Social Reproduction and Migrant Education: a Critical Sociolinguistic Ethnography of Burmese Students’ Learning Experiences at a Border High School in China

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Social Reproduction and Migrant Education: a Critical Sociolinguistic Ethnography of Burmese Students’ Learning Experiences at a Border High School in China Department of Linguistics Faculty of Human Sciences Social Reproduction and Migrant Education: A Critical Sociolinguistic Ethnography of Burmese Students’ Learning Experiences at a Border High School in China By Jia Li (李佳) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 i Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ viii Statement of Candidate ................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .............................................................................................................. xvi List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xvii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................xviii Glossary of Burmese and Chinese terms ..................................................................... xix Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research problem ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Introducing the research context at the China-and-Myanmar border ................... 4 1.3 China’s rise and Chinese language promotion ..................................................... 9 1.4 Migrant education and social reproduction ........................................................ 15 1.5 Thesis outline ...................................................................................................... 16 Chapter Two: Literature Review .................................................................................. 20 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Educational barriers experienced by migrant students ....................................... 20 2.2.1 Language proficiency ................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Language variation ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Prior education ............................................................................................. 25 2.2.4 Family socioeconomic status ....................................................................... 27 2.3 Educational policies affecting migrant students ................................................. 29 2.3.1 Language development programs ................................................................ 29 2.3.2 Streaming policies ........................................................................................ 33 2.3.3 Standardised assessment .............................................................................. 37 ii 2.4 Teaching practices aimed at migrant students .................................................... 41 2.4.1 Classroom climate ........................................................................................ 42 2.4.2 Student-teacher interactions ......................................................................... 44 2.4.3 Teacher training and preparation ................................................................. 48 2.5 Migrant students as agents .................................................................................. 54 2.5.1 Experiences of exclusion from peer groups ................................................. 54 2.5.2 Acts of resistance ......................................................................................... 58 2.5.3 Reproduction of linguistic and racial hierarchies ........................................ 63 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................. 66 Chapter Three: Methodology ....................................................................................... 70 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 70 3.2 Approach: a critical sociolinguistic ethnography ............................................... 71 3.3 Data collection .................................................................................................... 72 3.3.1 Selection of fieldwork site and border high school...................................... 73 3.3.2 Burmese Participants .................................................................................... 75 3.3.3 Data collection procedures ........................................................................... 78 3.3.4 Researcher positionality ............................................................................... 87 3.4 Data treatment ................................................................................................. 91 3.5 Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 94 3.5.1 Content analysis ........................................................................................... 94 3.5.2 Narrative analysis ......................................................................................... 95 3.5.3 Multimodal discourse analysis ..................................................................... 95 3.5.4 Positioning analysis ...................................................................................... 96 3.5.5 Interaction analysis ....................................................................................... 97 3.6 Summary and limitations .................................................................................... 97 iii Chapter Four Previous educational experiences......................................................... 100 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 100 4.2 State-run schools in Myanmar .......................................................................... 100 4.2.1 The education system ................................................................................. 100 4.2.2 Participants’ experiences ............................................................................ 107 4.2.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 120 4.3 Chinese supplementary schools in Myanmar ................................................... 121 4.3.1 Overview of Chinese supplementary schooling......................................... 121 4.3.2 Participants’ experiences at Chinese schools ............................................. 128 4.3.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 135 4.4 Informal language learning and educational experiences ................................. 136 4.4.1 Family interaction ...................................................................................... 136 4.4.2 Community engagement ............................................................................ 139 4.4.3 Social media ............................................................................................... 141 4.4.4 Summary .................................................................................................... 144 4.5 Primary border education in China ................................................................... 144 4.5.1 Border education agreement ...................................................................... 144 4.5.2 Participants’ experiences ............................................................................ 148 4.5.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 153 4.6 Conclusion: Chinese for empowerment in a China-oriented world ................. 153 Chapter Five: School practices ................................................................................... 158 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 158 5.2 Becoming a model school ................................................................................. 158 5.3 BHS’s educational vision .................................................................................. 166 5.3.1 Chinese high school education ................................................................... 166 iv 5.3.2 BHS under the competition mechanism ..................................................... 167 5.3.3 Negotiating BHS’s visibility as a model school ........................................ 168 5.3.4 Summary .................................................................................................... 171 5.4 Management of school diversity ....................................................................... 172 5.4.1 Boarding policy and students’ family background .................................... 172 5.4.2 Military-style daily regulations and routines ............................................. 173 5.4.3 Gaokao-centred education ......................................................................... 180 5.4.4 Physical segregation ................................................................................... 184 5.4.5
Recommended publications
  • Focused Ethnography: a Methodological Adaptation for Social Research in Emerging Contexts
    Volume 16, No. 1, Art. 1 January 2015 Focused Ethnography: A Methodological Adaptation for Social Research in Emerging Contexts Sarah Wall Key words: Abstract: Ethnography is one of the oldest qualitative methods, yet increasingly, researchers from focused various disciplines are using and adapting ethnography beyond its original intents. In particular, a ethnography; form of ethnography known as "focused ethnography" has emerged. However, focused ethnography; ethnography remains underspecified methodologically, which has contributed to controversy about methodology; its essential nature and value. Nevertheless, an ever-evolving range of research settings, purposes, participant and questions require appropriate methodological innovation. Using the example of a focused observation; social ethnography conducted to study nurses' work experiences, this article will demonstrate how research particular research questions, the attributes of certain cultural groups, and the unique characteristics of specific researchers compel adaptations in ethnography that address the need for methodological evolution while still preserving the essential nature of the method. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. An Evolving Method 3. An Example of Focused Ethnography 4. Culture Revealed 4.1 Ideas, beliefs, and values 4.2 Knowledge, skills, and activities 4.3 Power and control 5. Discussion References Author Citation 1. Introduction Ethnography is one of the oldest qualitative research methods, originating in nineteenth century anthropology. Yet, researchers from various disciplines are now using and adapting ethnography beyond its origins as a result of philosophical reflections on the processes and purposes of the method. New fields of study, new kinds of questions, and new reasons for undertaking ethnographic studies have emerged, and with these, a form of ethnography known as "focused ethnography" has developed.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank, 2018
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: PAD1782 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION PROJECT PAPER ON A PROPOSED ADDITIONAL FINANCING AND RESTRUCTURING FROM THE MYANMAR PARTNERSHIP MULTI-DONOR TRUST FUND Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$54 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR FOR THE DECENTRALIZING FUNDING TO SCHOOLS PROJECT November 26, 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized Education Global Practice East Asia and Pacific Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective October 9, 2018) Currency Unit = Myanmar Kyat (MMK) MMK 1,551 = US$1 FISCAL YEAR (MYANMAR) October 1–September 30 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AF Additional Financing ATEO Assistant Township Education Officer BETF Bank-Executed Trust Fund BMY Buthidaung, Maungdaw and Yathedaung CH Cluster Head CIF Cluster Improvement Fund CPF Country Partnership Framework CPP Community Participation Plan CPPF Community Participation Planning Framework DBE Department of Basic Education DEO District Education Officer DERPT Department of Education Research Planning and Training DFSP Decentralizing Funding to Schools Project DLI Disbursement-Linked Indicator DP Development Partner DWT Daily Wage Teacher EEP Eligible Expenditure Program EGMA Early Grade Math Assessment EGRA Early Grade Reading
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Mining in Shwegyin Township, Pegu Division (Earthrights International)
    Accessible Alternatives Ethnic Communities’ Contribution to Social Development and Environmental Conservation in Burma Burma Environmental Working Group September 2009 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... iii About BEWG ................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................... v Notes on Place Names and Currency .......................................................... vii Burma Map & Case Study Areas ................................................................. viii Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Arakan State Cut into the Ground: The Destruction of Mangroves and its Impacts on Local Coastal Communities (Network for Environmental and Economic Development - Burma) ................................................................. 2 Traditional Oil Drillers Threatened by China’s Oil Exploration (Arakan Oil Watch) ........................................................................................ 14 Kachin State Kachin Herbal Medicine Initiative: Creating Opportunities for Conservation and Income Generation (Pan Kachin Development Society) ........................ 33 The Role of Kachin People in the Hugawng Valley Tiger Reserve (Kachin Development Networking Group) ................................................... 44 Karen
    [Show full text]
  • (Health) in IDP Camps in Kachin and Northern Shan States As of Oct 2013
    MYANMAR: 3W (Health) in IDP Camps in Kachin and northern Shan States As of Oct 2013 Myitkyina & Waingmaw CHINA Shwe Zet Baptist Church (3) BHUTAN India INDIA PUTA-O KA CHIN CHINA Man Hkring Baptist Church (2) BANGLADESH MACHANBAW CHIN Njang Dung Baptist Church (2) MAN DA LAY VIETNAM KHAUNGSA GLAAINNG HPU Shatapru Thida AyeMaina Catholic Church Baptist Church (1) (St. Joseph) (1) SHA N (S OU TH) Tat Kone Baptist Church (2) RAK HINE MAGWAY NAY PYI TAW LAOS KAYAH Shatapru Sut Ngai Tawng (2) NANYUN Tat Kone COC Baptist / Tat Kone Htoi San (1) Maina KBC (Bawng Ring) (2) BA GO E AS T YA NGON KAY IN MON AY E YA RWA DY THAILAND Tat Kone Galile Baptist Church (1) TAN INTH ARY I Myay Myint Baptist Church (1) TANAI SUMPRABUM TSAWLAW Maliyang Baptist Church (2) INJANGYANG Le Kone Ziun Baptist Church (1) CHIPWI HPAKAN HKAMTI 5 Ward Baptist Church(lon Khin) (2) Pa Dauk Myaing(Pa La Na) (1) Maw Hpawng Hka Nan Baptist Church (1) Maw Hpawng Lhaovo Baptist Church (1) MOGAUNG WAINGMAW Border Post 8 (3) Zai Awng / Mung Ga Zup (2) MYITKYINA Nant Mun Maga Yang (2) (1) MOHNYIN China BANMAUK MOMAUK SHWEGU Robert Church Momauk Baptist Church INDAW (1) KATHA (1) BHAMO WUNTHO KONKYAN MANSI MUSE Township Organization active Bhamo MAM Hpakan KBC (Kachin), FFH Mohnyin KBC (Kachin), FFH Momauk MAM TIGYAING Myitkyina CHAD, KBC (Kachin), WC, FFH NAMHKAN Waingmaw CHAD, KBC (Kachin), WC, FFH MABEIN LAUKKAING Legend Map Do c Name: MMR_0318_3W_Health_Map_A3_Portrait_in_Kachin_131030 KUTKAI Health (# of organization) Map reference Number: MMR_0318 Creation Date: 26 Nov 2013 Projection/Datum: D_WGS_1984 No.
    [Show full text]
  • Total of 10 Pages Only May Be Xeroxed
    FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES TOTAL OF 10 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED •(Without Author's Permission) MAY 1 1 2006 INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN CHINA: FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE by Yunpeng Sun A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education Faculty of Education Memorial University ofNewfoundland May 2005 St. John's Newfoundland Library and Bibliotheque et 0-494-06663-6 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de !'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: Our file Notre reference ISBN: NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a Ia Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder-, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I' Internet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve Ia propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni Ia these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace for Whom: Agency and Intersectionality in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Peace for Whom: Agency and Intersectionality in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina By Elena B. Stavrevska Submitted to Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science, Public Policy and International Relations In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Professor Michael Merlingen CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary January 2017 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis contains no materials accepted for any other degrees, in any other situation. Thesis contains no materials written and/or published by any other person, except when appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Elena B. Stavrevska Budapest, 09.01.2017 CEU eTD Collection i ABSTRACT Both peacebuilding practice and mainstream literature have predominantly approached the examination of post-war societies is a static and unidimensional manner, portraying events, practices, and actors as fixed in space, time, and identity. In line with that approach, peace and reconciliation have often been understood as a mirror image of the preceding war. Consequently, when the conflict is regarded as a clash between different ethnicities, peace is viewed as a state of those ethnicities coming together, which is then reflected in the decision- and policy-making processes. This understanding, using the prism of groupism whereby (ethnic) groups are analysed as the primary societal actors, ascribed with particular characteristics and agency, presupposes homogeneity of the groups in question. In so doing, it disregards the various intra-group struggles and the multiplicity of social identities beyond ethnicity. Furthermore, it also cements ethnicity as the most important, if not the only important political cleavage in the new, post-war reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Covid-19 Response Situation Report 3 | 1 May 2020
    IOM MYANMAR COVID-19 RESPONSE SITUATION REPORT 3 | 1 MAY 2020 2,500 migrant per day to be allowed to return through the Myawaddy-Mae Sot border gate 16,324 migrants registered online in preparation to return through the Myawaddy-Mae Sot border gate 3,125 international migrants returned to Kachin State mainly from the People’s Republic of China Migrants preparing to return to their communities of origin following 21 days of quarantine at Myawaddy, Kayin State. © IOM 2020 SITUATION OVERVIEW The border with Thailand was expected to re-open on 1 May of China and through the Lweje border gate, according to data to allow a second large influx of migrants (estimated 20,000 from the Kachin State Government (695 internal migrants also to 50,000 returns). The Myanmar Government requested to returned from other states and regions of Myanmar). the Thai Government to only allow 2,500 returnees per day Returnees are being transported to Myitkyina, and from there, through the Myawaddy border gate; however, due to the to their communities of origin where they will stay in extension of the Emergency Decree in Thailand until 31 May, community-based facility quarantine centres. returns are delayed for a few more days to allow for the necessary arrangements to be put in place by Thai authorities. Government Ministries and Departments, the State Government, UN agencies and other actors supporting the COVID-19 response are closely observing the situation in order to quickly respond to potential large scale returns in the coming days. It is expected that approximately 2,000 returning migrants will be quarantined in Myawaddy, while the remainder will be transported from the border to their home communities for community-based quarantine.
    [Show full text]
  • EDUCATION in CHINA a Snapshot This Work Is Published Under the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
    EDUCATION IN CHINA A Snapshot This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Photo credits: Cover: © EQRoy / Shutterstock.com; © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © astudio / Shutterstock.com Inside: © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © li jianbing / Shutterstock.com; © tangxn / Shutterstock.com; © chuyuss / Shutterstock.com; © astudio / Shutterstock.com; © Frame China / Shutterstock.com © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Education in China A SNAPSHOT Foreword In 2015, three economies in China participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Polina Lenkova
    Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Polina Lenkova December 2015 Inside front cover Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Polina Lenkova December 2015 About the researcher Polina Lenkova is a research fellow at Thabyay Education Foundation. She holds a Master of Arts in International Relations from the School of Advanced International Studies, John Hopkins University, Washington, D.C. About Thabyay Education Foundation Founded in 1996, Thabyay Education Foundation educates, develops, connects and empowers individuals and organizations in Myanmar to become positive, impactful change-makers. We seek to achieve this through knowledge creation, innovative learning and guided skills expansion, as well as by forging connections to networks, information and opportunities. Acknowledgements The author would like to express her gratitude to everyone who participated in and assisted her during this research. Particularly, the author would like to thank the following people and organizations for providing assistance and suggestions during field research: Tim Schroeder, Saw San Myint Kyi, Saw Eh Say, Hsa Thoolei School, Taungalay Monastery, as well as Thabyay Education Foundation staff Hsa Blu Paw, Cleo Praisathitsawat and U Soe Lay. Furthermore, the author also thanks Tim Schroeder, Kim Joliffe and Saw Kapi for report review and feedback. Design and layout: Katherine Gibney | www.accurateyak.carbonmade.com Note on the text All web links in the report’s footnotes were correct and functioning as of 1 December 2015. 4 Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Contents Acronyms and Glossary 6 Executive Summary 7 1. Introduction: Defining Conflict Sensitivity in Education 10 2. Objectives and Methodology 11 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
    Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar Asia Report N°312 | 28 August 2020 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 235 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. A Legacy of Division ......................................................................................................... 4 A. Who Lives in Myanmar? ............................................................................................ 4 B. Those Who Belong and Those Who Don’t ................................................................. 5 C. Contemporary Ramifications..................................................................................... 7 III. Liberalisation and Ethno-nationalism ............................................................................. 9 IV. The Militarisation of Ethnicity ......................................................................................... 13 A. The Rise and Fall of the Kaungkha Militia ................................................................ 14 B. The Shanni: A New Ethnic Armed Group ................................................................. 18 C. An Uncertain Fate for Upland People in Rakhine
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    StudyontheInteractionoftheSinicizationofChristianityand theReconstructionofCrossGborderEthnicMinoritiesƳCulturesinYunnan〔1〕 ZhiyingGAOandDongleiWANG (YunnanUniversityandYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,Kunming,YunnanProvince,P.R.China) Abstract :TheSinicizationofChristianity,whichisthedevelopingstrategyandpracticeto makeChristianityadaptto Chineseculture.ItcorrespondstotheChristianizationofChineseethnic minoritypeoplewhobelievedinChristianity. Fromtheperspectiveofculturalinteraction,borrowingandblending,thestudyexploresthe motivation,processand characteristicsoftheinteractivedevelopmentbetweenthelocalizationandcontextualizationofChristianityin Yunnan ethnicminorities ‘areasandtheChristianizationofethnic minorities’culturesbyhistoricalcombingandsynchronic comparison.Mostly between Christianity and ethnic minoritiesƳ traditional cultures had experienced from the estrangement,andcoexistedwitheachotherandblendingprocess,andfinishedtheChristianfrom “in”tothetransitionof “again”,soastorealizetheSinicizationalcharacteristicsoftheregional,national,butalsomaketheborderethniccultural reconstruct. KeyWords :Yunnanethnicminorities;Sinicization;Christianization;Interactivedevelopment Author :GaoZhiying,Professor,PhD,CenterforStudiesofChineseSouthwestƳsBorderlandEthnicMinoritiesofYunnan University.Tel:13888072229Email:2296054891@qq.com WangDonglei,ViceProfessor,PhD,SchoolofInternational LanguagesandCulturesofYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics.Tel:15887015580Email:1609766878@qq.com Ⅰ.TheOriginoftheTopic JustasZhuoXinpingsaid,ItisnecessaryforforeignreligionssuchasBuddhism,Christianity
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Ethnography for School and Community
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Federation ResearchOnline CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY FOR SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY RENEWAL AROUND SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES AFFECTING LEARNING John Smyth, Lawrence Angus, Barry Down, Peter McInerney Understanding and exploring complex and protracted social questions requires sophisticated investigative approaches. In this article we intend looking at a research approach capable of providing a better understanding of what is going on in schools, students and communities in “exceptionally challenging contexts” (Harris et al., 2006)—code for schools and communities that have as a result of wider social forces, been historically placed in situations of disadvantage. Ball (2006) summarized neatly the urgent necessity for research approaches that are theoretically tuned into being able to explore and explain what Bourdieu, Chamboredon & Passeron (1991) describe as a world that is “complicated, confused, impure [and] uncertain” (p. 259). Ball’s (2006) claim is for a research approach with the “conceptual robustness” to move us beyond the moribund situation we currently find ourselves in. As he put it: “Much of what passes for educational research is hasty, presumptive, and immodest” (p.9). What is desperately needed are theoretically adroit research approaches capable of “challenging conservative orthodoxies and closure, parsimony, and simplicity”, that retain “some sense of the obduracy and complexity of the social”, and that don’t continually “overestimate our grasp on the social world and underestimate our role in its management” (p. 9). Our particular interest here is in research orientations that are up to the task of uncovering what we know to be something extremely complex and controversial going on in schools, namely how it is that schools work in ways in which “class is achieved and maintained and enacted rather than something that just is! (Ball, 2006, p.
    [Show full text]