Eia 020210 Gw

REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA

Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support (Component 1) and Works Supervision (Component 2) for the Project “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” in Zambia

EuropeAid 126410/D/SER/ZM

Annex VI

EIS REPORT

JANUARY 2010

(This study is funded by the European Commission and presented by Egis Bceom/CPG. The report does not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the European Commission)

Prepared for: Prepared by: Road Development Agency (RDA), Ministry of Works and Supply, Egis Bceom International/CPG JV Fairley Road, Place de Frères Montgolfier, P O Box 50003, 78286 Guyancourt Cedex, Lusaka 10101, FRANCE ZAMBIA Tel : +260 211 252259 Tel : +33 1 30 12 48 00 Fax : +260 211 253404 Fax : +33 1 30 60 05 67

Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support (Component 1) THE REPUBLIC OF EIS for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” in Zambia ZAMBIA Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM Report

DOCUMENT STATUS:

TITLE EIS REPORT

DOCUMENT NO: 80295E/R4

DOCUMENT TYPE PROJECT STAGE REPORT

DATE OF FIRST ISSUE JULY 2009

Name Designation Signature Date

Prepared By: Eulalia Environmentalist MACOME

Florence Social/HIV/Gender BUKALI Expert

Checked By: G Williams Team Leader

Approved G Williams Team Leader By:

REVISIONS:

Rev. Release Purpose of issue Prepared by Checked by N° date

Name Sign Name Sign

1 Jan 2010 Comments from F Bukali G Williams EC/RDA and AfDB

A Zulu

J Chishiba

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Acronyms

AU African Union

AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

COMESA Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa

CSO Central Statistic Office

EC European Commission

ECRSP European Commission Road Sector Programme

ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPB Environmental Project Brief

EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act

ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit

FNDP Fifth National Development Programme

GMA Game Management Area

GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

IAPs Interested and Affected Parties

KAP Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices

LWF Lutheran World Federation

MPs Members of Parliament

NEAP National Environmental Action Plan

NAWASCO National Water and Sewerage Company

NEPAD New Partnership of Africa for Development

NGO Non Governmental Agency

NCS National Conservation Strategy

NIP National Indicative Programmes

NP National Parks

RDA Road Development Agency

ROADSIP Road Sector Investment Programme

RTSA Road Traffic and Safety Agency

SADC Southern Africa Development Community

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STI Sexually Transmitted Illnesses/

ToR Terms of Reference

UN United Nations

UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Education Fund.

LFLF Water for Life Foundation

ZESCO Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation

ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support THE REPUBLIC OF (Component 1) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” EIS ZAMBIA in Zambia Report Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1

2 BACKGROUND ...... 4

2.1 Project Justification and Purpose...... 4 2.2 Project Objectives...... 4 2.3 Objectives of the EIA ...... 5 2.4 Project Location ...... 5 2.5 Project Description and Associated Activities ...... 6 2.5.1 Project Improvement Options...... 6

3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK...... 7

3.1 Environmental Policy Framework ...... 7 3.1.1 National Conservation Strategy...... 7 3.1.2 National Environmental Policy...... 8 3.2 Environmental Legislative and Institutional Framework ...... 8 3.2.1 Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act ...... 8 3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations...... 9 3.2.3 Waste Management Regulations ...... 11 3.2.4 Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations...... 11 3.2.5 Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emissions Standards) ...... 11 3.2.6 EPPCA (Ozone Depletion Substances) Regulations 2000 ...... 12 3.2.7 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations...... 12 3.3 Other Acts Reviewed Relevant to the Road Rehabilitation Project ...... 12 3.3.1 National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201 ...... 12 3.3.2 Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283...... 13 3.3.3 Forest Act, Chapter 199 ...... 13 3.3.4 Water Act, Chapter 198...... 13 3.3.5 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act ...... 14 3.3.6 The Land Act of 1995 ...... 14 3.3.7 The Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970 ...... 14 3.3.8 Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 32 ...... 15 3.3.9 Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464 ...... 15 3.3.10 Local Government Act, Chapter 281 ...... 16 3.3.11 Public Health Act, Chapter 295 ...... 16 3.3.12 Factories Act, Chapter 441...... 16 3.3.13 Petroleum Act, Chapter 439 ...... 16 3.3.14 Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436...... 16 3.4 International Conventions and Protocols...... 17

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support THE REPUBLIC OF (Component 1) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” in EIS ZAMBIA Zambia Report Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM

4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY...... 18

4.1 General Approach ...... 18 4.2 Baseline Data Collection ...... 18 4.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 18 4.2.2 Environmental Management Plan ...... 19 4.3 Geographical or Mapping Units...... 19 4.4 Environmental Quality Indicators...... 19 4.5 Assumptions and Constraints ...... 20

5 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY...... 21

5.1 Physical and Environmental Features ...... 21 5.1.1 Topography...... 21 5.1.2 Geology ...... 21 5.1.3 Soils ...... 21 5.1.4 Climate...... 21 5.1.5 Hydrology...... 22 5.1.6 Air Quality ...... 22 5.1.7 Ambient Noise ...... 22 5.1.8 Land Use ...... 23 5.1.9 Vegetation...... 23 5.1.10 Protected Areas...... 26 5.1.11 Fauna...... 26 5.2 Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 27 5.2.1 Administration...... 27 5.2.2 Traditional Authority and Administration...... 27 5.2.3 Population Characteristics...... 28 5.2.4 Economic Characteristics ...... 30 5.2.5 Poverty...... 32 5.2.6 Social Infrastructure...... 32 5.2.7 Road Safety...... 36 5.3 Boundaries of the Project ...... 36

6 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS...... 37

6.1 Bio-physical Impacts ...... 37 6.1.1 Vegetation and Fauna ...... 37 6.1.2 Water Contamination...... 38 6.1.3 Soils and Underground Resources ...... 38 6.1.4 Air pollution and Noise...... 39 6.2 Socio-economic Impacts...... 40 6.2.1 Postive Impacts ...... 40 6.2.2 Negative Impacts...... 41

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7 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ...... 46

7.1 Nature of Impact...... 46 7.2 Direct Impacts...... 46 7.3 Indirect Impacts...... 46 7.4 Spatial Extent...... 46 7.5 Duration...... 46 7.6 Intensity...... 47 7.7 Probability...... 47 7.8 Determinination of Significance ...... 48 7.9 Project Influence Areas with Direct Impact ...... 48 7.10 Project Influence Areas with Indirect Impact ...... 48

8 MITIGATION/ OPTIMISATION MEASURES ...... 55

8.1 Bio-physical Impacts ...... 55 8.1.1 Vegetation and Fauna ...... 55 8.1.2 Water Quality/ Pollution ...... 55 8.1.3 Soils and Underground Resources ...... 55 8.1.4 Air Quality ...... 56 8.2 Socio-economic Impacts...... 61 8.2.1 Health and Safety ...... 61 8.2.2 Road safety for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians ...... 62 8.2.3 Economy, Employment and Income Generating Activities ...... 63 8.2.4 Real Property, Heritage, Building and Equipment...... 63 8.2.5 Agriculture and Livestock Farming/Breeding...... 63 8.2.6 Quality of Life...... 63 8.2.7 Provision for Emergencies and Accidents...... 64 8.2.8 Sanitation...... 64 8.2.9 Traffic Accidents during and after project implementation ...... 64 8.2.10 Crime ...... 64 8.3 Summary of Mitigation Measures...... 64

9 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 67

10 CONCLUSIONS ...... 67

10.1 Statement of Impact...... 67 10.2 Conclusions and Recommendations...... 67

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TECHNICAL ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 Revised Logical Framework and Description of the Project

ANNEX II Map of the Project Area

ANNEX III Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

ANNEX IV Records of Stakeholders Engagement, Minutes of Meetings

ANNEX V Other Technical Information

ANNEX VI Cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP

ADMINISTRATIVE ANNEXES

ANNEX I EIA Study Methodology / Work Plan

ANNEX II Consultant’s Itinerary

ANNEX III List of Stakeholders Consulted or Engaged

ANNEX IV List of Documentation Consulted

ANNEX V Curricula Vitae of The Consultants

ANNEX VI Terms of Reference of the EIA

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The proposed road rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4) project relates to the upgrading of the existing road from Luangwa Bridge to Mwami, which was originally built as a 6.1 m (20 ft) wide carriageway with 1.83 m (6 ft) wide gravel shoulders. The aim of the project is to upgrade the section of road in question and thus contribute to the establishment of a safe and sustainable core road network at national and regional level. The project provides for the strengthening of the pavement structure and for the surfacing and widening of the existing carriageway and construction of paved shoulders.

An Environmental Impact Assessment has been carried out for the proposed rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4). The Consultant started the assignment on 11 of February of 2009 with field appraisals, scoping, public consultations and literature review. In June and July 2009 the Consultant undertook further field appraisals, interviews for specialist analysis, literature review for baseline studies and impacts evaluation to complete the EIA. Included in the assessment is a thorough review of both the environmental policy and the legal and administrative framework in Zambia appropriate to the road project. The Consultant reviewed earlier EIA studies and became acquainted with policy and planning documents, EC guidelines, maps and statistics. Field visits were made to potential sites for material extraction and meetings and interviews were held with locals, key informants and other stakeholders.

The Environmental Impact Assessment study associated with the project is intended to provide information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance of a selected project alternative for financing and implementation.

The major project activities will include:

• Extraction of soils and gravels from borrow pits;

• Quarrying and crushing;

• Pavement strengthening;

• Widening of formation;

• Construction of drainage structures (transverse and longitudinal);

• Pavement surfacing;

• Improvements in Chipata with a view to separating vehicular, pedestrian and cycle traffic;

• Re-alignment of a short section between Luangwa Bridge and Nyimba.

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• Replacement of 5 bridges;

• HIV/AIDS socio-cultural study at project inception and after completion, HIV/AIDS awareness and control and peer educator training.

Three alternatives have been considered for treatment of each logical road section designated Options 1, 2 and 3 respectively (see para 1.5.1 below for in remaining sections.

From an environmental and social perspective no significant differences are expected between options. However, environmental and social effects would become pronounced with the choice between “with project” or “without project”.

The study shows that there will be some impacts as a result of the project. These impacts are:

• Vegetation will need to be cleared to establish camp sites, quarries, borrow pits and access roads to material extraction sites. The amount of clearing will be minor as the road corridors are already defined.

• Bringing in a construction workforce into an area may increase demand on natural resources due to competition for firewood, woodland products and wildlife. Construction camps may encourage the temporary establishment of markets, ‘Catembas’ or stalls, to service the workers. These temporary facilities may also increase demand on local natural resources during construction phase.

• During construction phase, pollution of rivers, streams, ponds, wells and springs is likely to occur, particularly in the vicinity of camp sites, due to washing, and drinking by livestock and if inadequate sanitary and waste disposal facilities are in place or due to accidental or reckless spillage of pollutants.

• The extraction and removal of material from its original location can result in land slips, soil erosion and disfiguring of the landscape in aesthetically sensitive areas.

• Pollution of air during the construction phase is expected due to increased levels of dust and carbon dioxide emissions.

• There are potential impacts associated with the partial or total loss of agricultural/grazing land and crop, with the need to open up quarries, fields located in the road reserve, access roads and deviations, with the further impacts on family subsistence and income. Temporary access roads constructed across cultivated land can lead to long-term reduction in productivity as a result of soil compaction by haulage vehicles.

• In Chipata the need to separate cyclist and pedestrian traffic from the mainline traffic will require expropriation or relocation of existing patrimony or utility services such as electricity poles, water pipes, bill boards, one bus stop,

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gardens, trees, hawkers stands and interruptions of business at the ‘Town’ (Saturday market) and service delivery.

• The construction project will trigger inflow of employment seekers leading to the risks of exposure and increase in STIs and HIV/AIDS, with adverse impacts occurring at stop over locations, big markets and the main centres of Mwami, Katete,Petauke, Chipata, Sinda and Nyimba; increase in prostitution, increasing demands on available medical services. Haulage of materials will always result in increased levels of dust which can raise the incidence of respiratory diseases.

• Road safety for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians may worsen during the construction phase if users ignore construction sign boards and road signs. Construction traffic may also contribute to increased congestion in Nyimba, Katete and Chipata, contributing to chaos and accidents, increasing the number of casualties. It is expected that there will be an increase in fatalities resulting from collisions between motorists and domestic animals held in free range after completion of the road.

• The quality of life of settlements near blasting sites and quarrying sites and settlements along the road during construction is expected to decrease, due to noise and vibrations, increase in dust levels, nuisance in form of mud and dust arising from the construction works. Quality of life is expected to increase after completion of the project.

Mitigation measures to avoid or reduce these impacts to minimal levels have been proposed. They form the basis of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The key recommendations can be summarized as follows:

• Promote awareness and adopt best-in-construction practices to minimize depletion of forest and fauna resources, water contamination, soils and underground water resources, air pollution.

• Adopt strategies that address the socio-cultural context of vulnerability and risks to infection and spread of diseases such as STI’s and HIV/AIDS at the workplace and in the community.

• Adopt measures that lessen occurrence of diseases (malaria) and accidents (road related).

• Enhance employment benefits, by positively discriminating in favour of locals, offering equal opportunities to women and men. Offer equal pay for work of equal value and maximize local procurement of supplies whenever possible.

• Land reallocation and compensation, if required, be implemented within the provisions of the Road Act of 2002.

• Adopt measures that minimize disruption to local ways of life.

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• Contractor shall be required to rehabilitate quarry and borrow pit sites to restore their scenic beauty.

2 BACKGROUND

2.1 Project Justification and Purpose The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and the European Commission (EC) require an Environmental and Socio-Cultural Impact Assessment (EIA) to be carried out for the formulation of the project “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” between the Luangwa Bridge and the Zambian border with Malawi at Mwami. The route passes through the towns of Nyimba, Petauke, Sinda, Katete and Chipata.

The project is within the framework of the 10th EDF NIP, with an allocation of € 38 million for the rehabilitation of the 360 km long route.

The EIA was undertaken to provide decision-makers in the GRZ and the EC with sufficient information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance, modification or rejection of the proposed project, or the choice of an alternative, for financing and implementation. The EIA will also provide the basis for identifying the main accompanying measures and corrective actions required to ensure that the project duly integrates environmental and socio-economic standards.

2.2 Project Objectives The aim of the project is to upgrade the section of road to comply with SATCC standards and thus contribute to the establishment of a safe and sustainable core road network in Zambia. The T4 is an integral part of the Zambian core road network but is also a designated part of the Nacala Development Corridor.

The Sector goal is to support economic growth in SADC and foster regional integration through reliable, efficient and seamless transport infrastructure that increases competitiveness of the region.

The project objective is to:

a) Provide Zambia, Malawi and the interior of Mozambique road transport linkage to the port of Nacala and improve transport services through reduction in transport costs and delays at border crossings

b) Improve sustainability of investments by controlling axle loads and

c) Improve accessibility of the communities in the zone of influence to markets and social services and contribute to the reduction of poverty

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The Great East Road has been the subject of several rehabilitation and maintenance programmes. These have ranged from the AfDB financed rehabilitation of the Lusaka-Luangwa Bridge section (eventually completed under GRZ financing) in the 1990’s, to the periodic maintenance contracts that have now covered virtually the entire length of road between Luangwa Bridge and Mwami.

The proposed rehabilitation of the road will, inter alia, improve transport communication and thus enhance access to markets in the sub region. Upgrading of the road will expedite economic development in Eastern Province.

2.3 Objectives of the EIA The objective of the EIA is to identify positive and negative impacts on ecology of the project area due to impacts on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment and to recommend measures for their mitigation..

2.4 Project Location The T4 study section is approximately 360 km in length. The start point is the expansion joint on the eastern end of the Luangwa Bridge deck (Chainage 232.688 from Lusaka). The road ends at the Zambian border barrier with Malawi at Mwami (Chainage 592. 289 from Lusaka). The location of the route is shown in the location map below.

Figure 1: Project location

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Figure 2: Location of the project route with typical features

2.5 Project Description and Associated Activities The major project activities will include: • Extraction of soils and gravels from borrow pits; • Quarrying and crushing; • Pavement strengthening; • Widening of formation; • Construction of drainage structures (transverse and longitudinal); • Pavement surfacing; • Improvements in Chipata with a view to separating vehicular, pedestrian and cycle traffic; • Re-alignment of a short section between Luangwa Bridge and Nyimba. • Replacement of 5 bridges;

2.5.1 Project Improvement Options Three alternatives based on technical and practical considerations have been considered for treatment of each logical road section. These are by means of various interventions, viz:

Option 1: a) Widen carriageway width to 10.4m throughout; b) Apply hot-mix asphalt overlay to certain sections; c) Recycle insitu base and surface with hot-mix asphalt in other sections; d) Recycle insitu base, add crushed stone base and surface with hot- mix asphalt in remaining sections.

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Option 2: a) Widen carriageway width to 10.4m throughout; b) Apply hot-mix asphalt overlay to certain sections; c) Recycle insitu base and surface with hot-mix asphalt in other sections; d) Recycle insitu base, add crushed stone base and surface with hot- mix asphalt in remaining sections. e) Surface shoulders on selected sections with double seal surface treatment;

Option 3: a) Widen carriageway width to 10.4m in selected sections; b) Apply hot-mix asphalt overlay to certain sections; c) Recycle insitu base, add crushed stone base and surface with double seal surface treatment in remaining sections.

The benefits to the region and country as a whole resulting from the road improvement will by far outweigh the effect of the project on the environment. In-fact the ‘without project’ scenario is more likely to have a negative impact on the environment, the economy and livelihoods in general. The ‘without project’ scenario would represent lost opportunities and would also:

• Promote ongoing depletion of natural resources to sustain livelihood; • Increase wear and tear of vehicles and thus increase operational costs; • Diminish purchase of agricultural produce from the Eastern province. This will in turn discourage production; • Reduce tourist travel to the region and thus reduce the concomitant benefits accruing to the local communities; It is more cost-effective to do the rehabilitation in the near future rather than postpone to too much later, when the road will have deteriorated further. Within the context of the current global recession, this project offers potential opportunity to national contractors.

3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Environmental Policy Framework

3.1.1 National Conservation Strategy The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) is the forerunner to environmental legislation in Zambia. The NCS was adopted by the Government of Zambia in 1985 and led to the enactment of the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act in 1990 and provided for the establishment of the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) which became operational in 1991. The NCS provided guidance for the

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sustainable development of Zambia through the use and conservation of natural resources within a centrally planned and controlled economy. However in 1992, the National Environmental Action Plan process was established to update the NCS, to meet the demands of an economy undergoing liberalisation and to update technical information.

3.1.2 National Environmental Policy The National Policy on Environment recognises the requirements set out in the Constitution and acknowledges the responsibility of civil society and all citizens to protect and conserve the environment and all its resources and to manage the environment in all its aspects to fulfil these obligations.

The National Policy on Environment underlines the commitment of government, in partnership with the people, effectively to manage the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. The aim of this Policy is to ensure sound environmental management within a framework of sustainable development in Zambia. The Policy is supported by many other policies and strategies developed for other sectors and it now provides a holistic approach, following Millennium Development Goals, to establish a national strategy based upon cross-sectoral consensus for care for the environment.

The Policy emphasises that it is the duty of any institution, government or non-governmental organisation, any community group or people's organisation or any individual that uses or otherwise carries out activities that affect the environment in any way, to exercise proper control to maintain the productivity and integrity of the environment. The Policy is set against a background that includes macro economic issues, the Millennium Development Goals and National Poverty Reduction Strategy and Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and it considers economic incentives for improved environmental management.

3.2 Environmental Legislative and Institutional Framework

3.2.1 Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA), Cap 204, Part IV to VII sets the role of ECZ in setting environmental quality standards for waste, water, air, pesticides and toxic substances, noise, ionising radiation and natural resources conservation. In 1997 an amendment to the EPPCA established the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997 for conducting and review of Environmental Impact Assessment of certain projects such as this one on road rehabilitation.

The Environmental Council of Zambia being a Statutory body is mandated to enforce the provisions of the EPPCA on natural resource management

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and pollution control for the protection of the environment. Below are the Statutory Instruments which were reviewed under the EPPCA No 12 of 1990.

3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared in accordance with the legal framework on Environmental Management enshrined in the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, Cap 204 of the Laws of Zambia and its subsidiary legislation, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997.

Specifically, Section 3(1) of the EIA Regulations states that, “a developer shall not implement a project for which a project brief or environmental impact statement is required under these Regulations, unless the project brief or the environmental impact statement has been concluded in accordance with these regulations and the Environmental Council of Zambia has issued a decision letter.”

The EIA regulatory framework is provided in the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure, as shown in the figure below.

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Figure 3: EIA Regulatory Framework

The contents of an Environmental Impact Statement shall be prepared to include the following elements:

• A description of the project; • A description of the site;

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• A description of the raw material inputs, technology, processes, products and by-products; • A description of the site surrounding environment; • A description of the environmental effects; • A description of the socio-economic impacts; • Impact management Plan

The proposed project is outlined under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997, Second Schedule (Regulations (7)(2)) Section 2(a) under the heading Transportation: The Regulation states that All major roads outside urban areas, the construction of new roads and major improvements over 10 km in length or over 1 km in length if the road passes through a National Park or Game Management Area shall require an Environmental Impact Assessment. The Luangwa-Mwami road is a major road outside the urban areas and require major improvements over 10 km in length. Therefore the EIA process was conducted in line with the provisions of these EIA Regulations.

3.2.3 Waste Management Regulations SI No. 71 of 1993 sets out the licensing requirements for transporters and waste disposal sites and provides definitions of waste.

The construction and operation activities of the service station have the potential to generate solid waste whose transportation and disposal may require licensing. Management of all solid wastes should therefore have to be done in accordance with the requirements of these Regulations.

3.2.4 Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations SI No. 72 of 1993 prohibits unauthorized discharge of pollutants into the aquatic environment and require that all effluent likely to be discharged should be licensed.

The construction and operation activities of the service station have the potential to cause leakages, oil spill or wash pollutants into the nearby storm water drain which may end into the natural streams. Therefore, management of the site should take into account the need to prevent pollution of the aquatic environment.

3.2.5 Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emissions Standards) SI No. 141 of 1996 provides for the control of emissions to the environment and specifies the statutory discharge limits for respective parameters. The Regulations prohibit unauthorized emission of pollutants into air, sets out licensing requirements and provides long-term emission limits for air pollution.

The construction and operation activities of the service station may discharge particles and dust that have the potential to pollute ambient air.

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Therefore construction and operation activities will be required to take measures to prevent pollution of the ambient air.

3.2.6 EPPCA (Ozone Depletion Substances) Regulations 2000 These regulations provides for the control of an importer, exporter, producer or distributor of controlled substance whether in transit or otherwise; an importer, exporter, producer or distributor of technology or product which uses or contains a controlled substance; a person who services refrigerator, air conditioner, mobile or other technology using controlled substances; a person or an institution using or servicing fire extinguishers; and a person, an institution, a farmer or other individual using any controlled substance.

The project will take measures to avoid conducting any activity likely to produce any controlled substance or any other substance likely to deplete the ozone layer under these Regulations. Fire extinguishers stored on site meant to deal with potential fire outbreaks should therefore those that contain substances that dont depelete the ozone layer.

3.2.7 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations SI No. 125 of 2001 provides for the control of generation, collection, storage, transportation, pre-treatment, treatment, disposal, export, import and transboundary movement of hazardous waste as listed in Fourth Schedule or any waste specified in Sixth Schedule, if that waste exhibits characteristics found in the Fifth Schedule to these Regulations.

Therefore generation, collection storage, transportation, pre-treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes resulting from construction and operation activities may require to be licensed under these Regulations.

3.3 Other Acts Reviewed Relevant to the Road Rehabilitation Project The Acts below have also been reviewed in order to ensure that the project complies with other relevant existing laws that have a bearing on environmental management.

3.3.1 National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201 The National Parks and Wildlife Act provides for the establishment, control and management of National Parks and Game Management Areas. Under this Act is a schedule of Protected animal species.

The Luangwa-Mwami road does not pass through a national park. Therefore the impacts of rehabilitation works on wildlife are considered insignificant.

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3.3.2 Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283 The Town and Country Planning Act, came into force in 1962 and provides for the control, use and change of land use zones and reservations for various purposes, eg. siting of work sites. It also provides for the compensation of those affected by planning decisions and regulated development subdivisions.

The road rehabilitation project will be undertaken in accordance with the approved land use plans as provided for under the Town and Country Planning Act.

3.3.3 Forest Act, Chapter 199 The Forest Act, passed in 1974, provides for the establishment and management of National and Local forests, conservation and protection of forest and trees, and licensing and sale of forest products. The Act prohibits the felling, collecting or injuring of forest products in protected forest areas or forest reserves, unless a license has been obtained to do so. It also prohibits excavation, construction, and operation of machinery within the forest reserves or protected areas.

Forest reserves currently cover approximately 10% of the country and are intended for the conservation and development of forest resources, as well as providing protection to watersheds.

The Act also provides for the protection of 6 tree species nationally whether in a protected area or outside it. These are as follows:

Entandrophragma caudatum Mountain Mahogany

Khaya nyasica Red Mahogany

Pterocarpus angolensis African Teak

Afzelia quanzensis Pod Mahogany

Faurea saligna Beechwood

Baikiaea plurijuga Teak

During biological/ecological investigations protected tree species have not been found along the road corridor. Therefore the impacts of rehabilitation works on protected tree species are considered insignificant.

3.3.4 Water Act, Chapter 198 The Water Act provides for the control, ownership and use of public and private water excluding that of Zambezi, Luapula and Luangwa Rivers which border with other countries. Public water use is controlled by the Water Board through the allocation of water rights which are granted

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following investigation, advertisement and, where necessary, permission from the chief.

The Act also establishes the pollution of public water as an offence, although the Water Pollution Control Regulations are established by the EPPCA.

The project will comply with the provisions of the Act by ensuring that storm water disposal structures intended to control runoffs from the road into the aquatic environment (both surface and groundwater) are part of the overall detailed designs for road rehabilitation.

3.3.5 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act The National Heritage and Conservation Act established the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC), which is responsible for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and objects of aesthetic, historical, prehistoric, archaeological or scientific interest by preservation, restoration, rehabilitation, reconstruction, adaptive use and good management. The Commission also provides regulations for archaeological excavation and export of relics.

If a development is unable to proceed without affecting an item of heritage, permission must be sought from the NHCC as outlined in Sections 35 and 36 of the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act.

During the road surveys and detailed EIA investigations there were np items of heritage found in the project area. Therefore the impacts of rehabilitation works on heritage items are considered insignificant.

3.3.6 The Land Act of 1995 The Land Act of 1995 was enacted to quarantee peoples' right to land while enhancing development. The Act recognises the holding of land under customary tenure and the Chief’s role has been legally recognised, such that land cannot be converted or alienated without approval of the chief.

The developer worked closely with the local community and has obtained consent from Chiefs, Headmen, Area Councillors and local authorities of Luangwa, Nyimba, Petuke, Katete and Chipata Communities during the EIA process and will continue to do so during final road rehabilitation works.

3.3.7 The Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970 Land acquisition is governed by the Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970. The Act sets out regulations for compulsory acquisition of land and property and compensation for such acquisition. The president (his

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designated and authorized person) may acquire any property in the interest of the Republic. Notice shall be given in person not less than two months in advance and shall be gazetted. Compensation for acquired property, losses and damages shall be paid as may be agreed or, finally determined by the National Assembly in case agreement on compensation is not reached within six weeks after publication in the Gazette. Any disputes except for disputes related to the amount of compensation may be instituted for court proceedings. The Act also provide for compensation to be granted by allocation of new land to the property owner.

The Act instituted a Compensation Advisory Board to advise the Minister of Lands in assessment of compensation payable under the Act. The functions of the Board have been delegated to various committees. Various forms to be used in proceedings of property acquisition are prescribed in the statutory Instrument No. 60 of 1970.

The developer will confine the rehabilitation works within the road reserve area i.e. 30m from the centre of the road to either side of the road to minimise impacts in the immediate environment.

3.3.8 Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 32 The Mines and Minerals Act Cap 32 of 1976 regulates activities relating to mines and minerals operations including quarrying and provides for regulations for environmental protection during prospecting and mining activities and rehabilitation of the areas mined. Further, the Ministry of Transport and Communications, Environmental guidelines Section 7.6 (2) states that:

“Contractors shall obtain licenses from the Ministry of Mines to operate borrow areas” and 7.10 (6) states that “Contractors shall obtain mining licenses for quarrying”.

In this project quarrying for gravel material will be carried out and rehabilitation of the quarries created in the process will be carried out based on the mitigation measures outlined in this document and in the subsequent Environmental Project Brief for a new borrow pit.

3.3.9 Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464 The Roads and Traffic Control Act, provides for the control of traffic, and for the regulation of storm water disposal structures.

In this road rehabilitation project, requirements for storm water disposal structures along the access road as provided for under this Act are part of the overall designs for road rehabilitation.

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3.3.10 Local Government Act, Chapter 281 The Local Government Act allows the Council to implement environmental protection and natural resources management functions which include prevention of pollution of water supplies and undertaking of mining operations.

For instance, the Act would support the location and restorations of borrow pit sites, subject to approval by the relevant Government Departments and Local Communities in the areas in which they are located.

Location and siting of camps and borrow pits will be undertaken with consultations and consent from the local community and approval from relevant Government Departments. In the case of opening a new borrow pit this will require approval from the Environmental Council of Zambia by way of undertaking an Environmental Project Brief.

3.3.11 Public Health Act, Chapter 295 The Public Health Act empowers a Council to prevent diseases and pollution dangerous to human health and to any water supply for domestic use.

The project will ensure that measures to prevent diseases and pollution dangerous to human health and to any water supply are taken into account through the provision of a road drainage control system.

3.3.12 Factories Act, Chapter 441 The Factories Act provides a framework for the setting of regulations to ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons employed on construction work sites and in factories. The Act is applicable during road rehabilitation.

The project will ensure that the safety, health and welfare measures and facilities of workers during road rehabilitation will be in accordance with the provisions of the Factories Act.

3.3.13 Petroleum Act, Chapter 439 The areas of the Petroleum Act of relevance to this project are regulations for the conveyance and storage of petroleum, inflammable oil and liquids e. g. paraffin.

Where petroleum products shall be transported to or stored on site this shall be done in compliance with the provisions of the Petroleum Act.

3.3.14 Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436 This Act allows for the establishment of procedures for the transportation, handling and storage of fuels to minimize negative environmental impacts.

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Where fuels shall be transported to, handled or stored on site this shall be done in compliance with the provisions of the Energy Regulation Act.

3.4 International Conventions and Protocols Zambia is a signatory to a number of international and regional conventions, the ones which are related to the environment and the project are listed below:-

• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as a Waterfowl Habitat

The objective of the Convention is the conservation of wetlands and their protection from destruction and loss. The Convention was adopted in 1971 and Zambia signed it in 1991.

• Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

The objective of the Convention is to identify and protect cultural and natural heritage property of world value from the point view of science, conservation or natural beauty. The Convention came into force in 1975 and Zambia signed it in 1984.

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Zambia signed the Convention in June 1992 and ratified it in March 1993. The Convention calls on all parties to among other things; address the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and to develop appropriate adaptation measures.

• Convention on Biological Diversity

The objective of the Convention is the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources. The Convention was adopted in 1992 and Zambia signed it in May, 1993.

Biological diversity is important for ecological balance, economic, scientific, cultural and technological development. Zambia has rich biological diversity comprising various species of plants, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, birds, fish and insects. However, the country has lost massive biodiversity leading to the extinction of some species of animals and plants because of deterioration in conservation practices and lack of monitoring and enforcement of the laws.

Among other measures, parties to the Convention should introduce environmental impact assessment requirements for proposed projects that

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have a likelihood of adverse effects on biodiversity, and take care of such risks and effects.

• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

The objective of the Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/ or desertification, particularly in Africa. The Convention was adopted in 1994 and Zambia signed it in the same year.

4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 General Approach The magnitude and significance of the potential impacts of the project were assessed and evaluated by a variety of methods. These are discussed in more detail below.

4.2 Baseline Data Collection

Document Review and Baseline Data: The consultant has collected and reviewed relevant Acts and regulations, EC guidelines, national policy papers, national statistics, relevant reports and documents (see list of references). Relevant information to constitute an environmental baseline for impact identification and assessment has been obtained from these published sources. Additional information was gathered from primary sources through:

Field observations and sites visits: Detailed site reconnaissance was carried out in two separate visits. The first took place in early February 2009 and the second was made in mid June 2009.

Public Consultation: During the field visits the consultant team organised provincial public meetings and held individual and group interviews with various stakeholders along the road to assess the socio- economic and socio-cultural conditions of the project area. Interviews were conducted to assess affected parties’ perceptions of the project.

4.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment The potential impacts on environmental components have been predicted and evaluated. The simple matrix and Leopold matrix1 methods were adopted to evaluate impacts and assess levels of significance. The impacts have been assessed for (i) preconstruction, (ii) construction and (iii) operational phases. Details on the socio-economic and HIV/AIDS impacts

1 Leopold matrix is a qualitative environmental impact assessment method used to identify potential impacts of a project on the environment

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and recommendations for gender integration are found in the Technical Annex VII.

4.2.2 Environmental Management Plan Cost effective and feasible mitigation measures have been identified, designed and translated into practical activities or actions. These have been incorporated in the EMP, which describes practical means to ensure effective implementation of mitigation measures during pre-construction, construction and operational phases. The aim is to use the EMP as the environmental management component of a contract. A clause in the contract with reference to the EMP as the conditions to be implemented.

4.3 Geographical or Mapping Units The consultant has confined the identification and evaluation of the potential impacts resulting from the road rehabilitation project to the biophysical and socio-economic zones identified during the scoping exercise. Site visits, observations and interviews relate to road sections (see table below) established by the design team.

km distance km distance km distance Village/Town from between from Lusaka Luangwa villages/towns Luangwa 233.6 0 0

Nyimba 333.7 100.1 100.1 Petauke 399.3 165.7 65.6 Sinda 447.3 213.7 48.0 Katete 486.0 252.4 38.7 Mtenguleni 544.4 310.8 58.4 Chipata 570.9 337.3 26.5 Mwami 592.4 358.8 21.5

4.4 Environmental Quality Indicators An environmental impact indicator measures the significance of any activity on the environment. Quantitative indicators such as water contamination levels, levels of pollutants were not measured. Zambia does not have information regarding levels of pollutants in the area. Qualitative indicators have been used and assumptions regarding construction impact on these were based on existing pollution causing activities in the region.

The socio-economic baseline study is quantitative in nature. Existing factual information is used to make an assessment. The indicators include demographic data such as education, employment, water and sanitation and health. These indicators are drawn from data at national, provincial and district levels.

Monitoring the impact of the project will rely on indicators based on national standards. These include:

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(i) workforce size, (ii) the number of local people employed, (iii) rates of pay, (iv) number of women versus men employed, (v) new economic activities in the project area as result of the project, (vi) standards for working out compensation, (vii) workplace occupational health standards, (viii) HIV testing, (ix) water supply facilities, (x) waste collection points, (xi) safety and protective equipment etc. These indicators are integrated in the EMP to monitor and assess the impacts of the road rehabilitation.

4.5 Assumptions and Constraints

Various assumptions, uncertainties and constraints are always part of a study of this nature. Whilst these are often taken for granted, it is important to be aware of what they are so that the information gathered can be read within an appropriate context. For the current study these are:

a) Assumptions

• Data identified and available are appropriate and accurate and reflect the reality of the region and the local people;

• The reconnaissance level of specialist investigation (environmental scoping, technical specialist assessment) is sufficiently adequate to understand the existing environment and thus enable the researcher to identify key environmental issues assessed in this report;

• All relevant parties have been identified during scoping;

• Translation of questions asked by the researcher was accurate, not only in their verbal content, but also in the intention and tone with which they were asked;

• The social, economic and political environments present nationally and in the Eastern Province will remain relatively stable over the life of the project;

• The recommendations which the management measures propose will be adopted and implemented;

• There will be no other projects and interventions in the area.

b) Constraints

• The assessments have relied heavily on secondary data and information which is not current and not always appropriate;

• Environmental impact assessment methods cannot capture all the interaction among biophysical features and project activities. This

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applies to the Leopold matrix engaged in the EIA. The tool has its own uncertainties as it not selective and does not include a mechanism for focusing attention on the most critical human concerns. It does also not distinguish between immediate and long-term impacts.

5 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY

5.1 Physical and Environmental Features The biophysical environment of the project area represents a geomorphologic unit whose biological and physical characteristics have been largely modified by human activities. However the project area still harbours some valued ecosystems that are relatively pristine and ecologically sensitive to road rehabilitation activities. This is especially true of the section between Luangwa Bridge and Nyimba District.

5.1.1 Topography The Great East Road (T4) traverses the steeply sloping landscape of the Luangwa escarpment between the Luangwa Bridge and Kacholola. Beyond Nyimba Boma, the road cuts across a flood plain that is low lying till it reaches Chipata district, which is hilly and mountainous in some parts. The altitude of the area traversed by the road ranges from 300m at the Luangwa River to 1,200m on the plateau.

5.1.2 Geology The project area is dominated by the geology of the Basement Complex which is extensively exposed in the eastern part of the country. The Basement Complex is extensively interrupted by granite inselbergs, a product of granite intrusions. As a result paragneiss and granite are the dominant rock forms along the alignment corridor. Fertile soils are limited to some small patches along the Luangwa and Lunsemfwa rivers.

There is a high incidence of faults in the area which give rise to both hot and mineral springs.

5.1.3 Soils According to the soil survey maps, eastern province has predominantly three types of soils. (i) The upper valleys of Petauke district are rich in humus, lime, iron and magnesium, (ii) in Katete district, most of the area is underlain with gray sandy soils and (iii) Chipata district is mostly covered by varicoloured loamy and platinum soils.

5.1.4 Climate The annual rainfall and temperature in the districts of interest range from 900 mm to 1,200 mm and from 22oC to 35oC, respectively. The climate comprises hot wet summers and cool dry winters. The rainy season usually

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starts in November and ends in April, while the cool dry season starts in May/June and extends through July/August.

5.1.5 Hydrology Three major rivers drain the Eastern province. These are the: Luangwa, Lunsemfwa and Lukusashi rivers.

A notable tributary of the Luangwa is the Nyimba River which is crossed by the road on the edge of Nyimba Town. It has a catchment area in excess of 3,000 km2. The road also crosses a number of small rivers and streams (perennial and seasonal) which eventually drain into the Luangwa River, as well as a number of low lying dambos.

• The main hydrological system in the Eastern Province is the Luangwa River and its tributaries.

• The Luangwa has a total catchment area of 147,472 km2, and it is the fourth largest river basin in the country, following Zambezi, Kafue and Luapula.

• The Luangwa catchment is part of the Zambezi River Basin, and flows southwards to the east into the Indian Ocean. Nearly the entire Eastern Province is sitting on the Luangwa River Basin, but the basin also drains part of the Northern Province of Zambia.

• The main tributary of the Luangwa is the Lunsemfwa River, but there are other important rivers which include Kapamba, Munyamadzi, Mwaleshi and Lufila Rivers in the western side, and from the Eastern side the main ones are Lumimba, Lukusuzi, Lupande, Msandile, Lusangazi and Rukuzye Rivers.

5.1.6 Air Quality There is no information regarding air quality in the project area. However, in view of the lack of any major industries, and the relatively low traffic volumes on the existing road, it is reasonable to assume that air quality is generally good. This assertion may be compromised in areas close to the road where elevated dust levels may subsist temporarily during road maintenance activities.

5.1.7 Ambient Noise There is no information regarding ambient noise levels adjacent to the existing road. However in view of the low levels of traffic it can be reasonably assumed that ambient noise levels near the road are below the widely accepted guideline level of 65 dBA.

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5.1.8 Land Use The land cover found along the project corridor is mainly of the grassland and semi-evergreen and deciduous forest types. Land is used primarily for cultivation purposes. Between the Luangwa Bridge area and Kacholola there is almost no significant agricultural activity. The native forests here are thus significantly less disturbed than elsewhere. Agricultural activity (subsistence farming and cash crops) and cattle grazing is common between Kachalola and Mwami. The area from Luangwa Bridge to Kacholola is under traditional land. The forests between this area are local forests.

5.1.9 Vegetation The vegetation is generally influenced by soil type, climate, topography and the type of land use.

Figure 4 Typical vegetation along the project road

The road project traverses five type of vegetation namely:

Luangwa to Nyimba: Brachystegia (Miombo) woodland can be found between Luangwa river and Nymba. This vegetation type is dominant on the plateau and the escarpment. Miombo occurs in shallow soils, with pH less than 5.0, and generally referred to as Southern or Dry Miombo (Chidumayo, 1995), as it occurs in the region of less than 800mm of annual rainfall. The main plant species characterizing vegetation are:

• Brachystegia spicitormis, • B. bussei, • B. boehmii, mixed with Julbernadia paniculata.

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This vegetation type has, however, been transformed in structure because of the current land use.

Nyimba to Katete: Mopane woodland is spread from Nyimba lowlands to Katete. The vegetation is grows extensively on clay soils although it can be seen on hills along the escarpment. The vegetation is dominated by low rainfall species mainly:

• Colophospermum Mopane, • Acacia nigrescens, • Combretum imberbe, • Albizia Harvey, • Lannea stuhlmannii, • Sclerocarya caffra, • Kirkia acuminate, and • Ximenia Americana, • Adonsomia digitata, • Kigeria Africana, and • Loacocarpus capassa. Typical Mopane gives very little grass cover.

Munga woodland. This is Savannah woodland, usually associated with flat topography, but may occur in patches or most commonly along streams. Soils are alluvial of riverine origin with high Base Exchange Capacity. These are usually sandy clays. This vegetation is identified by the wide presence of Acacia sp. Grass cover is mostly dominated by Hyparrhenia sp., Andropogon sp., Panicum sp., Setaria sp., and Cymbopogon sp. This vegetation type is associated with most farming activity in the province.

Riparian vegetation. This vegetation usually occurs along streams and minor rivers. This vegetation is associated with alluvial soils, and annual flooding. The main plant species common include

• Trichlia erretica, • Diospyros mespilitumis, • Acacia albida, • Garcinia livingstoneii, • Tamarandus indica, • Ficus capensis, • Ziziphus mucronata, • Termitalia sp., • Salix subserrata, • Hyphaene ventricosa,

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• Combretum imberbe, • Xeroderris stuhlmanii, • Oncoba spinosa, • Ficus sp, • Screnega virosa, • Phyllanthus reticulatus • Ficus livingstonii. Other plant species are mostly dominated by wetland species mainly, • Phragmites mauritanus, • Pistea stratiotes, • Echinochloa sp., • Cyperus sp., • Acroceras sp., • Papsalum, • Panicum sp., • Setaria sphacelata, • Penisetum sp., • Cynodon dactylon, • Imperata sp., and Chloris sp.

Dambos and Grasslands. Grasslands in this region are mainly attributed to agricultural practices; otherwise, natural grasslands occur in small patches mostly attributed to high water table, which in this case would refer to the Dambo grasslands.

Chipata has experienced massive deforestation especially the area around the town thus causing serious ecological imbalances. The deforestation is causing problems to water catchment areas and has also resulted in severe erosion on the hills. The natural consequence is that the dams are silting at a very fast rate.

Vegetation type Area (km2) % of total land

Lake Basin Chipya Forest 42 0.06 Deciduous Thicket 89 0.13 Riparian Forest 643 0.93 Miombo woodland 39,096 56.58 Mopane woodland 16,377 23.70 Munga woodland 9,197 13.31 Termitaria vegetation 733 1.06 Grassland 2,923 4.23 Vegetated land 69,100 100

Table 1 Distribution of Vegetation types in Eastern Province

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5.1.10 Protected Areas The Luangwa Bridge to Mwami Border stretch of the Great East Road does not traverse a Game Management Area (GMA) or National Park (NP) per se. However, some of the traversed area (Nyimba and Petauke) are either close to Game Management Areas or are faunistic habitats.

There are a number of protected forests in the Eastern Province but these are nowhere near the road alignment except for Sinda National Forest No. 70 (3,790 ha) which extends for about 9 km along the road.

5.1.11 Fauna

The vegetation characterised above was once a harbour of numerous species of wildlife, however due to illegal hunting its numbers has been decreasing.

Major animal species include:

• Antbear (Orycteropus afer), • Cheetah (Acinomyx jubatus), • Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), • Klipspringer (Oreotragus orestragus), • Lechwe (Kobus leche), • Blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), • Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), • Wild dog (Lycaon pictus), • Elephant (Loxodonta africanum), • Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsceros), • Hartebeaast (Alccelaphus lichstenstciri), • Impala (Aepyceros melampus), • Warthog (Phacochoerus althiopicus), • Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), • Bushbuck (Tragelaphys scriptus), • Leopard (Panthera pardus), Lion (Panthera leo), • Crocodile (Crocodilus spp), • Puku (Kobus vardoni), • Hippo (Hippopotamus amphibious) and many others.

Common fish species in the area include:

• Oreochromis macrochir, • Tilapia rendalli, • serrachromis robustus, • Momyrus longishith, Momyrus delicisias,

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• Momyrus laceda. • Others include Discodus sp, Labeo ativeries, Clarias mozambicas, Clarias zambeziasis and Synodolis zambeziasis.

Bird life include:

• helmeted guinea fowls, • francolins, wild geeses and ducks. Others are • eagles (short-tailed, marshal and fish), • vultures, stocks, • egrets and kites.

Bees species include honey bees (Apis mellifera), sweet bees and mopane bees.

In Petauke district, one major wildlife zone is the Sandwe Game Management Area with a total of 57 animal species. This area is however, far from the surrounding road environs.

5.2 Socio-Economic Conditions

5.2.1 Administration

Eastern Province is divided into eight districts, namely; • Chadiza, • Chama, • Chipata (project), • Katete (project), • Lundazi, • Mambwe. • Nyimba (project) and • Petauke (project).

Chipata is the capital of the Eastern province. The local government is administered through district councils which convene Members of Parliament (MPs) and Counsellors elected by the residents of the respective districts every five years.

5.2.2 Traditional Authority and Administration Traditional authority is vested in chiefs who have authority over their chiefdoms. Villages are headed by headmen advised by elders or indunas who report to the chiefs. Headmen are responsible for, amongst other things, settling local disputes, land allocation and liaising with relevant

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government department in respect of any developments taking place within their area. Chiefs or their representatives participate in the district council meetings thereby linking the formal administrative structures to the traditional ones.

Most of the land intersected by the Great East Road in Eastern province is under the traditional tenure system with occupancy and user rights allocated by the Chiefs. Tenure and ownership of a piece of land under traditional rule takes place through cultivation or inheritance.

5.2.3 Population Characteristics

a) Distribution

• In 2000 Eastern province had a population of 1,306,173, of which 115,308 were urban and 1,190,865 were rural based. • This presents a growth rate of 2.7% between 1990 and 2000. The population density in 2000 was 17.8 persons per square kilometre, a figure higher than the country’s average of 13.1 persons per square kilometre. • The most populated district was Chipata. The least populated was Mambwe district. • The average population density for the 8 districts ranged from 45.1 persons per square kilometre for Katete district to 4 persons per square kilometre for Chama district. • The population of Eastern province was distributed in 254,603 households, of which 80% were male-headed and 20% female- headed. A summary of the population statistics for the eight districts is provided below.

District Population Area Density % Growth rate % distribution (km2) Distribution 1990-2000 Male Female Chadiza 79, 230 2,574 30.8 6.5 2.3 50.3 49.7 Chama 69,294 17,630 3.9 6 3.1 49.4 50.6 Chipata 342,924 6,692 28.6 28 3.5 49.9 50.1 Katete 179,739 3,989 45.1 15 2.8 49.7 50.3 Lundazi 221,947 14,058 15.8 18 2.8 49.5 50.5 Mambwe 44,828 5,295 8.5 4 2.2 50 50 Nyimba 65,511 10.509 6.2 5 1.6 49.4 50.6 Petauke 223,294 8,359 11.9 18 1.7 49.2 50.8 Eastern 1,306,173 69,106 17.8 100 2.7 49.7 50.3 Province Zambia 9, 885,591 752,612 13.1 100 2.5 50 50 Source: CSO, 2000 Census of Population and Housing

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The population dynamics in Eastern Province is also influenced by migration. In 2004, Eastern province is reported to have experienced the highest level of migration (5% above the national average) in Zambia (CSO, 2004). Besides migrations motivated along ethnicity and identity lines, the province also attracts seasonal migrant workers from Malawi to work on the smallholder tobacco farms and to undertake other casual works.

Most of the population of 8 districts is concentrated along the Great East Road (Chipata, Katete and Petauke), and intersections with feeder roads. This accords the population easy access to good infrastructure, social services and opportunities for commercial activity. The Luangwa Bridge to Nyimba section is sparsely populated as the area is generally not suited to human occupation. From Nyimba district onwards cluster settlements and villages are in seen on both sides of the road with Kacholola, Kagoo, Minga, Sinda, Kalindawalo and Nsanjika being the most sizeable.

b) Ethnicity and identity

The ethnic groups that occupy the area along the route include the: (i) Nsenga (predominant in Nyimba and Petauke districts), (ii) the Chewa (predominant in Katete and Chipata districts) and the (iii) Ngoni and Tumbuka. The origins and identities of these ethnic groups extend into Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. There are established social networks of support structures based on ethnicity which transcend the borders between these countries.

Every year the Ngoni celebrate ‘N Cwala’ at paramount chief Mpezeni’s palace. The Chewa tribe celebrate Kulumba’ and the Nsenga, ’Twimba’. These ceremonies bring to the region relatives and visitors from not only Zambia but also southern Africa thus reviving ethnic and cultural identities.

c) Gender

• The tribes are, with the exception of the Ngoni who are patrilineal, all matrilineal. With regard to inheritance, all tribes follow a patrilinial system, where belongings are passed from father to the son. Negative cultural beliefs and practices such as early marriage and property grabbing are a source of gender imbalances in the province.

• On average more women are illiterate than men as more boys than girls attend school.

• Polygamy is practiced amongst all tribes.

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• Women work is mainly unpaid. They tend to be confined to food production, raising children and performing household chores. Most of men’s work is paid although they are also engaged in food production for household maintenance.

5.2.4 Economic Characteristics a) Economy and Employment

Agriculture is a predominant economic activity in Eastern Province where the project is located. The Eastern Province including the entire project area is one of the principal agricultural region in Zambia. The province has suitable soils for major crops like maize, cotton, groundnuts, sunflower, tobacco, soyabeans and rice. Maize, sunflower, cotton and various non traditional crops like okra, beans, paprika, sweet-potatoes, onions, tomatoes, eggplant, sweet-corn, bananas and cucumbers are the major sources of income for the majority of the population in the project area.

Farming in Eastern Province takes place at both commercial and subsistence levels. Three categories of farming which distinguish between size, mechanization and type of crop grown are identified. These are small scale farming (peasant or subsistence farming on traditional land), medium scale farming (formal leaseholds) and large scale farming (commercial farms).

The small scale farming sector is the major employer of the people provides mainly for subsistence. To meet income needs, part of the surplus agricultural produce, especially maize, is sold on the local and informal markets along the main road to local buyers and more distant traders. Some of the produce is transported by road to be sold on the main markets in the districts and Chipata, namely Kapata and Town market (also known as Saturday market). The markets are a large part of the informal sector, are quite vibrant and absorb many women.

Commercial farming concentrates on crops such as tobacco, cotton, sunflower and maize, employing few workers, some of whom are skilled, on a permanent and a casual basis.

Livestock rearing is very predominant in the project area, and supplements farming activities. Almost every rural household rears livestock and other animal rudiments. The most common livestock in the project area include cattle, goats, pigs, and chickens. Cattle rearing is the most important activity because it symbolizes the traditional values of wealth, power and influence.The existence of swine fever in the whole province, including the project area has inhibited the export of pork meat and pork products to other parts of the country and to foreign markets.

b) Non-Agricultural economic activities

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The project area has non farming activities which have attracted investments and alot provided a livelihood to many rural communities.

c) Tourism

The project area tourist attractions because of the presence of the North and South Luangwa National Parks. The two parks have a wide range of animal species. There are about 9 lodges and 20 camps which provide decent facilities to the tourists in the Luangwa National Parks, and nearly every major district has a rest house or lodge which provide adequate accommodation facilities for the travelling public and for meetings specifically in Petauke, Katete and Chipata. Guest houses and lodges which provide bed and breakfast are mushrooming in all the major districts.

Other attractions to the region include Nyika National Park, Lukuzye National Park, several private game ranches and Rock paintings in Minga. Traditional ceremonies also attract tourists to the region. Stakeholders expect an increase in tourism operations following improvements to the road.

d) Light Industry and Food Processing

The major industries in the province are cotton ginneries which employ hundreds of people. Along the project area, Chipata district has a notable industrial activity which is associated with agro-processing. Chipata is a major industrial centre of the whole province. That is where processors of maize, groundnuts, cotton, milk and milk products are based. Recently three more new cotton ginneries have opened up in Chipata. The major constraint to the processing of pork and pork products is the prevalence of swine fever. Katete district also has developed into and industrial centre as it has a cotton ginnery, a groundnut plant.

e) Mining

There is some minor mining activities going on in the project area in Nyimba district where tourmaline is mined. There is also potential for the mining of agricultural lime at Nyimba and copper and gold in Petauke. In Katete, phosphate and precious stones deposits have been found, mining has not yet developed. Mining of gemstones is mainly unregulated and undertaken by small scale miners in Chama, Lundazi, Nyimba and Petauke. Quarrying of rock for building and road construction is carried out on an ad hoc basis.

f) Trading and Periodic Markets

There are very active trading activities going on along the roadsides of the project area. Within the district centred the informal seasonal and periodic markets are well pronounced. Chipata has a tradition of Saturday marketing day where vegetable vendors from the villages around the

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district, those from across the border of Malawi and Moazambique come to sell their produce.

g) Rail Network

The province has not yet been linked to the national rail network. The only rail link from Nacala in Mozambique, through Malawi has been completed and links Chipata to Malawi and Mozambique. An option of establishing an inland dry port where the line ends is being explored.

h) Timber Production

Timber production is practiced on a commercial scale. A mill has been established at Sinda in the Chimtengo forest and two companies in Nyimba holding logging concession licenses. Illegal logging and processing is however also common with the practice of charcoal production being said to be on the increase in all the districts.

Other major employers include local governments and the banking sector where in Chipata alone there are 7 banks in operation.

5.2.5 Poverty Poverty is defined as the poor being unable to afford minimum basic human needs, comprising of food and non food items (CSO, 2004). Poverty lines determined by CSO, establishes the cost of acquiring a minimum basic food basket for a minimal level of caloric intake for an equivalent adult. Overall poverty level incidence in Zambia is at 64%.

Categorising households in terms of poverty levels of total, extremely poor, moderately poor and non poor, a most recent survey by CSO has indicated that Eastern Province has 67% totally poor, 20% extremely poor, 12% moderately poor and 1% non poor. Although poverty is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon and manifests itself in various forms making it difficult to define, a more complete picture of household welfare should consider safe water, sanitation, shelter, good health, education, household easy access in terms of affordability and distance to various economic and social infrastructures, such as schools, health facilities, markets and public transport. These indicators and conditions for Eastern Province are described in this report.

5.2.6 Social Infrastructure

a) Water and sanitation

Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the millennium development goals Zambia and other nations have adopted. In Zambia, more than 56% of the households draw water from non-improved sources

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(unprotected). In urban areas, more households (83%) are likely to have improved water supply than in rural areas (19%) (CSO, 2007).

In Eastern Province, urban water supply and sanitation is provided by the Eastern Water and Sewage Company. The table below shows the number of connections per district of urban water supply.

Estimated Towns Number of Billing Population in Operating in Connections Area Chipata 6,102 387,249,576 96,120 Chadiza 278 10,269,600 Chama 277 5,172,800 Katete 601 11,927,650 13,000 Lundazi 587 32,902,600 16,000 Mambwe 225 1,610,000 2,000 Nyimba 236 8,320,000 3,100 Petauke 638 14,616,000 15,000

Total 8,944 472,068,226 145,220 (Source: National Water and Sewage Company, Lusaka, 2009)

Table 2: Water Supply Number of Connections

As can be seen from the table above urban water supply in the form of piped water into dwellings is still limited, with an average of 16 persons per connection in urban areas.

The rural water supply and development sector is affected by many players which leads to a lack of co-ordination and prioritisation amongst the different agencies involved. Amongst others the agencies involved include government ministries and departments, UNICEF, OXFAM, Lutheran World Federation (LWF), Water for Life Foundation (WFLF) and Micro-Project UNIT.

The table below shows total number of water supply points supplied in each district by the year 2005.

Water points Water points % Water % Water District in use in not in use in Total points in use points not in 2005 2005 in 2005 use in 2005 Chadiza 265 142 407 65% 35% Chama 210 147 357 59% 41% Chipata 466 124 590 79% 21% Katete 303 113 416 73% 27% Lundazi 479 215 694 69% 31% Mambwe 608 225 833 73% 27% Nyimba 166 62 228 73% 27% Petauke 567 267 834 68% 32%

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Source: GOZ, Ministry of Local Government and Housing, National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, 2006-2015.

Table 3 Water Supply Points

Rural water supply coverage is still limited with an average of more than 400 people per well or borehole in each district. Most of the established water points are not functional. The result is that most rural dwellers draw water from non-improved and unprotected sources such as streams and shallow wells in dambo areas. In many cases people have to travel long distances to fetch water, the burden being borne by women and children. Many of these water sources are also drinking points for wildlife and domestic animals. Diarrhoea, recorded as one of the most prevalent diseases in the province, is indicative of poor sanitation, unhygienic environment and poor water supplies.

The use of flush toilets is not common and is restricted to households in urban areas. The use of pit latrines is common. In rural areas communal pit latrines or use of the bush are common.

b) Energy

Only few urban households in the province have access to electric power supplied by the Zambia Electricity Service Corporation (ZESCO). A 33 KV line runs from Nyimba to Mwami covering all major settlements. Township lines are reduced to 11 KV. The settlements along the Luangwa Bridge to Nyimba have no supply. Chama and Lundazi are supplied from the Malawi grid while Luangwa, managed from Eastern province relies on thermal generating power. The table below shows the current total number of household connections in each district.

No of District Connections Chadiza 300 Chama 300 Chipata (Mwami, Mfuwe) 6,450 Katete 1,000 Lundazi 800 Mambwe Not known Nyimba (excluding Kacholola) 200 Petauke (including Sinda) 1900 Lwangwa 340 (Source: ZESCO, Eastern Division Section, 2009)

The majority of households have no access to electricity. They use wood fuel and charcoal as their main source of energy for heating. A few households and some schools and clinics in the project area use solar energy.

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c) Education

In 2000 Eastern province had a total 651 learning institutions the number being constituted by 56 lower basic (grade1-4), 475 middle basic (grade 1-7), 78 upper basic (grade 1-9), 1 junior secondary school (grade 8-9), 4 senior secondary schools (grade 8-12), 36 schools for continuing education and 1 teacher training college.

At primary level, there were more female children enrolled than there were males. Forty-five percent of the females were enrolled compared to 44.1 percent for the males. This situation was reversed at secondary school level where more males (50.2 percent) than females (34.3 percent) are attending school. Children from disadvantaged groups: Rural and female children are less likely to enrol and progress beyond primary level.

d) Health

Facilities found in Eastern province include 2 general hospitals, one run by a mission. There were also 3 mission hospitals, 4 district hospitals and 144 health centres all run by government.

Traditional healers are important health providers to most of the population in the region.

The illnesses occurring most frequently in Eastern province are malaria, diarrhoea, malnutrition related illnesses, upper-respiratory tract infections, AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. The current HIV infection of 10% is lower than the national average of 14.5%. In the Eastern province the HIV prevalence rate is higher in women (11.9%) than in men (9.5) (Ministry of Health, 2008). Factors of risk and vulnerability to infection include:

• Prevalence of a generalized practice of unprotected casual sex; • Presence of high risk sexual groups – truck drivers, long distant traders, commercial sex workers, buyers of gemstones with disposable incomes. Being on an international corridor route all districts and major settlement areas (Katete, Petauke, Sinda, Nyimba and several locations in Chipata) are at risk of exposure; • Counselling and testing for HIV is low amongst youths especially females and only a fraction of high risk population group make use of it; • Persistence of cultural practices such as polygamy, early marriage for girls and inheritance rights which is biased against women expose women to risk of infection; • Cultural practices amongst all tribes such as the sexual rituals and widow ‘cleansing’ contribute to spread of HIV.

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5.2.7 Road Safety Since 2006 records suggest that the accident rate in Eastern Province has stabilized to around 40 accidents per 100,000 population (compared with 170 per 100,000 population for the whole country) and that the vast majority of accidents occur on the Great East Road. In 2008, 707 recorded accidents resulted in 59 fatalities, which means, with an average daily traffic of about 475 vehicles between Luangwa and Mwami, there were 94 deaths per 100 million km, compared with around 1 and 2 deaths per 100 million km in developed countries.

There is a virtual total absence of speed limit and other danger warning signs east of Luangwa Bridge. As a result of shoulders being often non- existent or in very poor condition pedestrians and cyclists expose themselves to danger by mixing with the traffic in the narrow carriageway. These elements account for a high proportion of fatalities.

A number of black spots have been identified, some of which can be improved through installation of proper signing. Others, such as the Yanjamani corner 4.2 km from Luangwa Bridge, require realignment of the road. There are other bends on the Luangwa-Nyimba section that could also be improved. Other black spots are: i) Kacholola area - accidents on corners, ii) Chipembe and Kabuele - long straights, high speeds, iii) the main junction in Petauke, iv) between Sinda and Katete near the Vulamkoka turn-off - long bends near the junction, v) between the St Francis Hospital turnoff and Katete town - many accidents with pedestrians and cyclists, vi) M12 turn-off in Chipata, vii) Chipata town and especially the Shoprite entrance, viii) crossing of the new railway line, ix) bends east of Chpata especially on the approach to Bridge 12.

5.3 Boundaries of the Project

The environmental impact assessment study covers the areas that would be influenced by the road project implementation: the road corridor, material production sites within 50 meters of the road reserve, the district and villages traversed by the road and the neighbouring villages, either directly or indirectly impacted by the project implementation. The impacts of the project influence areas could extend beyond these geographic boundaries for both the socio-economic and natural environment. These adverse impacts are likely to be the quality of atmospheric air, water pollution downstream and siltation, felt beyond these geographic limits.

Assessment and evaluation of environmental impacts, within the boundaries of the project, were identified considering three major categories of impact types, namely;

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(i) Direct Impacts : direct impacts of the road include mainly impacts caused by the road construction such as soil and land surface disturbances, vegetation clearance and material removal activities. These impacts are expected to be significant and need to be mitigated properly.

(ii) Indirect impacts of the project: Indirect impacts occur within the region of indluence of the road project, at locations more distant from the construction corridor. These include induced development, water quality deterioration down stream, water shortages at downstream areas, soil erosion, likely to be experienced at furthest distances from the project. These impacts are normally observed during the operation phase of road projects.

(iii) Cumulative Impacts: This type of impact results from synergetic effects or added up of several impacts which results in environmental changes. The forested lands between Luangwa Bridge and Kacholola might experience the effect of traffic development and poachers by the connectivity effects with the project areas. The wildlife habitats of those areas at far distances could be disrupted gradually due to the project. Due to the possibility of a combination of the different categories of impacts in one of the main elements of the environment that will be affected by the road construction activities impacts evaluation and mitigation measures will take in consideration both categories.

6 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The rehabilitation of the Lungwa-Mwami section of Great East Road could potentially have a negative effect on the environment and the communities in the immediate surroundings of the construction site. Many of these impacts will arise not only at the construction site but also at quarries, borrow pits and material storage areas serving the project. In addition there could be potential air and soil pollution from asphalt plants, dust, noise from construction equipment and blasting; fuel and oil spills, trash and garbage; and the presence of non-resident labour forces.

6.1 Bio-physical Impacts

6.1.1 Vegetation and Fauna • Activities related to the establishment of camp sites, quarries and borrow pits like site clearance, access roads to material sites, traffic load and intrusions in the forest land and wildlife habitat are likely to have potential and adverse effects on vegetation and fauna of the project area. However, the plots of land identified as potential material production sites already existed or are degraded fields where no significant sensitive ecological system exists, except for some trees and shrub covers at some of the sites which could be damaged.

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• Minor impacts may occur due to increase in demand of charcoal and meat for camps workforce. The need for construction materials likely to come from forested areas, may also lead to deforestation and wildlife depletion which would be significant and long term impact.

• There will be no impact on wildlife habitats and endangered animal species as they are far away from the project region’s area of influence. No wildlife sanctuaries or protected site habitats have been identified to be near the region of the influence of the project, either.

6.1.2 Water Contamination During the construction phase, pollution of water resources is likely to occur – unless appropriate measures are taken. This could occure in the vicinity of camp sites work sites - a result of inadequate sanitary and waste disposal facilities and mishandling of pollutants affecting those who depend on local water resources. Groundwater pollution can have serious long term effects on health.

Substantial volumes of water will be needed for construction purposes (adjustment of moisture content of fill, construction of road sub-base and base courses, watering of haul routes to suppress dust, camp sites needs). It is likely that some of the contractor’s water requirements will come from the watercourses. This is likely to reduce water availability to existing downstream users during periods of limited flow.

6.1.3 Soils and Underground Resources During the construction phase a large volume of quarried and borrowed materials will be required. The extraction and removal of construction material from its original location can result in land slips, soil erosion and disfiguring of landscape in aesthetically sensitive areas.

Within the length of the existing road, the lateral drainage system is also poorly developed. In some locations, it is clear that road drainage discharge has contributed to the development of major erosion gullies, whose extension upslope is currently threatening the road. Construction of the designed drainage as an integral part of the project works is expected to reduce erosion significantly.

The drainage system will also contribute to an improvement in public health in terms of reducing the habitat for insect vectors of diseases such as malaria.

Alternatively, contractors will make their own arrangements to use land, through the local authorities. When the construction works have been

38 January 2010

completed, base camps and other areas used temporarily by contractors are often left in a deplorable condition. Scrap metal, other wastes and large masses of concrete, can pose problems for the nearby communities who have the task of removing and disposing of them, and may be left with contaminated land.

Erosion problems due to inappropriate bridge construction and location can be an issue of concern. A number of culverts need to be installed to transfer runoff water under the carriageway. Erosion effects at the discharge side of culverts can be significant and sometimes it can end up forming severe gullies and caves, causing damage to the road pavement in addition to the soil loss. Due care is not exercised while designing and locating the hydraulic structures to avoid flooding to farms and properties downstream

Runoff water diversion structures also change the rate of ground water recharge and ground water table variations can result.

6.1.4 Air pollution and Noise Pollution of air is expected to occur due to dust, noise and carbon dioxide emissions. Sustained noise levels during construction are expected to be much higher than the ambient noise level in the project area, as a result of construction activities, such as concrete mixing plants, blasting in areas of rock excavation and stone crushing.

Dust emissions are expected to increase due to road construction activities and movements of road equipment in the carriageway, road deviations, access roads.

It is expected that during construction, workers will be subjected to higher noise level especially those working close to plant, vibratory roller, paver, and excavator and other heavy earth moving vehicles / equipment. If silencers and enclosures are provided and maintained, the noise level is generally in the range of 85 to 90 dB(A), otherwise it increases even 100 dB(A). Therefore, noise level at such areas is generally beyond the permissible limits. This will have direct impact, mostly on workers and on nearby habitats when works are executed close to those areas.

Haulage vehicles and presence of work equipment in the area during construction phase will increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution. However, this has no significant effects at global level.

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6.2 Socio-economic Impacts

6.2.1 Postive Impacts a) Employment opportunities

The road improvements of the Great East Road will create employment opportunities for both men and a women. The unskilled positions include casual laborers, flag men /women, security guard etc who will be recruited from the project area and the skilled workforce will mostly likely be recruited from other parts of the country. However, supervisors and truck drivers can be sourced from the local population.

Women will especially those that have settled along the road will benefit indirectly by cooking and providing food stuff for the site workers, selling commondities, and working on the construction and workers camp.

b) Gender roles

It is expected that there will be changes in gender roles. For the majority of women, there will be a shift from being occupied with house chores only to undertaking reproductive roles on the construction site, whie the majority will benefit indirectly by selling, cooking, and working in the worker’s camp.

c) Increased Household income

Employment will increase household incomes in the project area which will enable parents/guardians to pay for school materials and tuition for their children and dependants. Employment opportunities will also positively affect the community member’s ability to access other basic social needs such as health and agricultural extension services.

d) Increased Income Generating Activities

It is anticipated that there will be an increase in income generating activities amon the project affected communities

e) Improved accessibility

It is expected that with the improvement of the road there will be easy accessibility to markets and increased access to cheaper goods from other towns and countries.

f) Emergence of new business

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It is anticipated that the during both the construction and operational phases of the will encourage emergence of new developments such as hotels, new shopping complexes, more new office constructed and other private developers who might invest in constructing residential housing in the district in anticipation of the area opening up to new business investors.

g) Sanitation

Most village communities in the project area do not have access to safe water. It is anticipated that if the contractor’s camp is located in an area with unsafe water, the contractor will be obliged to provide safe water in the camp site and the community will benefit from this facility at both construction and operational phases.

h) Economy and Employment

The expected total workforce on the construction contract is likely to be around 400-600 persons with some 80% of this number being made up of unskilled workers. Unskilled workers will be recruited locally and this will result in the creation of the equivalent of 300-500 full-time jobs for a period of some 2 years.

As construction fronts move along the road the benefits of construction employment will extend to a greater number of families than the number of full-time jobs implies.

The cash-rich work force will promote the establishment of markets in the project area.

After completion of the road there should be an improvement in the local economy as a result of general improved accessibility to and from the project’s area of influence.

6.2.2 Negative Impacts a) Cultural Conflicts

The construction of the Great East road requires a big number of both skilled and unskilled workforce and these will be recruited from within and outside the country and from different cultural back grounds. The fact that the construction camp will be located in the project area, construction workers will closely associate with the local population either at work or social places. Because of different cultures and beliefs, some cultures may not be acceptable by others thereby causing verbal or even physical fights. Also there is a risk of people adopting other peoples’ culture which is not acceptable in their own cultures.

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b) Promiscuity, teenage pregnancies and spread of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS

This is a common problem where families are separated and men have extra income to spend. It is anticipated that young girls might be lured into early unprotected sex resulting in early pregnancies and their associated maternal problems. It is also anticipated that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS will be widespread and increased along the project area. .

c) Agriculture and Livestock Farming/ Breeding

The road project is crossing vast areas of farmland. During the operation phase the road will facilitate the delivery of agriculture inputs and marketing of agricultural produce.

It is anticipated that there will be some encroachments on agricultural land especially private fields on sections selected for temporary deviations, this may lead to problems between the contractor and the affected people in the communities. The loss of agricultural land may lead to food insecurity and loss of income.

Diversion roads shall normally be built within the road reserve and shall not require land acquisition. However this highly depends on the works methods of the Contractor. Indeed, the Contractor shall be the one to choose the location of diversion roads, even if they will have to be approved by the Engineer. In case a deviation road is located outside the road reserve, then the following recommendations shall be applied: areas with dense forest shall be avoided; agricultural lands with crops should be avoided as much as possible.

For new quarries and borrow pits, access road development can have several adverse effects. If a temporary access road has to be constructed across cultivated land, there is a strong possibility that the land will suffer long-term reduction in productivity as a result of soil compaction by haulage vehicles, which cannot easily be remedied using simple country hoes, ploughs and draught animals. Compensations paid by contractors for temporary loss of use of the land is very unlikely to takes this factor into account, and adverse financial effects on landholders are likely to result. Such roads will have to be thoroughly scarified when no longer needed.

It is very unlikely that quarries would be developed in agricultural farmland, since most suitable sites will tend to be in areas where there are rock outcrops, and these are generally unsuitable for agriculture. However, if this did occur, landholders would be displaced with similar effects to those described above in connection with access roads.

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There is one major re-alignment planned on the project road, located between chainage 236+900 and 238+300. This re-alignment will require significant land acquisition. The road reserve area to be acquired is 202,500 m² (100m wide corridor), however the area under construction (where the road will be built) is only 38,300 m².

Most of the land used for cultivation in the project area is under annual crops, and between Mtenguleni and Chipata, perennial crops (banana, mango trees and sugar cane). If any land has to be used for earthwork during implementation phase, it is recommendable to negotiate it after harvesting, whenever is possible.

The level of impact on individual landholding families will obviously vary considerably, depending on the proportion of the total holding lost, the productivity of the land in question, and the extent to which replacement land is capable of replacing lost production. Potential impacts associated with the expropriation of agricultural land relate to the partial or total loss of crop and/or an asset which provides family subsistence and income. The value of compensation will be calculated based on the marketing price of the crop in cause or asset/property to be destroyed. However, according to Roads Act 2002, only land under crop is subject to compensation.

In the past, before the road was constructed domestic animals used to graze in free range. The road crosses a traditional and common grazing grounds. During construction an increase in animal fatalities is not expected. However, there could be an increase in domestic-animal fatalities after completion due to higher speeds and traffic volumes.

d) Real Property, Heritage, Building and Equipment

Over much of the length of the road, the re-alignment, widening, shoulders and lateral drains can be accommodated within the existing road reserve land and at this stage, the Consultant has not identified any property that would be affected by the project.

Howeve, should the Contractor choose to build diversion roads outside the road reserve (which is considered unlikely) destruction of property should be avoided at all costs.

Relocation of services is normally carried out by the service providers upon payment of relocation cost by RDA, and needs to be completed prior to commencement of the works, in order to avoid delaying the contractor. Some disruptions in supply of these services during relocation works are inevitable. Accidental damage to utility networks by the contractor, during execution of the works, can also result in interruption of service delivery. In Chipata town, this is likely to affect adversely large numbers of people.

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There are no services outside of the district centres which are likely to be affected by the project.

e) Health and Safety

It is likely that the road project will trigger the inflow of employment seekers from other parts of Zambia and from neighbouring countries of Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The inflow of these workers and other opportunistic groups has a potential for:

• Exacerbating the incidence of STIs and HIV/AIDS. These social impacts are likely to be significant at stop over locations, big markets and the main centres of Mwami, Katete, Petauke, Chipata, Sinda and Nyimba;

• Increasing prostitution;

• Increasing demands on available medical services;

Haulage of materials will always result in increased levels of dust which can raise the incidence of respiratory diseases.

f) Traffic Accidents and Road Safety

Road safety for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians may worsen during the construction phase if users ignore construction sign boards and road signs. The concern of children and intoxicated adults moving close to the construction sites, careless crossing may lead to fatal accidents and complications for people residing along the road, equally, careless handling of fuels , off loading of heavy duty loads might cause some fatal accidents resulting in death

During the operation pahse incidences of injuries and possibly deaths because of ignorance on the dangers associated with moving traffic accidents will not change appreciably..

Road deviations without clear advance warning, pose danger to public during construction whereas during operational phase of the road, traffic accidents are expected to increase due to reckless driving and speeding especially at busy sections of the road such as schools, churches, and trading centre.

Construction traffic may also contribute to increased congestion in Nyimba, Katete and Chipata, contributing to chaos and accidents, increasing the number of casualties.

An increase in fatalities resulting from collisions between motorists and domestic animals held in free range are likely to increase after completion of the road.

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g) Crime

Because of increased population and income among the construction workers, and community members in small scale business it is expected that consumption of alcohol will increase, leading to an increase in petty crime.

h) Increase in pupil absenteesm

According to school managers in various schools along the project area, because of the construction activities it is anticipated that pupils will be distracted from schooling in the first months of the construction period. Pupils will likely add to the number of street kids as the majority may absent themselves from school to find casual work to earn a living.

i) Quality of Life

The quality of life of settlements near blasting sites and quarries and settlements along the road during construction is expected to decrease, due to noise and vibrations, increase in dust levels, nuisance in form of mud and dust arising from the construction works.

Villages near blasting sites namely, Lasi Village at Nwenya quarry, Kasusu Village, Manzimoyo village near Kasusu quarry, villages near Nyimba quarry, Chondamila village by Kafunka quarry will be affected. Schools located near the road will be impacted upon, affecting pupils and teachers walking to school who would have to avoid using the main road.

During the rainy season, the alternative roads and paths are full of mud. Cyclists will also be affected by having to use alternative roads, which are not smooth riding.

The locals will also experience a permanent loss of scenic and aesthetic beauty removed from the landscape with the removal of vegetation, blasting and quarrying, and short term impacts due to disruption of utilities in Chipata town.

Normally with road rehabilitation project demand for items such as food, drinks, fuel wood etc increases. The local residents, due to the increased trading possibilities might easily accept the camps site and different services may considerably raise the prices of local products/services in some settlement areas. The increase in cash may also temporarily inflate local prices and create bad feelings in the local population. The people selling products or services will benefit, while those locals dependant on the same purchases may suffer in form of increased prices. Therefore, occasional and personal conflicts are likely to arise.

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7 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

The objective of this section is to predict the likelihood and to assess the potential impacts from road rehabilitation and to recommend mitigating measures. A matrix was prepared according to the criteria below:

7.1 Nature of Impact This is an appraisal of the type of effect the proposed activity would have on the affected environmental component. Its description should include what is being affected and in what way.

7.2 Direct Impacts An impact that appears immediately as a result of an activity of the project. For example, the loss of forest habitat is a direct impact of logging.

7.3 Indirect Impacts An impact that is related to the project but that arises from an activity of the project at a secondary level. For example, building a new road may cause indirect impacts on the local economy of a village by increasing accessibility to other markets.

7.4 Spatial Extent

The physical and spatial size of the impact. It is a description of whether the impact would occur on a scale described as follows:

• Site, the impact could affect the whole or measurable portion of the site. Whether it is limited to the immediate area of the proposed project;

• Local, the impact could affect the extended area adjacent to the site perhaps a neighbourhood or small town. Whether it would affect environs up to 15km outside the immediate environment;

• Regional, that impact could affect the area including the outlying areas of the city, the transport routes and the adjoining towns.

• National, the impact could be as far reaching international boundaries.

7.5 Duration The lifetime of the impact; this is measured in the context of the life-time of the proposed development.

• Short term, the impact will either disappear with mitigation or will be mitigated through natural process in a span shorter than the construction phase.

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• Medium term, the impact will last for the period of the construction phase, thereafter it will be entirely negated.

• Long term, the impact will continue or last for the entire operational life of the development, but will be mitigated by direct human action or by natural processes thereafter.

• Permanent, the only class of impact which will be non-transitory. Mitigation either by man or natural process will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.

7.6 Intensity A description of whether or not the intensity (magnitude) of the impact would be high, medium, low or negligible (no impact).

• Low, where the impact will not have significant influence on the environment, and this will not be required to be significantly accommodated in the project design or implementation; the impact alters the affected environment in such a way that natural processes of functions are not affected in any significant way.

• Moderate, where it could have an adverse influence on the environment which would require modification of the project design or alternative implementation schedules; The affected environment is altered, however, function and process continue, albeit in a modified way.

• High, where it could have significant influence on the environment but cannot be mitigated or be accommodated by the project environment by introducing alternative mitigation measures such as realignment at a particular stretch or adoption of different design measures. Function or process of the environment is disturbed to the extent where it temporarily or permanently ceases.

7.7 Probability This describes the likelihood of the impacts actually occurring. The impact may occur for any length of time during the life cycle of the activity, and not at any given time. The classes are rated as follows:

• Unlikely, the probability of the impact occurring is very low, due to either the circumstances, design or experience.

• Possible, the impact could possibly happen, and mitigation planning should be undertaken.

• Probable, it is most likely that the impact will occur at some or other stage of the development. Plans must be drawn up before the undertaking of the activity.

• Definite, the impact will take place regardless of any prevention plans, and only mitigatory actions or contingency plans can be relied on to contain the effect.

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7.8 Determinination of Significance The classes are rated as follows:

• Negligible, the impact is not substantial and does not require any mitigatory action.

• Low, the impact is of little importance, but may require limited mitigation.

• Moderate, the impact is of importance and therefore considered to have mitigation. Mitigation is required to reduce the negative impacts to acceptable levels or positive impacts maximised.

• High, the impact is of great importance. Failure to mitigate, with the objective of reducing the impact to acceptable levels, could render the entire development option or entire project proposal unacceptable. Mitigation is therefore essential. Positive impacts should be enhanced as a priority.

7.9 Project Influence Areas with Direct Impact • Areas within the road reserve and falling within 30metres width of the road; • Steep, mountainous and rugged topographic terrain areas and watersheds (catchment areas), traversed by the road (Lwangwa river to Kacholola); • In town centres and villages where displacement of property will occur; • At material production sites, campsites, and access roads; • Fields with or without crop located in the road reserve; • In forest areas, especially in the Lwangwa river valley, mountain sides and vegetation covers; • River and stream crossings and river banks, especially along Lunsemfwa, Lukusashi and Nyimba rivers courses.

7.10 Project Influence Areas with Indirect Impact Adjacent areas beyond the 10kms width will be the areas that could indirectly benefit and or experience adverse impacts of the road project. The majority of the population in these areas would also use and benefit from the enhanced road network of the road construction project.

The direct and indirect bio-physical and socio-economic impacts discussed below are summarised in Technical Annex V.

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THE REPUBLIC OF Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support (Component 1) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” in Zambia EIS ZAMBIA Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM Report

Table 4: Summary of evaluated impacts: Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact Extent

Impacts on Soil

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Change in soil texture due to accumulation of Direct Site Medium Low Unlikely Negligible foreign dust particles falling from haulage trucks. term Soil contamination due to improper storage of Medium materials, fuels and poor waste oil disposal Direct Site term Moderate Probable Moderate methods. Construction Exposed soil is prone to erosion by water or wind. Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate term

Stripping and stockpiling of topsoil could lead to Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate erosion and degradation of soil quality. term

Soil compaction could result following construction Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate activities. term

Soil erosion near culverts and drainage channels Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate Operational where water velocity could increase. Soil contamination by waste and spillages of road Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate users and un-maintained vehicles.

Impacts on Vegetation

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction Retardation of vegetation growth due to Medium contamination from dust particles and gas Direct Local term Low Unlikely Moderate emissions.

Loss of vegetation due to site clearing which will Medium lead to loss of habitat and displacement of fauna Direct Local term Moderate Probable High species, especially avifauna.

Operational Increased access as a result of the road Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Moderate improvement could lead to increased deforestation along the road.

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

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Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact Extent

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction Disturbance to birds and animals and loss of habitat. Direct Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

Operational Wildlife loss due to accidental killings caused by Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate speeding as a result of improved road.

Impacts on Water Quality

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction Siltation of water courses due to soil erosion of Indirect Local Long term Moderate Probable Moderate nearby drains and culverts.

Water shortage to the local community due to over Direct Local Medium High Possible High exploitation by the project activities. term

Ground water contamination due to construction of Indirect Site Long term Moderate Probable Moderate sub-standard campsite pit latrines for workers.

Operational Sedimentation and increased turbidity in surface water caused by erosion of bare areas and runoffs Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate resulting from excavation and grading works and drainage channels left after construction works.

Impacts on Air Quality

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Air pollution caused by diesel fumes and dust from excavators, bull dozers, graders and as well as site Direct Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate clearing will affect human, vegetation and also Construction disturb habitats for birds and insects.

Unpleasant odours due to un-maintained toilets and Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate poor waste management.

Operational Excessive diesel fumes due to poorly maintained Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate equipment.

Impacts on Noise

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

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Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact Extent

Construction Noise and vibration caused by construction Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate machinery, equipment and drilling.

Operational Noise from increased traffic. Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Low

Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics

Visual impact of the road rehabilitation could be Design substantial if designs do not consider the slope of n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a the surrounding environment.

Construction Disfigurement of the natural landscape and aesthetic Direct Local Moderate Moderate Definite Moderate view due to construction works.

Abandoned construction structures, excess Operational construction materials of laterite, stone aggregate Direct Site Moderate Low Probable Moderate and concrete slabs left in areas of scenic beauty reduces the quality of scenery.

Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environment

Design The proposed road might influence migration and settlement patterns if labour requirements are not n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a planned in advance.

Construction of temporary detours will disturb the environment within the immediate and surrounding Direct Local Short term Moderate Possible Moderate environment. Construction If labour is not recruited from local areas people who reside far may start to settle near the road Indirect Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate project.

Operational Exhaust fumes to the surrounding environment due Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Low to increased traffic.

Impacts on Socio-economic Environment

Design n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Temporary marriages, casual sex relationships could Construction lead to increased chances of sexually transmitted Indirect Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate infections due to interaction of project workers with local communities.

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Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact Extent

Operational Increased road accidents due to increased traffic and Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate speeding on black spots areas.

Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination Impact Extent of Significance

Impacts on Cultural and Historic Sites

Design Poorly developed road design could impact n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a negatively on heritage sites.

Dust may disfigure the appearance of the site Indirect Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Impacts on Human Settlements

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction No negative impacts on human settlements are foreseen since construction works will be confined to n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a the road reserve.

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits

Design Quarries and borrow pit location may negatively Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate impact on important ecological units. term

Construction Excessive noise from blasting, machinery may Direct Local Medium Moderate Definite Moderate disturb nearby communities. term

Operational Un-rehabilitated borrow pits could pose potential Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate hazard to ecological units and residents.

Impacts of Road Traffic

Failure to use established routes at design stage Design might result in surveyors' machinery negatively Direct Local Short term Low Possible Moderate impacting on the environment.

Construction traffic could impact on undisturbed Indirect Local Medium Moderate Probable Moderate areas adjacent to the proposed route. term

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Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact Extent

Construction Excessive dust generation from construction Direct Site Short term Low Probable Moderate activities could impact on nearby communities.

Operational Increased accidents due to increased traffic flow. Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Low

Impacts of Work Accidents

Design Advanced planning of safety equipment may prevent n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a accidents

Construction Lack of safety and health regulations could impact Direct Site Medium High Low Moderate negatively on construction workers.

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination Impact Extent of Significance

Impacts of Construction Camps

Design Advanced planning of construction camp siting. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Loss of vegetation at construction site. Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Low

Improper disposal of waste. Indirect Site Short term Low Probable Moderate Construction Casual interaction of construction workers with the nearby communities may increase chances of Indirect Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate sexually transmitted infections.

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

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8 MITIGATION/ OPTIMISATION MEASURES

In this section mitigation measures/optimization are proposed. Implementations of these measures have to be carried out at different stages of the road construction and operation phases. During the design stage the consultant should incorporate proposed mitigation measures in the design and tender documents. The contractual agreement should also include articles to enforce the environmental issues. Construction stage activities are mainly the responsibility of the contractor and that of the construction supervising consultant. The actual physical implementation works are carried out mostly at this stage. The execution of the road construction work should also equally treat the implementation of the physical works of environmental mitigation measures.

8.1 Bio-physical Impacts

8.1.1 Vegetation and Fauna Mitigation Measures The improvement works are such that the amount of clearing needed will be kept to a minimum. The existing alignment is being followed and material is to be won from sources which were cleared under previous projects.

The contractor shall adopt other measures that limit vegetation and fauna depletion such as:

• Providing accommodation for the work force; • Minimize forest fire risks by creating awareness among the workforce; • Providing cooking fuel to the work force.

8.1.2 Water Quality/ Pollution Mitigation measures All fuel, lubricants and bitumen will be stored in bunded areas. Vehicle maintenance and refuelling will be confined to areas in construction camps designed to contain lubricant and fuel spillages. Washing of vehicles and plant in or adjacent to any water sources must be prohibited. All washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources.

The Contractor shall ensure that adequate waste disposal and sanitation facilities are provided at construction camps.

8.1.3 Soils and Underground Resources Mitigation measures The design of the road rehabilitation project provides for the construction of improved drainage features which are expected to reduce erosion quite significantly.

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• A clause has been included in the construction contracts which requires the contractor to prepare, for approval by the Engineer, a detailed Environmental Project Brief (EPB) for the base camp, prior to its construction, which also covers other work sites.

• The EPB must make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way that it will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health.

• A clause has been included in the construction contracts which require the contractor to take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute water resources. The measures should be maintained in an effective condition throughout the life of the base camp.

• Washing of vehicles and plants in or adjacent to any water sources must be prohibited. All washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources.

A clause has been included in the construction contracts which makes it clear that the contractor will be responsible, at his own cost, for cleaning up any pollution caused by his activities (to the satisfaction of the Engineer) and the payment of full compensation to those affected.

8.1.4 Air Quality Mitigation measures Where haul routes pass through towns or major settlements, the contractor shall erect suitable signage and implement suitable dust and noise suppression measures. Deviations should also not be constructed in the vicinity of schools and clinics.

Specific mitigation measures designed for borrow pits, quarries and spoil disposal areas The construction contract contains a clause requiring the contractor to prepare detailed Environmental Project Briefs (EPBs) for approval by the Engineer and ultimately by the ECZ, prior to commencement of any site development. The EPBs should address all matters relevant to environmental protection and the minimisation of impacts due to ancillary works (quarries and borrows pits). Information provided in the EPBs should include, but not be limited to the following:

• The location and proposed extent of the quarry/borrow pit, access road and any other facilities which may be installed;

• Details of all landholdings, vegetation and land use cover to be affected;

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• Distance from the site to the nearest habitation;

• Measures to be taken to minimise erosion caused by access road construction and drainage system operation; • Any other measures which will be taken to minimise environmental impacts, including orientation of working faces to reduce visual impact.

Other mitigation measures related to borrow pits, quarries and spoil disposal areas include:

• A requirement that contracts contain a requirement that spoil disposal sites should be located in existing quarries/borrow pits or unproductive land as a second preference;

Prior to the commencement of disposal at any site, the contractor shall prepare a site-specific Environmental Project Brief (EPB) for the approval of the Engineer and ultimately by the ECZ, which includes a contoured site plan showing the location, maximum area to be used for spoil disposal, current land use, names of landholders, and individual landholding boundaries.

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Summary of Biophysical Mitigation Measures

Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Land and Soil

Construction Phase Soil contamination due to improper • Petroleum products dispensing points shall storage of materials, fuels and poor have drip pans; waste oil disposal methods.

• Storage of potential pollutants such as fuel, oil and chemicals should be done on sealed surfaces to prevent soil contamination;

• Collection and recycling of used oil & lubricants;

• Petroleum storage tanks shall have bund walls around and shall be high enough to contain any spillage.

Exposed soil is prone to erosion by • Limitation of earth moving to dry periods; water or wind. • Protection of susceptible soil surface with mulch;

• Protection of drainage channels by stone pitching;

• Installation of sedimentation basins or planting of erodible surfaces as soon as possible.

Stripping and stockpiling of topsoil • Exposed soil should be avoided by selective could lead to erosion and degradation soil stripping; of soil quality. • Areas requiring less clearing shall be preferred for stock piles. Clearing shall be limited to the site approved by the local authorities.

Soil compaction could result following • Only heavy equipment with pneumatic tyres the construction activities. shall be used on access roads.

Operational Phase Soil erosion near culverts and • Soil erosion should be prevented especially drainage channels where water near culverts by construction of correctly velocity could increase. designed culverts;

• Regular maintenance of culverts & drainage channels;

• ECZ Regulation of waste disposal;

Impacts on soil (cont.)

Operational Phase Soil contamination by waste and • Law enforcement to ensure that only spillages of road users and un- roadworthy cars that are maintained are on the maintained vehicles. road.

Impacts on vegetation

Construction Phase Retardation of vegetation growth due • Dust control by application of water; to contamination from dust particles and gas emissions. • Haulage trucks shall not exceed the speed limit of 60km per hour.

Loss of vegetation due to site clearing • Less vegetated areas shall be preferred;

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Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

which will lead to loss of habitat and • Careful site planning; displacement of fauna species, especially avifauna. • Implementation of the EIA-EMP mitigation measures.

Operational Phase Increased access as a result of the • Provision of a forest conservation awareness road improvement could lead to programme to communities along the increased deforestation on the road. rehabilitated road;

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

Construction Phase Disturbance to birds and small • Rehabilitation should be confined to the road animals and loss of habitat. reserve area;

• Noisy activities to be scheduled to occur within prescribed normal working hours.

Wildlife loss due to accidental killings • The road shall have adequate road furniture caused by speeding traffic as a result signs for warning road users of wildlife Operational Phase of improved road. Monkeys were presence; observed playing on the road during the road surveys.

Noise disturbance to wildlife due to • Control of noisy activities on site (local by-laws); increased vehicular traffic. • ECZ Regulation of Noise;

Impacts on Water Quality

Construction Phase Siltation of water courses due to soil • Sides of the drainage shall be planted with grass erosion of nearby drains and or stone pitched; culverts. • Drainage systems shall have scour checks;

• Drainage systems shall discharge into settlement basins;

• Silt traps shall be put along drainage systems;

Construction Phase Water shortage to the local • Exploitation of water sources for rehabilitation (Cont'd) community due to over exploitation works shall be done with approval by the local for rehabilitation works. authority and with consent from the local community.

Ground water contamination due to • Proper siting of pit latrines away from water construction of sub-standard logged areas; campsite pit latrines for workers. • Good hygienic standards and proper maintenance of pit latrines.

Operational Phase Sedimentation and increased • Excavated soils shall be used for other road turbidity in surface water caused by works such as shoulder building; erosion of bare areas and runoff resulting from excavation and • Sides of drainage channels shall be planted with grass or stone pitched; grading works and drainage channels left after construction works. • Drainage systems shall have scour checks.

Impacts on Air Quality

Construction Phase Air pollution caused by exhaust fumes • Regular maintenance of construction vehicles and dust from excavators, bull dozers, and equipment in order to reduce emission of exhaust fumes;

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Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

graders as well as site clearing will • Periodically water down on temporary roads; affect human, vegetation and also disturb habitats for birds and insects.

Unpleasant odours due to un- • Cleaning and regular maintenance of toilets to maintained toilets and poor waste avoid unpleasant odours. management. • Waste should be carefully managed to prevent unpleasant odours.

Operational Phase Excessive diesel fumes due to un- • Law enforcement to ensure that only road worth maintained equipment. cars that are maintained are on the road.

Impacts on Noise

Construction Phase Noise and vibration caused by • Working hours limited to day light only; construction machinery, equipment and drilling. • Enforcement of the Factories Act by the Factories Inspectorate under the Ministry of Labour.

Operational Phase Noise from increased traffic. • ECZ Regulation on noise;

• Control of noise activities on site (by local by- laws).

Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics

Design Phase Visual impact of the road • Development of the road designs must be rehabilitation works could be compatible with the slope angles of the substantial if designs are not surrounding environment. compatible with the slope angles of the surrounding environment.

Construction Phase Disfigurement of the natural • Development designs which are compatible with landscape and aesthetic view due to the final slope angles of the surrounding construction works. environment.

Operational Phase Abandoned construction structures, • Abandoned structure in areas of scenic beauty excess construction materials of shall be converted into visitor facility. laterite, stone aggregate and concrete slabs left in areas of scenic beauty reduces the quality of scenery.

Impacts on Land-use and surrounding Environment

Design Phase The proposed road might influence • Local people with the necessary skills shall be migration and settlement patterns if employed for the road works; labour requirements are not planned in advance. • Resettlement of communities in new areas shall be done in consultation with host or existing community.

Construction Phase Construction of temporary detours will • Detours, access roads and equipment park site disturb the environment within the location shall be done in consultation with local immediate and surrounding people and take into account the existing land use in settled areas. environment.

If labour is not recruited from local • Local people with the necessary skills shall be areas people who reside far may start employed in the road project;

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Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

to settle near the road project.. • Resettlement of communities in new areas shall be done in consultation with host or existing community.

Operational Phase Exhaust fumes to the surrounding • ECZ Regulation on air pollution; environment due to increased traffic. • Adherence to engine maintenance schedules and standards to reduce air pollution.

8.2 Socio-economic Impacts

8.2.1 Health and Safety Mitigation measures

Stakeholders cited an increase in infections and spread of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, as a result of the inflow of a number of construction workers.

Mitigation measures against these likely impacts require working closely with respective government departments, local NGOs, and/or church based organisations, local communities and the high risk groups.

The key players should collaborate with government health services providers, NGOs and CBOs involved in HIV and reproductive health to sensitize workers on health issues especially AIDs. The contractor should arrange with Ministry of Health (MoH) and other health service providers to provide free condoms to construction workers and community members within construction area who are considered risky. Also construction workers should not be kept at work for long time without visiting their families. This will help to avoid extra marital relationships by workers.

Education programmes for the local populations are extremely important in trying to reduce the likelihood of HIV/AIDS infection. According to the Environmental Clause included in construction contracts in Zambia, the contractor should develop an HIV workplace policy with a clear work plan to be completed prior to commencement of the construction phase. This is to be approved by RDA/ESMU. The workplan should include:

• Undertaking and HIV/AIDS awareness and antistigma education programmes for workers (including all contractor employees, all subconsultant employees) and the adjoining communities. The programme shall include details of the means of transmission of the diseases, factors of risk and vulnerability in the respective environments and their prevention. This should be undertaken at workers induction and every 2 months. • KAP (Knowledge Attitude and Perception) survey will be taken at induction and following completion of the programme • Ensuring Condoms (both Male & Female condoms) are freely accessible to workers and adjoining communities

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• Display STIs and HIV/AIDS education materials in all buildings frequented by workers (canteens, workshops, ablutions etc) • Educate all workers in matters concerning STIs and HIV/AIDS. Education shall include details of means of transmission and their prevention. The education programme shall be implemented as part of a workers induction to a project. Follow-up education programmes aimed at all workers should be conducted once every two months for the duration of the contract; • Setup, staff and maintain a STIs and HIV/AIDS clinic at the worker camps. The clinic shall be staffed and equipped to enable the screening, diagnosis and counselling of STIs and HIV/AIDS cases within all workers. Each clinic shall provide free treatment for general STIs. The HIV/AIDS cases shall be referred to a Province’s general HIV/AIDS programme. • Peer Educator Training

For the Performance Indicators, the following should be used:

• HIV in the Workplace policy in place prior to commencement of the project, • Attendance of the HIV/AIDS awareness programme by 80% of workers • At least two KAP surveys carried out assess the impact of the HIV awareness programme • 80% of staff receiving HIV counselling and testing • 20% of the workforce become HIV/AIDS Peer Educators

This task is very specific, and would be best carried out by a specialised NGO. It is thus recommended that the Contractor liaise with an NGO for the implementation of the HIV awareness campaign.

The Responsible organisation for implementation of these activities will need to liaise with National AIDS Council. Here are organisations that can assist in achieving this and details can be obtained from NAC (Mrs Gladys Ngoma, Private Sector/Workplace Specialist) Tel. 255044, mobile: 097857814.

The workers’ camp should have first-aid posts staffed on a full-time basis by a fully qualified paramedic. Medical facilities provided by the contractor for its own use should as much as possible be made available in emergency situations to local communities at marginal cost as a gesture of goodwill.

A cost estimate of this HIV awareness and control programme has been evaluated and has been included in Technical Annex VI.

8.2.2 Road safety for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians Mitigation Measures

In order to minimize dust emissions it is recommended that deviations in front of schools and clinics be avoided.

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Humps should be built in front of schools, clinics and other populated areas.

8.2.3 Economy, Employment and Income Generating Activities Benefit enhancement measures

The construction contract should include a clause which requires the contractor to maximise hiring of locals, offering men and women equal opportunity, in order to impart maximum project benefit to the community.

The contractor should also be encouraged to procure supplies from local sources to the maximum extent possible in the circumstances.

8.2.4 Real Property, Heritage, Building and Equipment Mitigation measures

Compensation for any property to be expropriated because of diversion roads construction shall be subject to provisions in the Roads Act 2002.

A clause should be included in the construction contract which requires the contractor to specify in the detailed construction programme prepared during the mobilisation period, the earliest dates on which construction works will commence in each town where services relocation may be required. RDA should then notify the appropriate authorities of the relevant dates, and request completion of relocation works before those dates.

8.2.5 Agriculture and Livestock Farming/Breeding Mitigation measures

The provisions in the Roads Act of 2002, shall apply. For most of the peasant farmers, where their land has to be used (temporarily) for road construction, negotiations with chiefs are recommended so as to be provided with alternative land to farm. Where possible the farmer should be notified of the loss of land one season in advance. This is to avoid unnecessary loss of effort and seed.”

8.2.6 Quality of Life Mitigation measures

To cause the least disruption to the population around the sites, it is recommended not to undertake activities producing nuisance noise level at night around residential areas.

Apply dust suppression measures, such as watering to minimize dust pollution.

Contractor to rehabilitate excavated grounds at quarry sites and borrow pits to restore the aesthetic beauty and avoid mosquito breeding.

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These mitigation measures are further described in the EMP, in technical Annex III to this report.

8.2.7 Provision for Emergencies and Accidents It is not anticipated that accidents will occur if all the recommendations and clauses are adopted by the contractor during the implementation.

However, mitigation measures for emergencies and accident occurrence situations shall be implemented for asphaltic plant and outbreak of fire in the fuel storage tanks: alarm systems should be implanted in the campsite and at bituminous plants to warn workers and a rescue team shall be trained for action in an event of accident. In an event of fire occurring in the major risky areas (fuel tanks, bituminous plants), fire extinguishers should be correctly located and easily identified. It is important that the contractor has a trained rescue team amongst the workforce to attend to these emergencies.

8.2.8 Sanitation Because of increased number of population at construction camp and the construction site during the different stages of project implementation there is a need for sanitation facilities to be provided by the contractor. Preferably the contractor should provide mobile toilets on construction site and water borne toilets at construction camp. The contractor should also provide safe drinking water to the construction workers.

8.2.9 Traffic Accidents during and after project implementation The contractor should erect road signs with clear message on the approach of possible dangerous sections during and after construction. Humps and rumble strips should be constructed in busy areas such as trading centers, schools and markets.

8.2.10 Crime The contractor should coordinate with the Ministry of Home Affairs to provide Police at construction camp and site or engage private security firm to provide tight security within the camp and construction site.

8.3 Summary of Mitigation Measures A summary of mitigation measures is given in the following table:

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Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Socio-economic Environment

Construction Phase Temporary marriages, casual sex • There shall be provision of education both relationships and more chances of to the local community on STDs and transmission of sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS using aids such as video shows, pamphlets, talks, etc. diseases due to interaction of project workers with local communities.

Operational Phase Increased road accidents due to • Provision of adequate warning road signs in increased vehicular traffic and over black spot areas and speed retarders at speeding in black spots areas. pedestrian crossing site.

Impacts on Human Settlements

Construction Phase Although no negative impacts on human • Rehabilitation shall be confined to the road settlements are foreseen since reserve area; construction works will be confined to the • Detour, access roads and equipment park road reserve however, construction of site location outside road reserve areas shall be done in consultation with local detours, access roads and park sites in people and take into account existing land settled areas leads to land use conflicts use in settled areas. with nearby communities.

Operational Phase Improved road enhances accessibility, • There shall be no conversion of communal mobility and economic activities for the land into state land along the improved roads. communities along the roads.

Improved roads lead to increased human • There shall be no conversion of communal settlements, changed settlement patterns, land into state land along the improved increased cultivation and commercial roads. activities along the roads;

Improved roads lead to increased land • There shall be no conversion of communal values and land resource tenure along the land into state land along the improved roads, roads.

Improved roads increase risks of road • Speed limits of 40km per hour shall be traffic accidents to communities along the observed in settled areas. road; • Improved roads in settled areas shall have appropriate and adequate pedestrian crossing facilities. Improved roads with high traffic volume • Trees shall be planted along the roads in lead to increased health risks to settled areas to minimize noise and communities along the roads from vehicle hazardous emissions. emissions.

Noise from high traffic volumes using the • Trees shall be planted along the road in improved roads disturbs communities settled areas to minimize noise and along the road. hazardous emissions. • Noise barriers shall be erected in settled areas where traffic noise may exceed 90 decibel. Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits

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Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

Design Phase Quarries and borrow pit location may • Quarrying shall not be done near surface negatively impact on important ecological water sources. units.

Construction Phase Excessive noise from blasting, machinery • Quarrying shall not be done nearby may disturb nearby communities. communities. • Quarrying shall be done in conformity to the Mine and Minerals Act, No. 31 of 1995. Operational Phase Un-rehabilitated borrow pits could pose • Quarrying shall not be done near water potential hazard to ecological units and sources and human settlements. residents.

Impacts of Road Traffic

Design Phase Failure to use established routes might • Surveyors should not venture too far away result in surveyors' vehicles negatively from the proposed route in order to avoid impacting on the environment. impacts on the surrounding environment.

Construction Phase • Established routes should be used where possible in order to reduce impacting on undisturbed areas. Construction traffic could impact on • Construction vehicles must only use pre- undisturbed areas adjacent to the determined access roads that should be proposed route. determined in the design phase. • Allowance should be made for alternative routes for existing road users during construction. Excessive dust from construction could • Control of dust through watering of dust disturb nearby communities. roads.

Operational Phase Increased accidents due to increased • Provision of adequate warning road signs in traffic flow. black spot areas and speed retarders at pedestrian crossing site. Impacts of Work Accidents

Design Phase Advanced planning of safety requirements • Development of safety procedures and operational manual. Construction Phase Lack of enforcement of safety and health • Enforcement of Public health and safety regulations could impact negatively on regulations. construction workers.

Impacts of Construction Camps

Design Phase Advanced planning of construction camp • Selection of camp siting must be done in siting. consultation with the local authority and local people.

Construction Phase Loss of vegetation at construction site. • Clearing for camp siting must be limited to the actual site to avoid vegetation loss on a larger scale. Waste generation at campsite. • Waste disposal to be done at designated sites approved by the local authority and ECZ. Interaction of construction workers with • There shall be provision of education both the nearby communities may lead to to the local community and camp workers transmission of sexually transmitted on STIs and HIV/AIDS using aids such as video shows, pamphlets, talks, etc. diseases. • Local people with the necessary skills shall be employed in the road project;

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9 RECOMMENDATIONS

The study shows that the adverse impacts of the project are easily containable within acceptable limits provided that the appropriate mitigation measures are adopted. These mitigation measures are enshrined in the EMP. The EMP offers both national and international standards for ensuring environmental and social responsibility integration in the rehabilitation project. It is therefore recommended that:

• The whole EIS, including the EMP, be submitted to the ECZ for approval by the Supervisor of the study; • The tender documents include the signed off EMP and the technical specifications which flow from the EMP. • One officer from RDA/ESMU attend all monthly site meeting to monitor the EMP The signed off EMP shall form the environmental management plan of the construction agreement around which the contractor will be required to provide a method statement.

During the construction period, the supervising consultant should ensure that the EMP is rigidly adhered to.

10 CONCLUSIONS

10.1 Statement of Impact

None of the three technical options will have a significant environmental impact provided that measures recommended in the EIA are followed through. From an environmental perspective any of the options may therefore be adopted.

10.2 Conclusions and Recommendations The assessment shows that although the project will have adverse impacts on the environment most are such that they are easily containable within acceptable limits provided that the appropriate mitigation measures are adopted. The assessment also shows there are many positive impacts of the project. The conclusions and recommendations reached as a result of this study are:

• It is recommended that material extraction sites should not be located in forest reserves, or in the vicinity of settlement areas, wetlands, river channels or any other valued ecosystem component. • The EIA shows that water contamination, reduced water supply to downstream users, soils and underground pollution is likely to occur for a variety of reasons. It is recommended that the measures in EMP are adopted to minimize these impacts.

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• The project will likely increase the risk and vulnerability to infection and spread of STIs and HIV/AIDS. In order to minimise infections and spread of these diseases it is recommended that the contractor address the health and safety impacts at workforce and community level right from the beginning by working with the relevant organisations. • All the relevant measures must be adopted by the contractor in its operations and activities during the construction to lessen the incidence of diseases (malaria) and accidents (road related). • It is recommended that the contractor be required to employ locals from the districts in which the construction is taking place and that men and women be offered equal opportunities. • The road rehabilitation will not call for significant land and property expropriation. Where expropriation is required compensation payments should be made to all affected taking into account any anticipated loss of income which may arise as a result of the need for relocation to a less suitable location. RDA should be the entity responsible to pay compensation. • To minimize the loss in quality of life associated with construction activities, such as nuisance associated with mud and its effects on the cleanliness of clothes and houses it is recommended that the contractor, as much as possible, adopt measures recommended in the EMP that minimize disruptions to local ways of life. • The construction contract should include clauses which will ensure the contractor’s compliance with the EMP. • The contractor hires an environmentalist on a full time bases or assigns the responsibility of implementing mitigation measures to a senior staff member. • Environmental requirements during the operation phase of the road shall be handled by the RDA/ESMU. Departmental staff should acquire basic knowledge of the required environmental monitoring activities. • RDA should ensure that routine and periodic maintenance budgets are available to safeguard the integrity of the construction and environment.

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TECHNICAL ANNEXES

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Annex I Revised Logical Framework and Description of the Project

The proposed road rehabilitation project relates to the upgrading of the existing road from Luangwa Bridge to Mwami which was originally built as a 6.1 m (20 ft) wide carriageway with 1.83 m (6 ft) wide gravel shoulders. The project provides for the strengthening of the pavement structure and for the surfacing and widening of the existing carriageway through addition of paved shoulders. The construction will have a design life of 20-years.

Project Description and Associated Activities

The major project activities will include: • Extraction of soils and gravels from borrow pits; • Quarrying and crushing; • Pavement strengthening; • Widening of formation; • Construction of drainage structures (transverse and longitudinal); • Pavement surfacing; • Improvements in Chipata with a view to separating vehicular, pedestrian and cycle traffic; • Re-alignment of a short section between Luangwa Bridge and Nyimba. • Replacement of 5 bridges;

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IMPACT FLOW CHART

IMPACTS

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DIRECT INDIRECT

POSITIVE NEGAT IVE POSITIVE NEGAT IVE

ENHANCE & MITIGATION & ENHANCE & MITIGATION & PROMOTE RECOMMENDAT IONS PROMOTE RECOMMENDATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIO – ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT PLAN, WITH CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES

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Project Description Indicators Sources of Verification Assumptions 1. Overall Objective To rehabilitate the Great East Road while at the same time Environmental and social conditions in the project area Baseline environmental and social surveys before and after preserve or improve the environmental and social conditions of the road rehabilitation the project area/ensure long term environmental and social benefits

2. Purpose To limit negative environmental and social impacts on the project Respect of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Supervision records of the RDA/ESMU Impacts from non-project specific activities in the area and to emphasise positive aspects by implementing an area can be separated from impacts due to the environmental management plan (EMP) Supervision records of the Engineer Supervision records of the Contractor

3. Results Monitoring of land acquisiton and legal clearances process for Contractor's permits Permits issued, liaison with relevant authorities site installations Limitation of vegetation and fauna depletion Area of forest cleared to accomodate road works, number of trees Supervision records, Contractor's records Established own improved water sources in the camps and work places, Supervision records, Contractor's records Avoiding water contamination and water reduction in water supply proper collection and disposition of waste, garbage containers at work to others or downstream users sites, sanitary landfills established, own water points for construction provided from non competing sources, cart spoil away in good time Erosion and slope protection measures and constructions done timeously, Supervision records, Contractor's records Controlling of soil erosion excavated areas (quarries and borrow pits) reclaimed and vegetable cover returned Monitoring of farmland acquisition, expropriation, relocation and List of affected landholders and compensation bills compensation process Number of local people employed, payment rates, number of women hired and involved in road activities, number of informal markets and people Increase of employment opportunities selling agriculture and other products close to camps and working areas, training manuals Improvement of road drainage, elimination of flood events Drainage facilities provided Reduction of fuel consumption and pollution due to the reduction Vehicle operating costs evaluation records before and after project of vehicle operating costs induced by the road rehabilitation completion Improvements of visual aspects of shops and road sides in towns Visual records like Chipata due to the new condition of the road Limitation of air and noise pollution Employment of dust suppression means, no night time work at quarries Supervision records, Contractor's records

4. Activities MEANS COSTS Supervision of environmental activities (supervision of the RDA staff/ Engineer's staff Included in construciton and supervision costs implementation of the environmental management plan) Road safety campaigns To be subcontracted by the Contractor EUR 300 000 HIV awareness campaigns To be subcontracted by the Contractor EUR 500 000 Land acquisition activities RDA (with the assistance of the Engineer) Drainage construction Contractor Included in the construction costs Environmental audits RDA/ ESMU staff/ Engineer's staff All audits/evaluations: EUR 240 000 Ex-post evaluation RDA/ ESMU staff/ Engineer's staff Final audit RDA/ ESMU staff/ Engineer's staff TOTAL: 1 040 000

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Annex II Map of the Project Area

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Annex III Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

1.1 Objectives

The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is the vehicle used to communicate the mitigation measures to the Government, Contractors and other stakeholders. The objective of the EMP is to formulate an effective mechanism to implement and monitor the proposed mitigation measures.

1.2 Components of EMP

The EMP summarizes the environmental impacts of the project and presents measures which must be implemented to mitigate the adverse and enhance the positive impacts of the project. More specifically the EMP comprises of the following components:

• Environmental clearance requirements.

• Procedures for integration of the EMP in the project.

• Environmental Monitoring.

• Institutional arrangements for implementing EMP.

• EMP implementation schedule.

1.3 Environmental Clearances

According to the Environmental Protection and Pollution Act of 1990 and regulation S.I no. 28 of 1997, the proposed project requires an environmental license from the Environmental Council of Zambia prior to the commencement of the project. Other authorisations / permits required during pre-construction and construction phases relate mainly to the obtaining of permission for exploitation of quarries and land for workers’ campsites. The authorities responsible for this are the Ministry of Mines and Mineral Resources, village head men and local chiefs.

1.4 Integration of the EMP with the Project

The EMP is an integral part of the project which will be implemented as the project proceeds. The EMP has been formulated to specifically accommodate project requirements taking into account the environmental impacts and their respective mitigation measures. The entire EMP shall therefore be made part of the contract to execute the project.

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process THE REPUBLIC OF Support (Component 1) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great EIS ZAMBIA East Road (T4)” in Zambia Report Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM

1.5 Proposed Environmental Clauses

Health and Safety

• The construction contract already includes an Environmental clause, including a clause to the effect that the contractor must conduct regular STI/HIV/AIDS Education and awareness campaigns which embrace both the work force and communities adjoining the route. This clause is adequate for this purpose. The programme should target social and cultural risks to infection and its spread and should focus on high risk groups. The plan should be approved by the engineer, prior to project commencement.

• The camp sites should have first-aid posts staffed on a full-time basis by a fully qualified paramedic.

• A clause should be should be included in the construction contracts to the effect that the contractor must make every reasonable effort to minimise road safety hazards and inconvenience to other road users, resulting from the passage of his, or his subcontractors' haulage vehicles.

• A clause should be included in the construction contracts to the effect that, in cases, where access road pass through towns or major settlements, the contractor shall prepare construction traffic management plans, for approval by the Engineer.

Water Contamination/supply

• A clause shall be included in the contract to the effect that the contractor shall provide potable water to camp sites.

• In the event of there being a valid dispute regarding the effects the contractor's arrangements have had on the water supply of others, the contractor shall be responsible, at his own expense, for providing an alternative supply, which is not inferior in quantity or quality to that previously enjoyed, to those affected.

• A clause requiring the contractor to prepare, for approval by the Engineer, detailed Environmental Project Brief (EPB) for camp and other work sites, prior to its construction, should be included in the works contract. The EPB must make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health.

• A clause requiring the contractor to take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute water resources should be included in the contract documentation.

• The contractor shall not clean or wash any construction equipment or vehicle within the proximity of any body of water. Cleaning of construction equipment and vehicles shall carried out in designated service/ maintenance areas which

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shall be constructed for such purposes by the Contractor. Runoff from such area shall be discharged to sedimentation tanks.

• A clause which makes it clear that the contractor will be responsible, at his own cost, for cleaning up any pollution caused by his activities (to the satisfaction of the Engineer) should be included in the construction contract. The clause should also provide that he be responsible for payment of full compensation to those affected

Site Facilities

• The location of the contractor’s camps shall be selected in consultation with the headman/ district council and shall be approved by the Engineer. The contractor shall provide and maintain all infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, storm water drainage and solid waste disposal.

Opening and Working Borrow Pits and Access Roads

• The contractor shall prepare layout plans for all access roads which he plans and shall obtain written consent from the headman or occupier of the land proposed for use. These shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. Environmental factors such as land use, presence of vegetation and trees, water bodies, houses etc. shall be taken into consideration when selecting the haul road so as to avoid / minimise impact on the environment and people.

• Any new borrow areas shall be identified in consultation with the local community and shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.

Asphalt Plant and Crushing and Screening

• Bituminous Hot Mix Plants (HMP) shall be located at least 500 metres away from habitation and commercial establishments, and at least 100m from the T4. The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his approval a detailed layout plan for all such sites prior to their establishment.

• All personnel working within 50m of any asphalt plant or quarrying site shall not only be provided with Personnel Protective Equipment (PPEs) but their use shall be strictly enforced. The PPEs shall include (1) Safety shoes, (2) Air mask, (3) Earmuff, (4) Helmet and (5) Safety goggle.

• Dust suppression mechanisms utilizing water sprinkler or similar approved systems shall be mandatory at these establishments.

Environmental Specifications

General

The Contractor shall take all necessary measures and precautions and otherwise ensure that the execution of the works and all associated operations on-site or off-site are carried out in conformity with the statutory and regulatory

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environmental requirements including those prescribed elsewhere in this document.

The Contractor shall take all the measures and precautions to avoid any nuisance or disturbance arising from the execution of the works. This shall, wherever possible be achieved by suppression of the nuisance at source rather than abatement of the nuisance once generated. The provisions of this clause shall however be disregarded in respect of an emergency as required for saving life or for the safety of the works.

Hazardous Substances

The Contractor shall not use or generate any materials in the works which are hazardous to the health of persons, animals or vegetation. Where it is necessary to use substances which can cause injury to the health of workers the Contractor shall provide suitable PPEs to his workers.

Fuel and Chemical Storage

All liquid fuels, chemicals, bitumens and emulsions which are to be stored for more than three months shall be kept on an impervious concrete platform. The size of the platform shall be sufficiently adequate for the storage capacity and handling requirements. Spillages of fuels and other chemicals shall be regularly collected and disposed of in deep pits away from any body of water. Open burning of fuel and lubes shall not be permitted. Prior permission of the Engineer shall be obtained for the location of such storage areas.

Filling of storage tanks and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subjected to formal procedures. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contamination happens or that discharges enter any drain or watercourses. Precautionary and prohibiting signage (with fluorescence paint) shall be displayed e.g. “No- smoking”, “Danger”, “Restricted area” etc. An adequate number of fire extinguishers of sufficient capacity shall be kept at appropriate location/s.

Noise and dust

The Contractor shall consider noise as an environmental concern in his planning and during execution of the works.

The Contractor shall use plant and equipment conforming to international standards and directives on noise, vibrations and emissions.

The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to ensure that operation of all mechanical equipment and construction processes on and off the site shall not cause any unnecessary or excessive noise, taking into account all applicable environmental requirements. When operating close to residential area sensitive areas such as nurserys, schools or medical facilities the Contractor’s working hours shall be limited to daylight hours.

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The Contractor shall employ dust suppression measures such as watering to minimize dust pollution. Deviations close to schools and clinics should be avoided whenever it is possible.

Water Pollution

All water and other liquid waste products shall be collected and disposed of at locations on site or off site and in a manner that shall not cause nuisance or pollution.

The Contractor shall not dispose of any material at a site which has not been approved by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall protect all water-courses, water ways, ditches, canals, drains, lakes and the like from pollution, silting, flooding or erosion which may result from the execution of the works.

Road Safety

The contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock needing to pass through the works. There shall be no separate payment for providing such passage and the cost of such work shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates. Together with the district council the contractor shall support road safety education campaigns in town centres.

1.7 Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring will be carried out as part of the project implementation to record the environmental status of the project at the pre-defined times stipulated in the EMP. The monitoring records will indicate whether progress is being achieved as planned.

Photographic records will be used in conjunction with other environmental data to support the monitoring plan. A full record will be kept as part of normal contract monitoring.

1.8 Institutional Arrangement

The following key players are involved in EMP implementation during construction stage:

• RDA especially its ESMU.

• The Engineer

• The Contractor.

As indicated in the EMP the Director of RDA with the assistance of its ESMU is the entity responsible for ensuring that the requirements of the EMP are complied with. The RDA are required to certify to the regulatory bodies and the ECZ that

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relevant environmental safeguarding measures are being complied with during the project implementation.

It is recommended that one person from RDA be identified as the Environmental Representative to supervise and monitor EMP implementation at project site level in close coordination with Engineer and Contractor. To this end, one officer from RDA/ESMU should attend all monthly site meeting to monitor the EMP.

For stakeholder engagement and representation in the project implementation it is proposed that a committee comprising of the Contractor, an RDA/ESMU representative and community members representing each district should be established. The main objective of the committee will be to guarantee that the community is kept abreast of the implementation and that any conflict that may arise is resolved sooner rather than later. The committee should meet at least once a month.

To ensure that the EMP is properly implemented it is recommended that the engineer employs a part time qualified and experienced Environmental Officer (EO) and that the contractor either employ one too or assign the responsibilities of environmental management to a dedicated individual.

The EO will be responsible for record keeping, providing instructions through the Engineer/ RE for corrective actions, ensuring compliance with various statutory and legislative requirements and assisting the Engineer/RE to prepare reports to the RDA. The EO will maintain close coordination with the Contractor and RDA/ESMU for successful implementation of the mitigation and enhancement measures.

1.9 Supervision and Monitoring Mechanism

Strict supervision of the road construction activities is required prior to, during and following construction to ensure that works are constructed in accordance with the approved designs and that environmental impacts are fully mitigated in accordance with the EMP.

At field level the contractor’s Environmental Officer will be responsible for implementing and monitoring mitigation measures. The Resident Engineer will ensure that joint (Engineer/Contractor) inspections are carried out as per requirements.

The monitoring and evaluation of the management measures are a critical part of the implementation of the project. Monitoring involves periodic checking to ascertain whether activities are going according to plan. It provides the necessary feedback for the project management to keep the program on schedule. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability. The object is to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project.

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1.10 EMP Implementation Schedule

The key EMP activities which are to be performed at different phases of the project are the following:

• ECZ’s approval of the EIA Report / EMP;

• Obtaining of environmental license from ECZ;

• Integration of the EMP in the contract documentation;

• Brief presentation of the EMP and its implications to Bidders during the Pre- Bid Meeting;

• Allocation of a budget for the environmental management plan.

• Mobilisation of Environmental Officer for the Engineer and the Contractor.

• Finalization of construction sites (camp sites, quarries, borrow areas, storage areas etc.)

• Obtaining permits /consent from competent authorities for quarries, borrow areas, water extraction etc.

• Implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Land Formal, legal Obtain all • Contact traditional leaders (headmen, chiefs) to RDA, Provincial and • Permits issued acquisition and traditional permits and introduce project, request authorisations. local government • Contractor has and legal local licenses • Obtain permits from Ministry of Mines and Mineral administrations, established clear clearance administrations. from Resources for exploitation of quarries, borrow pits. channels to liaise with for site relevant • Share project Information with the affected parties Ministry of Mines authorities. installations government prior to the commencement of the activity. and Minerals • Environmental issues department Development. are included in the s, local design and BOQ authorities Local chiefs in the and secure area, public Pre-phase construction support for Contractor project. Agriculture Farmland To minimise • Ensure all potential landholders likely to be affected RDA/ESMU • Detailed list of affected farming and acquisitions, loss of by the project are informed in time not to cultivate landholders, crops livestock relocations, farmland the following agriculture season, prior to the Engineer, affected and size. breeding compensations and commencement of the project. • List of reallocations – livestock Department of size and location grazing • Carry out detailed inventory of individual and Agriculture • List of Compensations areas; communal plots affected to ascertain the process of and criteria land reallocation. • Carry out inventory to include size of individual holdings of agricultural land, permanent fields and Pre-phase construction gardens including fixed property if any.

Real Relocation of To minimise • Ensure relocation of properties and utility network RDA, Contractor, • List of all affected, property, utility network disturbance infrastructure is completed well in advance of Chipata Municipal • Compensation bills. heritage, infrastructure, s in commencing construction. Council, Provincial buildings disruptions in disruptions administration, and service, loss of of utility utility network equipment business assets network providers. and income due services; Pre-phase

construction to relocation of assets

82 January 2010

Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support (Component 1) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” THE REPUBLIC OF in Zambia EIS Report ZAMBIA Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Vegetation Restrict To minimize • Minimize risk of forest fires by carrying out public Contractor. Area of forest cleared and fauna vegetation impacts on campaigns to raise awareness amongst road users to accommodate road depletion clearance to vegetation and the surrounding community. Engineer. works, road site works. and fauna • Prohibit workforce from setting up fires. depletion in • Implement together with district forest officers Provincial and About 50 to 100 trees the region public education programmes to reduce forest District Forest replanted in Chipata harvesting and cropping up hills to minimize siltation Officers, town handed over to and destruction of drainage infrastructures the Municipal council. • Provide energy for cooking (energy saving such as District Agriculture SAVE 80, or non wood) to workforce. Department. • Limit vegetation removal and site clearance to only areas required for project works. • Avoid dense wooded areas when constructing a route to materials sites. • Prohibit cutting trees for deviation and access road

Construction phase construction, unless it cannot be avoided.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Water Management of To • Provide and maintain water from improved sources. RDA/ESMU, • Established own contaminatio workers camps. avoid • Ensure adequate waste disposal facilities, garbage ECZ/Waste improved water source n and Management of contami disposal and sanitation facilities including septic and Management Unit. in the camps and work public health camp sites nation soak tanks (provide sanitary landfill, recycling places. waste and of facilities) at camps that include: Contractor and sanitation. water o Burning non recyclable waste including Supervision • Waste is properly from paper used in bitumen spraying and clinic Consultant collected and disposed Water pollution solid waste. of safely. and o Crushing all unburned residues. sewage o Burying the crushed residues in a pit waste. o Waste in septic tanks shall be cleared • Garbage containers at periodically. camp sites. • Waste water produced in construction camps shall not discharge into waterways. • Sanitary landfills • Liaise with district councils and village headmen to established. ensure waste management practices are in place to reduce road side littering, especially in towns and villages • During site clean-up, burn all spilled fuel oils.

Construction phase

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Water Controlling To minimize • Ensure oil spills and vehicle leakages are minimized RDA/ESMU, Own water points for contaminatio sources of impacts of through regular monitoring and supervision, construction provided from n/ reduction water water checking of vehicle conditions regularly. ECZ/Water non competing sources in water contamination. contaminati • Store oil and bituminous products at a contained (effluent) Pollution supply to Water on location away from drainage lines and in Unit. Drainage facilities are others or Competition guaranteein appropriate manner. provided downstream g water • Provide own water supply point that does not Department of users. supply for interfere with local community users. Water Affairs. Cart spoil away in good construction • Provide adequate flow dispersal structures to District councils time works and maintain the natural flow direction and to avoid flow and traditional minimize concentration to specific sites. local leaders. reduction in • Programme excavation activities at river crossing supply of areas during dry season. water to • Protect sensitive surface (river margins adjacent to other users drainage structures) with mulch or fabrics, stone downstream ripraps, gabions, etc. . • Avoid dumping and accumulation of spoil soil at river banks and downhill sides.

Construction phase

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Soil erosion, Lessen erosion, To minimize • Ensure vegetation clearing minimized. Erosion and slope protection and contamination the amount • Avoid disturbance on steep slopes. RDA/ESMU measures and constructions contaminatio of soils and of sediment • Keep vehicle on defined tracks. done timeously n of soils underground lost from • Surplus excavated top soil shall be stored for at ECZ/Water and resources the work least one month, and used to rehabilitate degraded (effluent) Pollution Excavated areas (quarries underground sites grounds. Unit and borrow pits) reclaimed resources (minimise • Rehabilitate excavated ground upon completion of and vegetable cover soil works. Contractor, returned. erosion); • Liaise and campaign with local authority to prohibit animal grazing on road shoulders. Engineer, • Re-vegetate erodible soil surfaces as soon as Supervision possible. engineer • Liaise with local authorities and contract a team to clean culverts and other drainage infrastructure to maintain the normal flow of water. • Rake or loosen all compacted ground surfaces. To minimize • Cover slopes and graded ground with grass, prohibit contaminati livestock grazing at road shoulders and on of soils embankments. and • Control traffic accidents and transportation of undergroun hazardous chemicals. Construction d resources; • Maintain leaking equipment and vehicle parts, avoid fuel and oil spillages while refueling, collect and To minimize properly treat used oil. the impacts • Schedule construction so that large areas of soil are of storm not exposed during the wet season. water containing sediments.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Air pollution Noise and dust To ensure • Ensure that noisy construction activities are carried No night time work at pollution noise and out during normal working hours. RDA/ESMU quarries dust • Advise local people when there will be blasting or ECZ/Air and Noise pollution is unusual unavoidable noises. Pollution Unit. Employment of dust minimised • Provide protective equipment for construction suppression means and does workers in areas of high noise levels. Contractor, not pose a • Spray water on exposed surfaces during dry health risk season (deviations, access roads etc) Engineer or • Install dust and smoke suppression accessories on inconvenien asphalt plant and crusher equipment. ce to • Avoid locating quarries and borrow pits close to workforce settlements. and • Carry out regular maintenance of machinery and surrounding vehicles to reduce excessive gaseous emissions. communitie s.

Construction

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Agriculture Farmland To minimise • Ensure replacement land assessed takes into Detailed list of affected farming and acquisitions, loss of account productivity, so that crop production RDA/ESMU landholders, crops affected livestock relocations, farmland remains as previously. and size. breeding compensations. and Contractor, livestock • Payments made in full and fair cash compensation, grazing if land is under production of an annual or Engineer, List of reallocations – size areas; perennial crop (based on Roads Act of 2002) and location • Provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, Department of pedestrians and livestock passing through the Agriculture Minimise works List of Compensations and livestock criteria accidents due to road works

Construction Phase

88 January 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Real Relocation of To minimise • Ensure compensation to the affected group is based RDA, Contractor, List of all affected, property, utility network disturbance on existing national rules and regulations and Chipata Municipal heritage, infrastructure, s in market prices. Council, Provincial buildings disruptions in disruptions • Ensure design minimizes the need for relocation of administration, Compensation bills. and service, loss of of utility utility network lines (water pipe lines, phone and utility network equipment business assets network electric cables), as much as possible. providers. and income due services; • Contract clauses included in the contract document to relocation of that requires the contractor to notify the relevant Bullet points 2, 3 assets authorities of any works which might affect public and 4 should have services, and to comply with any conditions which been done by the may be reasonably be imposed. Consultant by • Contract clauses are included requiring that all finalizing the construction works in urbanized areas are Detailed design programmed to be completed in the shortest time and tender dossier. possible.

Construction phase

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Health and STIs, Minimise • Liaise with RDA/ESMU for HIV/AIDS minimisation RDA/ESMU, • HIV in the Workplace safety HIV/AIDS, infections coordination. policy in place prior to workforce and and spread • Formulate an STI/HIV Action plan to be approved Contractor, commencement of the community of STIs, HIV by RDA/ESMU. Which should include: project prevention to workforce Undertaking STIs, HIV/AIDS awareness and District health • Attendance of programme, and local antistigma education programmes, Environmental staff, HIV/AIDS awareness address socio- population sanitation education programmes for workers programs by 80% of cultural risk (including all contractor employees, subconsultant Local NGO, peer workers factors. employees) and the adjoining communities. This educators, • At least, 2 KAP surveys should be undertaken at workers induction and Traditional health carried out assess the every 2 months. provider from the impact of the HIV KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Perception) survey area. awareness programme: will be taken at induction and following completion 80% of staff receiving of the programme HIV counseling and Displaying HIV/AIDS education materials in all testing buildings frequented by workers. 20% of the worforce Ensuring condoms (both male and female condoms) become HIV/AIDS Peer are freely accessible to workers and adjoining Educators communities • STIS,HIV/AIDS Construction phase Maintaining and operating STIs, HIV/AIDS clinic for Programme the duration of the contract. • No. and content of Peer educator training STIs/HIV Education • Rehabilitating excavated ground at quarry sites and programmes borrow pits to avoid mosquito breeding • Clinic and first aid boxes at camp site and other workers sites • Condom distribution • HIV Counseling and testing • Records of counseling and testing of STIs/HIV

90 January 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

Road safety Road safety for To minimize • Deliver road safety campaigns, RTSA, Speed limit and other to schools, clinics, accidents to • Implement traffic and transport regulations to appropriate signs erected, pedestrians, road signs, road workforce, minimise vehicular accidents, RDA, motorists safety rules and pedestrians, • Post warning signals and bumps at critical locations. and cyclists transit rules cyclists and Contractor motorists, road safety awareness

Construction

Employment A priority to To improve • Arrange contractual commitments to respect social Contractor, Number of local people and income locals, equal income base factors for temporary employees. employed, payment rates. generating opportunities to for locals • Arrange for local people to be employed and trained Local authorities activities men and and as part of the activity. and local No. of women hired and women, women maximise • Include women and other community groups in the administration involved in road activities integration in community activity whenever possible. road works, benefits • Create suitable working atmosphere at work place No. of informal markets provide from the to encourage women involvement in the project and people selling relevant project activities. agriculture and other training. • Encourage workers to use locally available products products close to camps and Construction Phase to assist local economy. working areas • Arrange and ensure supply of basic consumable items by encouraging entrepreneurs in the area. Training manuals Constr Quality of Noise, dust, To minimize • Locate camps away from sensitive sites like Contractor, Location of quarries and uction life, noise landscape a reduction villages. Engineer campsites relatively to Phase and air scenic beauty, in quality • Avoid the use of quarries in the proximity of villages pollution of life to the settlements. Preferably locate not less than 500 m

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

Time frame/ Env. Responsable Issues Objective Mitigation (Actions) Measures Performance Indicator phase Impacts Organisation

communitie away unless the closest households are reallocated Watering of gravel accesses s within the and fairly compensated (eg Ngwenya and Kafunka should be checked weekly project Quarries during dry season by the boundaries • Water gravel accesses during dry season. works supervisors.

92 January 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAMME : OPERATION STAGE Potential Environmental Action Responsible Organisation Time Frame Impact

Road Safety • Implement public education campaigns on road safety, RDA, RTSA, Police, relevant local NGOs, District Every 6 months road signs, transit rules. councils

Contamination from spills due • Prepare contingency plans for clean-up of spills of oil, RDA/ESMU, ECZ/ Operational Period to traffic movement and fuel, toxic chemicals. accidents

Road and Drainage system • Ensure a long term maintenance contractor is engaged RDA Operational Period Maintenance to carry out regular maintenance; Long term maintenance contractor, involving • Ensure drainage system is periodically cleaned to locals. ensure adequate storm water flow and prevention of siltation and sedimentation in the watercourses along the road.

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EMP IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Pre-Construction Construction Activity Description

Activity No. Activity SOND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FM Responsibility

1 EC approval on EIA / EMPReport RDA

2 Environmental permit RDA Construction Integration of EMP with Bid Dcoument for 3 RDA assumed to start in Works April 2011 Allocating Budget for Environmental 4 RDA Management

Brief Presentation to Bidders on EMP and 5 Environmental Stipulations during Pre-Bid RDA Meeting

Mobilisation of Environmental Officers of 7 RDA engineer and Contractor

8 Review and Approval of Contractors' EMP RDA

Finalising Camp and other work sites. 9 RDA Prepare plans

Permission from Competent Authorities for 11 RDA Borrow Areas, Quarries and Water

Implementation of Mitigation and 12 RDA Enhancement Measures

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support (Component 1) for the THE REPUBLIC OF EIS “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” in Zambia ZAMBIA Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM Report

Annex IV Records of Stakeholders Engagement, Minutes of Meetings

Minutes of Stakeholders Consultation Meeting for Feasibility, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support for the Project “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4), Held in Chipata on 17th February 2009”

Venue: The meeting was held in the Permanent Secretary’s Conference Room.

Relevant institutions and informants were identified and invited to the meeting by the Permanent Secretary:

1. Roads Development Agency 11. Cotton growers Association 2. Ministry of Agriculture 12. Maize growers Association 3. Ministry of Lands 13. Road Transport and Safety 4. Department of Forestry Agency 5. Ministry of Tourism 14. Farmers representatives 6. Central Statistical Office 15. Pedestrians Association 7. Non-Governmental Organizations 16. Chamber of Commerce 8. Chiefs 17. Environmental Institutions 9. Transporters 10. Tobacco Grower Association

The Proposed Agenda

The meeting followed the following agenda:

1. Opening remarks – Permanent Secretary 2. Identification of Stakeholders - Introductions 3. Project Introductions/Presentation – Roads Development Agency/Consultants 4. Discussions on current status of the Road- Stakeholders 5. Identification of issues and potential impacts of the road rehabilitation Project 6. Recommendations to the Consultant

Having been invited to attend another meeting, the Permanent Secretary was not present at this meeting to make the opening remarks. However, prior to the meeting the Consultants and the Regional Engineer had paid a courtesy call to the Permanent Secretary. During this short visit to her office, she availed to the consultants and RDA the importance of the public consultation process and stated being pleased to seeing that it was being adhered to, so as to engage the public in the design of the project.

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Following introductions of the participants, the stakeholders in Chipata proceeded with discussions and presentation of the following issues and concerns:

Representative from Eastern Province Tobacco farmers association and Alliance one:

• There was need for climbing lanes and overtaking lanes in escarpment sections. • Some curves were too sharp in escarpment sections hence the need to re-align certain sections. • The road design should accommodate the increase in traffic and heavy vehicles due to the commissioning of the Muchinji Railway Line. This was because the cost of transportation and export of goods was expected to go down through the rail system to Nacala Port in Mozambique.

Representative from the Auditor General’s Office:

• There was need for a by-pass for heavy vehicles not to pass through town. • There was need for road safety improvement in town by separating pedestrians and cyclists from motorists.

Representative from Zambia Police and Road Transport and Safety Agency:

• There was need to improve road safety in escarpment area by erecting vandal proof road signs.

Representative from Zambia Wild Life Authority (ZAWA):

• The deterioration of the road had lead to a reduction in tourism activities due to increased wear and tear on tourist vehicles. • The rehabilitation should include rest areas and lay-bys. • The rehabilitation would improve local communities’ access of their produce to other markets on the route. • Fifty percent of tourism benefits were invested in local communities. Locals were also employed by lodges and bush camps.

Representative from Ministry of Lands:

• There was need to compensate farmers being displaced as a result of road construction works.

Other potential impacts rose from the meeting and interviews with informants in Chipata include:

• Encroachment on forestry and farm land during construction phase;

• Soil erosion due to low drainage.

• Increase in illegal charcoal making and hunting during construction phase and on ward.

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• Drainage damage caused by high level of water and sediments inflow, coming from up hills, because of changes in land use pattern, farming encroachment and illegal timber felling.

• Increase in traffic with the rehabilitation will increase accidents, from the Lwangwa bridge to Nyimba; especially if road signs are not installed and/or the curves smoothened out.

• Lowering of transaction costs in the transportation of farm inputs and outputs and thus increase in production and productivity in the region.

• Increase tourism activities due to improved accessibility to the Lwangwa Valley National Parks and game reserves.

• Increase in regional transport and communication through Malawi.

• Increase in employment opportunities. It is expected that there will be a boost in agriculture production and sales of produce with the increased access to markets as currently access rural access roads were being rehabilitated.

• Camp site health and hazards management.

The participants of the meeting also complained heavily to the consultants about the bad quality of works of the current contractor, Sable Transport and wondered if quality would be one of the criteria in selecting appropriate contractors for the road rehabilitation project.

Recommendations to the Consultants

Generally, the stakeholders were in agreement with the issues raised in the meeting and recommended to the consultants the following technique design details:

1. The carriage road width to be 7.0m and 1.5 shoulders 2. Safety improvements like widening the road and erection of vandal proof road safety signs in escarpment areas. 3. Cycle tracks to be incorporated in towns. 4. Construction works to start from Nyimba to Sinda.

Chapata district on 17th February 2009.

Mr Kingsley Muyunda

Provincial Forestry officer

Department of Forestry

Chipata

17/02/09

During the interview the project was presented and the main issues of concern brought forward were related to the need of widening the road, possible encroachment and fragmentation of forest areas, due to ancillary works. He also indicated that an increase in illegal charcoal and hunting

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was likely to occur during the construction phase. He also indicated that from their previous experiences with the contractors, conflicts were likely to increase between contractors and local villages regarding detour access and other works that pass through farmland. Another point of concern raised related to camp sites established within community villages. He believed that it could be one of the sources of social conflicts and spread of disease.

He recommended that:

¾ Contractor’s contract must have a provision for borrow pit closure or rehabilitation.

¾ If a contractor has to open up a forestry area, a permit from the relevant authority should be obtained.

¾ A Contractor should have an EMP, an education and awareness program for its workers regarding resources conservation. That would also enhance the understanding of the worker that Resources are not God Given.

Mr. Allan Sakala

Agricultural officer

Department of Marketing and Co-Operative Development

Chipata

17/02/09

The conversation with Mr Sakala started with the description of the importance of the road from his point of view. To him rehabilitation of T4 represents an increase on traffic as it represents the only access to other parts of Zambia through Nacala. And from Agriculture point of view, it would facilitate the circulation of goods inputs and outputs (in and out of the Eastern province). However, he said some of the technical aspects to be considered during the design phase were:

¾ Enlargement of the carriageway within major towns.

¾ Leveling steep slopes near Luangwa Bridge.

¾ Need to include check points along the road.

¾ Improve drainage and road protection structures on the slopes (need strong structures that the existing ones.

¾ Road signs need to be improved.

Stakeholder interview held with potential direct affected and indirectly affected people, in Katete district on 18th February 2009.

1. Mr. M. Lukonga, Director of Public Works, Katete.

98 January 2010

2. Three stone quarry blasters, Chondamila village, Kafunka

3. Mr. Isufo, Camp site Manager, Stone quarry, Chondamila village

4. Mr. Mavuto, Village headman,village Chondamila, Kafunka, Chief Mbangombe.

5. Three women from village Chondamila, Kafunka, Chief Mbangombe.

6. Four women, road site shop owners/marketers.

In Katete the study team visited Katete District Council. After a short briefing and hearing from the Department of Works and Water Supply, the team was led to visit a borrow pit nearby along the route to Mozambique from Katete to demonstrate the expected and potential negative environmental impacts of the road rehabilitation project. Later the team visited a stone quarry located at Kafunka village with on-going blasting and crushing. The team interviewed three blasting workers and site manager of the quarry. The team visited and interviewed the village headman and three women in the village. At Sinda, the team interviewed four women marketers selling clothes and chitenges from Tanzania. One of the women also owned a hair salon.

The issues and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts raised in Katete include:

• Loss of scenery beauty and productive land due to un-rehabilitated borrow pits. A question was raised with regard to effective enforcement of environmental contracts to ensure that contractors comply with environmental rehabilitation where it is being demanded. • Dust along the road during construction phase and noise pollution due to blasting at the stone quarry. “Good contractors easily mitigate this impact by watering the work site”. • Introduction of prostitution involving younger girls and outsider workers from the camp site located nearby the villages, resulting in an increase in disputes at household level and court cases. • Minimum wage limit for unskilled labour and differential and unequal treatment between local workers and outsider workers. • Arrival of construction workers would increase exposure of locals and infection of HIV/AIDS. Condom use must be encouraged. • They expect road site shops to increase sales during the construction phase of the project. • Positive impacts highlighted are increase in sales of local produce to buyers visiting the villages as a result of improved road network. • Costs in the supply of goods will decrease as a result of improved road network.

Stakeholder interview held with potential direct and indirectly affected people, in Petauke district on 18th February 2009.

1. The Council Secretary

2. Jovas Ngoma, Ag DDOW

3. Moses Yumba, ADPO

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4. Vainess Phiri

5. Laston Songwe, village Mulalo, chief Kalindawalo

6. Godfrey Zulu, village Mulalo, chief Kalindawalo.

7. Anastacia Zulu, village Mulalo, chief Kalindawalo.

8. Manesa Songwe, village Mulalo, chief Kalindawalo.

In Petauke district, after briefing the council secretary, meetings were held with the director of works department; a visit made to three borrow pits and interviews held with three women and one man living along the route.

The stakeholders in Petauke raised the following issues and potential impacts of the road rehabilitation project:

• Loss of scenery beauty and productive land due to un-rehabilitated borrow pits. • Non-compliance of contractors with the environmental aspects of the contracts such as rehabilitation of borrow-pits and lack of enforcement by the relevant authorities. The need for direct involvement of the council in the supervision of the contracts was stressed. • The issue of granting compensation to farmers who get displaced due to road construction was considered to be irrelevant because alternative land was available that could be allocated by the headmen and/or the chief. • During construction the locals and construction workers exchange goods and services, such as supply firewood to them in exchange for cash or essential commodities.

Stakeholder interview held with potential direct affected and indirectly affected people, in Nyimba district on 18th February 2009.

1. Timothy Mambalakata, Council Secretary

2. Enock Ngulube, Director of Public Works

3. Mrs Roy

4. Joyce Mwanza

In Nyimba district, the consultation involved a brief meeting to the council secretary and a visit to the Nyimba stone quarry where the owner of the quarry and her sister were interviewed. A visit to a construction camp site within Nyimba was also made. Issues arising from the consultation process in Nyimba include:

• Permanent loss of scenic beauty and forest due to stone quarry excavations. • Temporary displacement of locals and compensation during blasting and crushing of stones. • The EIA team observed the current standards of a camp site and hazard management.

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MINUTES OF CONSULTATION MEETINGS HELD WITH COMMUNITIES AND OTHER OFFICIALS IN THE DISTRICTS OF NYIMBA, PETAUKE, KATETE AND CHIPATA

Several meetings were held involving the main stakeholders in particular the affected villages living along the road project area and with relevant stakeholder district offices. A programme to all the key stakeholders was drawn and the local leaders, the headmen, chairmen and councilors were notified of the dates and times of the meetings in advance and were requested to help mobilize the people. A total of 20 meetings with communities and officials who were met either as individuals or as a group in the district offices were organized and held. The information on the concerns and issues raised obtained from many of these meetings was very similar as shown in the tables below.

All the meetings were opened with a brief introduction of the project and the purpose of the EIA was explained. Several questions from the community members were answered and some misconceptions about the project were clarified. It is important to note that the number of respondents in the community meeting were not as expected as the data collection was done during the farming season in December when most people were in the fields. The numbers varied from 20% women to 50% men in many communities. The majority of women after returning from the fields were more concerned with domestic activities leaving more men to attend community meetings.

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools used in the communities were:

Social and Resource Mapping-The purpose of this exercise was to gain knowledge of the communities in relation to their general socio economic status as well as the local conditions in terms of availability of resources, facilities and services like; schools, clinics, water and roads.

Seasonal Calendar Analysis - This exercise was conducted to highlight the seasonal patterns on the livelihood of the communities in terms of the type of work they do and the type of crops produced at particular times of the year. This was done to enable the community bring out and understand the impact of the seasonal patterns on their livelihoods especially in relation to resource management and community participation in projects.

Daily Activity Profile-This exercise was specifically facilitated with the intention of collecting and analyzing information relating the gender division of labour between men and women.

In addition to the above, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used. This tool was mainly used to verify and confirm the findings from the community as well as to hear the views of the community at large on the project

The PRA activities were conducted in selected locations as shown in the table below. The activities were conducted by dividing the participants into two smaller focus groups of Men and women. This was done to allow Women to participate more fully without intimidation by the men. At the end, all groups presented their work to the rest of the groups for their input.

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The concerns and social issues raised from Focus Group Discussions and community meetings, and stakeholder meetings at various levels in district offices of Nyimba, Petauke, Katete, Chipata and Sinda towns are summarised in the following tables.

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

14.12.09 Nyimba Simatanga Village Home of Village Resource Mapping Headwoman Seasonal Calendar Daily Activity FGD Names Concerns/Issues raised

1. Matildah Lungu (Headwoman) The PRA activities were conducted outside the home of the Village 2. Mackson Tembo Headwoman. 3. Musonda Lungu The meeting did not attract many participants as expected. The Village 4. Landilani Zulu Headwoman explained that people were in the fields it being the farming 5. Kennedy Lungu season. There were a total of 11 participants, 9 men and 2 women. Two 6. Aaron Lungu groups of men and women were asked to draw, a Social Resource map, to 7. Nowa Phiri show the facilities and resources in the Kacholola area, a daily activity 8. Mambo Sakala profile. This indicated the activities that each group was engaged in a 24 9. Masauso Phiri hour period, followed by the seasonal calendar showing what crops, and 10. Lillian Lungu activities characterized each season and how they were involved. The social 11. Helen Zulu. resource map prepared by the men showed some of the facilities and resources. The area has 1 primary school, 2 Basic schools, 1High school which is still under construction and 1 Rural health Centre and a Motel. During discussions, participants complained that the state of the road was bad as it was too narrow, had no roads signs, had sharp curves, thus causing of many accidents leading to lose of lives especially between Luangwa and Kacholola.

They further said that the health center has only 3 members of staff to cater for a large population in its catchment area.

• There is a shortage of drugs. • It depends on one ambulance at district level for referral area. • It caters for a larger population out of its catchment area. • Sensitization programmes are rarely done due to shortage of manpower at the clinic. • Drinking water was from unprotected streams • Sanitation, few had toilets in the village

The following were highlighted as benefits of the road these included:

• Availability of transport to go to the clinic • Provision of building materials/education materials for their school • Other organizations will come in to assist the community e.g. construction of boreholes • Teachers willing to work at the school if there was good access • Less time spent to go to the district • Agricultural inputs will be brought to the community and extension officers will be able to conduct supervision lessons • Employment: community members expect that the project would provide employment opportunities to the local people. It was also pointed out that it was the desire of many offices in the district to see that local people were employed, as opposed to the to the Contractor bringing casual workers from Lusaka or elsewhere.

Negative impacts were cited as follows

Spread of HIV/AIDS, community members were afraid that the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDS would increase in the area. Women especially feared for their school going daughter that they would be lured into unhealthy relationships with construction workers as they would have more

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money. A related issue mentioned was that of destabilizing families. Community members feared that their marriages would be interfered with by contractors’ workers as they usually have a lot of money.

Accidents The issue of increase in road accidents due to over speeding by vehicles was raised. The community members suggested that sign posts with clear messages and humps crumble strips be installed, near schools and busy trading centres.

Community members expressed fear of their crops and fields being taken or damaged during construction

Damage to property Community members expressed fear of their crops and fields being taken or damaged during construction.

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

15.12.09 Petauke Kanchito Home of Village Resource Mapping Community in Headman Seasonal Calendar Chimtengo Forest Daily Activity FGD Names Concerns/Issues raised

1. Amake Mabvuto 2. Amake Precious The exercises were conducted at the home of the village 3. Amake Bridget Headman. The purpose and the procedures of conducting the exercise were 5. Amake Mathews explained to the participants. The following were the responses from 6. Cephas community members. 7. Davidson Phiri Discussions on the daily activity profile centered on the fact that women do 8. Damales Banda not have any time to rest in their 24 hr schedule while men are able to have 9. Victor Lungu some time to relax. This exercise helps in the planning process of any new project, so that women are considered in terms of hours of work, type of work as they are overburdened with more tasks. Participants were able to see for themselves the differences in the roles and responsibilities.

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

15.12.09 Petauke Chiowa Petauke Community Junction Names Concerns/Issues raised

1. Ester Phiri 2. Ayeleni Mbewe Most of the participants were traders in various items with small trading 3. Tisa Tembo shops along the Great East Road at the T- Junction. There were many 4. Jenipher Soko participants and welcomed the consultants. 5. John Banda The same exercises as conducted in the earlier communities were repeated 6. Francis Ngandwe in this community. The resource map showed many retail shops built along 7. Ruth Phiri the project area, 2 boreholes, a Filling station, and Lodges on the opposite 8. Enock Chibambo side of the community. 9. Vainess Zulu From the discussions with the participants the following were mentioned as 10. Calso Botat the positive impacts of the road rehabilitation works. 11. John Banda. -Employment opportunities - Income in pocket -Business will boost Negative impacts mentioned were -fear of land take up and property loss during construction. Community members suggested that owners of land likely to be affected should be compensated.

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Increase disease especially HIV/AIDS

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

15.12.09 Petauke District Council Personal interviews with various officials at District level Names Concerns/Issues raised

Dr Mulopa. (Acting D.C/Director Other personal Interviews conducted with the following officials at the DACO) District:

The D.C had travelled to Lusaka during the consultants visit to the area, the Acting DC sat in for him. During the interview the project was presented. The issues raised were: The need to widening the road. The positive impacts mentioned were increased agricultural production, easy access to wider markets as cheaper transport available; people are bound to

increase their yield. He mentioned that some of the negative aspects would be marriages breaking; increase in disease, people may be displaced during construction. He suggested that Contractor should have proper plans to address these issues. Mr. Dulani Phiri (District Planning Officer) The issues raised from the interview where he had observed that construction works created excavations, borrow pits which usually posed a threat to humans. In addition the same became serious breeding areas for mosquitoes. He suggested that the Contractor should bury excavated areas and replant trees that would have been cut down. Another concern related to social implications of increase in diseases such as HIV/AIDS when outside people came to a new area. He suggested that the Contractor work with the District HIV/AIDS Task Force in combating the disease. Uneven, bumpy road, he pointed out that the current state of the road between Petauke and Chipata was very uneven and bumpy. He suggested that the improvements should meet the user requirements of a well leveled

smooth surface road. He further suggested that since the Great East road goes through many villages and district towns, legal speed limits should be put in place along the road, and speed humps at all trading areas and schools.

Mr. Lotti Mwape Katebe,( District He raised a concern that due to excavations there shall be destruction to Forest Officer ) trees and vegetation. He suggested that the Contractor should have a component and budget of tree planting in the contracts to replace vegetation and trees. This would reduce the health hazards of mosquito breeding in borrow pots and children bathing in contaminated water especially during the rainy season when water collets in the borrow pits.

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Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

15.12.09 Katete Sinda (Market) Sinda Council Hall Resource Mapping Seasonal Calendar Daily Activity FGD Names Concerns/Issues raised

1. Debora Mbewe 2. Agness Banda The community members were presented with the project and the purpose 3. Loveness Phiri of the consultants visit explained. The exercises in the PRA tools were 4. Florence Chirwa conducted. This drew a lot of enthusiasm from the participants. Information 5. Susan Phiri from the participants showed that Sinda has 227 shops and 115 market 6. Margret Banda stands. The resource map showed that Sinda has 2 Basic schools and 1 7. Rosta Chulu Secondary school. 8. Violet Phiri The participants bemoaned the sanitation situation at the market as there 9. Frieda Banda was no single toilet. There is only y one borehole within the vicinity of the 10. Vasiti Banda market.. The women said that most of them were members of women’s 11 Elemia Sakala groups. They had joined these groups to generate some income to send 12 Christina M. Banda children to school and for business purposes. The following issues were 13 Sakala Patrick raised 14 Araki Banda -Contractors needed to be sensitized before coming in the area on issues of 15 Ishmael Banda HIV/AIDS, and on taking responsibility of concentrating on their work and 16 Raphael Banda not damaging school going children, and breaking other peoples marriages. 17 Abisa Banda The women raised o concern of lack of NGOS operating in the area that could 18 Blackson Banda assist women , especially widows and orphans. 19 Jimmy Phiri.

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

16.12.09 Chipata Madzimoyo Rural Resource Mapping Health Centre Seasonal Calendar Daily Activity FGD Names Concerns/Issues raised

1 Lekesina Banda The consultants took advantage of the many people at the Rural Health 2 Elina Lungu Center and requested from the Sister in charge to conduct the PRA exercises. 3 Stella Zulu The majority were women who had come to the centre for various reasons, 4 Memory Mwanza antenatal, those who had brought their children for under five checks, etc. 5 Helen Banda The total number of participants was 20, 11 women and 9 men. 6 Lekesiya Zulu During discussions the following issues were raised. 7 Chikondi Daka It was explained that the catchment area population was 10,681 (2009) by 8 Dina Zulu the sister in charge. 9 Janet Tembo The social resource map showed that there are 3 Schools in the area, 2 Basic 10 Tiko Lungu schools,1 High school 11 Mwaziona Phiri Community members expressed their difficulty in getting to the health centre 12 Goliath Chirwa due to distances involved. 13 Goodson Phiri Lack of drugs 14 Ben Zulu Lack of descent mode of transport Participants bemoaned the lack of 15 Owen Daka Transport, and relied on ox-cart, to transport relatives, and maternity cases 16 Neza Daka to the clinic due to high vehicle fares. In terms of livelihood, many relied on 17 William Daka farming. 18 Japhet Phiri 19 Jackson Banda 20 Wilo Lungu.

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Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

16.12.09 Chipata Personal interviews with officials at District Names Concerns/Issues raised

Interviews were held with the following officials in the district. Mr. The District Commissioner, he expressed the peoples wish for the district to expand into City status with added value of road improvement. Others included officials from the Council, expressed concern that the traffic lights would be removed from the current position.

The current movement of bigger vehicles such as trucks passing through the shopping areas, schools, and townships was posing a danger to people’s lives. They suggested that the bypass be part of the project before the dry port was constructed.

Also suggested that a flyover bridge be considered for pedestrian crossing near the Post Office along the Great East road.

Also suggested that the “Welcome to Chipata” should be reconstructed and should not be removed.ZESCO, CARITAS and CARE had the following suggestions: road shoulders should be wider enough to provide good cycle tracks and pedestrian footpaths.

Contractor should desire to work with existing NGOs in area to combat disease burden for their workers especially HIV/AIDS.

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

17.12.09 Katete Council Secretaries Office Names Concerns/Issues raised

Mr. Greyson Nkatha, (C.S) The meeting was convened by the council Mrs. Lusia Kamanga (Ass. Planning Secretary. Officer), It was stressed in the meeting that while the project was appreciated, the Mr. Brian Sakala (Building Contractor should ensure that, first priority was given to local people for Inspector), casual labourers work. Mr. Philemon Phiri (Treasurer) Mr. Gideon Phiri (Headman-James A major concern was that the district did not have a dam to provide surface Village). water. This meant that big investors that required a lot of water could not be established. The road works will in the same way face this challenge. However, a study on dams in Katete had been carried out.

It was pointed out that because of improved road, the Great East Road would connect with Mozambique through Katete.

Agricultural products would be increased, as farmers will be encouraged to increase their hecterage, due to wider markets, and crop diversification will also be increased due to demand.

The issue of increase in road accidents due to over speeding by vehicles was raised. It was suggested that sign posts with clear messages and humps rumble strips be installed, near schools and busy trading centres.

The improved road will attract more transportation vehicles in the area making it easy and faster to reach health services especially for accident victims, expectant mothers and hospital emergency cases.

The issue of sexually transmitted diseases was stressed as a real challenge and threat to the implementation of the project. It was reported that there were NGOS, and AIDS Task Force in the district to combat the effects and

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spread of the disease.

Due to improvement of road, it was felt that there will be a boom in the tourist industry.

Date District Site Venue PRA tool used

18.12.09 Nyimba Unyanya Basic Interview with Senior Teacher School (near Luangwa bridge) Names Concerns/Issues raised

Mr. Solomon Mbewe The senior teacher presented the following concerns and issues There was for the Contractor to consider ways of minimizing the noise, and the disturbances that construction works, and equipment may cause to the pupils in classes.

He also feared that pupils during the construction phase will tend to absent themselves from class in order to find casual work.

He also pointed out that Unyanya had a Basic School, a Catholic Church, a Health Post with a Community Heath Worker and No nurse, ZAWA Camp and a Veterinary Camp. He revealed that the school had 6 teachers (2 female, 4 male) and 290 pupils (160 boys, 130 girls).

People in the area mainly rely on fishing as their major economic activity. With the coming of the road people anticipate employment opportunities from the same project.

Sinda Community Photos Simatanga Village, Kachalola

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108 January 2010

Annex V Other Technical Information

Direct and indirect impacts

The direct and indirect bio-physical and socio-economic impacts of the project are summarised in the table below.

TYPE OF DIRECT IMPACTS INDIRECT IMPACTS IMPACT

Bio-physical 1. Loss of vegetation at camp sites, 1. Water pollution and reduction in supply of water to borrow pits, access roads and downstream users deviations 2. Variation in water table level 2. Pollution of water, soils and 3. Depletion of vegetation and fauna underground resources at camp 4. Soil erosion and siltation sites. 3. Noise and air pollution near blasting and other work sites

Socio- 1. Loss of cultivated 1. Loss of productivity of land economic agriculture/grazing land 2. Influx of people into the project area during 2. Relocation of utility network construction facilities in Chipata town centre 3. Increase in infection and spread of STIs and 3. Increase in accidents for HIV/AIDS during construction and after project pedestrians, cyclists and motorists completion along the road, especially in the 4. Probable loss of income due to dislocation of road re-alignment section (Luangwa businesses from Chipata during construction and to Nyimba) and in Chipata town after project completion during construction 5. Disruptions in utility network services in Chipata 6. Pressure on existing social service facilities like health, water and electricity especially in urban areas. 7. Increase in demand for wood fuel 8. Lowering of quality of life of the people in the road alignment route and those located near ancillary sites during construction phase 9. Increase in job opportunities in the region and improvements in income during construction and after project completion 10. Improvements in access to alternative markets for agricultural produce after project completion 11. Lowering of transport and business transaction cost 12. Improved quality of life after project completion 13. Social networks and social cohesion strengthened after project completion

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Simple Matrix for Impact Identification and Evaluation

Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4) Project

Temporal Distribution of Impacts

Project Phases/ Type of Impacts

No. Valued Environmental Components Negative Impacts No Positive impact Impact Significant Insignificant

Pre-Construction Phase

1 Health and safety X

2 Employment and income generating activities X

3 Real property, heritage, building and equipment X

3 Agriculture, livestock/ breeding X

4 Vegetation and Fauna X

5 Water contamination/ supply X

6 Soil and underground resources X

7 Air pollution X

Construction Phase

1 Health and safety X

2 Employment and income generating activities x

2 Real property, heritage, building and equipment X

3 Agriculture, livestock/ breeding X

4 Vegetation and Fauna x

5 Water contamination/ supply X

6 Soil and underground resources x

8 Air pollution x

Operation Phase

1 Heath and safety x

110 January 2010

2 Water resources and water quality x

3 Soil erosion and land resources X

4 Local air quality x

Leopold Matrix used for EIA

Description of the Method

The Leopold matrix is a qualitative environmental impact assessment method pioneered in 1971. It is used to identify the potential impact of a project on the environment. The system consists of a matrix with columns representing the various activities of the project, and rows representing the various environmental factors to be considered. The intersections are filled in to indicate importance (from 1 to 10) of the impact of each activity on each environmental factor.

Measurements of magnitude and importance tend to be related, but do not necessarily directly correlate. Magnitude can be measured fairly explicitly, in terms of how much area is affected by the development and how badly, but importance is a more subjective measurement. While a proposed development may have a large impact in terms of magnitude, the effects it causes may not actually significantly affect the environment as a whole. The example given by Leopold is of a stream that significantly alters the erosion patterns in a specific area, which will have a significant magnitude, but may not be important, provided the stream in question is swift moving and transports large amounts of soil anyway. In this case, an impact of significant magnitude may not actually be important to the environment in question.

The Leopold Matrix next page is the completed matrix related to the project.

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Social -economic Environment Aesthetic/cultural Bio-Physical Environment

Environmental concerns

Project stages Health and safety incomeEmployment and generating activities Real property, heritage, buildings and equipment and livestock Agriculture farming/breeding of life Quality /scenic Landscape Local social Values Gender Social cohesion Hydrology Noise Air pollution Soil and Underground water resources water quality/supply Vegetation Animals/fauna

Material mobilization and handling 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 5 1 1

Heavy machinery and vehicle movement 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 3 4 1 1 1 Site installation 6 2 1 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 5 6 4 Stockpile area preparation 7 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 Quarrying 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 8 4 7 2 2 1

Construction of detours, access roads and plant park sites 4 5 1 4 4 3 2 1 2 1 3 4 5 2 3 2

Preparation and formation of carriageway 4 6 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 4 5 2 1 1 1 Drainage excavation 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 1 1 Asphalt plant 4 4 1 3 4 3 1 1 1 3 7 5 6 6 3 2 Energy requirements 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 Water requirements 3 1 1 1 4 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 3

Completion 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

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TECHNICAL ANNEX V1-Impact assessement table

Magintude Result Significance of impacts Extent Duration Intensity Environmental Construction National/ Low or issue Phase Area of 15 km Long Medium Short High Medium Low internatio High Medium negligebl project outside Term Term Term nal e Bio-physical Environment Construction x x x x Air pollution Operation x x x x

Soil and Construction x x x x Underground resources Operation x x x x x

Construction x x x x Water contamination Operation x x x x

Construction x x x x Vegetation and Fauna Operation x x x x Socia-Economic Environment Construction x x x x x x Health and Safety Operationx xxxx x Road safety for xxx motorists, Construction x cyclists and Operation x x x pedestrians Employment and Construction x x x x income generating Operation x x x x activities Real prperty, Construction x x x x heritage, bulding and equipment Operation x x x x

Agriculture and Construction x x x x x livestock /breeding Operation x x x x

Construction x x x x x Quality of life Operation x x x

Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts High or medium significance+localized+long term+ high or medium intensity

Moderate Adverse Environmental Impacts Other option not included in the white

Minor / Negligible Adverse Impacts

Positive impacts

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Listing of Borrow Pits

Section 1: Luangwa-Nyimba

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details

Christopher Christopher Banda, Cell : 097 695 3239, c/o Unyanya Basic RHS Km 238.6 1 -14.96016051 30.24775327 -14.96036586 30.24788914 Kapindu Nyalungwe Banda School, PO Box 5700100, Nyimba

Saulo Daka, c/o Mvuwa Basic School, PO Box 570070, RHS Km 251.8 2 -14.91002499 30.33937904 -14.91078883 30.33893438 Saulo Nyalungwe Saulo Daka Nyimba.Contact Person : Jacob Mbuzi, Cell : 097 822 1731 ( neighbor )

LHS Km 273.7 3 -14.87583546 30.51586177 -14.87563362 30.51573495 Chiniati Nyalungwe Chiniati Tembo No contact details available

Lingilani Tembo, Cell : 097 921 2840.( no other details RHS Km 300.02 4 -14.75260036 30.67330224 -14.75467329 30.67419115 Kalavu Nyalungwe Lingilani Tembo available )

Sichiwende Daka, Cell: 096 899 6433 // 097 913 2480, c/o LHS Km 319.31 5 -14.66147776 30.78176172 -14.66006792 30.77972475 Sichiwende Ndake Sichiwende Daka Machenha Basic School, PO Box 570111, Nyimba

Section 2: Nyimba-Petauke

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details

RHS Km 337.58 1 -14.55366628 30.86623882 -14.55284762 30.86624368 White Ndake Me Alice Phiri Contact Person : Button Banda Cell 097 845 9624

RHS Km 343.8 2 -14.55557434 30.92292815 -14.5509057 30.92365318 Mulivi Ndake Me Lucy Mumba Contact Person : Jasile Zulu Cell. 097 670 1261

c/o Kavuma Mid Basic School,PO Box 570045, RHS Km 351.85 Pos 1 -14.53384275 30.99204876 -14.53388373 30.99558969 Kaminza Ndake Me Faidesi Phiri Nyimba.Contact Person : Chileshe Chewe ( son in law ) Cell. 097 869 2250.

Chair person : Mr J.K. Nguluwe Contact Person : George LHS Km 355.0 3 -14.51780993 31.02402999 -14.52160064 31.01792478 Chimpembe Stores Ndake None Mumba 097 797 7541 ( Grand son )

RHS Km 366.92 4 -14.44562925 31.09247385 -14.44625848 31.09223513 Chimusakasa Ndake Mr Isaac Daka Contact Person : Jacob Daka (son) Cell. 097 852 4386

LHS Km 372.25 5 -14.4197 31.134 -14.41913707 31.13254873 Mnyeche Turn Off Mumbi Mr Allion Phiri Contact Person : Beatrice Mwale (wife) Cell. 097 848 3267

RHS Km 373.29 6 -14.4154052 31.14259595 -14.43023128 31.1460524 Mnyeche Mumbi Mr Moses Phiri Contact Person: Moses Phiri Cell 097 789 6315

January 2009 115

Mr A.C. RHS Km 378.5 7 -14.38054687 31.17433595 -14.38007883 31.17542678 Chinete Mumbi PO Box 560070,Petauke. Cell. 097 787 4866 Khondowe

C/o PO Box 560095, Petauke. Contact Person Mr Ackson LHS Km 391.7 8 -14.31221475 31.27062868 -14.30081016 31.26701365 Malowa Kalindawalo Mr Luxon Mumba Zulu Cell 097 834 5904 (nephew )

LHS Km 396.9 9 -14.29702372 31.31540598 -14.28832876 31.32057988 Chenjelani Kalindawalo Mr Ballpen Banda Contact Person : Daughter 097 899 7293

Section 3: Petauke-Sinda

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details Chair person : Mr Sente Sibanda,C/o Kawere Mid Basic RHS Km 403.5 1 -14.29748791 31.38302565 -14.29413725 31.37627335 Kawere Stores Kalindawalo None School, PO Box 560306, Petauke. Cell.097 661 2564 ( Essineli Phiri Wife ) Violet 095 597 8820 ( Daughter )

PO Box 560298,Petauke. Contact Person : Titus Mshanga LHS Km 411.91 2 -14.29074995 31.45206998 -14.28884667 31.45137831 Sambani Masjid Kalindawalo Mr Alick Tembo Cell. 097 948 9625

Contact Person :Mr Masauso Tembo. Cell. 097 825 1958, LHS Km 421.13 3 -14.30221204 31.5372297 -14.30322306 31.53725627 Private Land Nyanje None Mary Phiri 097 802 1936 (Wife)

Mr Lyson RHS Km 424.93 4 -14.30446954 31.57199238 -14.30735266 31.57304054 Chimtengo Kawaza PO Box 560152, Petauke. Cell. 097 825 3313 Chimtengo

Officer: Mr W.B.Siwale,Chimtengo Forestry,PO Box 24, LHS Km 433.15 5 -14.27648714 31.63955891 -14.27583184 31.63834269 Dept. Forestry Kawaza Kalima Sinda. Cell. 097 945 4627.( Only available between 18h00 & 08h00 daily )

PO Box 22, Petauke.Contact Person: Me Irene Rungu Cell RHS Km 437.0 6 -14.26049044 31.67121417 -14.26084776 31.67242628 Sinda Nyanje Mr Misaelo Banda 097 853 3091 / Husband Cell 097 921 5165.

c/o Kalole Basic School, PO Box 22, Sinda.Cell. 097 750 RHS Km 438.2 Pos.2 -14.25269955 31.6786055 -14.25316659 31.6791111 Kalole Nyanje Mr Packson Njovu 3588; Cousin : Abraham Phiri, Cell. 097 984 3242.

C/o Post Office Sinda.Contact Person Mr Abraham Banda LHS Km 443.43 7 -14.22639554 31.7175992 -14.22513843 31.72125421 Mastala Kawaza Mr Stolo Banda Cell. 097 799 9851 ( Wife Chiluba Phiri )

Section 4: Sinda-Katete

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details

c/o Chiuyu Basic School, PO Box 6, Sinda.Contact Person : LHS Km 453.46 1 -14.20606993 31.80481995 -14.20660998 31.80483998 Kawalala Kawaza Dasiyano Tembo Daniel Daka Cell. 097 889 5300

LHS Km 464.2 2 -14.14275362 31.86922649 -14.14375333 31.86991842 Azereguze Kawaza James Lungu Cell : 097 698 9041. PO Box 550147 , Katete

116 January 2010

c/o Kafunka Mid Basic School, PO Box 550074, Katete. LHS Km 477.5 3 -14.08113766 31.96629765 -14.09232784 31.95685585 Chambuli Mbang'Ombe Jonas Banda Contact Person : Mathews Mwanza Cell. 097 669 5251.

Section 5: Katete-Mtenguleni

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details

C/o Undi Prim School, PO Box 550056, Katete. NO Cell. No LHS Km 489.5 1 -14.03199993 32.06388999 -14.03201996 32.06438997 Mbang'Ombe Mbang'Ombe Mike Mbewe available

c/o Maziputa Basic School, PO Box 550168, Katete. Contact RHS Km 498.8 2 -13.99357997 32.13524999 -13.99209998 32.13419999 Songwe Mbang'Ombe Howard Mwale Person : Fanizani Phiri Cell. 097 917 2533

Cell : 097 661 8018. c/o Chilile Basic School, PO Box 510, LHS Km 509.37 3 -13.94058094 32.21539867 -13.94079133 32.21564091 Chioko Nzamane Luka Mwtale Chipata.

Cell. 097 726 0286. c/o Chiswa Basic School, PO Box 39, LHS Km 519.1 4 -13.91433 32.29968994 -13.91479997 32.30138996 Kolondo Nzamane John Banda Kazimule

Cell. 097 906 7145. c/o Makungwa Mid. Basic School, P/Bag LHS Km 537.63 5 -13.79222469 32.41914547 -13.79302332 32.41900432 Mchewere Nzamane Esani Banda 1, Chipata.

PLEASE NOTE : Headman complaint - Previous Bpit made by contractor ( Sable ) did not rehabilitate area after use Condition - to be rehabilitated after use -standing water - Old Bpit areas - Malaria problem

Section 6: Metnguleni-Chipata

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details

Mr Zacharia Zulu, Tithandizane PHC - Road Section, P/Bag 4, RHS Km 559.94 1 -13.66362073 32.5649993 -13.66289914 32.56521849 Malabo Nzamane Private Owner Chipata. Cell: 097 950 7167

Section 7: Chipata-Mwami

Position Chainage BP BP Lat. BP Long. Entrance Lat. Entrance Long. Village Name Chief Headman Headmen Details

Paramount Chief Mpezeni, ( David Jere Cell: 097 775 5662 ) RHS Km 582.9 1 -13.70266657 32.73197218 -13.70186107 32.73208324 Sanjika Mpezeni NA PO Box 510120, Chipata.

Paramount Chief Mpezeni, ( David Jere Cell: 097 775 5662 ) RHS Km 588.55 2 -13.73300973 32.77068458 -13.73253683 32.77102145 Sanjika Mpezeni NA PO Box 510120, Chipata.

January 2009 117

Listing of material extraction sites

January 2010 119

Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender Process Support (Component THE REPUBLIC OF EIS 1) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)” in Zambia ZAMBIA Europe Aid 126410/D/SER/ZM Report

Possible Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owners Details - Section 1

Road No. Chainage NoQuarry - Lat/Long Entr.to Quarry - Lat/Long Name Headman Detail Location Sect. 1 Km 254.27 1 -14,9069583 30,36053832 -14,90093901 30,36048702 Chamilala Bon Mumba, Cell : 097 669 5334 LHS T 4 c/o Mvuwa Basic School, PO Box 570070, 762 m from CL Nyimba

Sect. 1 KM 301.1 2 -14,74731239 30,68154836 -14,75235393 30,68119448 Kalavu Lingilani Tembo, Cell : 097 921 2840 RHS T 4 ( No other details available ) 650 m from CL

Section 2 : Pos.Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owner Details - Great East Road - T 4 - Nyimba / Petauke

Road No. Chainage NoQuarry - Lat/Long Entr Quarry- lat/long Name Owners Detail Location T 4 Km 344.54 1 -14,55199644 30,93064788 -14,54925874 30,93016273 Nyimba Mulivi Village - Headman Me Lucy Mumba RHS Contact Person : Mr Jasile Zulu 390 m from CL Cell No : 097 670 1261

KM 358.0 2 -14,50274404 31,05570772 -14,49817624 31,03305319 Kasusu Chimphanamba Village - RHS Headman : Ackson Mumba 3.45 km from CL

Cell No : 097 794 1530 ( Son -Julius Mumba )

Km 386.23 3 -14,33279802 31,22655177 -14,33597007 31,22627894 Ngwenya Nkumba Village - LHS Headman : Nkumba 330 m from CL Contact Person : Violet Phiri Cell No : 097 673 0593

Section 3 : Pos.Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owner Details - Great East Road - T 4 - Petauke / Sinda

Road No. Chainage NoQuarry - Lat/Long Entr. To Quarry - Lat/Long Name Owners Detail Location T 4 Km 411.92 1 -14,29352294 31,45410217 -14,29075783 31,45278756 Sambani Sambani Masjid - Headman Mr Alick Tembo RHS Masjid Contact Person : Mr Titus Mshanga 340 m from CL Cell No : 097 948 9625

Km 424.48 2 -14,29772663 31,56770848 -14,30366253 31,56788031 Chimtengo Chimtengo Village - Headman LHS Mr Lyson Chimtengo 660 m from CL Cell No : 097 825 3313

Section 4 : Pos.Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owner Details - Great East Road - T 4 - Sinda / Katete Road No. Chainage Pos. Quarry Lat/Long Entr.to Quarry Lat/LongName Owners Detail Location Sect. 4 Km 242.0 1 -14,07437632 31,94539284 -14,0934677 31,95350736 Kafunka Chiundamila Village - Headman Mavuta Phiri LHS T 4 Contact Person : Mathews Mwanza Cell. 097 669 5251 2.64 km from CL c/o Kafunka Mid Basic School, PO Box 550074, Katete.

Section 5 : Pos.Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owner Details - Great East Road - T 4 - Katete / Mtenguleni

Road No. Chainage Pos. Quarry Lat/Long Entr.to Quarry Lat / LongName Owners Detail Location Sect.5 T 4 NONE Section 6 : Pos.Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owner Details - Great East Road - T 4 - Mtenguleni / Chipata Road No. Chainage NoQuarry Lat/Long Entr.to Quarry Lat/Long Name Headman Detail Location Sect. 6 Km 548.8 1 -13,71644324 32,4956678 -13,71609857 32,48363474 Madzimoyo The Permanent Secretary RHS T 4 Provincial Administration Eastern Province 1.7 km from CL PO Box 510019, Chipata. Att. Me Aurlaria Siammujaye ( PS ) Tel: 06221588 Fax: 06221720 Section 8 : Pos.Positions for Rock Quarry Investigations & Owner Details - Great East Road - T 4 - Chipata / Mwami Border

Road No. Chainage NoQuarry Lat/Long Entr.to Quarry Lat/Long Name Chief Detail Location Sect. 8 Km 588.06 1 -13,72564229 32,77113017 -13,73157173 32,76664576 Sanjika Paramount Chief Mpezeni LHS T 4 ( David Jere Cell: 097 775 5662 ) 800 m from CL PO Box 510120 Chipata

120 January 2010

Annex VI Cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP

The Contractor will be required to engage a qualified Social, Health and Environmental Co- ordinator (SHE) to oversee implementation of the EMP and to act as liaison officer with community leaders, community groups and organizations (Government and NGO) during the course of the works contract.

The SHE will be assisted by a Gender Focal Person for specific tasks concerning women and the actions to be undertaken to help promote the involvement of women in the project.

The costs of the EMP will be met largely through provision in the contractor’s rates, since most of the actions will form part of the working method adopted for specific activities. To comply with the works specifications, the Contractor will be required to submit Method Statements to the Engineer prior to commencement of each operation or activity. The statements will detail the measures the Contractor intends to put in place to cater for EMP requirements and will form the basis for monitoring during execution.

However, there are two activities required under the EMP which are not directly related to physical works and which will require specialist expertise for delivery. These are the mitigation measures for HIV/AIDS and Road Saftey.

The scope of the measures to be provided, timing and estimated cost is given below:

HIV/AIDS:

Intervention Activities Target Group Description Time Cost EUR Frame

Awareness and Sensitization Contractor/Construction Lunch Allowances Every 2 240 000 Sensitization talks, Drama workers months Meals/Refreshments performance, Community members (Full day/Half day) coordinating with District HIV/AIDS Youth ( school pupil) Transport Coordinating Fuel/Motor vehicle Advisors (DACAs) Costs

Incentives

T-shirts, Caps & Bags

Condom Condom Contractor/workers Condoms Contract 60 000 Distribuiton promotion duration Community members activities,demonst rations and Youth (schools) information on condom use

Counselling Conselling and Contractor/ construction Clinic costs Contract 120 000 and Testing testing sessions workers, community duration members, school pupils Confidential HIV testing done after pre counseling

January 2010 121

Peer Education Training Peer Construction workers Lunch Allowances Every 6 40 000 Programme Educators months Community menbers Meals/Refreshments(Fu Meetings ll day/Half day

Sessions including Transport Focus Group Fuel/Motor vehicle Discussions Costs

Incentives

T-shirts, Caps & Bags

Community Community Community members Lunch Allowances Contract 60 000 Outreach sensitization and duration Meals/Refreshments(Fu Programmes mobilization ll day/Half day Support Transport community structures ( Fuel/Motor vehicle Community Costs development Incentives Committees) T-shirts, Caps & Bags

TOTAL 500 000

Road Safety:

Intervention Activities Target Group Description Time Frame Cost EUR

Road safety Talks, Drama, Schoolchildren Resource people At start and after 12 300 000 campaigns in Demonstrations, months (half-way Cyclists T-shirts schools and Film through construction) community Minibus drivers Stickers and at end of centres construction Taxi drivers Posters

Signs

TOTAL 300 000

122 January 2010

ADMINISTRATIVE ANNEXES

January 2010 123

Annex I EIA Study Methodology / Work Plan

Road projects will create a range of direct and indirect impacts on physical, biological and human environment. Understanding the environmental settings and issues and constraints along the project road is essential for the design of road projects. The TOR requires undertaking an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as an integral part of the road- upgrading project. The consultant has therefore (in response to the requirements of the TOR and the EC guideline), carried out this Environmental Impact Assessment for the project under consideration in accordance with the national and international guidelines.

The methodology follows the conventional pattern for road project EIA’s and meets the requirements of the EC Environmental Impact Assessment guideline and the Procedures Manual for Environmental and Social Management in the Road Sector in Zambia (RDA, 2006).

Scoping: A scoping exercise has been carried out to identify and highlight the key issues and impacts likely to occur during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. The effort has focused on the most important aspects of environmental and social impact identification and concerns. The main feature of this phase was field observation, public consultation with IAP´s and collection of secondary data described below:

• Collection of Available Information: The consultant collected and reviewed published regulations, guidelines, national policy papers, CSO censuses and reports and documents (see references). Relevant information to constitute an environmental baseline for impact identification and assessment has been obtained from these published sources.

• Field Visits: Detailed site reconnaissance was carried out in two separate visits in early February 2009 in order to gain first-hand knowledge of existing environmental conditions and also to put the proposed designs and construction works into context. The project team’s team leader, environmentalist, hydrologist and economist participated in the first visit in order to facilitate joint review of potential concerns and possible solutions.

The second field visit was carried out in mid June 2009 to supplement the available information, in order to evaluate environmental and social impacts of the project activities.

• Public Consultation: During field visits the consultant team organized public meetings and held interviews with various stakeholders along the road. Additional information was collected on social, socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions, and views on various aspects of the project. Background information relevant to impact

124 January 2010

assessment and environmental management was also gathered. Organizations and individuals consulted are listed in Administrative Annex III.

Characteristics of the project: A review of the project designs and other relevant issues has been carried out with particular reference to establishing the form and scope of the works, probable construction methods and materials, and operational characteristics, in order to identify potential sources of impact of the project on the environment.

The characteristics of the project have been considered having regard, in particular, to:

• the size of the project, • the use of natural resources, • the production of waste, • pollution and nuisances, • the risk of accidents.

The Project Area comprises the area which will be under direct influence (i.e., where the environmental impacts of the construction activity can be felt) of the project and includes the road section and its influence area, quarry and borrow areas, etc.

Evaluation of Environmental Impacts: During public consultation potentially beneficial as well as adverse impacts on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the environment were identified and evaluated using check lists, matrixes, technical methods and personal judgment.

Environmental Mitigation Measures: Following the evaluation of environmental impacts against the available construction options, recommendations are made which form the feasible and cost effective mitigation measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels and enhance beneficial impacts. This forms the basis for the Environmental Management Plan.

Environmental Management Plan: An environmental management plan has been developed to be fully integrated with the overall project management effort. The consultant also includes qualitative and quantitative indicators whenever possible to monitor environmental impacts during and after construction.

January 2010 125

Work plan for EIA study2:

EIA/SOCIAL MISSION WORK PLAN Weeks First Second third Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Activities

1.Environmental Baseline Study 1.1 Desk study 1.2 Data collection and interviews in Lusaka 2. Impact Identification 2.1 Chipata 2.2 Petauke 2.3 Katete 2.4 Nyimba 3. Impact Evaluation 4. Preparation of recommendations

2 This work plan excludes scoping phase

126 January 2010

Annex II Consultant’s Itinerary

Consultant's Itinerary

Month Key Activities of Experts February Environmentalist Socio-Economist Day SCOPING PHASE Travel Maputo-Lusaka , leave at 14h00, Travel Maputo- Lusaka , leave at 14h00, 10 arrive at hotel in Lusaka at 23h00. arrive at hotel in Lusaka at 23h00 Briefing at office in Lusaka, with TL. Briefing at office in Lusaka, with TL. Prepare 11 Prepare work plans for the mission work plans for the mission Review available documents at office , Review available documents at office , 12 briefing at RDA briefing at RDA 13 Briefing at ECZ, Desk study Briefing at ECZ, Desk study Saturday: Travel to Chipata/field Saturday: Travel to Chipata/field 14 observations observations 15 Sunday: Rest Sunday: Rest Consultations with RDA and other Consultations with RDA and other provincial 16 provincial level stakeholders in Chipata level stakeholders in Chipata Provincial Stakeholder meeting, interviews Provincial Stakeholder meeting, interviews 17 and drafting minutes. and drafting minutes. Travel to Katete, Consultations with Katete District Council, Field visits to Travel to Katete district, Consultations with borrow pits, quarries, interviews in 2 district Council, Field visits to borrow pits, 18 villages quarries, interviews in 2 villages Travel to Petauke, Consultations with Travel to Petauke, Consultations with Petauke and Nyimba Districts Councils, Petauke and Nyimba Districts Councils, Field visits to borrow pits, quarries, Field visits to borrow pits, quarries, 19 interviews in villages interviews in villages 20 submission, data, maps research at submission, data, maps research at Ministry Study documents, Conceive Structure of Study documents, Conceive Structure of 21 report report 22 Drafting Report Drafting Report 23 Brief and Consult ECZ. Drafting report Brief and Consult ECZ. Drafting report 24 Return to Maputo Return to Maputo 28 Drafting Report March Reviewing draft report, integrations and Reviewing draft report, integrations and 10 formatting formatting 11 Formatting and Editing Formatting and Editting

Finalizing report and Submission of report Finalizing report and Submission of report 13

January 2010 127

Consultant's Itinerary

June Environmentalist Socio-Economist Days ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE Sunday: Travel to Lusaka, Leave at 11.50 , arrive in Lusaka at 14 18h00 Sunday: Travel to Lusaka, Leave at 11.50 , arrive in Lusaka at 18h00 15 Meeting with TL , agree on work plan Meeting with TL , agree on work plan Travel to Chipata/data collection and field visit (section 1), conduct 16 Travel to Chipata/data collection and field visits (section 1) interviews data collection/field visit (Section 7 and 8)/ (Section 8)/ meeting data collection/field visit (Section 7 and 8)/ (Section 8)/ interviews at 17 with RDA border, markets, schools, meeting with RDA 18 data collection/field visit / interviews (section 6 and 5) data collection/field visit / interviews (section 6 and 5) 19 Data collection/field visits/interviews (section 4, 3, 2) Data collection/field visits/interviews (section 4, 3, 2) 20 Travel back to Lusaka Travel back to Lusaka 21 Report preparation Report preparation 22 Report preparation Report preparation 23 Report preparation Report preparation 24 Report preparation Report preparation 25 Report preparation Report preparation

26 Report preparation Report preparation 27 Report preparation Report preparation 28 Presentation of draft report to T LPresentation of the report to TL

Finalizing EIA draft report and Submission to T L, Receive Comments 29 Finalizing EIA draft report and Submission to TL from TL, Background information

1 Data collection from CSO, NAWSCO, Read Reports gathered. Process field interviews information on Socio‐cultural conditions, 2 gender assessment Data collection from Ministry of Local Governments, Read and 3 Analyse data collected, Interpretations Data collection from ZESCO, Read, Analyse Data Collected, 4 Interpretations Consulting Relevant Statutory instruments, Read District Profile 5 reports Study reports, Interpretations, Revision of EIA, Drafting Socio‐ 6 cultural/Gender Assessment Report

7 Briefing and Discussions with TLs, Receive Further comments

8 Revision of EIA, Drafting Socio‐cultural/Gender Assessments

9 Revision of EIA, Drafting Socio‐cultural/Gender Assessment 10 Editing EIA report, Drafing Socio‐Cultural/Gender Report

11 Editing EIA report, Drafting Socio‐Cultural/Gender Integration Report

12 Editing EIA report, Drafting Socio‐Cultural/Gender Integration Report 13 Discussions with TLs, finalize EIA and EMP Finalize Socio‐cultural/gender integration, revise LF to integrate 14 Environ and Social. Finalize all documents, corrections, editing, revise annexes, finalize 15 and submit to TLs 16 Travel to Maputo

128 January 2010

Annex III List of Stakeholders Consulted

LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED DURING SCOPING

NAMES INSTITUTION CONTACT DETAILS

Joseph Maimbo Road Development Agency (RDA) Mobile: +260-0977- 472961 Himululi

Ireen M. Mpatuka Zambia Police and Road Transport Mobile +260-977- 128623 and Safety Agency

Konkola Ngosa Land Survey, Ministry of Lands Mobile:+260-955-5553808/979-123568

Moses M’tonga Office of the Auditor General Mobile: +260-977-805547

Lucizi Mwule Zambia Wildlife Association and Mobile: +260-977-238522 Ministry of Tourism

Speros Landos EFAZ Mobile:+260-976-030285

Christopha Chimufa EFAZ Mobile:+260-9777-67796

Michael Ndjovu Central Statistics Office Tel.:+260-21-6221430

Brighton Phiri CDFA Mobile:+260-977-674840

Kephas Chellah Tobacco Board of Zambia Tel:+260-6-221641

Bailey Umka Police Mobile:+260-977- 260253

George Kaiva Cotton Growers Mobile: +260-976-302454

Issac Kamanga Chuma Ni M’phepo (transporter)

Lakisoni Jele

F. Musekela Forestry Department Mobile: +260-977-193395

Michael Lungu Road Development Agency Mobile:+260-977-762935

Graham Williams TEAM-LEADER EGIS BCEOM Mobile +260-979-056244

Florence Bukali Socio-economist CPG/EGISBCEOM Mobile:+260-258 82395535; [email protected]

Gilles Fleury Hydrologist-EGISB CEOM

Jacques Phedonos Economist-EGISB CEOM

Eulalia Macome Environmentalist-CPG/EGISB CEOM Mobile: +258-823933194

January 2010 129

LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED DURING SCOPING AND EIA

NAMES INSTITUTION POSITION CONTACT DETAILS

Mushimbei Muliya Road Development Principal Tel+260-211- Agency Environmentalist 253088/253801/253002/253404 FAX +260-211-211-253404 Cell+260-977-405784 [email protected] Felix Chabala Environmental Principal Inspector, Tel.+260-211-254130/254023/59 Council of Zambia EIA Facsmile:260-211-254164 Mobile:+260-955-880216 Email:[email protected] Luwita Changula K Environmental Inspector, EIA Tel.+260-211-254130/254023/59 Council of Zambia Facsmile:260-211-254164 Mobile:+260-977-676567/968-413495 [email protected] Linda Chonya Central Statistics Dissemination [email protected] Office Section Yvonne NAWASCO

Bright K. Mumba ZESCO Divisional Manager – Tel. 260-211-36321/2 South Facsmile: 260-211-225291 [email protected] Mr. Banda RDA Acting Regional Chipata Engineer Andrew Traditional Leader Village Headman Lasi village, where Ngwenya quarry is located Justine Mwamba Chipata Municipal Chairman Town market (Saturday market), Chipata council town. Joshua Lungu Corridors of Hope Voluntary peer Mwami Border Corridors of Hope Post educator R. Moyo Nsanjika School Head teacher Nsanjika School, Nsanjaka village, Mwami Mrs F. Chanda Nsanjika School Teacher Nsanjika School, Nsanjaka village, Mwami

Mrs G. Mwale Nsanjika School Teacher Nsanjika School, Nsanjaka village, Mwami Mrs Banda Nsanjika School Teacher Nsanjika School, Nsanjaka village, Mwami Levi Banda Katandala School Head teacher Katandala School, Mwami

Martha Moyo Katandala School Deputy head teacher Katandala School, Mwami

Elina Phiri Katandala School Senior teacher Katandala School, Mwami

Florence Phiri Kasusu Village Trader Kasusu Village, Chieftainess Mwanjabantu Ackinson Mumba-Kadafi Kasusu Village Farmer Kasusu Village, Chieftainess Mwanjabantu Lazarus Phiri Kasusu Village Village headman Kasusu Village, Chieftainess Mwanjabantu Solomon Mbewe Unya Nya Basic scholl Senior Teacher 097-392298

A. S. Mbewe Unya Nya Basic Class Teacher 0977-264193 school

130 January 2010

Chimalo Seswayo Kacholola Health Registered Nurse, 0968-830525/ 0979-478794 Centre MoH Kapnda Margaret Kacholola Health ZEN, MoH 0979-680675/ 0968-827948 Centre Matilda Lungu Simatanga, Kacholola Headwoman Simatanga Village, Kacholola

Col Mbawa Nyimba District 0977-785998 Commissioner Dr Mulopa Victor Petuake District Agriculture 0969-119542 Co-ordinator Sangulukani Phiri Petauke Park Ranger, ZAWA 0968-807668

Loti Mwape Katebe Petauke District forest 0976-293121 Officer, MTENR Dulani Phirir Petauke District Planning 0977-115631 Officer Jackson Lungu Petauke Headman Chiyowa Village, Petauke

Goodson Daka Petauke Headman Kabvumbe Village, Petauke

Gideon Phiri Katete Headman James Village, Katete

Nelson Chakuyanga Petauke Headman 0979-586644, Mbwindi Village Sakala

Cephas Daka Petauke Resident 0979-263082, Kanchito Community, Chimutengo, Petauke Misae Banda Petauke Headman Sinda Village, Petauke

Michael Phiri Sinda, Petauke Councillor 0977-225151

Stanford Phiri Sinda, Petauke Market Chairman 0979-380863

Raphael Banda Sinda, Petauke Chairperson, Sinda Market, Sinda ZANAMA Moses Daniel Chimukule Chipata District 06-221201/ 0977-690606 Commissioner Andrew Zulu Chipata Director of 0977-744410/ 06-221202, Chipata Engineering Distrcit Council Alex Mbumba Chipata Senior Operations 0979-865306/ 06-223825 Engineer, ZESCO Dr Kampamba Kelvin Chipata District Agriculture 0979-681326 Officer Virgil Malambo Chipata District Farmers 0977-767644/ 0955-768252 Association Dr Zulu Mannaseh Chipata District Medical 0968-412973 Officer Chisela Heston Kayata Chipata-Mwami Detective Inspector 0977-967440

John Kasanga Chipata-Mwami Road Traffic and 0976-223471 Safety Agency Peter Sinkamba Chipata-Mwami Road Traffic and 0977-386594 Safety Agency Nduna Juma Jere Chipata-Mwami Assistant Nduna 0976-222144 Border Trading Naomi Tawe Chipata Caritas, Programme 0955-990484 Officer-Gender, Nutrition & Health Petros Banda Chipata Regional director, 06-221292/ 0978-939767 Care International

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Helen Phirir Banda Chipata ZEN, Madziomoyo 0978-222369 Health Centre G.L.E. Nkhata Katete Council Secretary, Katete

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Annex IV List of Documentation Consulted

African Development Bank: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary Multi- National: Nacala Road Corridor Rehabilitation Project-Phase I. Mozambique/Malawi/Zambia

AusAid (2003): Environmental Management Guide for Australia’s Aid. The Australian Government Overseas’ Aid Programme. Canberra, Australia.

CSO (2009): Zambia Country profile. www.zamstats.gov.zm

CSO (2005): Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Report, Lusaka, Zambia.

CSO (2003): 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Lusaka, Zambia.

Egisbceom/CPG (2009): Feasibility Study, Detailed Design and Tender process Support (component I) for the “Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)”: Technical Options Analysis Report, Lusaka, Zambia

European Commission (2007): Environmental Integration Handbook for EC Development Co- operation. European Commission, Europe Aid office, Rue de La Loi 41-B-1049, Brussels, Belgium.

European Commission: Tool kit on mainstreaming gender Equality in EC Development Cooperation, European Commission, Europe Aid office, Rue de La Loi, 41-B-1049, Brussels, Belgium.

Government of Zambia (2007): Demographic and Health Survey, Lusaka, Zambia.

Government of Zambia (1973): Forest Act. Chapter 199 of 1973.

Government of Zambia (1995): Mine and Minerals Act, Chapter 213 of 1995.

Government of Zambia (2002): Road Act, Chapter 261 of 2002.

Government of Zambia (1965): The Employment Act, Chapter 512 of 1965.

Government of Zambia (1994): Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment Act (General), Order, Statutory Instrument No. 99, of 1994.

Government of Zambia (1997): The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations. Statutory Instrument, 28 of 1997, Lusaka, Zambia.

Government of Zambia (1970): The Land Acquisition Act Chapter 189 of 1970.

Government of Zambia (2005): District Environmental Policy Situation Analysis, Katete District, Vol II, Lusaka, Zambia.

National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB:

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Council (2006) National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework. Lusaka, Zambia

Rankin/Africon (2003): Final feasibility/Engineering Design Study. Rehabilitation of Great East Road (Luangwa Bridge to Mwami Border). Zambia

Republic of Zambia (2008): Zambia Country Report :Multi-sectoral AIDS Response, Monitoring and Evaluation. Biennial report, 2006-2007. Zambia.

Republic of Zambia (2007): Fifth National Development Plan, progress report. Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Lusaka.

RDA (2006): Procedures Manual for Environmental and Social Management in the Roads Sector in Zambia. Lusaka

List of Maps: Land cover, topographic, forest and climatology maps from the Ministry of Land

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Annex V Curricula Vitae Of The Consultants

EULÁlIA MACOME : M.Sc. (Australia), Bsc (Hons) Mozambique; Environment Specialist Team Leader, Senior Expert

Ms. Macome holds a Bcs (Hons) in Forestry from the University of Eduardo Mondlane of Mozambique, and an M.Sc. in Natural Resources Economics from the University of Queensland of Australia, which gives her skills to assess bio-physical, forestry, soils, air and water and interactions with economic and social developments . She has over fourteen years of experience, in undertaking environmental impact assessments, definition and design of mitigation measures and monitoring of environmental management plans. Has other relevant skill in food security, natural resources management, forestry management and infrastructure and road development projects. Her profound expertise with regard to road development projects is the ease with which she defines and applies frameworks, national and international guidelines.

Some of her assignments undertaken which are relevant to the current project are:-

2008 EIA for the Banhine and Zinave National Parks upgrading of the infrastructure: design of a 600km road, drainage structures, park headquarters, staff housing and accommodation for tourists and airstrip, including specialist studies and design of workforce camps/management, traffic management, borrow pit management strategies, use and disposal of hazardous materials (bitumens and oils), and preparation of quarterly reports to submit to employer. EIA prepared for CPG on behalf of RDA/World Bank. 2007 Review Environmental Management Plan, design mitigation measures and follow up on contractor’s implementation of the environmental mitigation requirement in the Supervision of the Rehabilitation of road N7 between Vandúzi and Changara (275km), in the Manica and Tete Provinces, Mozambique. Assignment carried out for CPG on behalf of RDA/African Development Bank.

2006 EIA for Rehabilitation of three Stretches of the N1 road between Jardim and Benfica (6km) in Maputo Province, Xai Xai – Chissibuca (95 km) in the Gaza and Inhambane Provinces and Massinga-Nhachengue (57 km) in the Inhambane Province, CPG/ World Bank.

2005 Environmental specialist in the supervision of construction on the rehabilitation of Nampevo- Alto Molócuè Road (117lm) in the Zambézia Province, Mozambique CPG/ European Union.

2005 EIA for the detailed design and supervision of the rehabilitation of a 162km Road EN 223, between Mussacama and Colómuè, Tete Province, Mozambique CPG/African Development Bank.

2004 EIA for the detailed design of the rehabilitation of road ER 455 between EN 258 and Mágoè, through Estima, Tete Province, Mozambique (135km), CPG/ World Bank.

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2004-2006 EIA, design Environmental Management Plan, mitigation measures for the supervision of 2006 construction on the Periodic Maintenance of road N1 between Zandamela and Maxixe, Inhambane Province, Mozambique.

FLORENCE BUKALI : BA (Zambia), MA (the Netherlands), MBA United Kingdom. Socio-economist/HIV and Gender Specialist

Florence Bukali is a socio-economist, socio-cultural researcher and a policy analyst of agriculture and rural development. Her experience, acquired in Zambia and Mozambique, include conceiving, preparation and implementation of large-scale socio-economic and cultural baseline and specialist studies, amongst rural, urban, coastal and inland communities, as part of natural resource development activities (agriculture, fisheries, mining, environment or as HIV cultural studies), infrastructure development and/or in support of socio-economic development programs.

Her research experience in Mozambique applying and expanding the ‘cultural approach’, developed by UNESCO/UNAIDS/UNFP, in the transmission and care of HIV/AIDS, has appealed for sensitiveness to educators, implementers and managers of private companies to in address cultural issues in prevention programmes, especially fundamental in integrating and trucking HIV/AIDS issues in the private sector.

Florence is a policy analyst and evaluator of agricultural and rural development policies and projects, with expertise on social development components such as gender, assessment and integration, at field, project and institutional level, and assessment of social change in agrarian communities.

Her experience in EIA/social assessments is public involvement, consultation and feedback and assessing of socio-economic impacts and its integration in environmental and community management plans, evaluation of implementation of social development components of plans, programmes.

Some of her assignments relevant to the current project are:

2008 Evaluation of Avante- HIV/AIDS Private Sector Intervention Project, in Mozambique. – CNCS-National Aids Council/World Bank.

2006–2007 Sociologist, Community and Rural Development specialist for formulating the Strategy and Action Development Plan for Small Scale Fisheries, in Mozambique, for IDPPE.

2005 Evaluation of OLIPA-ODES Nampula Province Mozambique, an integrated rural development programme funded by HIVOS, Harare.

2005 Finalizing a report on the case study on the socio-cultural factors to HIV/AIDS in 6 districts of 3 provinces in central Mozambique. UNESCO/UNFPA.

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2004 Poverty Impact Assessment of a micro-finance project, CRESCE, covering Beira, Nhamatanda, Chimoio, Manica and Gondola districts, Mozambique. CARE/CRESCE/DFID

2003–2004 Socio-economist and environmental consultant for undertaking baselines studies of small scale mining sector in 5 mining regions in Zambia (Southern, Central, North-western, Eastern and Copperbelt provinces) for European Union Mining Sector Diversification Project (EU – MSDP).

2002-2003 Cultural researcher for UNESCO/UNAIDS/UNFP to identify risky socio-cultural and vulnerability factors of transmission and spread of HIV/AIDS, and protective factors to prevent infection and its spread, central region of Mozambique.

2000 Socio-economist for the baseline survey of Small Scale Mining sector in Mozambique, for the Government of Mozambique/ World Bank Project.

2000 Social Assessment (General Social Impacts and impacts due to Relocation) of phase 1 & 2 of the ALUSAFs Aluminium Smelter (490 000 tons per annum) and Port Terminal project in Maputo province for Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Included advice on good governance practices to the project.

1999 Public involvement, translator and social researcher for EIA of the “Corridor Sands Projects”, titanium mining in Chibuto, Gaza Province Mozambique, Coastal and Environmental Services (CES), South Africa.

1998-1999 Consultant, representation and facilitator for SRK (Steffen, Robertson and Kirsten), SRK has provided bankable reports in mining engineering, processing, water, social and environmental issues for the Heavy Mineral Sands Projects in Zambezia, Nampula and Gaza provinces.

1999 Social Researcher, translator and facilitator of the Socio-economic and Institutional Study of the BHP (Australian Company) Mining Project in Moma, Nampula Province.

1998 Social Researcher for SRK (South Africa) to carry-out a Socio-economic baseline study and Institutional Study and develop a community development plan of the Kansashi Mine in North-Western Province in Zambia.

1997 Socio-economists for SRK (South Africa) to undertake a ‘Social Scan’ in Nacala, Nampula Province and Zambezia Province in Mozambique, in preparation for the public involvement and development of terms of references phase, for the proposed Heavy Mineral Sands Smelter, by Billiton.

1997 Public involvement specialist for IMPACTO (Mozambique),and SRK, using Interviews/video to identify regulatory authorities, interested groups/affected persons in Quelimane, in preparation for conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment of Titanium Mine Project, Moebase, Pebane district, Zambézia Province, Mozambique for Billiton (South Africa).

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Annex VI Terms of Reference of the EIA

Specific Terms of Reference for the Environmental and Socio-cultural Impact Assessment of the project "Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)"

This Appendix is an integral part of the Terms of Reference for component n°1

1. Background

The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and the European Commission (EC) require an Environmental and Socio-cultural Impact Assessment (EIA) to be carried out for the formulation of the project "Rehabilitation of the Great East Road (T4)". The National Indicative Programmes (NIP) of the 9th and 10th European Development Funds signed by the Government of the Republic of Zambia and the European Commission (EC) respectively on 11th July 2002 and 11th October 2007, reflect the EC’s willingness to support the transport sector in Zambia. Within the framework of the 10th EDF NIP, it has been foreseen to allocate € 38 million for the rehabilitation of a part of the 360 km Great East Road (T4) from Luangwa Bridge to the Zambian border with Malawi at Mwami, including activities through the towns of Nyimba, Petauke, Sinda, Katete and Chipata. The overall objective of this project is the promotion of equitable economic growth, regional integration and poverty reduction in Zambia. The purpose would be to contribute to reinstating the eastern section of the Great East Road to a consistent, safe and adequate carriageway condition and thus to overall contribute to the establishment of a safe and sustainable national public core road network achieved by the end of ROADSIP II within a regional corridor context. Depending on the outcome of the feasibility study, the civil works could include interventions of rehabilitation as well as partly of a periodic maintenance nature. In particular; the following activities would be foreseen: clearing and re-working the existing pavement structure to base or sub-base level, re-constructing these layers with crushed aggregate and stabilised natural gravels, bituminous surfacing of various types, road painting and signage, bridge rehabilitation, culvert works and mitre drain construction. Ancillary actions would involve bush clearing and the opening and operation of quarries and borrow pits, dozing and grading within the carriageway area, the haulage and storage of materials, including fuels and lubricant oils, bituminous materials, cement, lime, paints and insecticide chemicals, the operations of crushing and bitumen pre-mix plants, concrete works, and plant and equipment maintenance operations including the disposal of used lubricants. The mobilisation, demobilisation and maintenance of construction camps and plant areas would require bush clearing and land preparation, the provision of water supplies and sewerage facilities and solid and liquid waste disposal. Construction and service traffic during the construction and maintenance phases of the project would create localised health and safety issues. The presence of construction camps would have socio-economic influences in the vicinity of these camps - with food supply and public health implications.

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The project will be subject to a final evaluation to measure the impact of transport interventions on poverty eradication and should be part of the existing Roads Development Agency (RDA) Monitoring and Evaluation framework. At least three technically feasible alternatives should have been identified by the Feasibility Study and they should be described in the Technical options analysis Report (see section 3 Appendix 1 of the Term of Reference for component n°1). The EIA should be based on existing information on the project which can be found in the documentation listed in Appendix 3 of the Term of Reference for component n°1. A summary of the principal features of the Eastern T4 Corridor and potential environmental impacts is proposed in Appendix 6.1. Key actors will be the autonomous road agencies, mainly RDA as supervisor of the project; the Eastern Province provincial and district planning bodies; the Eastern Province Chamber of Commerce; the Chipata- Mchinjii Railway Project and the selected railway concessionaire; community representatives along the route; consultants, contractors and road material suppliers. All activities implemented under this project should have to respect the legal requirements of the Republic of Zambia. A Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Zambian road sector should be carried out after the revision of ROADSIP II with the support of EDF resources. 2. Objective

The EIA will provide decision-makers in the GRZ and the EC with sufficient information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance, modification or rejection of the project, or the choice of an alternative, for financing and implementation. It will also provide the basis for identifying the main accompanying measures and corrective actions required to ensure that the project duly takes into account the environmental issues identified. 3. Results to achieve

The EIA is composed of two parts: a scoping study and an EIA study. Both studies will be based on existing studies listed in Appendix 3 of the Terms of Reference for component n°1. The scoping study will define the issues that need to be addressed in the EIA study, considering the specific context in which the project will be implemented. The activities, calendar and budget for the EIA study will be determined on the basis of the conclusions of the EIA scoping study. The EIA scoping study will deliver the following results: - an overview of the project, the applicable legislative and institutional framework; - an indication of the project alternatives (proposed and described in the Technical Options Analysis report of the Feasbility Study) and their variants to be studied; - a description of the key stakeholders and their concerns; - a description of the key project-environment interactions; - a description of the scope of the assessment of the environmental baseline; - proposals for specific impact identification and evaluation methodologies to be used in the EIA; - an indication of the time frame, costs and resources needed to carry out the EIA study. The EIA study will deliver the following: - an identification and assessment of the potential significant environmental impacts of the project in its different alternatives (for the construction as well as the operation phase);

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- recommendations for specific measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive ones, with regard to the construction as well as the operation phase. These recommendations will include an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The methodology used for the EIA will follow the EC Manual on Environmental Impact Assessment, relevant legislation and guidelines in force in Zambia (the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, 1990 and Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997) and other international directives as appropriate. Schedule Five of the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations determines the scope and scale of environmental investigations. The Consultant shall consult with the Contracting Authority, RDA, the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) and other relevant agencies in Zambia. All interactions with the ECZ will be through the Environmental Management Unit in RDA. The Consultant shall review all relevant documentation and procedures including: - the environmental protection measures described in the specifications and other tender and contract documentation for the works; - the extent to which the Government is implementing and monitoring environmental measures financed from its own resources and external funds. The Consultant shall also undertake a site survey in order to collect necessary data and information, including:

• general, topographic or other thematic maps; • information and data on the natural environment, including Forest Reserves, National Parks, wildlife, the fauna and flora, rivers or other water courses, the landscape, geomorphology and erosion problems and air and noise pollution; • information and data on land use, agriculture, human settlements, etc; • information and data on borrow pits, quarry sites and access roads in the project area; • EIA studies of other road projects in the province and where relevant, in Zambia. In order for the issues to be identified, quantified and evaluated in an objective manner, the specialists will use accepted environmental and socio-economic methods and techniques to determine the specific activity/environmental attribute interaction. The use of conventional techniques such as: overlays - to envisage effects in different thematic circumstances; the Leopold Matrix - to assist in the identification of issues, and Framework Tables - to allow for easy comparison of impacts associated with alternative project scenarios are recommended. 4. Issues to be studied

4.1. EIA scoping study a. Overview of the project and its alternatives The consultant must describe the project and main alternatives envisaged, especially those which are significantly different from an environmental perspective (e.g. location or road alternatives affecting different ecosystems). The consultant will also define the constraints to be taken into account in proposing mitigation measures and other changes to the project. He will assess whether the alternatives already proposed are worth studying, or whether they should come up with different alternatives. (The description of alternatives proposed by the consultants should be provided under the heading “Variants to proposed alternatives and new alternatives”). b. Legal, institutional and planning framework

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A description must be made of the institutional and legal framework relevant for EIA preparation, including an indication of the key applicable laws (national law on EIA), the planning processes in the framework of which the project was identified (e.g. in relation to land use planning), the standards and norms that will have to be taken into account in the EIA study, and the role of competent institutions. Reference should be made to existing transport sector Strategic Environmental Assessment studies (if any), as well as to the programming documents for EC cooperation (including the Country Environmental Profile). c. Description of the key stakeholders and their concerns The consultant should identify the stakeholders (key groups and institutions, environmental agencies, decentralised authorities and institutions, NGOs, representatives of the public and others – including women and indigenous people if relevant, with a specific focus on those groups potentially affected by the likely environmental impacts of the project). These partners should be consulted during the scoping phase of the study in order to gather information on their concerns, knowledge and value judgements with respect to the project, which will have to be taken into account in the EIA study. To this effect, the consultant will propose a stakeholder engagement strategy in his initial offer, which if necessary will be revised by GRZ and the EC (for the purpose of guaranteeing an adequate level of consultation while avoiding unnecessary conflicts and the raising of unrealistic expectations) before being implemented in the scoping and then the EIA study phases. d. Description of the key environmental, socio-cultural and public health aspects and project- environment interactions that should be addressed in the EIA study Particular attention should be paid to the (direct or indirect) impacts that are likely to be the most significant, considering the sensitivity of the environment, the pressures resulting from the project (in the construction as well as the operation phase) and the expectations of the stakeholders. The impacts to be addressed are notably those originating from the following sources. Should the consultant decide not to consider one of these sources of impact; he is required to justify it. On the other hand, the consultant is free to identify additional sources of impact. − Clearing of vegetation, removal of trees, topsoil stripping − Earthworks and preparation of the road bed − Construction and paving of the road − Construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, hydraulic structures and other civil engineering works − Borrow pits, quarries, excavation and transport of materials, storage of cuts and fills − Use of water − Transport of materials and equipment to the construction site − Traffic diversions − Influx and temporary settlement of construction workers − Setting up and operation of the work camp(s) − Setting up and operation of the asphalt plant(s) (and other technical installations) − Existence of the (new or improved) paved road − Traffic and transport (in the operation phase) − Road maintenance and repairs Account will also be taken of the interaction between the road and external factors, such as natural catastrophes or exceptional climatic events. Based on these considerations, as well as any existing information on the local environment and any other environmental assessments (including SEA studies if any exist), the consultant should identify specific environmental, socio-cultural and public health issues to be considered more in depth under the following categories:

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Potentially affected Impacts and impact-generating mechanisms variable

Air pollution during construction works

Air pollution by traffic

Indirect air pollution resulting from induced economic activities and bush fires Air and climate Dust (caused by vegetation removal, earthworks, traffic on/to the construction site, …)

Effects of topography and vegetation on the dispersal and deposit of pollutants

Effects of topography and vegetation on the microclimate (shading, windshields, …)

Cuttings from borrow pits, deposits of spoil materials

Soil contamination by construction works and workers, by the road and associated traffic (fuel spills, metals: lead, chromium, zinc…, waste disposal, accidents), by winter salting (temperate regions), by the herbicides possibly used to clear the road shoulders, by the new activities induced by the existence or improvement of the road

Soil compaction (as a result of temporary traffic diversion, engineering vehicle traffic, indirect effects)

Soils and Modification of water flows, changes in salinity underground resources Soil erosion as a result of land clearing, relief modification, changes in the vegetation and wildfire patterns, induced activities, …

Changes in the erosion-sedimentation balance of rivers

Pressures on land and underground resources arising from improved access and induced development

Loss of farmland (or more generally of productive or potentially exploitable soil and underground resources) to make way for the road and associated/induced constructions

Water contamination by construction works and workers, by the road and associated Water traffic, by induced activities, as a result of improved access to water, etc.

Modifications in the chemical, physical, microbiological, organoleptic characteristics of water

Increase in the pollution load as a result of water flow concentration (reduced water volume)

Increase in solid particle loads, in silt deposits, in the erosive power of water

Surface and groundwater flow modification

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Potentially affected Impacts and impact-generating mechanisms variable

Temporary or definitive disruption of draining infrastructure, drinking water adduction, wastewater collection systems

Stagnation of water (e.g. due to excavations), floods (e.g. due to the “dam effect” of embankments), disruption in water flows

Water table modification (due to effects on their reloading capacity, the speeding up or slowing down of drainage, water consumption for the needs of construction, water consumption by induced activities, improved access to wells and boreholes, …)

Clearing of vegetation for the needs of construction works

Management of vegetation alongside the road

Destruction (vegetation clearing, deforestation) resulting from induced activities such as forestry and agriculture

Changes in wildfire patterns (depending on location of fire starts, firebreak effect, presence of combustible biomass) Vegetation

Reduced photosynthesis as a result of dust deposits

Development of ruderal flora

Effects of modifications in soil characteristics, water availability and fauna

Dissemination of desirable and undesirable species (invasive plants, pests, diseases, …)

Scaring and displacement of fauna as a result of noise and disturbance

Effects of changes in vegetation patterns: loss, fragmentation or alteration of habitats

Effects of changes in water availability (drinking points, aquatic habitats)

Collisions with vehicles, effects of road lighting

Increase in hunting (incl. poaching) and fishing pressures Fauna

Transmission of diseases

Disruption of wildlife migration corridors

Isolation of habitats, crossing difficulties (due to walls, steep embankments and cut slopes, roadside ditches, discontinuities in the canopy, hydraulic structures, …)

Proliferation of ubiquitous and detritivorous species

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Potentially affected Impacts and impact-generating mechanisms variable

Increase in water-related diseases (including malaria, diseases resulting from changes in the quality of drinking water and market garden produce, and from changes in wastewater dispersion patterns)

Onset of or increase in infectious diseases (including HIV/Aids and other STDs)

Effects on respiratory diseases (dust, smoke, exhaust gases)

Changes in the availability of herbal remedies Health and safety

Changes in access to health and emergency services

Indirect effects associated with changes in behaviour, in income, in production, in public safety (including changes in the eating habits of local populations)

Noise-induced stress

Road accidents

Trade and handicraft development

Development of agriculture and livestock breeding (see below)

Development of (or decrease in) tourism

Decrease in transportation costs

Direct (construction site) and indirect employment opportunities Income Access to markets

Modification in the value of land adjacent to the road

Loss of crops, reduction in the productivity of some soils

Income losses associated with the loss of some land/underground resources

Losses and gains in terms of exploitation and marketing of natural resources

Real property, Destruction of real property (houses, …) heritage, buildings and equipment Damage to access ways caused by heavy equipment traffic and the transportation of materials

Loss of cultural or archaeological heritage, loss of natural (inert) heritage

Disruption of utility networks (water, electricity, phone, etc.)

Weakening of building foundations as a result of reduced soil stability

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Potentially affected Impacts and impact-generating mechanisms variable

Changes in property values

Changes in agricultural yields (as a result of dust, soil contamination, pest dissemination, effects on water, …)

Loss of farmland, fragmentation of plots

Agriculture and Destruction of plantations or agricultural infrastructure livestock farming/breeding Indirect effects resulting from market access, introduction of new techniques, trend towards more sedentary lifestyles

Livestock traffic, collisions with livestock

Availability of water points for livestock

Construction-related noise and vibrations

Traffic-related noise, noise generated by induced activities

Effects of relief modification on noise patterns

Nuisance associated with mud and dust, effects on the cleanliness of houses &d clothes Quality of life

Removal or planting of shade and ornamental trees, of natural windscreens

Changes (direct and indirect) in landscapes and environmental amenities

Accumulation of wastes alongside the road

Disruption of utilities, of drainage facilities

Effects on pedestrian traffic, on slow and engineless vehicle traffic

Comfort, speed and safety of transport

Mobility Obstacles to sideway movements (steep banks) & crossing difficulties (speed, danger)

Disruption of traffic during construction works: slowing down, diversions

Access to schools, health infrastructure and social services

Social relations, Migration of populations security, various social aspects Emergence of conflicts (in relation to impacts, land-related pressures, the influx of newcomers, …)

Interactions with pre-existing conflicts (notably between farmers and cattle breeders)

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Potentially affected Impacts and impact-generating mechanisms variable

Redistribution of social networking places

Disruption of social links (e.g. interruption of social links between the two sides of a highway, effects of resettlement of some populations, …)

Changes in the division of labour (notably between men and women)

Displacement or marginalisation of less favoured social groups

Effects on security, on armed robberies, use of the road by armed groups

Changes in social customs and behaviour, possible “cultural shocks”

As far as effects on human groups are concerned, account will be taken of differentiated impacts by gender and on vulnerable social groups. e. Description of the scope of the environmental baseline study On the basis of the information obtained above, the consultant must provide indications on the scope of the environmental baseline needed for the EIA, taking account of the potential area of influence of the project (including its indirect effects). Distinct geographical units can be proposed according to the type of expected impact (including indirect impacts). All geographical units identified must be justified. For instance, the baseline study may include the downstream sections of crossed rivers (water-borne impacts), formerly isolated areas (impacts resulting from the activities induced by improved accessibility, notably natural resource harvesting), or vulnerable ecosystems crossed by the road. If useful, the planned route will be broken down into sections with distinctive and homogeneous characteristics. f. Recommendations on specific impact identification and evaluation methodologies to be used in the EIA The consultant should provide an indication of the impact identification and evaluation methodologies they plan to use in the EIA. Special attention should be given to establishing a distinction between those environmental interactions that may require quantitative analysis and those for which qualitative analysis is sufficient. g. Indication of the time-frame, costs and resources needed to carry out the EIA The consultant must assess the time that needs to be allowed for the completion of the EIA study, which should include a definition of the environmental baseline, an analysis of alternatives, impact identification, impact evaluation and the preparation of recommendations (including a definition of mitigation/optimisation measures and the Environmental Management Plan). Practical considerations must be taken into account, such as the constraints resulting from the need to obtain samples or data in different seasons (if required). A description and estimation of the resources required (in terms of budget, person-days) must be provided, including a breakdown of costs. If at this stage it is considered necessary to integrate other experts with specific skills, this should be proposed in the scoping report for consideration by the Contracting Authority.

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4.2. EIA study The scope of the EIA study will be agreed with the GRZ and the EC on the basis of the results of the scoping study. 4.2.1. Environmental baseline study a. Initial situation The consultant will analyse the existing state of the environment, current pressures on the environment and recent or ongoing trends, within the boundaries of the area defined by the scoping study. The analysis must focus on those (variable) aspects which can be influenced by the project, and thus identify vulnerabilities in the receiving environment. If appropriate, the consultant should also consider the environmental factors that could influence the efficiency or sustainability of the project (unless these aspects are dealt with in other formulation studies). As far as possible, indicators (such as environmental quality indices) should be identified and their current state established, as a baseline for impact identification and future monitoring. All selected indicators must be adequately explained and justified. If location or road alternatives are envisaged, the study should focus on differences in the capacity of the various considered sites to receive the project, and on differences in sensitivity to the environmental pressures expected from the project. b. Expected future situation without the project The consultant should describe, for the various environmental variables, the expected trends and likely future situation, assuming that the project is not implemented. This ‘no project’ scenario will be considered as a benchmark for establishing the project’s ‘net’ environmental impacts. (Nevertheless if the situation ‘without any project’ seems unrealistic, the most probable alternative should be used as a reference.) The assumptions used to predict the future situation and trends should be discussed. 4.2.2. Impact identification and evaluation The consultant must identify the potential significant impacts of the project and its alternatives, applying the methodology agreed as a result of the scoping study. The study must identify impacts for each phase of the project (road construction and operation), and assess direct as well as indirect impacts. Impacts will be defined as the difference between the ‘with project’ and the ‘without project’ scenario (‘net impacts’). Their significance must be judged based on factors such as the vulnerability of the receiving environment, the legal framework, the pressures resulting from the project and the expectations of stakeholders. Impact identification must bear on the aspects identified above (see section 4.1d). The impacts deemed significant should be described according to their nature and characteristics (e.g. direct or indirect, temporary or permanent, continuous or intermittent, reversible or irreversible, positive or negative, short- medium- or long-term, of various degrees of magnitude, more or less likely to be mitigated or compensated, transboundary or not, more or less likely to interact with other impacts). Impacts on humans should be disaggregated by gender, age or other relevant social criteria. To the extent possible, impacts should be quantified with a sufficient degree of reliability to be useful for decision. A summary table will be prepared to show impacts by category of environmental variable. It will make a clear distinction between positive and negative effects, and will propose a hierarchy of impacts (e.g. high, medium and low impacts; extent, duration, intensity). Signifiance of impact: Low: where the impact will not have a significant influence on the environment, and thus will not be required to be significantly accommodated in the project design or implementation;

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Medium: where it could have an adverse influence on the environment which would require modification of the project design or alternative implementation schedules; High: where it could (or should) have significant influence on the environment but cannot be mitigated or be accommodated, by the project environment, by introducing alternative mitigation measures such as realignment at a particular stretch or adoption of different design measures. Magnitude shall be defined according to the following criteria: Extent: A description of whether the impact would occur on a scale: • limited to the immediate areas of the proposed project, • that would affect environs up to 15 km outside the immediate environment, • that would occur at a national or international scale. Duration: A prediction of whether the duration of the impact would be: • short-term (0 to 5 years), • medium term (5-15 years), • long-term (over 15 years). Intensity: A description of whether or not the intensity (magnitude/size) of the impact would be high, medium, low or negligible (no impact). 4.2.3. Proposed measures and recommendations A project alternative must be chosen, and measures must be proposed to enhance positive effects and to eliminate, mitigate or compensate undesired effects. These measures (generally referred to as mitigation measures) must be technically feasible, economically sound and socially acceptable (taking account of the views of the main stakeholders). The consultant must seek ways to optimise such measures, such that one mitigation measure does not reduce the effectiveness of another or, worse yet, cause an undesired impact itself (e.g. the sprinkling of water to reduce dust should not jeopardise the availability of water for other uses). The consultant will seek to establish the cost-effectiveness of the proposed measures and, depending on the nature of the impact to be addressed, their sustainability. The consultant shall also ensure that the proposed measures are:

• consistent with environmental standards and practices and the results and recommendations of any environmental surveys and studies; • in conformity with internationally accepted methods and with those applicable in Zambia; • adequately described and addressed in the works tender and contract documents (for the measures required during the construction and maintenance phases). Below is a (non-exhaustive) indicative list of possible mitigation and enhancement measures:

− Variants in route selection − Variants in the location of complementary infrastructures − Variants in alignment, road width, slopes, curvature − Variants in the use of materials, in the quality of the road, or in construction techniques − Location of construction camps, asphalt plants and other technical installations related to the construction site − Location or route of traffic diversions and access roads to the construction site − Solid and liquid waste management at construction site: burying of organic waste, recycling, sanitation system… − Location of water intake points − Adequate provisioning of construction camp(s) with meat and fuels (as an alternative to hunting and fuelwood cutting) − Construction site and work camp internal regulations (e.g. on fires, waste management, fuel and lubricant management, use of local resources, use of space on the edges of the site, behaviour towards the population, …) − Emergency plan for dealing with accidental pollution − Location of borrow pits − Filling and rehabilitation of borrow pits, conversion of stockpiling areas − Technical measures aimed at stabilising slopes

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− Minimisation of the area of land clearance − Storage and reuse of the topsoil removed during initial earthworks − Breaking up of compacted soils − Water sprinkling (against dust) − Structures aimed at controlling erosion and allowing runoff water to seep into the ground − Culverts, drainage network, flood basins, settling basins, other hydraulic structures − Re-dimensioning of streambeds − Protection of catchment areas − By-products of vegetation clearing/tree felling made available to local populations − (Re-)planting of trees, shrubs or other low vegetation as soon as the disturbance has stopped, seeding, measures aimed at protecting natural regeneration − Destruction of undesirable vegetation (e.g. invasive plants) − Specific measures aimed at restoring habitats of fauna and flora, creation of replacement habitats − Transplantation of rare species − Animal crossings − Provision of birdhouses or other fauna-friendly structures − Safety measures on the construction site, including the maintenance of a security perimeter during the works period − Regulation of night work − Noise barriers − Fencing, installation of guard rails − Protected crossroads, speed breakers − Pedestrian footpaths, slow lanes for trucks and other slow vehicles − Use of traffic signals and signposts, speed limitation, regulation of transport of hazardous materials − Building of adequate roadside access ramps and parking areas − Adequate lighting − Financial or in-kind compensation (for expropriation and other damages) − Re-building or restoration of destroyed/damaged housing and other property − Equipment aimed at controlling livestock roaming − Building of bridges and tunnels (to allow crossing) − Infrastructure building (markets, water points, social infrastructure, …) − Development of social services linked to the road (public transportation, waste removal, ambulatory health services, …) − Control of land use − Control of natural resource harvesting in the surroundings of the road − Offsetting environmental protection measures (e.g. strengthening of a protected area, forest plantation) − Sensitisation/education of local population and work crews (e.g. on diseases, HIV/Aids, road safety, environment). Residual impacts (i.e. the final environmental impacts after the application of the proposed mitigation measures) must be identified and assessed for each project alternative. Based on this assessment the alternatives must be compared and recommendations made on the best alternative. The comparison of alternatives must be summarised in tabular form. 4.2.4. Environmental Management Plan The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a document that identifies the actions needed to implement the EIA recommendations, including environmental monitoring. The EMP should clearly translate the recommendations from the EIA into an operational plan bearing on both the construction phase and the operation phase. The EMP should include: a table (logical framework) showing the objectives, expected results, Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVI), activities (mitigation/optimisation measures), and responsibilities for the implementation of those activities; institutional arrangements for its implementation and for environmental monitoring: responsibilities, role of the environmental authorities, participation of stakeholders;

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suggestions for works contracts (environmental clauses: standards, possibly preparation of a contractor- specific Environmental Management Plan at the beginning of the works) and contracting modalities (such as payments linked to results); a monitoring and supervision plan (including appropriate indicators, frequency of monitoring, means to gather and analyse the data, reporting system, …); a response plan in case of accidents or unexpected environmental monitoring results; a proposed schedule of activities (monitoring/supervision and mitigation/optimisation measures); an indication of the means (including personnel, vehicles) and costs of implementing the EMP. 4.2.5. Limitations of the EIA study The major difficulties associated (and therefore the possible weaknesses) in an EIA occur essentially at the level of identification and evaluation of impacts. These difficulties include:

− the inherent uncertainty of predictions, especially when the system being studied is complex, poorly understood, dynamic, unstable, and subject to natural disasters or to interaction with other projects; − the methodological difficulties related to the aggregation of criteria and the multi-criteria analysis of variants. The consultant should underline the major limitations, weaknesses and uncertainties of the EIA study. They are required to state any assumptions made in the prediction and assessment of impacts and risks, to highlight areas where information is deficient and to make clear how the assessment of impact significance has been determined (for example by referring to established standards, quality objectives, stakeholder views or professional judgement, etc.). 4.2.6. Conclusions This chapter will summarise the key results of the EIA, the recommendations (referring to the draft EMP to be attached) and the assessment of the residual impacts. The consultant is also required to provide any information relevant for further economic and financial analysis or future feasibility studies. The limitations of the EIA should be explained. 5. Work plan and time schedule The work plan should include but not necessarily be limited to the following activities: EIA scoping study - fact finding/data collection; - identification and engagement of stakeholders; - analysis/preparation of recommendations and scoping report. EIA study - review of documentation (e.g. CEP, SEA, identification, pre-feasibility and other feasibility reports); - review of all relevant environmental literature, environmental policy and legislation framework (legislation, regulations and standards); - field visits, including consultation of stakeholders; - identification and detailed evaluation of potential environmental impacts; - preparation of measures aimed at mitigating negative impacts and optimising positive ones; - preparation of the EMP; - preparation of the final EIA report. On the basis of the proposed work plan and time schedule outlined (see also section 8 of the ToRs for component n°1), the consultant should provide a detailed work plan for the EIA study in the Inception report of the Feasibility Study described in section 7.1 of the corresponding ToRs. The time schedule can be revised according to the results of the scoping study. 6. Expertise required

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See section 6 of the Terms of Reference for component n°1. 7. Reporting requirements The detailed stakeholder engagement strategy must be annexed to the Inception report of the Feasibility study. 7.1. EIA scoping study The scoping study must be presented in the format given in Appendix 6.2 and annexed to the Technical Options Analysis Report. Feedback on the scoping study will be provided at the corresponding stakeholder meeting (see section 5.(1) of the ToRs for component n°1). 7.2. EIA study The EIA study will begin once the Contracting Authority after consultations with the EC delegation and other stakeholders will have selected the preferred solution for the proposed project. The EIA report must be presented in the format given in Appendix 6.3. The underlying analyses are to be presented in annexes to this report. The draft EIA report is to be presented with the Draft Feasibility Report. The consultant shall not issue the final EIA report unless he has received the consolidated comments from the Contracting Authority, RDA and the EC Delegation consolidated by RDA, or an official letter from the Contracting Authority informing him/her that the draft is approved without comments. 8. Presentation of the proposal The proposal must include an understanding of the Terms of Reference and a description of the general approach to the whole EIA in accordance with these Terms of Reference, highlighting the following: the proposed methodology for the engagement of stakeholders; the proposed approaches for the definition of the environmental baseline; and the proposed methodologies for impact identification and evaluation (including the description of the main methodological tools to be used).

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Appendix 6.1 Principal Features of the Eastern T4 Corridor 1. Geology and Topography

Eastern Zambia is mostly a level plateau, underlain by ancient and tectonically stable metamorphic complexes. In the north and west these geologies are interrupted by the outcomes of rift faulting allied to the East African Rift process. This has created complex geologies and localised steep slopes resulting from a step-faulted escarpment feature that is traversed by the T4 immediately east of the Luangwa River crossing. Elsewhere weathering and erosion of the ancient basement geology has produced a gently undulating landscape, interrupted by granite inselbergs east of Nyimba that are the outcome of igneous intrusions. The altitude ranges from approximately 300m at the Luangwa River to around 1,200m on the plateau. In most areas weathering is deep (> 4m) and lateritic formations are common. 2. Climate

Eastern Zambia experiences a three part climate cycle, determined by the seasonal passage of the sun angle; a dry, cool period from May to August; a hot and mostly dry period from September to November; and a warm, wet period from December to April. Annual rainfall is approximately 800mm, with a peak in January and February. Temperatures generally range between 10oC and 35oC but frosts may occur and temperatures may exceed 40oC, especially in the Luangwa valley escarpment. 3. Soils and Geomorphology

Soils in the Eastern Province T4 corridor vary from fragile, skeletal soils on the Luangwa escarpment to extensive sandy loam sandveld soils. Areas around Chipata that are underlain by doleritic intrusions have more clay-rich, redder soils, while areas with granite intrusions have much paler and sandier facies. In many areas of Eastern Province there is evidence of an active erosive cycle. Thus soil erosion is a serious concern in the Luangwa escarpment, but many of the sandveld soils are also susceptible to sheet wash, rill and gully erosion. This situation has been exacerbated by extensive deforestation and transient smallholder agriculture that has left many areas without surface cover (often on steep slopes). 4 Vegetation

Over the last twenty years the Eastern Province T4 corridor has experienced one of the most extensive, significant and accelerating rates of deforestation in Zambia. Most of the corridor was previously covered by climax Miombo woodland (a regionally extensive Brachystegia/Julbernardia dominant, high canopy vegetation type). Remnants of this vegetation still exist between extensive areas cleared for small-scale agriculture. The vegetation type includes several tree species of economic significance (Pterocarpus angolensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Entandrophragma caudatum), but much of this resources has been selectively removed over the last decade.

On the sandier, granitic plateau areas around Sinda and Katete the Miombo is locally replaced by Munga woodland with Terminalia and Combretum dominants. In the Luangwa escarpments Munga woodland also occurs and where altitude falls below 800m Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) woodland occurs in near-pure stand, or mixed with Acacia, Sterculia, and Combretum species and Baobabs (Adonsonia digitata). 5. Fauna

10.2.1.1 Mammals Indigenous large mammal species are now almost entirely limited to the relatively inaccessible Luangwa escarpment. Elsewhere in the T4 corridor extensive agriculture and high population densities have closed historic seasonal and food-related large mammal (elephant, buffalo) corridors and local hunting has removed most species. In the escarpment area large mammals (mostly Baboon, Vervet Monkey; Kudu and small antelope; and Leopard and smaller predators), are occasionally seen, but are in very small numbers. Small mammals are still relatively abundant, although many species of rodent are an important protein element of rural diets.

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10.3 Birds The T4 corridor on the plateau does not contain any designated Important Bird Areas. Nevertheless, the diversity of the Luangwa escarpment makes it an important and increasingly threatened range area for large raptors (Martial, Tawny, Bateleur, Black-breasted, Brown and Western-banded Snake Eagles) and the larger Goshawks and Sparrow- Hawks, that all depend on viable populations of the larger small mammals, snakes and other reptiles.

All main roads pose threats to birds that favour the night-time warmth of bitumen pavements, or the opportunities offered by the large open road reserve for predation. This list includes several species of Nightjar (especially the uncommon and seasonally migrant Pennant-winged Nightjar) and the larger owls (particularly the Cape and Spotted Eagle Owls).

10.4 Reptiles and Amphibians The Luangwa River contains the Nile Crocodile, terrapins and monitor lizards, but these species are rare elsewhere along the eastern T4 corridor. A variety of arboreal and terrestrial snake species occur throughout the area but many of these are thought to be becoming increasingly scarce as a human population densities increase and agriculture becomes more widespread.

10.5 Fish Because of the seasonal nature of many of the rivers and streams in Eastern Province fish distributions are localised. The Luangwa River forms the only significant source of traded fish, although aquaculture is increasingly important in dambo areas and along major streams and rivers. 6. Settlement and Cultural Resources

Settlement in the eastern T4 corridor is typical ribbon-like for much of the plateau route – the outcome of gradual migration to the road since the construction of the present bitumen alignment in the 1970’s. Key settlements are Nyimba, Petauke (some kilometres north of the road), Sinda, Katete and Chipata. However, there are also smaller settlements at Kachalola at the top of the Luangwa escarpment, and in a number of small linear settlements between Petauke and Katete.

The people settled along the T4 route are increasingly immigrants from within and outside the province, but the Chadiza-Chipata-Lundazi area is the heart of the Angoni culture. Other tribal groupings include the Tumbuka in the north, and the Chewa people along the Malawi border. 7. Land Use

Land-uses in the eastern T4 corridor range from hunting and opportunist valley agriculture in the escarpment west of Kachalola, to small-scale Maize-Sorghum-Sweet Potato-Groundnut farming systems with livestock over most of the route. Significant livestock holdings occur east of Petauke and include cattle, pigs, goats and poultry. These animals are all kept in free-range conditions, often unsupervised and they constitute a major cause of road accidents on the road. The area around Chipata with its more fertile doleritic soils has more intensive Burley (and less Virginia) Tobacco holdings and much of the land between Petauke and Chipata is used for Cotton cash cropping. 8. Potential Environmental Impacts

The Great East Road has been a formal Class 1C trunk route on its present alignment for more than 30 years. The present project does not intend to make significant changes to the alignment, or the nature of the construction. Consequently, most of the anticipated negative impacts will be associated with the construction process itself.

Issues of importance to minimising negative impacts will be the siting and management of construction camps and process areas so as to minimise impacts on the resident population, stream flows and water quality (for the human population and livestock), road diversions, public health issues (including HIV/AIDS and malaria) and disease control, and operational safety, especially with regard to construction traffic. Increased traffic volumes and vehicle speeds after the project will inevitably introduce negative road safety impacts.

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Potential positive impacts will be achieved by project support to public health sensitisation and actions (again, especially HIV/AIDS and malaria), and road safety. Measures to reduce traffic speed through settled areas (rumble strips, speed bumps and islands) and especially efforts to increase controls on livestock movements (through community sensitisation to the law and to livestock management), will be important issues.

10.5.1.1.1.1 Ecological impacts will be created more from the secondary effects of improved road quality than through construction bush clearing or other activities. Improved regulatory controls on illegal timber extraction, hunting, poor land use practices and so on will mitigate negative impacts but form externalities to the role of the RDA.

The economy of the eastern T4 will probably be positively impacted by a fully maintained road condition throughout. These economic impacts will then probably accrue to the resident farming population, as well as to tourism and tourism‐related ventures and to the business communities along the road and especially in Chipata. Should this project develop in parallel to regional initiatives for the Nacala Corridor, both positive and negative impacts will probably be incrementally increased.

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Appendix 6.2 Standard format for the EIA scoping report Maximum length of the main report (without annexes): 20 pages. The following text appears on the inside front cover of the report: "This report is financed by the European Commission and is presented by the [name of consultant] for the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and the European Commission (EC). It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the GRZ and the EC"

1. Executive summary 2. Description of the project under consideration and its alternatives 3. Applicable environmental legislative and institutional framework 4. Key stakeholders and their concerns 5. Key environmental aspects to be addressed in the EIA 6. Scope of the environmental baseline and area(s) of project influence 7. Recommendations on specific impact identification and evaluation methodologies to be applied for the EIA 8. Time frames and resources needed to carry out the EIA 9. Technical Annexes I. Stakeholder engagement methodology II. List of stakeholders consulted (including contact details) III. Records of stakeholder engagement IV. List of documents consulted

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Appendix 6.3 Standard format for the EIA report Maximum length of the reports: 25 pages, excluding appendices. The material listed below is a guide. Actual content will be determined by the particular circumstances of the study. The following text appears on the inside front cover of the report: "This report is financed by the European Commission and is presented by the [name of consultant] for the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and the European Commission (EC). It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the GRZ and the EC. " 1. Executive summary 2. Background 2.1. Project justification and purpose

2.2. Project location

2.3. Project description and associated activities

2.4. Alternatives

2.5. Environmental policy, legislative and institutional framework 3. Approach and methodology This Chapter must set out the approach and methodology used in the EIA and how the data and information collected has been incorporated in the findings and recommendations. 3.1. General approach

3.2. Geographical or mapping units

3.3. Environmental quality indicators

3.4. Assumptions, uncertainties and constraints 4. Environmental baseline study 4.1. Physical and environmental features

4.1.1. Geology and soils

4.1.2. et seq. - Other thematic coverages

4.2 Socio-economic conditions

4.3 Boundaries of the project 5. Impact identification and evaluation Cumulative effects and interaction between effects could form additional subject headings to ensure that these aspects are not overlooked. Table and diagrams should be used to summarise and clarify findings in this chapter.

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6. Mitigation/optimisation measures proposed and residual impacts. The full range of activities (measures) needed to implement the EIA recommendations will be detailed in an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) annexed to this report. 7. Recommendations 8. Conclusions 8.1. Statement of impact This section must include one of the three ‘statements of impact’ set out below: The alternative(s) (name or number of the concerned alternatives) will not have a significant environmental impact, providing that measures recommended in the EIA are followed through. It is thus recommended to adopt this alternative (or one of these alternatives). or Even the least damaging alternative(s) (name, or number) will have some significant residual environmental impacts. Therefore, it is recommended to look for additional alternatives (which will have to be identified and evaluated), or to ensure that the expected social and economic benefits are sufficiently high to justify the project despite its environmental impact. or The project and its alternatives will have a significant and unacceptable environmental impact irrespective of proposed mitigation and monitoring measures. Therefore, it is recommended that the project proposal be abandoned, unless it is comprehensively re-worked. 8.2 Conclusions and recommendations This section must present a clear statement of the conclusions and recommendations on actions to be taken to ensure that environmental issues are adequately addressed in subsequent project preparation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation phases. These conclusions and recommendations must be complete, yet concisely and clearly formulated, so that this section can be incorporated into the project documentation.

Technical annexes

• Revised logical framework and description of the proposed project; • Maps of the project area and other illustrative information not incorporated into the main report; • Environmental Management Plan (EMP); • Records of stakeholders engagement, minutes of meetings; • Other technical information and data, as required.

Administrative annexes

• EIA Study methodology/work plan (2–4 pages); • Consultant’s itinerary (1–2 pages); • List of stakeholders consulted or engaged (1–2 pages); • List of documentation consulted (1–2 pages); • Curriculum vitae of the consultant (1 page per person); • Terms of Reference of the EIA.

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