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A Study from the Perspectives of Shared Innovation

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A Study from the Perspectives of Shared Innovation SUBGROUPING OF NISOIC (YI) LANGUAGES: A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF SHARED INNOVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ESTIMATION by ZIWO QIU-FUYUAN LAMA Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2012 Copyright © by Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan Lama 2012 All Rights Reserved To my parents: Qiumo Rico and Omu Woniemo Who have always wanted me to stay nearby, but they have also wished me to go my own way! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation could not have happened without the help of many people; I own much gratitude to these people and I would take this moment to express my heartfelt thanks to them. First, I wish to express my deep thanks to my supervisor, Professor Jerold A Edmondson, whose guidance, encouragement, and support from the beginning to the final page of this dissertation. His direction showed me the pathway of the writing of this dissertation, especially, while working on chapter of phylogenetic study of this dissertation, he pointed out the way to me. Secondly, I would like to thank my other committee members: Dr. Laurel Stvan, Dr. Michael Cahill, and Dr. David Silva. I wish to thank you very much for your contribution to finishing this dissertation. Your comments and encouragement were a great help. Third, I would like to thank my language informants and other people who helped me during my field trip to China in summer 2003, particularly ZHANF Jinzhi, SU Wenliang, PU Caihong, LI Weibing, KE Fu, ZHAO Hongying, ZHOU Decai, SHI Zhengdong, ZI Wenqing, and ZUO Jun. Additionally, I thank my friend Phyllis Richmond for her endeavors proof reading my (chapter 1~4). However, any errors in this dissertation are my responsibility. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents who never lost their faith in during all those years. Now my dream has come true and it is the time to go back home and stay near you. March 8, 3012 iv ABSTRACT SUBGROUPING OF NISOIC (YI) LANGUAGES: A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF SHARED INNOVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ESTIMATION Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan Lama, PhD The University of Texas at Arlington, 2012 Supervising Professor: Jerold A. Edmondson In southwest China and neighboring countries, including Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar, there live over 100 ethnic groups who speak languages known as Nuosu, Naxi, Hani, Lisu, Lahu, etc. These languages belong to the Nisoic Branch or the Loloish Branch of Tibeto-Burman (TB) subfamily of Sino-Tibetan. Though the Nisoic affiliation to TB is unquestionable, its internal subgrouping has not been settled. This dissertation aims to study the internal relationship of 34 Nisoic and three Burmic languages from two perspectives shared innovation and phylogenetic estimation. Shared innovation has been regarded as the most reliable criterion in determining subgroups of language descent (Campbell 2004 Historical Linguistics ). In this study, evidence from both shared sound changes and shared elements of word formation were used to establish the language relationship of Nisoic and Niso-Burmic as well. The shared innovations were extrapolated from a word database which is composed of 300 core words for each of these 37 languages. The procedure for arriving at Niso-Burmic subgrouping is a bottom-up approach with a belief that language development obeys a binary-split pathway. This comparative study yields 10 Nisoic clusters that can be further combined into eight groups: Nisoish, Lisoish, Kazhuoish, Nusoish, Naxish, Lahoish, Hanoish, and Mondzish. These eight groups and the Burmish group make up the nine members of the Niso-Burmic Branch. v Two phylogenetic approaches Bayesian inference and Neighbor-Net were used to estimate the evolution of the Nisoic descent and the Niso-Burmic descent. Of all the 300 words, 246 characters (glosses) were selected to build a database for 38 taxa (37 Niso-Burmic languages and Written Tibetan). The phylogenetic database is a matrix, which is comprised of these 38 taxa and 4099 character states generated from these 246 characters. Bayes Inference and Neighbor-Net were implemented with MrBayes 3.2.1 and SplitsTree 4.12.3 to compute the binary codes converted from this database. The results of the phylograms (trees) produced by MrBayes and networks generated by SplitsTree were almost identical to each other, and they are essentially the same as the subgroups of Nisoic or Niso-Burmic determined by shared innovations. This dissertation suggests that Burmic and Nisoic are not the two language stocks that first split, instead, the Mondzish group split off from Niso-Burmic at the earliest date. The results of this study represent the first comprehensive account of the Nisoic and Niso-Burmic subgrouping and also represent a hypothesis for further research in the field. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ……………..iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ....................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………..………..….. .......................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of This Study .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Motivations of This Study ............................................................................................ 4 1.3 Definitions of Terms Used in This Dissertation ........................................................... 5 1.3.1 Definitions for Sino-Tibetan Taxonomy ..................................................... 5 1.3.2 Ethnic Terms ............................................................................................... 6 1.4 Nisoic Distribution and Population .............................................................................. 8 1.4.1 Nisoic Distribution and Population in China ............................................. 11 1.4.2 Nisoic Distribution and Population in Vietnam ........................................ 13 1.4.3 Nisoic Distribution and Population in Lao PDR ....................................... 14 1.4.4 Nisoic Distribution and Population in Thailand ........................................ 17 1.4.5 Nisoic Distribution and Population in Myanmar ....................................... 18 1.4.6 Nisoic Distribution and Population in India .............................................. 20 1.4.7 Recategorization of the Nisoic Ethnic Groups .......................................... 21 1.5 The Homeland and the Time-Depth of the Nisoic Ethnic Groups .............................. 25 1.5.1 The Discovery of the Dinggong Pottery Inscriptions and the Origin of the Yi People ............................................................ 25 1.5.2 The Supposed Westward Migration of the East Yi ................................... 27 vii 1.5.3 The Old Shu Kingdom: The Civilization of the Nisoic Ethnic People ..................................................................... 30 1.5.4 Evidence of the Yi or Nisoic people originated from the West Chengdu Plain ...................................................................... 31 1.5.5 Language Evidence of the Origin of the Yi People in the West Chengdu Plain .................................................................... 36 1.5.6 Summary of the Nisoic People Origin....................................................... 38 1.6 Organization of the Dissertation ................................................................................. 38 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 40 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 40 2.2 Different Views of Nisoic Subgrouping between Chinese Linguists and Foreign Scholars ............................................................................... 41 2.3 Chinese Nisoic Language Subgrouping ...................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Luo and Fu’s Proposal for the Nisoic (Yi) Branch (1954) ........................ 42 2.3.2 Sun’s Proposal for the Nisoic (Yi) Branch (1998, 2002) ......................... 43 2.3.3 Dai et al.’s Proposal for the Nisoic (Yi) Branch (1989, 1990) .................. 45 2.3.4 Li’s Proposal for the Niso-Burmic (2010) ................................................. 47 2.4 Western Nisoic Language Subgrouping ..................................................................... 50 2.4.1 Bradley’s Proposal for the Loloish Branch (1997, 2007) ......................... 50 2.4.2 Matisoff’s Proposal for the Lolo (Yi)-Burmese-Naxi (2008) ................... 54 2.5 Su’s Yi Branch Proposal (1991): A Native Linguist View ......................................... 55 2.6 Assessing Nisoic Proposals and Future Study ............................................................ 58 3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 60 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................
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