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ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN April 2010 Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation (YPDOT) i CONTENTS DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 SUMMARY EMDP 2 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5 2 EMDP JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVES 5 2.1 Justification for the EMDP 5 2.2 EMDP Objectives 6 3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 6 3.1 Government Policies on Ethnic Minorities 6 3.2 ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement and Indigenous People’s Principles 7 4 ETHNIC MINORITY PROFILE 8 4.1 The EMDP Area 8 4.2 Ethnic Minority Groups and Their Cultural Traits 8 4.2.1 Dai Group 9 4.2.2 Jingpo 11 4.2.3 De'ang 12 4.2.4 Lisu 13 4.2.5 A'chang 14 4.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Ethnic Minority Groups 15 4.3.1 Poverty and Landholding 15 4.3.2 Road Accessibility 17 4.3.3 Non-farm Skills and Migrants 18 4.3.4 Education and Literacy 19 4.3.5 Access to Other Social and Economic Services 20 4.4 Gender Profile 20 4.4.1 Education and Non-farm Skills 20 4.4.2 Decision Making by Gender 21 4.5 Target of this EMDP 21 5. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 22 5.1 Stakeholder Analysis and Consultation 22 5.1.1 Stakeholder Analysis 22 5.1.2 Stakeholder Consultation and Information Disclosure 23 5.1.3 Summary of Key Findings of the Stakeholder Consultation 28 5.1.4 Attitudes of the Affected Minorities Toward the Project 29 5.2 Existing and Future Management Measures 29 5.2.1 Government Management Measures 29 5.2.2 NGO Management Measures 34 5.2.3 Programs in Northern Myanmar 34 5.3 Key Findings of the Social Impact Assessment 34 5.3.1 Direct Benefits 37 5.3.2 Indirect Positive Impacts 38 i 5.3.3 Negative Impacts 39 5.3.4 Poverty Impacts 42 5.3.5 Gender Impacts 43 5.3.6 Summary Social Impact Assessment 44 6 EMDP ACTION PLAN 53 6.1 Proposed Benefits Enhancement Measures 53 6.1.1 Employment Priority to Ethnic Minorities 53 6.1.2 Giving Preference of Other Services to Other Ethnic Minorities 53 6.1.3 Giving Ethnic Minority Name to the Bridges and/or Tunnels 57 6.1.4 Continuous Consultation during Implementation 57 6.1.5 Encouraging the Contractors' Contribution to Ethnic Minorities 57 6.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures 57 6.2.1 Minimizing Resettlement Impacts on EMs 57 6.2.2 Minimizing Impacts on EM's Culture 58 6.2.3 Ensuring Road Safety 58 6.2.4 Minimizing Spread of Communicable Diseases 58 6.2.5 Anti-drug Use and Trafficking 59 6.2.6 Anti-human Trafficking 59 6.3 Complementary Measures of Local Government 60 6.3.1 Improving Village and Community Road Network 60 6.3.2 Increasing Agricultural Products and Non-farm Engagement 60 6.3.3 Facilitating Tourism 61 6.3.4 Cultural Development 61 6.3.5 Improving Marketing Environment 61 6.3.6 Improving Health Services 62 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND GRIEVANCE 62 7.1 Consultation and Participation at Preparation Stage 62 7.2 Consultation and Participation Plan for Design and Implementation 62 7.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism 63 8 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 65 9 CAPACITY BUILDING 65 10 MONITORING, REPORTING AND EVALUATION 66 ANNEX 1 TOR for the EMDP External Monitor 67 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1: Ethnic Minorities in the LRH Area (%) 8 Table 4-2: Ethnic Minority Concentrated Areas 8 Table 4-3: Population and Culture 15 Table 4-4: Poverty and Income Structure (2008) 16 Table 4-5: Major Causes of Poverty in Ranking 16 Table 4-6: Social Development 17 Table 4-7 Farmers Having Non-Farm Skill by Ethnic Minorities 18 Table 4-8 Enrollment Rate (%) 19 Table 4-9 Farmers Education by Gender (%) 19 Table 4-10: Access to Other Social Services 20 Table 4-11: Non-Farm Skills of Rural Labor by Gender (%) 20 Table 4-12: Labor Division by Gender (%) 21 Table 4-13: Decision Making by Gender (%) 21 Table 5-1: Stakeholder Analysis 22 Table 5-2: Consultation Conducted in Oct 2009-Mar 2010 (#) 24 Table 5-3: Stakeholders Consulted in Oct–Nov 2009 264 Table 5-4: Stakeholders Consultation in Dec 2009 265 Table 5-5: Village Consulted in Dec 2009 (person) 25 Table 5-6: Stakeholders Consulted in Feb 2010 (person) 25 Table 5-7: Farmer Focus Group Discussion Separated by Gender 26 Table 5-8: Village Leader Interview (27/Oct/2009–14/Nov/2009) 27 Table 5-9: Household Survey (27/Oct/2009–14/Nov/2009) 27 Table 5-10: Government Agencies Interviewed 28 Table 5-11: Major Findings of the Consultation 29 Table 5-12: On-going and Future Government Management Measures 30 Table 5-13: NGOs Conducting Projects in the LRH Area 34 Table 5-14: Social Impact Assessment of Negative Risks 45 Table 6-1: EMDP Action Plan (2010–2015) 54 Table 7-1: Public Participation Plan during Implementation 62 Table 10-1: Budget for External M&E on EMDP Implementation 70 iii ABBREVIATIONS AB: Agricultural bureau ACWF: All-China Women’s Federation AHB: Animal husbandry bureau CAB: Cultural affairs bureau CB: Communication Bureau CDC: Center for diseases control and prevention EA: Executive agency EB: Education bureau EM: Ethnic minority ERAB Ethnic & religious affairs bureau EMDP: Ethnic minorities development plan FB: Forestry bureau FGD: Focus group discussion GAD Gender and development GDP: Gross domestic product HB: Health bureau HH: Household LREC: Longrui Expressway Company LRH: Longrui Highway LRMR: Local road maintenance and rehabilitation HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. IA: Implementation agency km: Kilometer M&E: Monitoring and evaluation PA: Project area PADO: Poverty alleviation and development office PPTA: Project preparatory technical assistance PRC: People’s Republic of China PSB: Public security bureau RCC: Rural credit cooperative SPS: Safeguard Policy Statement of ADB (2009) STI: Sexually transmitted infection TB: Tourism Bureaus YEAC: Yunnan Ethnic Affairs Commission YPDOT: Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation iv DEFINITION OF TERMS Village and community. In southern China including Dehong prefecture, one administrative village consists of several natural villages. For simplicity, in this report, administrative village is named village and natural village is named community. Main community and non-main community. Village committee is located in one community which is usually with more social and economic facilities, such as clinic, primary school, roads, market. In this report, village committee located community is named main community and other community is just named community or other communities. Ethnic minority village. There are often several ethnic minority groups in one village. If there is only one ethnic minority group having more than 30% of the total population of the village, the village is given a name under this ethnic minority group, such as Dai village, or Jingpo village; If there are two ethnic minority groups, each having more than 30% of the total population, the village is given a name under these two ethnic minority groups, such as De’ang and Jingpo village; same to three ethnic minority groups if any. Ethnic minority community. This report defines ethnic minority community using same criteria as used in ethnic minority village, but exceptions are for De’ang, Lisu and A’chang groups who have a small population in this project area. If taking more than 15% of the community population, the community is given a name under these ethnic minority groups. 1 SUMMARY EMDP A. Legal and Policy Framework 1. The EMDP specifies mitigation and enhancement measures to comply with Asian Development Bank's (ADB's) Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), Safeguard Requirement No. 3 on indigenous peoples.1 This Project is Category A in terms of potential safeguard risks to ethnic minorities. As per ADB requirement, an Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) has been prepared by the LongRui Expressway Company (LREC), in coordination with Dehong Dai and Jingpo Prefecture Government (DPG). 2. The EMDP is designed to ensure that project benefits are distributed equitably among affected minority communities and individuals, and that culturally appropriate measures are taken to (i) avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, and (ii) enhance benefits for ethnic minorities. The Project will ensure that ethnic minorities are consulted in matters related to each subproject, and provided with opportunities to participate in decision making and/or implementation activities (refer to the Consultation and Participation Plan in the EMDP). B. Impact Assessment and Action Plan 3. The expressway component will pose potential negative impacts and social risks to ethnic minorities, so a draft EMDP has been prepared for this component. The local roads improvement component only requires resurfacing within the existing alignment; this will benefit 2.5 million ethnic minorities without posing negative impacts. The community-based rural road maintenance component will also benefit ethnic minority villages and focuses on the participation of women; this will directly enhance the empowerment of and benefits to ethnic minorities without posing negative impacts. Therefore, the draft EMDP has focused on the expressway component, because the other two components are addressed as part of project design. 4. In the Project Area for the expressway component, there are about 1 million people being directly benefitted in the expressway influence area, of which 38% are ethnic minorities (mainly in Dehong Prefecture). Dai, Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang are the five minority groups in Ruili and Luxi cities. Of these, the Dai people are usually located in valley areas, with more irrigated farmland, relatively good traffic condition, and more access to social and economic services. The poverty incidence of Dai is relatively low, especially those villages along the existing highway A320.
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