with high risk, therefore alternative ways of travelling need be developed in the rural areas. Improved transport conditions will facilitate women’s access to social and economic service, and linking village and community roads to G320 and the LRH will benefit women more. The LRH and improved G320 will help attract more tourists, and accordingly create other related business opportunities. More women than men are good at providing tourism services and related small businesses and should benefit more opportunities. Due to poor transport conditions, lack of initial capital and non-farm skills, there are currently few women of Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang villages doing small businesses, and effective measures need be taken to build their business capacity.

135. Land acquisition will negatively affect women’s agricultural activities, because vast majority of women stay at communities and do not migrate outside. House demolition will also negatively affect in terms of caring of families.

136. Damage of irrigation systems will negatively affect women because without enough water, crops cannot be planted and cannot grow well.

137. Separation of houses from farmlands will negatively affect women. Women usually go to farmland by foot. Without the LRH, women can go to farmland through shortcuts while if the LRH separates houses from farmlands and without proper underpasses/overpasses, women have to take laborious detour.

138. Pollution of drinking water sources will negatively affect women. It is women cook meals for their families. If the drinking water were polluted, women have to be faced with difficulty in collecting water.

5.3.6 Summary Social Impact Assessment

133. Based on the assessment presented in Table 5-14, the most significant potential negative impacts of the LRH include: (i) land acquisition impacts and resettlement of ethnic minorities; (ii) construction disturbance to lives and production of EM communities; (iii) increasing risks of spreading communicable diseases, drug use and trafficking; (iv) possibility of culture violation during construction and loss of heritage and identity due to induced economic and tourism development; and (vi) potential cross border issues stemming from an increase of Myanmar migrants in Dehong or local people working in Myanmar that could increase the spread HIV/AIDS, other communicable diseases, drug trafficking and drug use.

134. LREC will ensure that appropriate enhancement, mitigation and monitoring measures are taken to manage these impacts/risks. Firstly, LRH construction can have some positive economic benefits, so LREC has agreed to take some measures (see Section 6.1) to ensure these will benefit the local people, particularly nearby EM communities, the poor and women. Secondly, resettlement will have large negative impacts on ethnic minorities; for this reason a separate RP has been prepared. Ethnic minority aspects of resettlement are addressed in the RP. Thirdly, for disease prevention, the construction workers and local people are at moderate risks to HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Prevention measures for HIV/AIDS are specified in the HAPP and measures for the other communicable diseases are presented in Section 6.2. Fourthly, all the other negative impacts or risks are considered low but some mitigation measures are presented in Section 6.2). Lastly, given the measures and efforts currently being taken by local government and NGOs (see Section 5.2), many potential negative impacts or risks of the Project are reduced or manageable. Nonetheless, some complementary measures will be taken by local government to safeguard ethnic minorities and ensure inclusive benefits (see Section 6.3).

Table 5-14 Social Impact Assessment of Negative Risks Social Baseline Quantify Existing Predicted Proposed Residual EM Groups Initial Project Gender Existing NGO Monitoring of Impact or Conditions Project Management Impact/Risk Mitigation Impacts/ at Risk Risk (degree) Analysis Programs Residual Risks Risk (2008/09) Impacts Measures Assessment Measures Risk 1. Land Acquisition and Resettlement caused by expressway/highway construction 1.1 Land Villages have 11,500 mu Mainly Dai Large negative Impacts are felt Avoidance of None Large impact Compensation to Large position Refer to Acquisition large land - 1% of village who are less impact at the land acquisition AHs benefit monitoring area, ranging land vulnerable, household requirements in from 1.5 to - 35 affected some level; on-farm the RP 2.5 mu/capita villages Jingpo, and labor force is De'ang are equally male more and female vulnerable - farmland Some villages 5,143 mu Mainly Dai Large impact Impacts are felt Avoidance of None Moderate Compensation to AHs will be Income losses have large - 2% of village on EM AHs at the good farmland impact and risk AHs plus restored within 1- restoration, arable land farmland household during design of income and livelihood training 2 years especially for area, ranging - 4050 partially Moderate level; on-farm livelihood loss and support, vulnerable AHs from 1.5 to AH (75% EM) impact on labor force is especially 5.0 mu/capita villages equally male vulnerable AHs and female - orchard or Varies by 10 mu Small impact at Impacts are felt Avoidance of None Moderate Compensation to Takes time to Seriously AHs tea loss village AH level (but at the orchards during impact and risk AHs plus restore lost will vary by household design of income and livelihood training income from village) level; on-farm livelihood loss and support, orchards, so labor force is especially other income equally male vulnerable AHs opportunities and female must be provided for AHs - timber Some villages 5,672 mu Moderate Men are usually Villages have None Minor impact AH can sell the AHs will benefit Replanting of forest have large - 2% of village impact at involved in restrictions on and possible cut timber and from timber and trees within losses forest land forestland village level; forestry logging benefit receive can invest funds same or other area, ranging remaining compensation in new trees or villages in from 5 to 15 forest land is and land and tree other business county mu/capita abundant losses 1.2 House Housing 75% of 580 Mostly Dai Moderate Impacts affect Some villages None Moderate Compensation to AH can benefit Ensure house demolition conditions affected and Han; impact on AH the household are undergoing impact on AH, AHs plus from new houses plots are vary and households some Jingpo but there are village but can be an relocation in better locations allocated average are EMs (De'ang) Minor impact some gender modernization opportunity for subsidies; local with services; before on villages

Social Baseline Quantify Existing Predicted Proposed Residual EM Groups Initial Project Gender Existing NGO Monitoring of Impact or Conditions Project Management Impact/Risk Mitigation Impacts/ at Risk Risk (degree) Analysis Programs Residual Risks Risk (2008/09) Impacts Measures Assessment Measures Risk house size is issues; new programs some AH government to only risk is AH demolition; large - house could be assist with site may invest other minimize construction registered in Can be allocation as compensation or temporary costs are low both names integrated with early as possible borrow funds to housing period village housing build a bigger development house 1.3 No existing Expressway Dai, Jingpo About xx Affect women The design of NA The impacts The design Based on LREC should Separation obstructions will split some (De'ang villages will be more than men expressway can be reduced institute will liaise previous monitor and of villagers villages and village can be impacted, so for women includes but there will with local experience, many supervise these from block local avoided - the impact is usually go to underpasses and still be some communities to issues will still activities, and farmland roads, tunnel) significant farmland by overpasses, restricted design and locate arise during ensure timely irrigation and foot while men although there access to their the appropriate construction. resolution with drainage by motorcycle are design and lands and number of These will need community canals cost constraints changes to passes, irrigation to be mitigated leaders. The water supply and drainage quickly through a external and drainage canals. community monitor will Contractors will liaison or investigate and be required to grievance confirm minimize redress whether issues disruption of mechanism, with are addressed access and water close supervision adequately and systems. by LREC timely. 2. Communicable Diseases 2.1 Prevalence of Project Mostly Dai Moderate risk Both men and HIV/AIDS UNAIDS, Red Low to Awareness for (i) HIV prevention is Awareness HIV/AIDS HIV is construction people along of spreading women are at awareness is Cross, Health moderate risk - all project adequate to programs, and STIs reported to be will require 10- alignment disease risk but for quite high in Unlimited, need to target construction manage project condom use, 1.2% in 15,000 (not so different Dehong, but risky Global Fund, high risk groups workers (sub- construction risks behavioral Dehong workers (50% vulnerable) - outside reasons men behavior is still Clinton (migrants from contractors), change, and (14,000 from outside) but also workers were higher risk common (use of Foundation, Myanmar and new cases of persons); De'ang than women condoms) Ruili Women local EMs) (ii) nearby STIs and HIV - local villages, (iii) local communities because men and Children have higher CNY13 million Development, CSWs - CSWs mobility annual budget for AIDS Care prevention China (Ruili Project Main Moderate risk Both men and Bamboo Ongoing risks YPDOT will Low Not possible operation will commercial to visitors and women are at Group), World but awareness collaborate with within Project bring more centers have local people risk but for Vision, PSI programs have HIV/AIDS construction

Social Baseline Quantify Existing Predicted Proposed Residual EM Groups Initial Project Gender Existing NGO Monitoring of Impact or Conditions Project Management Impact/Risk Mitigation Impacts/ at Risk Risk (degree) Analysis Programs Residual Risks Risk (2008/09) Impacts Measures Assessment Measures Risk truck drivers already been (who have risky different already and tourists to exposed to behavior and reasons targeted truck Dehong outsiders drug users - drivers youth) 2.2 Malaria Incidence is 10-15,000 People living Moderate risk Gender neutral CNYxxx million Red Cross, Moderate risk Proper sanitation Low if awareness Monitor 1000 per project in southern to migrant annual budget for Health to construction at work sites; use and prevention implementation 100,000 in construction border areas workers and prevention - Unlimited workers in Ruili of mosquito nets, measures are of awareness Dehong; drug workers at risk; - Dai, Jingpo, local people awareness and parts of spraying taken and prevention resistant disease may Han, Lisu - programs and Luxi during buildings, measures; strains exist spread from local people spraying rainy season treatment for testing workers near the Myanmar have some affected workers border during the tolerance rainy season 2.3 Dengue Very few both due to Border areas Low risk but Gender neutral CDCs monitor None Low risk Proper sanitation Low Monitor cases cases in proximity and and towns - consider a cases and then at work sites; use and ensure Dehong; no due to migrant mainly Ruili serious disease take prevention of mosquito nets, treatment is prevention workers who (Dai, Jingpo, concern by measures treatment for provided drugs aren't required Han) CDCs affected workers 2.4 Rat Sporadic to have regular Potentially all Low risk Gender neutral, CDCs have None Low risk Proper sanitation Very low Monitor plague cases exist in health checks groups although program to at work sites; sanitation at China; During outbreaks are ensure proper treatment for construction incidence is operation, possible in sanitation and affected workers sites higher in many tourists construction control Myanmar, but will come and camps where no cases cross border mostly men near the traffic will work border increase 2.5 Incidence is All groups but Moderate risk Gender neutral, CNYxxx million WHO, Global Moderate risks Annual health Low Monitor Tubercu- 200 per primarily the although men annual budget for Funds, Health due to large screening for all implementation losis 100,000 in poor or may have more treatment Unlimited construction workers; of awareness Dehong; people with contact with workforce and quarantine & and prevention some drug lower workers that migrant treatment for measures; resistant immunities are TB positive workers affected workers testing workers strains exist (HIV positive) In terms of time inputs, affect women more than men,

4. Drug Use, Trafficking and Human Trafficking 3.1. Drug 10-20,000 Use may Jingpo at high Longer term Drug use is Anti-drug World Vision Indirect risk None required Low Monitor use drug addicts increase due risk due to moderate risk much higher in awareness after but drug use awareness in Dehong, proximity to lifestyle of due to men programs are expressway awareness can programs number of Myanmar, low men; Dai and increased now widespread operation; be included in the drug addicts cost drugs, other groups economic in Dehong related to disease is declining rising incomes also at risk development (schools, economic awareness and increase in (mostly a government development program tourists. During behavioral offices) - rather than the construction, issue) combined with Project no significant other programs incremental impact. 3.2 Drug Dehong is Volume is low, Dai may be Expressway will Men are Public Security UNODC Low risk Recommend Low Monitor the trafficking one of the so doesn't middlemen; have no direct primarily Bureau, Border government to number of main routes need other groups impact. involved but Police and Traffic continue check points for drugs into expressway. are not so Focusing traffic women can be Police collaborate programs and established the PRC; Related active (check at main border used for to control drug controls; the about 100 economic Jingpo from points will trafficking trafficking; also expressway will arrests per growth may Kacchim better controls awareness have some year in Ruili cause State) may reduce programs for checkpoints at increased use incidence. communities interchanges 3.3 Human Problem is Human Burmese are Expressway will Women and Public Security UNIAP Low risk of Recommend Low Monitor the trafficking serious in trafficking at higher risk, have no direct girls are most Bureau, Social direct impacts - government to number of Myanmar, but doesn't need for sex impact. vulnerable Welfare, ACWF, accessibility to continue check points not so to use workers, Focusing traffic Border Police area is already programs and established prevalent in expressway. marriage, at main border and Traffic Police good controls; the Dehong. Social and illegal points will collaborate to expressway will Some people economic adoption and better controls control human have some are trafficked problems in forced labor. may reduce trafficking and checkpoints at

Social Baseline Quantify Existing Predicted Proposed Residual EM Groups Initial Project Gender Existing NGO Monitoring of Impact or Conditions Project Management Impact/Risk Mitigation Impacts/ at Risk Risk (degree) Analysis Programs Residual Risks Risk (2008/09) Impacts Measures Assessment Measures Risk Economic Globalization All groups, Potentially a Yes, many Limited Local Within Local Potential for Liaise with local development can threaten but especially significant taboos relate to institutes mitigation government adverse impacts government to may diminish the traditional De'ang and impact on their gender habits conduct measures, should support will always exist encourage local value lifestyles and Achang cultures studies impact could be cultural culturally and customs intangible significant. development and appropriate culture. culturally development. Tourism can appropriate Monitor both promote tourism. whether actions or damage are taken. local cultures. 5.5 Economic Mandarin is Dai, Jingpo, Impact has Neutral (literacy Some bilingual SIL Incremental Recommend Potential for Monitor Language development already quite De'ang, Lisu, already been rates for male education is International impact is not local government adverse impacts whether actions and in- essential for Achang felt and is likely and female are supported but large but the to promote local will always exist are taken. migration of local people to to continue nearly the economic Project will languages and Han may secure good unless local same) opportunities continue the local businesses. reduce the jobs. Further languages are encourage current trend use of ethnic growth may promoted people to learn (depends on in- languages diminish the Mandarin migration of use of local Han) languages. 6. Adverse Impacts on Local Culture and Ethnic Minority Groups in Myanmar (Shan State and Kachin State) 6.1 Logging Chinese Expressway Kachin and No incremental NA Chinese and Global If existing None required None Not required in Myanmar enterprises will not have Shan groups, impact Myanmar have Witness* controls are in may increase any impact, as most of the an agreement on place (even logging volume has logging is the amount of with some activities been done by logging illegal trade), controlled (less ethnic permitted. Some there should be than peak in Chinese controls are lax no incremental 2005) but volumes are impact from the certainly less. Project. 6.2 Influx in More Chinese Economic and Kachin and Minor influence There would be China and None Minor risk in the Not required and Minor Monitor number Chinese may go to employment Shan groups, in the short increased Myanmar control short term; beyond the of migrant business Myanmar for opportunities in most of the term; if opportunities the number of longer term control of this Chinese and business Myanmar will logging is Myanmar for local migrant workers, depends on Project workers in workers not be done by constructs a women, but it fluctuates development in northern into significantly ethnic new highway or although risks seasonally (e.g., Myanmar Myanmar

Social Baseline Quantify Existing Predicted Proposed Residual EM Groups Initial Project Gender Existing NGO Monitoring of Impact or Conditions Project Management Impact/Risk Mitigation Impacts/ at Risk Risk (degree) Analysis Programs Residual Risks Risk (2008/09) Impacts Measures Assessment Measures Risk Myanmar affected by the Chinese railway, a new could also crop harvesting) Expressway, economic increase but access will corridor may be easier develop 6.3 Influx of Increased At present, All groups but Potential Migrants would China manages Health Short term risk Not required None anticipated Monitor number Burmese economic there are more Kachin impact but long include both the flow of Unlimited is small; long of migrant workers to development thousands of and Shan if term; not many men and Burmese into term risk is Burmese Dehong in Dehong Burmese there is Burmese are women; women Dehong. The flow uncertain but workers in Prefecture may attract working in increased not allowed to may enter sex is open today but could be Dehong more workers Dehong; this political be hired for trade could be managed from could increase instability in Project restricted if through existing Myanmar due to Myanmar. construction problems arise. controls. economic They are according to growth welcome in labor contract Dehong. regulations 6.4 Drug Increased Expressway Kachin/ No incremental NA China and UNODC If existing Additional check None anticipated Drug dealers trafficking road access will not have impact Myanmar control controls are in points will be apprehended into China will lead to an impact Jingpo, the drug place (even added along the along (see also increase in since volumes Shan/Dai, trafficking but with some Expressway. Expressway 3.2) drug of drugs are Chinese reduces sources illegal trade), Continue anti- trafficking small and and using check there should be drug trafficking other routes points no incremental campaign in are used by impact from the Dehong. traffickers. Project. 6.5 Drug Drug use is Indirect Kachin, Shan Minor influence Men are more China has anti- WFP & JICA/ Short term risk Note required None related to Monitor number use in currently very economic and Chinese in the short likely to drug use program World Vision, is small; long and beyond the this Project of drug users northern high, growth could workers in term; long term become drug but controls in German term risk is control of this (beyond control Myanmar especially lead to more Myanmar depends on addicts Myanmar are Acion, Aide uncertain. Project. Chinese of Chinese Kachin and drug users economic weak. Medical Int'l, Myanmar enterprises could authorities) Shan development AZG, PRC needs to promote anti-drug and anti-drug Gov't enhance anti- use, but need program in drug control support from Myanmar Myanmar Gov't

Social Baseline Quantify Existing Predicted Proposed Residual EM Groups Initial Project Gender Existing NGO Monitoring of Impact or Conditions Project Management Impact/Risk Mitigation Impacts/ at Risk Risk (degree) Analysis Programs Residual Risks Risk (2008/09) Impacts Measures Assessment Measures Risk 6.6 Human Each year, Increased All groups; Minor influence Women are China and UNIAP, Expressway will Strengthen anti- None anticipated Monitor Trafficking hundreds of cross border potentially in the short more Myanmar have a ARTIP, not have any human trafficking but risks always numbers of (see also Burmese are trade could Kachin and term; long term vulnerable joint agreement UNICEF, direct impact, campaigns and remain people 3.3) trafficked into lead to more Shan. depends on (e.g., legitimate on human UNODC, but indirect controls in trafficked China; many Burmese economic work could turn trafficking. AFXB growth may Dehong (border through pass through trafficked into development. into forced Controls and cause more points and along Dehong Dehong or China through labor) vigilance are trafficking. Expressway) (numbers Yunnan. Dehong. good in Dehong, rescued) but border in very porous. 6.7 There are 3 Increased All groups; Potential exists Women are at China has NA Limited risk due Strengthen Residual risk Monitor Gambling casinos on border traffic potentially in short term risk of being curtailed the to Project measures to exist but depend gambling and Myanmar side and tourism Kachin/ due to drawn into visas for Chinese construction control gambling upon Myanmar business prostitution of border, but could lead to Jingpo and construction prostitution to enter and longer term and prostitution. authorities in northern business has increase in Shan/Dai. workers and in Myanmar. increase in Encourage Myanmar been gambling and longer term due Gambling border traffic. different types of curtailed. prostitution to increased businesses have tourist. business and declined in this tourism. region. 6.8 Incidence of Increased Kachin/ Moderate Women at risk HIV/AIDS Health Moderate risk Strengthen Possible increase CDCs to HIV/AIDS HIV in border border traffic, Jingpo and impact during due to programs in Unlimited during Project awareness & in incidence to monitor and STIs towns is very business and Shan/Dai. Project commercial sex Myanmar are construction prevention in general public prevalence and (see 2.1) high in tourism could construction work; men also weak and operation border areas; new cases Myanmar lead to spread and operation at high risk provide access to of HIV treatment on Chinese side 6.9 Other Increased Kachin/ Indirect impact Gender neutral Communicable Health Longer term Strengthen Concern for drug CDCs to communica border traffic, Jingpo and possible during disease Unlimited for risk is possible disease resistant malaria monitor new ble business and Shan/Dai. Project prevention & malaria and awareness & and tuberculosis, cases and diseases tourism could construction control programs tuberculosis prevention in as well as adjust control (see 2.2 to lead to spread and operation in Myanmar are border areas; increase of measures as 2.5) of diseases weak dengue necessary UNIAP - United Nations Inter-Agency Project; UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; AZG – Artsen Zonter Grezen; PSI - Population Services International; Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project (ARTIP); Association Francois-Xavier Bagnoud (AFXB). * Global Witness provides an oversight role by monitoring illegal logging activities in many developing countries, including Myanmar.

6 EMDP ACTION PLAN

138. The social impact assessment in Section 5.3 identified a number of Project related benefits and negative impacts that may occur, which were listed in Table 5-14. This action plan specifies the measures that the LREC has agreed to take to (i) enhance project benefits in an inclusive and culturally appropriate manner; and (ii) mitigate negative impacts and other potential risks. In addition, there are many ongoing government programs that will help to enhance benefits and mitigate adverse risks, as indicated in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. Such measures have been discussed with the relevant local government agencies and are also included as part of the EMDP action plan; however, these will only be monitored in terms of whether they are effective in complementing Project benefits or mitigating negative risks; if not, further direct measures may need to be taken by YPDOT LREC. The details of the agreed measures are presented in the following subsections. Section 6.1 describes the enhancement measures to be taken by LREC, Section 6.2 describes the mitigation measures to be taken by LREC, and Section 6.3 describes the ongoing complementary measures being taken by local government agencies. The EMDP action plan is summarized in Table 6-1.

6.1 Proposed Benefits Enhancement Measures

6.1.1 Employment Priority to Ethnic Minorities

139. LREC will encourage civil works contractors to give preference for the LRH created unskilled employment to ethnic minorities, the poor and women, especially to resettlement affected households, and those around the LRH alignment. Priority will be given for using locally produced construction materials procured from local suppliers. LREC will ensure these measures are included in the LRH construction contracts. LREC will also give preference to local people for operations and maintenance jobs.

6.1.2 Giving Preference of other Services to Ethnic Minorities

140. Logistics services to the construction workers, such as vegetable, food etc. can be provided by ethnic minorities. The contractors will purchase these kinds for services or materials from ethnic minorities if the cost and quality of service is reasonable.

141. There will be three services centers along the LRH, with shops and eating areas for travelers. It is a good opportunity to exhibit and sell items of ethnic minorities. The LREC and ERABs will coordinate and ensure to set up shops and eating areas for ethnic minorities items and food in one or more centers.

Table 6-1: EMDP Action Plan (2010-2015) Funding Needs Agencies Risks and Proposed Actions Target Group(s) Timing & Sources Monitoring Indicators Involved (CNY) 1. PROJECT BENEFIT ENHANCEMENT MEASURES 60% of unskilled construction labor employment to local people including ethnic minorities, and 20% Resettlement affected Contractors, 2011- No additional % of EMs employed to women including ethnic minority women, which Dai, De’ang, Jingpo LREC, 2014 cost will be included in the civil works contracts 2011- No additional % of local materials Use local construction materials and suppliers Local companies Contractors, LREC 2014 cost used Contracting logistic services (water, vegetable, Dai, De’ang, Jingpo 2011- No additional % of services contracted Contractors, ERAB etc ) of construction workers to ethnic minorities along the expressway 2014 cost to EMs Resettlement affected 2011- No additional Give tunnels, bridges EM names LREC, ERABs # of tunnels EMs 2015 cost Set up ethnic minority item shop in the service 2011- # of EM shops in the All five EM groups LREC, ERABs LRH budget centers 2015 areas Regular meetings with communities to maintain Resettlement affected 2011- Contractors, LREC LRH budget # of meeting organized good relationship with community, communities 2014 Special actions for EM communities done Resettlement affected 2010- Contractors' Special actions taken by LREC, ERABs voluntarily by construction companies Dai, De’ang 2014 budget contractors 2. MITIGATION MEASURES TO ADDRESS SOCIAL RISKS 2.1 Minimize land acquisition and house demolition effect Design the expressway to avoid damage of Resettlement affected LREC, Design Refer to RP, plus farmland, water source, irrigation system minorities (Mainly Dai, institute, Land 2010- The LRH budget - Degree of satisfaction Proper compensation and relocation and a few De’ang and resource bureaus, 2013 of EM households Sustainable livelihood development and training Jingpo) ERABs Restore of temporarily occupied farmland, irrigation system 2.2 Minimize effect of separating of house Contractors, % of EM communities from farmland Resettlement affected 2011- design institute, LRH budget satisfied with local Build appropriate and adequate passes Dai, De’ang or Jingpo 2014 LREC, CBs access (underpass or overpass) 2.3 Minimize effect on EM culture # of relics documented, Dai and possibly other Contractors, 2010- LRH budget Monitor to ensure there are no impacts on cultural if discovered under EMs LREC, CABs, 2014 (refer to EMP) relics or holy trees alignment EM cultural awareness program for construction % of workers trained workers Contractors, 2011- Dai, De’ang, Jingpo LRH budget Level of community Liaise with community leaders to respect local LREC, ERAB 2014 relations customs and taboos Contractors, 2011- Proximity of construction Avoid work-camps near De'ang villages De’ang LRH budget LREC, ERAB 2014 camps to De’ang 54

Funding Needs Agencies Risks and Proposed Actions Target Group(s) Timing & Sources Monitoring Indicators Involved (CNY) communities 2.4 Minimize risk of communicable diseases HIV/AIDS Awareness for LREC staff, contractors LRH budget, - all project construction workers LREC, contractors, 2010- staff, construction ADB TA, local Refer to HAPP - nearby villages, HBs, CDCs 2015 workers, villagers, CSWs government - local commercial sex workers (CSWs) Malaria prevention and control among construction workers All work sites and Contractors, HBs, 2011- # of nets provided - proper sanitation at work sites; LRH budget construction workers CDCs 2014 # of rooms sprayed - use of mosquito nets, spraying buildings - treatment for affected workers Tuberculosis prevention and control among construction workers Contractors, HBs, 2011- # of workers screened All construction workers LRH budget - annual health screening for all workers; CDCs 2014 # of workers treated quarantine & treatment for affected workers 2.5 Anti-drug use and trafficking, anti-human trafficking Anti-drug use Construction 2011- - drug use awareness be included in the disease Contractors, PSBs LRH budget # of training workers 2014 prevention program Anti-drug trafficking and human trafficking - City governments continue and strengthen the 2011- Government current anti-drug trafficking and anti-human Border check points PSBs Check points added 2015 budget trafficking systems and efforts. - Add check points along the LongRui expressway 3. COMPLEMENTARY MEASURES of LOCAL GOVERNMENT 3.1 Improving Village and Community Road Dehong and 20 million from Network Roads connecting to LREC will monitor city/county CBs, Dehong CB Improving local roads of EM communities remote Jingpo, De’ang, 2011- whether the PADOs, ERABs PSB budget Community-based village road maintenance Lisu, Dai and A’chang 2015 complementary PSBs, ADB $200,000 grant Provide road safety awareness to EM villages measures are being consultant from ADB communities effective to enhance 3.2 Increasing Agricultural Products project benefit and/or 10 million from Priority of agricultural technology trainings to EMs mitigate negative risks; Remote Jingpo, De’ang, Dehong ABs ; Priority of cash crop cultivation and trainings to ABs, PADOs, 2011- if negative impacts Lisu, Dai and A’chang 20 million from EMs (De’ang tea and Jingpo/Lisu walnut) ERABs, FBs 2015 arise, LREC will take villages Ruili PADOs, Supporting local entrepreneurs to market farm further mitigation ERABs, ABs products measures. 3.3 Increasing Non-farm Engagement Priority of small business skills trainings to EMs, Women in remote PADOs, ACWFs, 2011- 0.1 million from Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu, Dai ERABs, AHBs, 2015 PADO, ACWFs, 55

Funding Needs Agencies Risks and Proposed Actions Target Group(s) Timing & Sources Monitoring Indicators Involved (CNY) especially women and A’chang villages RCC ERABs Giving priority of micro-credit to poor ethnic 3.5 million from minorities PADOs, ACWFs, AHBs，RCC 3.4 Improving Marketing Environment Part of Priority of building markets centers to remote EM Government Remote EM communities PADOs, ERABs, 2011- communities and villages, budget of 421 with more population CBs 2015 th Upgrading community and village roads linking to million in 12 the markets FYP 3.5 Cultural Development and Prevention of Cultural Loss Priority of building cultural centers to EM communities and villages Enriching the cultural centers with introduction of Remote Jingpo, De’ang, 5.2 million from CABs, PADOs, 2011- EM culture, tradition, and traditional items Lisu, Dai and A’chang CBs, PADOs, ERABs 2015 Setting up a large and open area for volunteer villages ERABs dance and other kinds of cultural related activities Increase awareness of cultural identity Formulate strategies & plans to strengthen cultural systems 3.6 Facilitating Tourism Promotion of attractions (tourist signs and EM guides) EM communities with Tourism bureaus, 2011- Government Provide good quality services and infrastructure good tourism potential CBs 2015 budget that is environmental sound, such as public toilets, trash bins Provide good road access to tourist sites 3.7 Monitoring Cross-Border Social Impacts • Monitor the effectiveness of ongoing programs to prevent HIV/AIDS, other communicable diseases, EM communities along YPDOT, HBs, 2011- Government drug use & trafficking and human trafficking the border areas in Luxi PSBs, and Border 2015 budget • If required, identify additional measures if ongoing and Ruili Cities Police Office programs are not effective in addressing Project- related impacts AB = Agricultural Bureau; ACWF = All-China Women Federation; AHB = Animal Husbandry Bureau; CAB = Cultural Affairs Bureau; CB = Communications Bureau; ERAB = Ethnic and Religious Affairs Bureau; FB = Forest Bureau; HAPP = HIV/AIDS Prevention Plan; HB = Health Bureaus; PADO = Poverty Alleviation and Development Office; RCC = Rural Credit Cooperative; RP = Resettlement Plan.

6.1.3 Giving Ethnic Minority Name to the Bridges and/or Tunnels

142. Some bridges and tunnels in the LRH having not yet been given names. To give ethnic minority name(s) to these bridges and tunnels will be helpful to instill pride in the ethnic cultures. LREC, city/Dehong ERABs and Cultural Affairs Bureaus will discuss with nearby villages and communities to select appropriate names.

6.1.4 Continuous Consultation during Implementation

143. It will take four years to construct the LRH so it is important for the contractors to have good relationships with affected villages. Therefore, continuous consultations and regular meetings with village leaders during implementation is not only requirement of the Project but also a cost-effective way for solving any problem before it gets serious. This is the responsibility of LREC, the supervision engineers, and the contractors. However, the contractors may lack awareness or culturally appropriate ways to consult and communicate with villagers. Therefore, LREC will provide training to contractors on the community relation requirements and culturally appropriate communication skills. A Consultation and Participation plan is included in Section 7.2.

6.1.5 Encouraging the Contractors' Contribution to Ethnic Minorities

144. There will be more than ten civil works contractors. Some of them may have willingness to do some good things to ethnic minorities. LREC together with city ERABs can consult ethnic minority villages/communities to identify some key and urgent needs of ethnic minority village/community or poor ethnic minority households. LREC will then provide the ideas and suggestions to the contractors and let them do some things on their own. This approach has been effective in building good community relations on previous highway projects in Yunnan.

6.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures

6.2.1 Minimizing Resettlement Impacts on EMs

145. The major negative impact of the LRH is land acquisition and house demolition. Effective measures to avoid, minimize, compensate or mitigate the impacts are agreed to in the Resettlement Plan (RP). Proper compensation is required, which is fully discussed in the RP.

146. The LRH alignment has been designed to minimize ethnic minorities land acquisition and house demolition, avoid damage of irrigation system and drinking water sources, and avoid separation of houses from farmland. Underpasses or overpasses have been planned that are sufficient in number and adequate in terms of location and size based on meaningful and full consultation with affected people. LREC will continue such consultation during detailed design and construction.

6.2.2 Minimizing Impacts on Ethnic Minorities' Culture

147. The LRH alignment goes next to some Dai, Jingpo and De’ang villages/communities, which have unique cultures, traditions, and taboos. It is necessary to train the construction workers on ethnic minority cultures, traditions and taboos to make sure that they will not violate local culture, which is the contractors’ responsibility. However, mangers of the contractors may not be familiar with ethnic minority culture, and they may not able to carry out the training to the workers. Therefore, it is necessary that the contractors coordinate with city ERABs, township governments and village/community leader to carry out this awareness training. LREC and ERABs will be responsible to monitor the quality community relations during Project construction.

148. If there are sensitive issues, another way to avoid violation of ethnic minority culture is to avoid setting up work camps nearby De’ang village/community, so the contractors can ensure the avoidance.

149. Originally, there was concern that the LRH could impact three cultural relics and two of them are Dai cultural points. However, the alignment has been designed to avoid impacts to these relics; similarly, no holy trees will be affected. This will be monitored in the EMP.

6.2.3 Ensuring Traffic Safety During Construction

150. There is traffic safety risk along part of G320 and other local roads during the LRH construction. Proposed measures to ensure traffic safety for all people, especially children, the elderly, and the handicapped include:

• Training construction workers on traffic safety at the start of the LRH construction. This is a normal item in the contracts. • The implementation of appropriate traffic safety measures needs to be monitored by the LREC supervision engineers, which includes: (i) good design of construction access points; (ii) appropriate signage and lighting for detours in local languages; (iii) flag persons to direct traffic in high congestion areas; (iv) regular maintenance of local roads damaged by construction vehicles; and (v) fencing to control access to dangerous work areas.

6.2.4 Minimizing Spread of Communicable Diseases

151. LREC will be responsible to ensure that LRH civil works contracts include measures to prevent communicable diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. For HIV/AIDS, activities are detailed in the HIV/AIDS Prevention Plan (HAPP). These activities include awareness and training of managers, technicians, foremen, construction workers of all contract

sections, as well as supervision engineers and LREC staff. The HAPP has also specific measures that the local health/bureaus will implement as part of their ongoing programs which target local communities and entertainment centers. The effectiveness of the HAPP will be monitored and reported to LREC.

152. Other communicable diseases which pose risks are malaria and tuberculosis, especially with incoming construction workers coming from outside who will mix with local people on construction sites or in nearby communities. Prevention measures for malaria include use of mosquito nets and spraying buildings before the workers move in. Separation of tuberculosis patients from others is an effective way to stop spreading of tuberculosis, and therefore annual health screening and treatment of any workers with tuberculosis is necessary. The contractors need to ensure these preventive measures are included in their contract bids. Where necessary, the contractors can seek the assistance of local CDCs for awareness training, monitoring and treatment. In this manner, the approach to disease control can be consistent with their ongoing programs.

6.2.5 Anti-drug Use and Trafficking

153. The construction workers are also at risk to drug use. To raise the workers’ awareness on anti-drug in needed. It is suggested to include the awareness-raising in the disease prevention program. Meanwhile, suggest that governments continue and strengthen the current anti-drug use working system. The contractors may not have experience in methods and measures to anti-drug use, and it is suggested that the contractors coordinate with city Public Security Bureaus (PSBs) to get technical support for the training.

154. The city PSBs and border police office will continue and strengthen the current anti-drug trafficking check and other efforts, and add check points along the LRH. LREC will coordinate with the city PSBs to ensure that Project construction and operation does not lead to an increase in drug use or trafficking. These actions will be coordinated with measures taken by the Myanmar Government, which receives assistance from the United Nations Office for Drug Control.

6.2.6 Anti-human Trafficking

155. Although the Project is not expected to have a significant impact on human trafficking, the city governments will continue and strengthen the current anti-human trafficking working system and efforts which is the responsibility of the PSBs in collaboration with the Border Police Office, Social Welfare Offices and All China Women's Federation (ACWF). These actions will be coordinated with measures taken by the Myanmar Government. For the LRH component, new check points will be included at certain interchanges.

6.3 Complementary Measures of Local Government

156. Besides above benefits enhancement and mitigation measures, there are existing local government programs that can make great contribution to local benefit and managing adverse risks. If preference is given to ethnic minorities, especially those who are poor, the Project benefits will be more inclusive.

6.3.1 Improving Village and Community Road Network

157. The Dehong Communications Bureau has a five-year plan to build and upgrade township, village, and community roads, especially those roads linking remote villages and communities of Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang to township and county roads and further to G320 and the LRH. This local road program will ensure that benefits are received by ethnic minorities in terms of passenger movements and transport of their materials. Poverty reduction programs implemented by city PADOs and ethnic minority development programs implemented by city ERAB may also include improvements to village roads.

158. The city PSBs will provide road safety awareness to EM communities by delivering leaflets, posters etc. and training local riders of motorcycle and tractor on traffic safety during and after the LRH, which are jobs of city and township transport bureaus.

6.3.2 Increasing Agricultural Products and Non-farm Engagement

159. Dehong government agencies will conduct agricultural technical and cash crop cultivation trainings for ethnic minorities, especially to those in remote communities with potential resources, such as tea for De’ang, walnut for Jingpo and Lisu. This will help to increase land productivities and products, and thereby raise the incomes of farmers. The Agricultural Bureaus as well as the PADOs and ERABs have been inputting a lot of resources in this aspect.

160. PADOs, ERABs, ACWF, and Animal Husbandry Bureau (AHB) have a large budgets to train farmers including ethnic minorities in non-farm skills, such as small business skills to women, which will enhance ethnic minority farmers’ capacity in being engaged in non-farm activities. This will enable them to benefit from the increased economic development opportunities generated by the LRH project.

161. Provision of micro-credit to ethnic minorities, especially the poor, increases their opportunities to obtain more income from agricultural production or non-farm activities. Several government departments have been providing micro-credit to the poor. The households affected by land acquisition will also be targeted for support.

6.3.3 Facilitating Tourism

162. When the LRH begins operation, more tourists will be attracted into the Project area, which will create more employment opportunities. Introduction of attractions, setting up tourist signs and guides, and provision of good services of logistics and environment protection, such as public toilets, trashes, are important for facilitating development of tourism. The Ruili and Luxi cities’ Tourism Bureaus have been doing these, but there should be more support for ethnic minority villages to participate and benefit from tourism development.

163. Also, tourism development may have adverse impacts on ethnic minority cultures, so the ERABs and CABs will coordinate with the Tourism Bureaus to ensure tourism development is cultural appropriate and supports cultural development.

6.3.4 Cultural Development

164. The local Cultural Affairs Bureaus (CABs) have been carrying out activities to promote development of ethnic minority culture, such as building cultural centers in EM communities and villages, providing traditional items, such as instruments, musical CDs and CD players; exhibiting EMs clothing, photos of festival celebration, etc. If these cultural resources are developed effectively, they can lead to more tourism visits and resources. The implementation of such initiatives can also be coordinated with ERABs, PADOs and ACWF.

165. Dehong Government through the ERAB and CAB will (i) increase awareness of cultural identity, as well as possible threats due to development, and (ii) formulate strategies and plans for local people to participate in economic development in ways that strengthen their cultural systems. Support will be provided by local institutes including the Yunnan Nationalities University, Yunnan Nationalities Museum, Yunnan University and Yunnan Academy of Social Science.

6.3.5 Improving Marketing Environment

166. Improving market facilities and environment is one of the big needs of ethnic minorities, especially those in remote area, for timely selling their products. PADOs and ERABs have been establishing markets centers in ethnic minority communities and villages, building relevant infrastructure, such as different service areas, service stands, drinking water and drainage system, and upgrading community and village roads linking to the markets.

6.3.6 Improving Health Services

167. Village clinic is very helpful for ethnic minorities to treat some minor medical problems. Health Bureaus (HB), PAOs, ERABs all have more or less resources to help villages to build or improve their clinics, and to provide technical training to clinic doctors. However, the demands on clinics along the LRH corridor will increase, so the local health bureau will need to ensure resources are maintained or upgraded to meet needs during construction and operation of LRH. The existing awareness, prevention and treatment programs will be continued or improved, especially HIV/AIDS (refer to the HAPP), drug use, malaria and tuberculosis.

7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND GRIEVANCE

168. As an integral part of the EMDP, participation and consultation have been and will continue to be conducted with the affected ethnic minority communities during the Project preparation, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation.

7.1 Consultation and Participation at Preparation Stage

169. Various stakeholders have been intensively consulted at the preparation stage, which is presented in Section 5-1: Stakeholder Analysis.

7.2 Consultation and Participation Plan for Design and Implementation

170. LREC, design institute(s) and the contractors will conduct public consultation in the rest of the Project design and implementation. A public consultation and participation plan will be implemented under the supervision of LREC (see Table 7-1).

Table 7-1: Public Participation Plan during Implementation Project Purpose Methods Date Responsible Participants Activities stage and tools institute townships, affected village Disclosure of Confirmation leaders and designed passes of location LREC, the farmer including the number, and size of Apr- design institute, representatives location, and the size. Village the Aug City (women and discussion, meeting underpasses 2010 Communications men, Han and improvement if or over Bureau EMs, the poor needed, and passes and non-poor, confirmation of the Design the young and passes the elderly) townships, LREC, the Giving EM affected village design institute, Identification proper names to Village leaders and 2010 City EM names to the bridges and meeting farmer Communications bridges and tunnels tunnels representatives Bureau (women and 62

Project Purpose Methods Date Responsible Participants Activities stage and tools institute men, Han and EMs, the poor and non-poor, the young and the elderly) Village Disclosure of employment ERAB, Township meeting, 2011- Employment of EMs (men Contractors governments, TV 2014 information to affected and women) village leaders advertising EMs Disclosure purchase use of local TV 2011- information to local construction Contractors advertising 2014 companies materials

giving logistic services (water, vegetable, ERAB, township Disclosure of services Village 2011- etc ) of Contractors governments, opportunities to meeting 2014 construction village leaders affected EMs workers to Construction ethnic minorities Disclosure and discussion of land Village Contractors, Township acquisition and house Mitigation of meeting 2011- City Land governments, demolition, and resettlement and field 2014 Resource village leaders, compensation impacts survey Bureau affected people standard Carrying out livelihood restoration training CDC, Teaching construction construction managers, workers, Mitigation of 2011- Training Contractors managers, and CSW on HIV/AIDS 2014 workers, and prevention and control CSW of HIV and AIDS Carfully Anti-drug examine at 2015 PSBs and trafficking PSB, border Operation border and Border Police Examine and check and human police offices check after Office trafficking points

171. The EMDP will be submitted to ADB for review and approval, and uploaded to ADB website. The final EMDP will then be disclosed to the targeted townships and villages.

7.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism

172. Although public consultation and participation are intensively conducted in the preparation stage, there will be some unforeseeable problems occurring in the implementation phase. In order to solve problems effectively, a transparent and effective grievance and appeal

channel will be established and utilized. The basic procedures for grievance can include any the following informal and formal channels15:

(i) If any affected person is aggrieved by any aspect of the Project, he/she can state their grievance and appeal to the village committee in oral or in written form. If an oral appeal is made, the village/or township will record it on paper and process it. Village committee will make decision on or resolve it in two weeks; or

(ii) He/she can state their grievance and appeal to the Contract Manager's Office in oral or in written form. The Contract Manager's Office will make decision on or resolve it in two weeks; or

(iii) He/she can appeal to the LREC management office in oral or in written form. LREC will make decision on or resolve it in two weeks; or

(iv) He/she can appeal to the EM representative of the Project Leading Group in oral or in written form. The Project Leading Group will make decision on or resolve it in two weeks.

(v) If the aggrieved person is still not satisfied with any of the above decisions, he/she can make a formal appeal to the township government. The township government will make decision on or resolve it in two weeks.

(vi) If the aggrieved person is still not satisfied with of the decision of the township government, he/she can appeal to the city/county or prefecture level government. The city/county or prefecture level government will make decision on or resolve it in two weeks.

(vii) If the aggrieved person is still dissatisfied with the decision of the local government, he/she will appeal to the civil division of a people’s court according to the civil court procedure.

173. The above offices and agencies will accept the grievance and appeals of the APs free of charge, and the reasonable expenses incurred there will be paid by the PMO from the Project’s contingency fund. The aggrieved person may also express grievance to the external monitor, who would then report it to LREC. If there is more than one household with similar grievances that stemmed from a violation of ADB's safeguard policy, they may directly appeal to ADB in accordance with ADB's Accountability Mechanism (2003).16

15 There are various channels for complaints and some have sequential steps, but the complainant may choose any option and may skip some steps. 16 http://adb.org/Documents/Policies/ADB_Accountability_Mechanism/ADB_accountability_mechanism.pdf 64

8 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

174. The Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation (YPDOT) is responsible to endorse the EMDP. The LREC is primarily responsible for implementing the EMDP and will coordinate with other key implementing agencies. For implementation of the EMDP, Yunnan Ethnic Affairs Commission and the Ruili and Luxi ERABs will provide support in terms of cultural awareness and monitoring of the EMDP effectiveness. Other key agencies for the implementation include PADOs, CABs, Communications Bureaus, HBs/CDCs, Labor Bureaus and ACWFs.

175. The actions to be implemented are either included as part of the Project budget (see Table 8-1. Section I for enhancement measure and Section II for mitigation measures) or as part of local government development budgets (see Table VIII-1 Section III the complementary measures). Local government agencies will also collaborate with actions taken by LREC. Local government staffing and related costs are covered by the local government administrative budgets.

176. The Project Leading Group will have a member responsible for EMDP implementation. The LREC will ensure that (i) adequate staff and resources are committed to supervising and monitoring the implementation of the EMDP and report progress to ADB quarterly; (ii) an independent agency acceptable to ADB is engaged to carry out investigations to monitor and evaluate progress semi-annually, and submit reports to ADB semi-annually until the completion of the Project. The monitoring reports should include data disaggregated by ethnic group and by gender, wherever relevant. The Yunnan Ethnic Affairs Commission will provide oversight and will review the external monitoring and evaluation reports and provide recommendations. City and township governments will assign staff to be responsible for implementation and coordination of the EMDP.

9 CAPACITY BUILDING

177. YPDOT and LREC have experience in implementation of ADB financial projects and ethnic minority concerns; however, some additional awareness training for existing and new staff will be provided by ADB before Project commencement. Also, the contractors and other key stakeholders who will participate in the EMDP implementation might have less experience, so their capacity will need to be improved at the commencement of the LRH Project. LREC will be responsible for arranging expertise to provide this training. If required, LREC can request ADB to participate.

178. Three trainings for the LREC and the contractor are needed, one before the EMDP implementation and two during the implementation. CNY3,000 is budgeted. Two trainings for

the other stakeholders (all stakeholders mentioned above except the LREC) are necessary, one before the EMDP implementation and one during the implementation. Another CNY3,000 is budgeted for this as well.

10 MONITORING, REPORTING AND EVALUATION

179. Objectives of the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) include:

• Assess the LRH impacts on livelihood and wellbeing of the ethnic minority groups, using Table 5-14 as a reference point; • Monitor to EMDP actions and activities as set out in Table 6-1; • Identify areas for adjustment to enhance project benefits and avoid adverse impacts on ethnic minorities; • Evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken in accordance with the indicators specified in Table 6-1; and • Summarize lessons and experiences on enhancing ethnic minority development which can be replicated in other areas.

180. LREC is responsible for internal supervision and monitoring, with assistance from local government agencies; a summary of EMDP action plan progress, will be included in the Quarterly Progress Reports submitted to ADB. In addition, an independent monitor with relevant EM experience will be contracted by LREC to carry out the external monitoring and evaluation, and prepare monitoring reports for submission semi-annually to YPDOT, Dehong ERAB and ADB until the completion of the Project. Field investigation will be conducted twice a year which include household surveys, village surveys, focus group discussions and key informant meetings with relevant agencies, focusing on the target groups and issues set out in the EMDP action plan. The TOR for the external EMDP monitor is provided in Annex 1. Reports will assess the effectiveness of each EMDP activity and will provide recommendations for follow-up by LREC. These reports will be made public available in local libraries and distributed to the relevant implementing agencies for the EMDP. ADB will upload these reports to their website.

ANNEX 1: TOR FOR THE EMDP EXTERNAL MONITOR

Terms of Reference

1. The ethnic minorities development plan (EMDP) for the Long Rui Highway (LRH) construction consolidates all specific actions that target ethnic minorities from different documents so that it forms a stand-alone document to ensure compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), particularly Safeguard Requirement 3 for Indigenous Peoples. Measures to enhance the economic conditions of ethnic minorities have either been integrated into project design or specified separately in the EMDP. The EMDP includes actions for ethnic minorities primarily in Ruili and Luxi cities, the LRH areas with significantly affected ethnic minorities.

2. The objectives of the external monitor are to: (i) ensure the action plan of EMDP is implemented according to PRC regulations and ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009); (ii) assess the impacts of the action plan of EMDP on ethnic minority welfare; (iii) assess the overall efficiency, effectiveness of the EMDP; (iv) suggest necessary adjustments to the actions in the EMDP to ensure ethnic minorities are no worse off and that they benefit from the Project in an equitable and culturally appropriate manner; and (iv) deduce lessons for future expressway projects in Yunnan and/or local governments’ efforts on minority development.

3. The EMDP includes three types of action: (i) project benefits enhancement measures, (ii) mitigation measures to address social risks, and (iii) local complementary measures taken by local government. The focus of monitoring will be items (i) and (ii). However, the external monitor will assess whether item (iii) is effectively enhancing benefits and mitigating negative risk; if not, the external monitor will recommend measures to be taken by LREC to ensure compliance with ADB's policy.

Methodology and Content

4. The general methodology will involve secondary data collection, key informants interview, household survey, and participatory rapid appraisal techniques (PRA) repeated on a yearly basis before, during, and after the EMDP, associated with the project, is implemented.

5. The secondary data will cover statistic data, annual implementation plans and review reports related to EMDP done by various agencies involved. The team will also interview responsible persons in Yunnan Department of Transportation (YDOT), the LRH Company, Ethnic Minority Bureau, Poverty Alleviation Office, Tourism Bureau, Forestry Bureau, Agriculture Bureau, Health Bureau, All China’s Women Federation, and other related institutions at the prefecture and city level. Local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) will also be interviewed to learn the achievements, experience and recommendations.

6. Household survey will use the household questionnaire for the poverty and social assessment. This survey will selectively target certain number of ethnic minority households over the whole monitoring period and constantly record the household activities, including Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu, A’chang and Dai. The selection of villages and households will be based on consultation of with the local authorities and villagers themselves. This could enable analysts to have systematic data to assess the project impacts.

7. Participatory assessments should cover a wide range of issues that arise during the implementation process. The monitoring team will conduct the participatory assessment once a year in relevant locations according to needs. The target populations include government agencies and their staff, transport providers, rural people especially rural women, and members of ethnic minority communities. The outcome of participatory assessments would be of critical importance in future planning.

8. The tasks of external monitoring and evaluation will include: (i) Regular monitoring of social and economic activities of sample ethnic minority households; (ii) Conducting participatory assessments in villages; (iii) Collection of secondary data of provincial, county and township levels; (iv) Monitoring the impact of tourism development on sensitive minority cultures; (v) Assessing the induced social impacts of the Project on ethnic minorities in the project areas; (vi) Semi-annual investigation and reporting of monitoring and evaluation results to YDOT, LREC, Dehong ERAB, and ADB; and (vii) Suggestions and feedback to LREC and local governments for improving the implementation or revising the EMDP.

9. The baseline survey will focus mainly on household survey and second data collection. The survey team will select sample villages/communities and households targeting those who are significantly affected. The sample villages and households will be surveyed in future surveys so that monitoring and evaluation team can analyze the EMDP impacts properly. The secondary data will include statistic and each bureau’s plan for activities of EMDP.

10. The subsequent survey will collect second data, key information, and household survey and PRA survey. The survey will focus on effects of each EMDP activity and impacts on minority livelihoods. The team will also learn lessons and experiences regarding EMDP implementation. The recommendations will be drawn from the survey, interviews and field observations.

11. The final evaluation will also collect secondary data, key information, and household survey and PRA survey. The survey will focus on overall impact of EMDP on minority livelihoods,

capacity of implementing organizations engaged, and policy of ethnic minority. The team will also summarize the key lessons learned and experiences.

Sampling

12. It is suggested to select 30 communities as sample villages, covering different ethnic minorities. The types of ethnic minorities will include: Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu, A’chang and Dai.

13. Ten households should be sampled in each selected community. The sample will be chosen according to their economic status at the beginning of the project. In general, 3 households will be in good conditions, 4 in average condition and 3 in poor condition (i.e. vulnerable). The criteria used to determine “good” “average” and “poor”, and the “vulnerable households” should be clearly stated in the baseline report. In order to improve comparability, households selected for the baseline survey will be interviewed in all subsequent annual surveys.

Survey Timing

14. The schedule has been designed to provide, as required, ten investigations throughout the implementation of the project (one baseline survey, eight semi-annual monitoring and evaluation surveys, and a final evaluation survey). The household surveys would be repeated once every year starting with the baseline survey implemented just before construction. All selected villages/communities would be visited in February/March and August/September annually because this time the statistic data are available and household data are easily collected.

15. The baseline survey will establish the pre-project socio-economic conditions of villages as well county statistic data against which subsequent changes can be evaluated.

16. Semi-annual monitoring and evaluation surveys will provide a quantification of the changes in the social and economic conditions of ethnic minorities together with a more qualitative assessment of these changes and the reasons for them. These investigations will also provide interim assessments of the changes taking place in the sample villages. Village level indicators will be collected but the emphasis will be on qualitative information.

17. The final evaluation survey should take place approximately one year after the construction is completed in 2015. Its main objective is to assess whether the objectives of the EMDP were achieved, i.e. whether the measures taken in EMDP will enhance the potentials or mitigate negative impacts. This survey will also probe sample households and key informants on how the whole process might be better done next time.

Reporting and Distribution

18. The M&E reports shall be submitted semi-annually to YPDOT, LREC, Dehong ERAB and ADB. Copies sent to the ADB should be in English and Chinese. The Chinese versions should also be provided to local agencies involved in EMDP implementation, and should be made available to the affected communities (e.g. website, local libraries, etc.).

19. The baseline survey should be reported in full to YDOT and ADB. Subsequent reports should provide summaries of principal findings, tabulations of key indicators, qualitative and quantitative descriptions of main changes in socio-economic changes of minorities and conclusions and implications, if any, for additional action/assistance.

20. The final M&E Report will constitute a final assessment on the EMDP process and detail the extent to which the EMDP has (i) complied with ADB policy and (ii) contributed to the welfare of minorities in project areas.

Qualification of Contracted Institute to Implement the M & E

21. The qualification of the contracted institute to carry out this external M & E includes: • At least five years of working experiences in similar tasks with international development projects • Sound knowledge background on ethnic minorities in Yunnan, social sciences, and participatory development • Knowledge and skills with the designing of instruments for data collection, especially at the community level

22. Experiences and skills in using participatory rural appraisal (PRA).

Estimated Budget

23. A total of CNY340,000 (about $50,000) is estimated to cover the costs of external monitoring and evaluation. A total of ten investigations/surveys will be conducted, including the baseline survey. The total cost includes remuneration, per diem, travel expenses, report preparation, and other administrative expenses.

Table 10-1: Budget for External M&E on EMDP Implementation Unit Cost Amount Item No. Unit (CNY) (CNY) Remuneration-specialist 80 days 1,000 80,000 Per Diem-specialist 60 days 500 30,000 Land transportation/Vehicle Rental 80 days 800 64,000 Survey Assistants 120 days 800 96,000 Reports and translation 30,000 Management Overhead 40,000 Total 340,000