General Editor, Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman
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STEDT Monograph Series, No. 3 PHONOLOGICAL INVENTORIES OF TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGES Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series General Editor James A. Matisoff University of California, Berkeley STEDT Monograph 1: Bibliography of the International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics I-XXI (1989) Randy J. LaPolla and John B. Lowe with Amy Dolcourt lix, 292 pages out of print STEDT Monograph 1A: Bibliography of the International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics I-XXV (1994) Randy J. LaPolla and John B. Lowe lxiv, 308 pages $32.00 + shipping and handling STEDT Monograph 2: Languages and Dialects of Tibeto-Burman (1996) James A. Matisoff with Stephen P. Baron and John B. Lowe xxx, 180 pages $20.00 + shipping and handling STEDT Monograph 3: Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages (1996) Ju Namkung, editor xxviii, 507 pages $35.00 + shipping and handling Shipping and Handling: Domestic: $4.00 for first volume + $2.00 for each additional volume International: $6.00 for first volume + $2.50 for each additional volume Orders must be prepaid. Please make checks payable to ‘UC Regents’. Visa and Mastercard accepted. California residents must include sales tax. To place orders or to request order forms, contact: IAS Publications Office University of California, Berkeley 2223 Fulton St. 3rd Floor #2324 Berkeley CA 94720-2324 Phone: (510) 642-4065 FAX: (510) 643-7062 STEDT Monograph Series, No. 3 James A. Matisoff, General Editor PHONOLOGICAL INVENTORIES OF TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGES Ju Namkung, Editor Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project Center for Southeast Asia Studies University of California, Berkeley 1996 Distributed by: Center for Southeast Asia Studies 2223 Fulton St. 6th floor #2318 University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-2318 The Center for Southeast Asia Studies of the University of California at Berkeley coordinates research, teaching programs, and outreach and special projects relating to Southeast Asia. The Center, in conjunction with the Center for South Asia Studies, publishes a Monograph Series, the Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series, and the Berkeley Working Papers on South and Southeast Asia. Abstracts of manuscripts for consideration should be submitted to the Publications Committee. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants BNS-86-17726, BNS-90-11918, DBS-92-09481 and FD95-11034, and by the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grants RT-20789-87, RT-21203-90, RT-21420-92 and PA-22843-96. ISBN 0-944613-28-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-71235 © 1996 The Regents of the University of California All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS Introduction ...........................................................................................................ix Order of Inventories ...........................................................................................xxv PHONOLOGICAL INVENTORIES ..............................................1 Major Branches of Tibeto-Burman ....................................................................455 Index by Subgroup............................................................................................. 456 Complete Index of Languages and Dialects ......................................................459 Index by Source Abbreviation and STEDT language name ..............................463 List of STEDT Source Abbreviations ................................................................469 Bibliography....................................................................................................... 489 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed to the successful completion of this work. I would like to thank Annie Jaisser, Randy LaPolla, Jennifer Leehy, John B. Lowe, and Jackson Sun for their contributions in the initial stages of the project. Leela Bilmes, Jonathan Evans, Zev Handel, Matt Juge, and Weera Ostapirat put a great deal of time and effort into writing and editing inventories during the later stages. Special acknowledgment is due to Pam Morgan, who first organized and oversaw work on the project, and especially to Ju Namkung, who brought the work to completion and is largely responsible for the look and feel of the finalized inventories. Finally, I would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, without whose financial support this project could not have been undertaken. J.A.M. Berkeley INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF THE STEDT PROJECT The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) project began at the University of California at Berkeley in 1987 with joint funding from the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The goal of the project is the publication of a multi-volume dictionary, organized by semantic field, of reconstructed Sino-Tibetan (ST) and Tibeto-Burman (TB) roots. To that end hundreds of thousands of lexical items from over 250 Sino-Tibetan languages and dialects have been amassed and analyzed, and the phonological shape and semantic range of thousands of reconstructed roots have been established, confirmed or refined. The first volume of STEDT, Bodypart Nomenclature, will be published in individual chapter-length fascicles beginning in 1997. PHONOLOGICAL INVENTORIES Purpose of the work This collection of phonological inventories is intended to serve two purposes. First, it will be a companion to the forthcoming STEDT volumes. Our database contains data on over 250 languages and dialects culled from more than a hundred published and unpublished sources. While many of these sources employ standard transcriptional systems (such as the International Phonetic Alphabet), many others use idiosyncratic or unconventional transcriptions. The inventories contained herein function as a key to interpreting these sometimes cryptic orthographies, allowing the reader to accurately interpret and assess STEDT data. (It should be noted that not every data source represented in the STEDT database has been inventoried here. Sources for which we have only a few lexical items, which are of poor quality, or which defy phonological analysis have not been included.) Secondly, this book is meant to stand alone as a useful reference tool for the Tibeto- Burman linguist. Collected in these pages are inventories of over 170 scholarly treatments of the sound systems of more than 150 languages and dialects. A few of these inventories are from sources that are not part of the STEDT database, but have been deemed important enough in their own right to warrant inclusion. ix x INTRODUCTION STEDT volumes, the STEDT database, and the STEDT font In the early years of the STEDT project an attempt was made to retranscribe unwieldy source material according to American or International phonetic transcriptional norms. The data from a number of sources has been “normalized” in this way. Unfortunately, the hope that all STEDT data could be consolidated under a single transcription system, facilitating phonological comparison, turned out to be exceedingly naive. Some very early sources do not explain their transcription systems accurately enough to permit normalization without overinterpretation; some data is transcribed phonemically, some phonetically, and some in a mixture of the two; and sometimes the task of conversion simply proved too demanding on the project’s limited resources. We then adopted a policy of strict preservation of original source orthography (as we call it, “following copy”), with occasional deviations necessitated by computer font limitations. (All data is represented in our STEDT font, a mixed-orthography phonetic Macintosh font we have developed for transcribing Tibeto- Burman languages.) Although this policy makes the data more difficult to use for comparative phonological purposes, it ensures that the integrity of the original source data is preserved. The phonological inventories, originally intended to be an appendix to the first volume of STEDT, were conceived of as an adjunct to the new policy. For each source inventoried, the transcriptional symbols are listed as they appear in the STEDT database. (For inventories of data sources not included in the STEDT database, the symbols follow the original source usage.) Where these symbols represent a “normalization”, that fact is carefully noted and differences with the original transcription are listed. As an example of how the phonological inventories in this volume can be used, consider the following excerpt from STEDT Volume 1: Bodypart Nomenclature:1 1.1.1:1.00 *sya-n & «s« a-n FLESH/MEAT/GAME ANIMAL Sino-Tibetan *Kiranti sa meat BM-PK7 116 *Loloish sa™ meat /flesh AW-TBT 289 xa™ meat DB-PLolo 135 xa™ meat ILH-PL 81 ∆˙-ro™ bone DB-PLolo 136 ∆˙-ro™ bone ILH-PL 370 1 The right-hand column shows the “source abbreviation”, a shorthand bibliographic citation of the work from which the data was taken. All works in the STEDT database have been assigned a source abbreviation. Source abbreviations are used throughout this volume, usually within square brackets, as in [JAM-VSTB]. For a listing of all source abbreviations with full references to the work they represent, see the list of STEDT source abbreviations at the back of the book. INTRODUCTION xi *Northern Naga swun flesh WTF-PNN p. 489 *Tibeto-Burman sya flesh, meat, animal STC 181 sya meat BM-PK7 116 sya meat /flesh AW-TBT 289 sya meat, flesh RJL-DPTB 127