Environmental Project Brief

Home , Chadiza (constituency), Great East Road, Kapoche (constituency), Kasenengwa, Lumezi (constituency), Mafinga (constituency)

Public Disclosure Authorized

IMPROVED RURAL CONNECTIVITY

Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT (IRCP)

REHABILITATION OF PRIMARY FEEDER

ROADS IN EASTERN PROVINCE

Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT BRIEF

September 2020

SUBMITTED BY

EASTCONSULT/DASAN CONSULT - JV Public Disclosure Authorized Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Improved Rural Connectivity Project (IRCP)

Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Government of the Republic Zambia (GRZ) is seeking to increase efficiency and effectiveness of the management and maintenance of the of the Primary Feeder Roads (PFR) network. This is further motivated by the recognition that the road network constitutes the single largest asset owned by the Government, and a less than optimal system of the management and maintenance of that asset generally results in huge losses for the national economy. In order to ensure management and maintenance of the PFR, the government is introducing the OPRC concept. The OPRC is a concept is a contracting approach in which the service provider is paid not for ‘inputs’ but rather for the results of the work executed under the contract i.e. the service provider’s performance under the contract. The initial phase of the project, supported by the World Bank will be implementing the Improved Rural Connectivity Project (IRCP) in some selected districts of Central, Eastern, Northern, Luapula, Southern and Muchinga Provinces. The project will be implemented in Eastern Province for a period of five (5) years from 2020 to 2025 using the Output and Performance Road Contract (OPRC) approach. GRZ thus intends to roll out the OPRC on the PFR Network covering a total of 14,333Kms country-wide.

Project Objective The overall objective of the project is to improve rural accessibility for communities in the selected areas.

The rehabilitation of the rural roads will lead to the following: ▪ Guarantee a high degree of pass ability throughout the year to contribute to economic development and poverty reduction. ▪ Increased access to sources of raw materials and thus facilitate value chain development in rural areas; ▪ Facilitate access to rural and urban markets for primary agro-producers which will contribute to sustainable livelihoods; and ▪ Increased access to health and educational service, connecting rural communities to urban markets.

Project Area and Extent The initial phase of the project, supported by the World Bank will be implementing the Improved Rural Connectivity Project (IRCP) in some selected districts of Central, Eastern, Northern, Luapula, Southern and Muchinga Provinces. The project will be implemented for a period of five (5) years from 2020 to 2025 using the Output and Performance Road Contract (OPRC) approach. GRZ thus intends to roll out the

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Output and Performance Based Road Contracting System (OPRC) on the PFR Network covering a total of 14,333Kms country-wide.

RURAL CONNECTVITY PROJECT OPRC PACKAGE 1 - EASTERN PROVINCE PETAUKE / NYIMBA DISTRICTS

CHIPATA DISTRICT N CENTRAL PROVINCE PETAUKE SERENJE DISTRICT

DISTRICT Sasare Malaza

D134 RD 582

U 20 RD 135 Chilembwe RD 513 RD 140 R 160 RD 140 SINDA R 164 D 139 DISTRICT Mwape R158 T4 RD507 Nyampande SINDA R165 D140 PETAUKE R 1 6 6 RD141 D 136 Mayembe RD511 RD142 RD 413 U17 RD 418A Nyanje Luyembe RD 415 D 414 RD136 NYIMBA RD 418 R 13 RD 143 R 161 RD508 R12 DISTRICT Kaulu Simalama R 163 R RDD 5509 R159 RD 416 Chikalawa RD 419 RD 414 RD419 NYIMBA Mantonji RD 407 Mwanjabanthu RD 162 Manyani R14 RDR5D1 0510 MOZAMBIQUE RD 144 LEGEND: T4 International / Provincial / District Boundary National Trunk / Main Roads District Feeder Roads OPRC Package 1 - Nyimba District (RD143, RD144, R166, RD418, RD418A) OPRC Package 1 - Petauke District (RD140, RD510, RD414, D414, RD415, RD508 & RD509)

OPRC package 1 – Nyimba and Petauke Districts

RURAL CONNECTIVITY PROJECT N PACKAGE 2 ROADS - EASTERN PROVINCE CHADIZA / VUBWI DISTRICTS

CHIPATA MALAWI

D128 T4

CHIPATA

T4 DISTRICT RD580 D125

D130

D127 D128 R276 RD406

D581 R297 D129 B59

U10 CHADIZA D406 VUBWI RD407 VUBWI R282 R278 U11 U003 R281 RD405 DISTRICT R284 KATETE U12 RD593 R286 R285 DISTRICT RD523

RD408 RD405

R287 R289 R288 MOZAMBIQUE T6 LEGEND Provincial/ District Boundary National Trunk / Main Roads Provincial Roads District Feeder Roads PACKAGE 2 - CHADIZA DISTRICT (RD405, RD523 & RD408) VUBWI DISTRICT (RD406 & RD580)

Package 2 Roads - Chadiza and Vubwi Districts

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

RURAL CONNECTIVITY PROJECT OPRC PACKAGE 2 ROADS - EASTERN PROVINCE PETAUKE / SINDA / KATETE DISTRICTS N

CHIPATA DISTRICT CHIPATA D598 DISTRICT PETAUKE DISTRICT Sasare Malaza U23 R297 T4 RD582 R303 R296 RD687 U24

D134 Chilembwe D125 R302 RD513 B60 R305 RD410 CHADIZA RD411 DISTRICT U22 U26 KATETE RD135 U20 RD592 D588 RD412 R300 T6 RD705 RD699 U29 RD704 R306 SINDA R299 RD585 RD409 RD701 R295 D583 RD703 D134 U21 RD409 RD409 U27 R308 D136 R292 T4 R293 D409 R291 Nyanje R294 R290 SINDA RD413 DISTRICT U28 MOZAMBIQUE RD13 R12 LEGEND Provincial/ District Boundary Chikalawa National Trunk / Main Roads Provincial Roads District Feeder Roads PACKAGE 2 - KATETE DISTRICT (U23, RD410, U22 & R300) SINDA DISTRICT (R12, RD13, R306 & U20) PETAUKE DISTRICT (RD513 & RD582)

OPRC Package 2 Roads – Petauke/Sinda/Katete Districts

Project Cost and Implementation Date The rehabilitation of selected PFR in Eastern Province, estimated to be 648.904km and cost US$25,956,160.00 using the US$40,000/km will begin as soon as approval is granted by ZEMA. The Project will be implemented for a period of five (5) years from 2020 to 2025. The project roads for Eastern Province are shown in the tables below.

List of Roads in Package 1 (Nyimba and Petauke North and South-West) No. Road District Road Location Length, km 1 R166 Nyimba Nyimba - Mwape 49.300 2 RD 140 Petauke/Nyimba Nyamphande – Mwape 52.600 3 RD143 Nyimba Nyimba – Luembe 30.200 4 RD418 Nyimba/Petauke T4 to Mambe - Mtilizi 33.950 5 RD418b Petauke RD418 – Mtilizi Clinic 3.300 6 RD510 Petauke Manyani-Matonje 13.740 7 RD144 Petauke T4-Hofmeyer 9.200 8 RD414 Petauke Mumbi-Manyani 22.478

9 RD416 Petauke Mumbi-Mwanjawanthu 23.125 10 RD508 Petauke Mwanjabanthu – T4 36.384

11 RD509 Petauke Chisenjere – Mtukusi School 12.381 12 RD415 Petauke Minga T4 - Nyalukomba D414 17.208 13 RD414 Petauke T4- RD416 (Mumbi-Mwanjabanthu) 20.900 Total 324.766 iv Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

List of Roads in Package 2 (Petauke North-East, Sinda, Katete, Chadiza and Vubwi) No. Road District Road Location Length, km 1 R300 Katete Vulamukoko junction with 11.160 RD411 – T4 2 R306 Sinda Sinda – junction with U20 15.310 3 RD410 Katete St Francis Hospital – Chisale 4.200 School 4 U20 Katete Adoni (RD412) – R306 23.180 5 U22 Chadiza T4 – Kalumbi School 4.200 6 U23 Vubwi T4 to D598 at Kasamanda 32.020 7 RD405 Chadiza D128 - Mwangala 51.259 8 RD406 Vubwi Vubwi - D130 17.997 9 RD408 Chadiza T6 – Mkhande 12.495 10 RD580 Vubwi D804 – Mwami Border 16.725 11 RD523 Chadiza RD405 – R278 30.000 12 RD513 Petauke RD135 - D134 19.000 13 RD582 Petauke Chilembwe – Malaza 20.500 14 R012 Petauke/Sinda Mtukusi – Nyanje 45.010 15 RD413 Sinda T4 – R12 Nyanje 21.082 Total 324.138

The Need for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment In order to ensure that the positive impacts are enhanced and the negative impacts are prevented or minimized, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), through the preparation of an Environmental Project Brief (EPB), has been prepared for a road network per province in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management Act of 2011 and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI 28 of 1997.

The World Bank introduced an environmental assessment (EA) policy, Operational Policy (OP) 4.01, and Bank Procedures (BP) 4.01. These apply to any Bank-financed or implemented project if there is the potential for that project to result in adverse environmental impact. It is also designed as a tool to improve project performance and to enhance the quality and sustainability of projects. It does so by providing the guidance that allows borrower decision makers and Bank operational staff the flexibility to ensure that the project options under consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable.

With specific reference to Environmental Assessment OP 4.01, this is is the Umbrella Safeguards Policy which specifies the environmental assessment process used to ensure compliance with the other Safeguard Policies. ▪ Category A projects require full EIA (ESIA) with EMP (ESMP). ▪ Category B projects require some type of environmental analysis report (more flexible). ▪ Category C projects require no environmental analysis (beyond initial screening). ▪ Category FI projects require assessment/strengthening of capacity of financial intermediaries that fund sub-projects

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The proposed project is screened out as Category B in which “potential adverse environmental impacts...are less adverse than category A; site-specific, few if any irreversible, mitigatory measures designed more easily than for Category A” and the Scope of environmental assessment narrower than for Category B. In these projects. Different instruments could be used, not necessarily a full, detailed environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA).

Based on the correspondence to Road Development Agency (RDA) of 3 May 2017, Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) provided guidance on the need to prepare one EPB per province. This is largely due to the fact that the roads are not new and the potential impacts not significant. This EPB is being prepared before the construction of the project commences. The EPB report will be submitted to ZEMA for decision making.

Methodology The following activities formed the methodology that was used to prepare the EPB: ▪ Preliminary activities ✓ desktop review of documents ✓ internal planning meetings ✓ consultative meetings ✓ site reconnaissance visits to familiarise the consultants with the proposed project. ▪ Assessment of the site to detail the various existing and likely impacts. Baseline information of the project obtained through desktop review of documents and validated through site visits. ▪ Development of policy, regulatory and institutional framework that meets World Bank safeguard policies and national laws and is proportional to project’s scope and impact ▪ The development of a project-level (or where appropriate sub-project level) grievance redress mechanism (GRM) for the project that can address construction and operations phase grievances that may arise, as well as those related to resettlement and compensation ▪ Assessment of project impacts – biophysical and social ▪ Generation of measures to mitigate the significant negative effects of the project and development of an environmental management and monitoring plan. ▪ Preparation and submission of the project report.

Stakeholder Engagement The project preparation has been engaging with various project stakeholders since December 2018. The following types of stakeholder engagement activities have taken place to date: ▪ Formal and informal communication with government agencies at the national, provincial and local levels; ▪ Local community members who include farmers and school authorities;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Details about the meetings and consultations held with representatives of government agencies and institutions are presented below in the table below.

Key Stakeholder Consultations

Place Date Participants Key points raised

Provincial 18 December 2018 Eastern Province • Aware about the project and Government Deputy Permanent government will provide support to Offices, Secretary the project Eastern • Ensure that the local contractors in Province the province are given contracts

Own Palace, 20 March 2019 Her Royal Highness • We cannot wait to have the roads Petauke Chieftainess Mwape rehabilitated as the chiefdom has a lot of small scale farmers who use these roads for bringing inputs and the selling of produce • Ensure that the bridges are properly done as we are usually cut off after a heavy downpour Own Palace, 20 March 2019 His Royal Highness • Ensure that the safety measures are Nyimba Chief Luembe put in place since accidents increase after the roads are rehabilitated • Ensure that the local people are employed Office of the 20 December 2018 District • The project has taken too long to take President, Sinda Commissioner for off Sinda • Ensure that the district office is kept abreast of the developments regarding the project • The affected people should be adequately compensated before civil works begin Office of the 19 March 2019 District • The project is welcome and inform me President, Commissioner for of any challenges that RDA may face. Petauke Petauke

A report detailing the other community stakeholder consultations that were held has been attached as an annex to this report.

The EPB will be uploaded on the RDA website as part of the disclosure exercise. ZEMA will also submit the reports to authorizing agencies such as local authorities for comments as part of the decision-making process.

RELEVANT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The following are some of the national legislation including World Bank Safeguards policies related and relevant to the project being developed by RDA:

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ The Lands Acquisition Act, 1994 ▪ The Lands Act (Cap 184) ▪ The Public Roads Act, 2002 ▪ The Road Traffic Act, No. 11 of 2002 ▪ The Land Survey Act, 1960 ▪ The Environmental Management Act, 2011 ▪ The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI 28 of 1997 ▪ The Environment Management Act (Licensing) Regulations (SI 112 of 2013) ▪ The Mines and Minerals Development Act (No. 11 of 2015) ▪ The Mines and Minerals (Environmental) Regulations (SI No 29 of 1997) ▪ The Urban and Regional Planning Act, 2015 ▪ The Local Government Act, No. 2 of 2019 ▪ The Workers Compensation Act, No. 10 of 1999 ▪ The Occupational Health and Safety Act ▪ The Public Health Act, 1995 ▪ The National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, 1986 ▪ The Employment Code Act, No. 3 of 2019 ▪ The Sexual Offences Act, No. 12 of 2009 ▪ The Employment of Young Persons and Children Act, No. 13 of 1994

Triggered World Bank Safeguard Policies ▪ OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment ▪ OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement ▪ OP 4.11 - Physical Cultural Resources

PROJECT DESCRIPTION The road network earmarked for rehabilitation are primary feeder roads which are unpaved and generally consist of earth/gravel roads. These roads exist to provide a means of transporting agricultural products and farm inputs in and out of farm fields, timber out of forests, or access to remote areas. These rural roads also serve rural residents as well for accessing social services such as education, health, and water.

Thus, the proposed civil works have been designed to provide emphasis on the rehabilitation and maintenance of gravel roads which hitherto remain unpaved due to very low traffic volume and/or lack of funds to adequately improve the sub- grade and base. The roads earmarked for rehabilitation are currently being used. However, due to lack of maintenance and repair, the unpaved roads are potholed, embankments eroded away, rutting in a number of places, drainages eroded or blocked with sand. In some instances, the roads are inaccessible.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province During the construction period, much of the work will include rehabilitation and involves loosening of a significant amount of material and changing part of, or much of the geometry of the roadway including fore-slopes and ditches. Each road will have a total width of 18m, that includes a driving carriage way of 5.5m. During the operational period, focus will be on maintenance, the work done routinely on a road surface, generally no more than light shaping to keep the road smooth, removing slight defects and making sure the crown is maintained to allow water to flow off the driving surface.

To maintain a gravel road properly, the following three basic elements will be observed: • A crowned driving surface, • A shoulder area that slopes directly away from the edge of the driving surface, and • A ditch. The proposed road construction works include, but not limited to the following; • Land Clearing, Construction of selected road embankment layer, gravelling of sub-base and stabilization of gravel base layers, Installation of traffic sign, Installation of drainage structures.

A number of borrow pits and quarries were found within easy reach of the roads during the survey. However, this EPB is based on conceptual design and additional borrow pits and quarries their exact locations of will be identified at a later stage.

The sites for campsites and borrow pits have not been identified and, upon identification, the contractor will prepare EPBs for the campsites and borrow pits for approval by ZEMA and the World Bank.

The works will involve various types of machinery and equipment which include dozers, loaders, compactors, excavators, graders, and scrapers.

These works will lead to the emission of dust and the generation of some wastes much of which will be vegetative in nature from the clearing activities. Much of the wastes that will be cleared is found on the sides of the roads. The repair of machinery will also lead to the generation of waste oils, which are hazardous in nature.

Some structures have been found to be in the road reserve and will thus need to be relocated. There are 142 structures in Package I while Package II has 118. The total farm area anticipated to be affected is 1050m2 or 0.105ha and all occur within the road corridor. The summaries of the affected structures in both packages are shown in the tables below:

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Summary of project impacts – Package I Impact Total Number Business structures 20 Sing posts 33 Fences 73 Kraals 6 Houses 2 Homestead secondary structures 5 Grave yard 1 Electric pole 1 Church building 1 Total structures 142

Summary of project impacts – Package II Impact Total Number Crop fields 6 Business facilities 32 Sign posts 40 Toilets 6 Shower facilities 2 Fences 23 Dwelling places 1 Granaries 2 Mobile money booths 4 Kraals 2 Total No. of facilities affected 118

PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

The No Option Alternative Not going ahead with rehabilitating the roads will leave the roads prone to further deterioration and distress. The existing gravel road may continue to be a safety hazard to people as there are likely to be more accidents and health complications. The economy of the rural roads will continue to negatively be affected as the rural roads exist to provide a means of transporting agricultural products and farm inputs in and out of farm fields, timber out of forests, or access to remote areas. These rural roads also serve rural residents as well for accessing social services such as education, health, and water.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Selection of priority roads The Primary Feeder Roads (PFR) make up the largest chunk of road network in Zambia. However, only a few have been selected as priority roads. The priority roads were selected based on their ability to enhance access to transportation for the movement of farm produce from farm sites to marketing centres. In order to select an optimum route range, a number of candidate route ranges connect from the starting to the arrival points have been selected first, and the following factors were considered and evaluated in order to determine an optimum route range. ▪ Accessibility ▪ Constructability ▪ Local development effects ▪ Traffic flow ▪ Environmental impact ▪ Construction cost

Technology alternatives with reference to type of surfacing Even though asphalt surfacing is generally preferred due to its higher durability and ability to perform well under high traffic volumes and different weather conditions, the proposed roads have low traffic volumes and considering the number of roads to be rehabilitated, and the cost implication for the asphalt surfacing, maintenance and management of gravel roads are the preferred options.

Water sources Water will be required for dust suppression and domestic use at the camps. The potential sources of water are sinking boreholes or obtaining from streams or rivers. Sinking new boreholes will not be a feasible option because of the associated costs. Water will thus be obtained from existing boreholes if streams and rivers are dry. The preferable option, however, will be from surface water, in view of the fact that drawing large amounts of water for road construction has potential cause draw down effect and thus affect needs of the community.

Waste disposal options Alternatives for municipal solid waste disposal included having own disposal site for waste, taking the waste to council owned waste disposal sites, reusing some waste streams, burying and burning.

Burying of non-recyclable or reusable waste will not be allowed as this has potential to contaminate the soil and groundwater resources. Burning of waste pollutes the air and is offensive to neighbours. For camps located far away from urban centres, there may be need to set up small site for non-recyclable items. This is because transportation to Council-owned disposal sites may be prohibitive due to the costs involved. Biodegradable waste such as putrescible will be buried for the generation of manure while reusable items

xi Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province such as empty cement bags will be given to the local people. Camps located near urban places will make use of council-owned existing dump sites.

Sources of energy for lighting and cooking at campsites Options considered for the sources of energy included firewood, coal, and electric power from either ZESCO or generator sets. In order to ensure a constant supply of power, to ensure smooth operations and to be conservative, renewable energy sources, in form of electric power, will be sources as opposed to firewood and coal. Generators will be used when the project site is far off from the grid. Coal has to be transported from Maamba and the costs involved are prohibitive while the firewood is not sustainable. The power will be used for domestic purposes.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Positive Impacts The following positive impacts will be realised from the project:

▪ Improved transport services with reductions in the cost of transport, travel time ▪ Increased agricultural production and improved livelihood. ▪ Improved road safety ▪ Employment creation; ▪ Skills training; ▪ Contribution to the national economy through paying of taxes and PAYE remittances; ▪ Boosting of local economy through contracting of service and goods suppliers;

Negative Impacts The identified negative environmental and social economic impacts and proposed mitigation measures are as follows:

Potential Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Impact Mitigation measure ▪ Use the local people as far as it is practical to do as these will be coming from their homes. The more local people will be used, the smaller the size of the camp and thus the less the environmental impacts ▪ Waste generated will be managed according to the type of waste stream – Impacts arising from camp operations such as non-reusable or recyclable waste will be disposed of the council-owned waste generation, noise, water and energy use disposal sites while reusable waste such as cement bags will be given to the community ▪ Maintain the campsites in a clean and sanitary condition at all times ▪ In areas where water cannot be obtained from surface water sources, boreholes will be used for domestic water use

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Impact Mitigation measure ▪ The use generators to generate energy will be limited to 22.00hrs to prevent noise generation ▪ Drop-down toilets will be used ▪ Hazardous waste such as waste oil and sludge will be handled differently; waste oil will be stored for sale to recyclers or those using the oil as a source of energy. Except for minor or emergency cases, all repair and maintenance works will be carried out offsite at the construction campsites. ▪ Generated wastewater will be used for dust suppression.

Land use change due to loss of vegetation Limit construction action activities to project site only

▪ Limit cleared surfaces to construction areas Site erosion due to land clearing ▪ Undertake progressive rehabilitation ▪ Carry out construction activities during the dry parts of the year ▪ Use the local people as far as possible unless the required expertise cannot Labour influx be found locally Impact on culture and social fabrics ▪ Ensure that the local people are used ▪ In the event of chance finds, the National Heritage Conservation Impact on archaeology due to chance-finds Commission will be notified for conservation of any relic found ▪ Limit clearing to project sites only Dust emission ▪ Periodic dust suppression using a water bowser ▪ All employees will be equipped with ear mufflers to be used in the event of increased noise levels Noise generation ▪ Limit civil works to day-time only to prevent noise nuisances which are generated at night ▪ Training of personnel in appropriate health and safety protocols ▪ Provision of adequate personal protective equipment ▪ Education and sensitization on the dangers of HIV/AIDS together with Occupational health and safety concerns the promotion of self-protection ▪ Workers will be provided with mosquito nets to prevent the prevalence of malaria All workers will be trained in occupational health and safety and will be provided with personal protective equipment.

Impacts related labour and working An emergency response plan will be prepared to guide response and minimise conditions effect in case of an emergency situation. Workers will be trained in fire-fighting techniques and the use of fire-fighting equipment. Workers will be provided with mosquito nets to prevent the prevalence of malaria. Change in soil texture due to compaction Rip the compacted soil to allow for water retention from the use of heavy machinery This impact is not expected to be significant in view of the fact that the roads to Habitat fragmentation be worked on are existing and are found in an area that has few species that can be affected as a result of road construction

xiii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Impact Mitigation measure ▪ Carry out construction of the road and accompanying culverts during the Sediment disposition due to site run off on dry season cleared surfaces ▪ Construct and maintain drains on either side of the road at steep sections of road ▪ Ensure that dispensing points have drip pans Soil and potentially water contamination ▪ Contain fuel tanks/drums in a bund of sufficient capacity from spills and leaks of petroleum ▪ Place fuel tanks/drums on an impervious surface ▪ Put in place traffic management protocols during construction ▪ Construct the road in such a way that will aid visibility Public safety ▪ Install adequate signage and construct speed retarders at certain sections of the road such as where the population is concentrated ▪ For people, installing adequate signage of appropriate size and colour to aid visibility for; ▪ For both people and animals, the measures will include constructing speed Road kills retarders at certain sections of the road such as where there are schools, churches, and generally where the human and animal population is concentrated This impact is not significant as civil works are not opening up new areas which Impacts on fauna are forested and home to a variety of faunal species. The clearing activities will be limited to construction ▪ Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) working on these areas will be identified to provide ongoing sensitisation to workers on sexual offences Gender-Based Violence at community level, ▪ These social issues will form part of the contracts to be awarded to sexual abuse and exploitation of community contractors members and project workers ▪ Regular site visits will be carried out by the local authorities and RDA to ensure these conditions re being adhered to ▪ Employment of children and young persons will not be allowed ▪ Engage traffic marshals at all construction sites to control the movement Disruption of traffic of traffic and ensure uninterrupted flow of traffic ▪ Use traffic signs to provide information for road users Impact on aesthetics and public safety due to ▪ Landform design and the reconstruction of stable land surface; and decommissioned quarry sites and borrow pits ▪ Re-vegetation or on the reconstructed land form

The rural roads are planned to have a right-of-way (ROW) of 18m width and a carriageway of 5.5m width. However, because of the rural nature of the roads, it was observed that the 6.25m width (road reserve) on either side of the road has been encroached in some sections by trading facilities, residences or agricultural fields. An Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan has been prepared to mitigate this impact.

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) for the project that can address construction and operations phase grievances that may arise, as well as those related to resettlement and compensation has been developed as outlined in the Table below;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Structure of the IRCP GRM Level Composition Roles Arbitration • All concerned parties o As provided for under the Zambian Arbitration Act 19, of 2000 National • Director and Chief o Establishment of GRM committees at district level; Executive Officer - RDA o Appointing Focal Point Persons (FPP) in various • Director Planning and road packages who will receive, screen and register Design – RDA the complaints; o • Director Construction Providing operational guidelines for GRMs, e.g. and Maintenance - RDA ceilings on compensation; o Providing necessary funding and staff to facilitate • Project Manager – IRCP GRM operations; o Maintaining a database on reported and resolved grievances; o Monitoring grievance-handling processes; o Providing orientations to the appointed Focal Point Persons; o Coordinating the functions of GRCs; o Providing capacity-building training to members of the GRCs. District • Council Secretary o Creating awareness in the project area about the • District Director of project GRM; Works o Resolving grievances brought to its attention by the • The District FPP; o Planning/Development Documenting and maintaining all records of Officer grievances and their resolutions; o Coordinating with other existing GRMs and referring • The Area Councillors aggrieved parties to them regarding particular • Representative of the grievances that are beyond the scope of the GRM; Contractor and • Representative of the o Preparing monthly progress reports. Consultant • Representative of RDA Project • Appointed Focal Point o Receiving and registering grievances on a prescribed Persons (FPP) form; o Maintenance of the grievance/complaint register o Screening the complaints/grievances and conducting field inspections to verify the complaints where necessary; o Providing information and feedback to the affected people; and o Forwarding the complaints to the District GRM committees and other existing governing bodies such as Ward Development Committees, Traditional Authorities etc for resolutions.

The decisions of the GRCs shall be implemented by the Project, RDA and the respective Contractors.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN RDA has developed an ESMP the objectives of which are to: Ensure that the project operations comply with acceptable environmental standards; Ensure that compliance with environmental legal standards is achieved and maintained in the ongoing management of operations; Provide clear directives for personnel regarding the actions required to prevent and/or minimise adverse environmental impacts. The ESMP

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province contains environmental action plans which are designed to mitigate the environmental and social impacts identified.

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT The ESMP provides specific guidance on procedures to be followed in implementing the proposed environmental and social impacts consistent with the country’s policies and the policies of the World Bank. Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined as well as monitoring and evaluation protocols. In addition, budgetary estimates are provided to support the effective implementation of the environmental and social management plans.

Roads Development Agency The implementation of the investment projects and thus the operation of the ESMP will be overseen by the RDA through the Environmental and Social Unit at RDA.

The Zambia Environmental Management Agency In line with the EMA, all environmental assessment reports are supposed to be submitted to ZEMA for review, after which ZEMA undertakes verification inspection and consultations with the interested and affected parties (IAPs) as well as with authorizing agencies such as WARMA for water projects, Energy Regulation Board for energy projects, FD for projects affecting forests, planning authorities, prior to making a decision. ZEMA also carries out periodic environmental audits of the approved projects.

The Local Authorities Local authorities have a position dealing with ensuring that the projects in the districts comply with national and international environmental and social safeguards. This officer will make regular audits/inspections of the road project construction.

CONCLUSION The proposed works are socially and economically viable. Despite the identified potential environmental impacts relating to the clearing of vegetation, surface run off from cleared areas, occupational health hazards, energy and water resource utilisation and waste generation, RDA has put in place some measures to mitigate these impacts and is thus recommending that the project be approved.

______Chief Executive Officer Roads Development Agency xvi Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYIMS ...... XXVII

1 INTRODUCTION ...... XXVIII

1.1 Background ...... xxviii

1.2 The OPRC Concept ...... xxix

1.3 Improved Rural Connectivity Project ...... xxix

1.4 Project Objective ...... xxx

1.5 Project Justification ...... xxxi

1.6 The Need for Environmental Project Brief ...... 32

1.7 Objectives of the EIA Study ...... 34

1.8 Scope of the EPB ...... 34

1.9 Methodology...... 35

1.10 Contact details for the Project Proponent ...... 36

1.11 Experience and Track Record ...... 36

1.12 Stakeholder Engagement Activities ...... 36

1.13 Project Area, Cost and Implementation Date ...... 37

2 POLICY AND RELEVANT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 43

2.1 National Policy Framework ...... 43 2.1.1 The Vision 2030 ...... 43 2.1.2 The Seventh National Development Plan, 2017-2021 ...... 44 2.1.3 The National Policy on Climate Change, 2016 ...... 44 2.1.4 The National Policy on Environment, 2008 ...... 45 2.1.5 The National Resettlement Policy, 2015 ...... 46

2.2 National Regulatory Framework ...... 46

xvii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2.2.1 The Lands Acquisition Act, No. 2 of 1970 ...... 46 2.2.2 The Lands Act, No. 27 of 1995 ...... 47 2.2.3 The Public Roads Act, No. 12 of 2002 ...... 48 2.2.4 The Road Traffic Act, No. 11 of 2002 ...... 49 2.2.5 The Land Survey Act, 1960 ...... 49 2.2.6 The Environmental Management Act, No. 12 of 2011...... 50 2.2.7 The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI 28 of 1997 ...... 51 2.2.8 The Environment Management (Licensing) Regulations (SI 112 of 2013) ...... 51 2.2.9 The Mines and Minerals Development Act, No. 11 of 2015 ...... 53 2.2.10 The Mines and Minerals (Environmental) Regulations, SI No 29 of 1997 ...... 53 2.2.11 The Urban and Regional Planning Act, No. 3 of 2015 ...... 54 2.2.12 The Local Government Act, No. 2 of 2019 ...... 55 2.2.13 The Workers Compensation Act, No. 10 of 1999 ...... 55 2.2.14 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, No. 36 of 2010 ...... 56 2.2.15 The Public Health Act, No. 22 of 1995 ...... 57 2.2.16 The Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015 ...... 58 2.2.17 The Water Resources Management Act, No. 21 of 2011 ...... 59 2.2.18 The National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, No. 23 of 1989 ...... 60 2.2.19 The Employment Code Act, No. 3 of 2019 ...... 60 2.2.20 The Factories Act, No. 13 of 1994 ...... 61 2.2.21 The Energy Regulation Act of 1995 ...... 61 2.2.22 The Employment of Young Persons and Children Act, No. 13 of 1994 ...... 62 2.2.23 The Sexual Offences Act, No. 12 of 2009 ...... 63 2.2.24 The Anti Gender-Based Violence Act, No. 1 of 2011 ...... 63 2.2.25 The Gender Equity and Equality Act, No. 22 of 2015 ...... 65 2.2.26 The Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, No. 20 of 2018 ...... 66 2.2.27 Drinking Water Quality Standards - ZS 190: 2010 ...... 67

2.3 International Agreements and Conventions ...... 68 2.3.1 Sustainable Development Goals ...... 68 2.3.2 Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Basel, 1989 ...... 68 2.3.3 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ...... 69 2.3.4 The Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 69 2.3.5 The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora ...... 70

2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 71

xviii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2.5 General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines ...... 72

2.6 General EHS Guidelines - Construction and Decommissioning ...... 74

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 75

3.1 Introduction ...... 75

3.2 Project Location ...... 77

3.3 Schedule of Works ...... 79

3.4 Description of the Rehabilitation and Improvement Works ...... 79

3.5 Project Activities ...... 80 3.5.1 Preparation Phase ...... 80 3.5.2 Construction phase ...... 80 3.5.2.1 Camp Establishment ...... 80 3.5.2.2 Equipment mobilization ...... 81 3.5.2.3 Material mobilization and handling ...... 81 3.5.2.4 Clearing and Grubbing of the Road Construction Area ...... 82 3.5.2.5 Preparation and formation of the carriage way ...... 82 3.5.2.6 Drainage construction ...... 83 3.5.2.7 Gravel Pit/Quarry Operations...... 84 3.5.2.8 Placing of road furniture ...... 84 3.5.2.9 Construction of detours, access roads ...... 85 3.5.2.10 Construction of Road Intersections ...... 85 3.5.2.11 Community Infrastructure Works to be carried out by contractor ...... 85 3.5.2.12 By-products ...... 86 3.5.3 Operational Phase ...... 86 3.5.3.1 Gravel Road Rehabilitation ...... 86 3.5.3.2 Reshaping Surface and Shoulder ...... 87 3.5.3.3 Reshaping the Entire Cross Section ...... 87 3.5.3.4 Erosion Control ...... 87 3.5.3.5 Areas of Concern ...... 88

4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 90

4.1 The No Option Alternative ...... 90

4.2 Selection of priority roads ...... 90

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 4.3 Technology alternatives with reference to type of surfacing ...... 91

4.4 Water sources ...... 91

4.5 Waste disposal ...... 91

4.6 Sources of energy for lighting and cooking at campsites ...... 92

5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE ...... 93

5.1 Physical Environment ...... 93 5.1.1 Location ...... 93 5.1.2 Climate ...... 94 5.1.3 Geology ...... 95 5.1.4 Soils ...... 99 5.1.5 Water Resources: Hydrology and Hydrogeology ...... 100

5.2 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 102 5.2.1 Politico-Administrative Dynamics ...... 102 5.2.2 Community Profile and Demographics ...... 103 5.2.3 Economics, Labour and Livelihoods ...... 105 5.2.3.1 Zone 16 – Eastern Plateau Maize, Cotton, and Groundnut ...... 107 5.2.3.2 Zone 17 – Eastern Plateau Maize, Groundnut, Tobacco and Trade ...... 108 5.2.3.3 Zone 18 – Luangwa Valley Subsistence Farming, Hunting, Tourism ...... 109 5.2.4 Vulnerable groups ...... 110 5.2.5 Health ...... 111 5.2.6 Education ...... 113 5.2.7 Land Use ...... 113 5.2.8 Labour Force ...... 114 5.2.9 Transport and communication ...... 115 5.2.10 Housing and Settlement ...... 116 5.2.11 Type of Housing unit ...... 117 5.2.12 Water Sources...... 117 5.2.13 Sanitation ...... 120 5.2.14 Energy sources ...... 121 5.2.15 Cultural Heritage ...... 123 5.2.15.1 N’cwala Traditional Ceremony ...... 124 5.2.15.2 Kulamba Ceremony ...... 125 5.2.15.3 Tuwimba Ceremony ...... 125

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 5.3 Biological Environment ...... 126 5.3.1 Location and brief description ...... 126 5.3.2 Flora of the Existing Environment ...... 126 5.3.2.1 Lundazi region ...... 126 5.3.2.2 Chadiza, Chipata and Katete Road Sections ...... 129 5.3.2.3 Nyimba, Sinda and Petauke Road sections ...... 131 5.3.2.4 Protected species/Alien and invasive species ...... 132 5.3.3 Fauna of the OPRC/RDA Project area in Eastern Province ...... 133 5.3.3.1 Mammals ...... 135 5.3.3.2 Reptiles ...... 135 5.3.3.3 Birds ...... 135 5.3.3.4 Insects ...... 136

5.4 Sensitive Receptors ...... 136

6 ENVIRONENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 139

6.1 Introduction ...... 139

6.2 Definition of significance of impact criteria ...... 140

6.3 Positive Impacts - Social Economic Impacts ...... 146 6.3.1 Employment creation ...... 146 6.3.2 Skills development ...... 146 6.3.3 Social development ...... 146 6.3.4 Paying of taxes ...... 146 6.3.5 Contracting of service suppliers ...... 146 6.3.6 Improved road infrastructure ...... 146 6.3.7 Natural Resource Livelihoods ...... 147

6.4 Negative Impacts ...... 147 6.4.1 Construction Phase ...... 147 6.4.1.1 Air pollution ...... 147 6.4.1.2 Soil erosion ...... 147 6.4.1.3 Water pollution due to surface run off ...... 148 6.4.1.4 Ecological disturbance ...... 149 6.4.1.5 Change in soil texture ...... 149 6.4.1.6 Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants ...... 149 6.4.1.7 Changes in landscape and aesthetics ...... 150 6.4.1.8 Generation of waste ...... 150

xxi Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 6.4.1.9 Road noise ...... 150 6.4.1.10 Occupational and Public Health Concerns ...... 151 6.4.1.11 HIV/AIDS ...... 151 6.4.1.12 Impact on Climate Change ...... 152 6.4.1.13 Change in land use ...... 152 6.4.1.14 Road kills...... 152 6.4.1.15 Habitat fragmentation ...... 153 6.4.1.16 Camp site Operations ...... 153 6.4.1.17 Potential In-Migration ...... 154 6.4.1.18 Stresses on Housing ...... 154 6.4.1.19 Involuntary Resettlement ...... 154 6.4.1.20 Impacts associated with gender-based violence at community level ...... 155 6.4.1.21 Violation of children rights ...... 155 6.4.2 Operation/maintenance Phase ...... 155 6.4.2.1 Air pollution ...... 155 6.4.2.2 Occupational and Public Health Concerns ...... 156 6.4.2.3 Stresses on Governance, Social-Cultural Institutions or Cohesion ...... 156 6.4.2.4 Stresses on Public Services: Utilities and Other Services ...... 157 6.4.2.5 Stresses on Housing ...... 157 6.4.2.6 Road Noise and Traffic ...... 157 6.4.3 Closure and Decommissioning Stage ...... 158 6.4.3.1 Noise and Vibration ...... 158 6.4.3.2 Soil Erosion ...... 158 6.4.3.3 Air quality ...... 158 6.4.3.4 Solid Waste ...... 158 6.4.3.5 Hazardous Materials ...... 158 6.4.3.6 Wastewater Discharges ...... 159 6.4.3.7 Contaminated Land ...... 159 6.4.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 159 6.4.3.9 Community Health and Safety...... 160

7 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 161

7.1 Construction Phase ...... 161 7.1.1 Air pollution ...... 161 7.1.2 Soil erosion ...... 161 7.1.3 Impact of surface runoff on surface water ...... 161 7.1.4 Ecological disturbance...... 162 7.1.5 Soil texture change ...... 162 xxii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 7.1.6 Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants ...... 162 7.1.7 Changes in landscape and aesthetics ...... 162 7.1.8 Generation of waste...... 162 7.1.9 Road noise ...... 163 7.1.10 Labour and working conditions ...... 163 7.1.11 Impact of HIV/AIDS ...... 163 7.1.12 Impact on Climate Change ...... 164 7.1.13 Change in land use ...... 164 7.1.14 Road Kills ...... 164 7.1.15 Impacts related to workers camp operations ...... 164 7.1.16 Impacts associated with gender-based violence at community level ...... 165 7.1.17 Violation of children rights ...... 166

7.2 Operation/maintenance Phase ...... 166 7.2.1 Potential in-migration ...... 166 7.2.2 Road Noise and Traffic ...... 167 7.2.3 Impact on Road Safety ...... 167 7.2.4 Water pollution due to surface runoff ...... 167 7.2.5 Impact on Climate Change ...... 167

7.3 Closure and Decommissioning stage ...... 168 7.3.1 Noise and Vibration ...... 168 7.3.2 Soil Erosion ...... 168 7.3.3 Air quality ...... 169 7.3.4 Solid Waste ...... 169 7.3.5 Hazardous Materials ...... 169 7.3.6 Wastewater Discharges...... 170 7.3.7 Contaminated Land ...... 170 7.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 170 7.3.8.1 Over-exertion ...... 170 7.3.8.2 Slips and Falls...... 171 7.3.8.3 Work in Heights ...... 171 7.3.8.4 Struck By Objects ...... 171  Moving Machinery...... 172 7.3.8.6 Confined Spaces and Excavations...... 172 7.3.8.7 Other Site Hazards ...... 172 7.3.9 Community Health and Safety ...... 173

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 174

xxiii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 8.1.1 The Roads Development Agency ...... 174 8.1.2 The Project Management Unit ...... 174 8.1.3 The Zambia Environmental Management Agency ...... 175 8.1.4 The Local Authorities ...... 175 8.1.5 The Contractor ...... 176 8.1.6 Supervising Engineer ...... 177

9 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE PHASE ...... 184 9.1.1 Successive land use ...... 184 9.1.2 Rehabilitation measures ...... 185 9.1.3 Erosion control ...... 185 9.1.3.1 Re-vegetation ...... 186 9.1.3.2 Maintenance ...... 186 9.1.3.3 Monitoring ...... 187 9.1.4 Sites to be rehabilitated ...... 187 9.1.4.1 Buildings and infrastructure ...... 187 9.1.4.2 Borrow Pits and Quarry ...... 188 9.1.4.3 Water management facilities ...... 189 9.1.4.4 Haul/Access Roads ...... 189

10 GRIEVANCE AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION ...... 191

11 CONCLUSION ...... 195

12 DECLARATION OF AUNTHENTICITY OF REPORT CONTENTS ...... 196

13 REFERENCES ...... 197

14 ANNEXES ...... 198

14.1 Annex 1 - Cultural Property Protection Measures and Chance Find Procedures ...... 198

14.2 Annex 2 – REPORT ON THE STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS THAT WERE HELD ...... 201

xxiv Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

List of Photos Photo 1-1. Poorly drained road in Chipata ...... xxxii Photo 1-2. Eroded road embankment ...... 32 Photo 1-3. Silted culvert in project area ...... 32 Photo 5-1: Newly constructed dam in Katete ...... 101 Photo 5-2. Fields of sunflower and maize ...... 106 Photo 5-3. Cattle rearing is common in the province ...... 106 Photo 5-4. Streams are a source of unsafe drinking water in rural areas ...... 118 Photo 5-5. Chilobwe Earth Dam (Apollo II) in Chipata used as a source of water ...... 118 Photo 5-6. Boreholes provide safe drinking water in rural Eastern province...... 118 Photo 5-7. Gravel pit along the main road as source of water for animals ...... 119 Photo 5-8: Common flora species around Lundazi project sites- Bauhinia petersiana ...... 127 Photo 5-9. Satellite image of the void vegetation arrangement of Lundazi ...... 127 Photo 5-10. Bio-carbon conservation initiatives within the project area of Lundazi located around 36L 462299, 8538688 ...... 128 Photo 5-11. vegetation of community forest protected areas ...... 128 Photo 5-12. Riparian Vegetation ...... 129 Photo 5-13. Swampy sections of the area with migratory Egrets bird species ...... 129 Photo 5-14. Vegetation type of Chadiza and Katete Districts ...... 130 Photo 5-15. Outcrop covered with vegetation along Kazimuli- Maguya (Road R348-RD596) ...... 130 Photo 5-16. Migratory Stork bird species at the junction of St Francis Hospital - Chisale school RD410 ...... 130 Photo 5-17. Baobab tree near Chief Mnukwa’s Palace of Chipata District ...... 131 Photo 5-18. Riparian vegetation at Mukuswe Bridge of Mnukwa Chiefdom ...... 131 Photo 5-19. Tithonia diversifolia growing on the Road side ...... 133 Photo 5-20. (a) bird nests along the riparian vegetation (b) migratory birds ...... 136 Photo 5-21. Lubber grasshopper on Gliricidia in Magodi Chiefdom ...... 136 Photo 6-1. Eroded embankments of culverts ...... 148 Photo 6-2. Stream crossing point with no culvert in Petauke ...... 148 Photo 6-3. Roads that need to be widened ...... 150 Photo 6-4. Schools (left) and health centres (right) are places where noise abatement needs to be practised ...... 151 Photo 6-5. Clearing of borrow pits results in land-use change ...... 152 Photo 6-6. The proximity of trading areas to roads is a safety risk ...... 153 Photo 6-7. Abandoned borrow pit ...... 156 Photo 9-1. Old borrow pit that may be opened up ...... 186

List of Figures Figure 1-1. OPRC package 1 – Nyimba and Petauke Districts ...... 40 Figure 1-2. Package 2 Roads - Chadiza and Vubwi Districts...... 41 Figure 1-3. OPRC Package 2 Roads – Petauke/Sinda/Katete Districts ...... 42 Figure 5-1. Map showing location of Eastern Province ...... 93 Figure 5-2. Zambia - Geological Terrain ...... 97 Figure 5-3. Zambian geology ...... 99 Figure 5-4. Livelihood Map of Zambia ...... 107

xxv Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Figure 5-5. Map of Eastern province showing GMAs and National Parks ...... 114 Figure 5-6: Map of the Project area ...... 134 Figure 5-7. Road to Chief Luembe passes through residential and farming communities ...... 137 Figure 5-8. RD414 in Nyimba crosses a number of streams ...... 138

List of Tables Table 1-1: Core Road Network ...... xxviii Table 1-2. Primary Feeder Roads Network by Region ...... xxx Table 1-3: Contact Details ...... 36 Table 1-4. Key Stakeholder Consultations ...... 37 Table 1-5. List of OPRCS Project Roads in Eastern Province ...... 38 Table 1-6. List of Roads in Package 1 (Nyimba and Petauke North and South-West) ...... 39 Table 1-7. List of Roads in Package 2 (Petauke North-East, Sinda, Katete, Chadiza and Vubwi) ...... 39 Table 2-1: Guideline Limit for Ambient Dust ...... 52 Table 2-2. Triggered World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 71 Table 3-1. Summary of project impacts – Package I ...... 77 Table 3-2. Summary of project impacts – Package II ...... 77 Table 3-3. List of Roads in Package 1 (Nyimba and Petauke North and South-West) ...... 78 Table 3-4. List of Roads in Package 2 (Petauke North-East, Sinda, Katete, Chadiza and Vubwi) ...... 78 Table 3-5. Duration Schedule ...... 79 Table 5-1. Zambia - Lithostratigraphy ...... 98 Table 5-2. Average Annual Rate of Population Growth by District, Eastern Province, 2000-2010 ...... 103 Table 5-3. Total Population by District, Region and Sex, Eastern Province, 2010 ...... 104 Table 5-4. Percentage distribution of leading reported causes of death in Eastern province ...... 111 Table 5-5: HIV and AIDS statistics for Eastern Province ...... 112 Table 5-6. Percentage distribution of households by type of housing units, 2015 ...... 117 Table 5-7. Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of water, 2015 ...... 118 Table 5-8.Eastern Province labour force ...... 123 Table 6-1: Criteria and Terms used to describe Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 139 Table 6-2: Characterisation of Impacts ...... 141 Table 8-1: Environmental and Social Action Plans ...... 178 Table 10-1. Structure of the IRCP GRM ...... 192

xxvi Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYIMS

ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan CRN Core Road Network D District EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EPB Environmental Projeect Brief GDP Gross Domestic Product GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia IAPs Interested and Affected Parties IRCP Improved Rural Connectivity Project Km Kilometer OPRC Output and Performance-Based Road Contract OVC Vehicle Operating Costs PAP Project Affected Person PFR Primary Feeder Roads TC Town Clerk DC District Commissioner CSO Central Statistical Office SOE State of Environment SOS Save Our Souls ARI Acute RespiratoryTract Infection TB Tuberculosis DSA District Situational Analysis GER Great East Road ICT Information Communication Technology COMACO Community Markets for Conservation RAP Resettlement Action Plan RDA Road Development Agency ROADSIP Road Sector Investment Programme SADC Southern Africa Development Community T Trunk U Urban WB World Bank ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency

xxvii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) has received financing from the World Bank (WB) towards the cost of implementing the Improved Rural Connectivity Project (IRCP) for the six (6) provinces of Zambia. The financing of the remaining four (4) provinces will come from GRZ. The project will be implemented for a period of five (5) years from 2020 to 2025 using the Output and Performance Road Contract (OPRC) approach. GRZ is thus seeking to increase efficiency and effectiveness of the management and maintenance of the of the Primary Feeder Roads (PFR) network. This is further motivated by the recognition that the road network constitutes the single largest asset owned by the Government, and a less than optimal system of the management and maintenance of that asset generally results in huge losses for the national economy. This occurs not only in the form of road deterioration and massive reduction in the road assets value, but even more so in the form of increased VOCs which have to be borne by road users and which reduce the competitiveness of any given economy in an increasingly global economy.

The Public Roads Act of 2002 mandates the Road Development Agency (RDA) with the responsibility of providing care and maintenance of the Public Road Network which covers a total of 67,671Km. However, for sustainability purposes and the need to rationalise public expenditure on road infrastructure bearing in mind limited resources, the RDA has concentrated its efforts on a Core Road Network (CNR) of 40,113 Km representing Trunk, Main and District, Primary, Feeder and Urban Roads as shown in Table 1-1. This is the approach that had formed the basis of the RoadSIP II Bankable Document. The same approach has been adopted for the post RoadSIP II era that ended in 2013. In this regard, a strategy to transform Zambia from a landlocked country to a truly land-linked country was launched through the implementation of the Link Zambia 8000 Programme. The programme targets to upgrade approximately 8000km of road over a ten-year period across the country to bituminous standard. The benefits to accrue from the implementation of this programme include reduced vehicle operating costs (VOCs), reduced travel times, employment creation and economic growth through poverty alleviation.

Table 1-1: Core Road Network Road Class Responsibility Core Road Network as of December 2002 in Km Trunk (T) RDA 3,088 Main (M) RDA 3,691 District (D) RDA 13,707 Urban (U) LRAs 5,294 Primary Feeder (PF) LRAs 14,333 Total 40,113

xxviii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

1.2 THE OPRC CONCEPT In traditional contracts for maintenance works, the contractor is responsible for the execution of works, which are normally defined by the RDA, and the contractor is paid on the basis of unit prices for different work items, i.e., a contract based on ‘input’ to the works. While this modality often brings improvement over force-account maintenance practices, the results are in many cases still less-than-optimal. The problem is that the contractor has the wrong incentive, which is to carry out the maximum amount of works, in order to maximise turnover and profits. Under this traditional way of “contracting out” maintenance works, it has been observed that even if a lot of work is carried out and much money is spent, the overall service quality for the road user depends on the quality of the design given to the contractor who is not accountable for it and the results are sometimes not satisfactory.

Under the OPRC concept, however, the service provider is paid not for ‘inputs’ but rather for the results of the work executed under the contract i.e. the service provider’s performance under the contract. The parameters defining performance are clearly articulated under the contract. These parameters include the following such as average travel speeds, riding comfort, safety features, etc.

The approach is designed to ensure that the physical condition of the roads under contract is adequate for the need of the road users, over the entire period of the contract, which is normally several years. This approach will avoid a premature deterioration of road assets in general, and ensure that road users are accorded a level of service, which is adequate for their needs and at the same time keeping costs for providing those service levels.

One fundamental feature of the performance–based contract is that the contractor is responsible for designing, scheduling and carrying out the actions he believes are necessary in order to comply with the service quality levels stated in the contract. The contractor is also required to put in place a robust self- assessment system. The service quality levels are defined from a road user’s perspective and may include factors such as average travel speeds, riding comfort, safety features, etc. if the services quality is not achieved in any given month, the payment for that month may be reduced or even suspended. Under the performance-based contract, the contractor has a strong financial incentive to be efficient. In order to maximise profit, he must reduce his activities to the smallest possible volume of intelligently designed intervention, which nevertheless ensures that pre-defined output (measured indicators of service level) are achieved and maintained over time.

1.3 IMPROVED RURAL CONNECTIVITY PROJECT The Improved Rural Connectivity Project focuses on the improvement of feeder roads, through upgrading, rehabilitation and maintenance of priority feeder road infrastructure in six top ranked provinces i.e. Central, Eastern, Northern, Luapula, Southern and Muchinga Provinces. It will finance about 4,300 km of feeder xxix Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province roads comprising mainly of roads improved to gravel wearing course standards. The Project would also finance road improvement to low cost seal standards where a ten‐year projected vehicular traffic would be in excess of 50 to 100 vehicles per day (VPD).

The initial phase of the project supported by the World Bank will be implementing the Improved Rural Connectivity Project (IRCP) in some selected districts of the above-mentioned provinces. The rehabilitation works in these provinces will be carried out with financial support from the World Bank. The remaining for provinces will receive funding from GRZ. The project will be implemented for a period of five (5) years from 2020 to 2025 using the Output and Performance Road Contract (OPRC) approach.

GRZ thus intends to roll out the Output and Performance Based Road Contracting System (OPRC) on the PFR Network covering a total of 14,333Kms country-wide as indicated in Table 1-2 below.

Table 1-2. Primary Feeder Roads Network by Region

Region Province Total Length, km Primary Length, km Luapula 2,247.00 1,053.00 Northern 6,346.00 1,865.47 OPRC Region I Muchinga 1,317.53 Eastern 3,862.00 2,294.00 Copperbelt 1,995.00 403.00 OPRC Region II N-Western 4,014.00 2,136.00 Lusaka 814.00 232.00 Southern 3,808.00 1,106.00 OPRC Region III Western 4,658.00 2,535.00 Central 2,941.00 1,391.00 Total 30,685.00 14,333.00

1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVE The overall objective of the project is to carry out rehabilitation of primary feeder roads so as to improve rural accessibility for communities in the selected areas.

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ Increased access to health and educational service, connecting rural communities to urban markets.

1.5 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION Over the years, the condition of the PFR has deteriorated significantly. According to the last Road Network Condition Survey Report for data collected in 2013, about 72 percent of the PFR were in poor condition with only 28% in good and fair condition. In 2011, 77% of the network was in poor condition. The survey results of 2013 also showed that only 74.4% of this network is passable by a 2-wheel drive vehicle while the remaining 25.6% is impassable for the most part of the year. This condition has acted as a deterrent to the movements of goods and services on these roads and thus negatively impacting on economic development in the affected areas. The improvement in the recent years has been marginal on the PFR portion of the Core Road Network due to limited funds to address the maintenance needs on this part of the network. As a result, a huge maintenance backlog still exists which will require to be addressed to ensure connectivity and access to amenities. The PFR network is in dire need of an optimal road maintenance regime that can guarantee a high degree of passability throughout the year to contribute to economic development and poverty reduction.

The PFR Network in Zambia plays a critical role to the farming communities in rural areas by providing access to transportation for the movement of farm produce from farm sites to marketing centres. They also feed into the Trunk, Main and District Roads Network. Agriculture is an important part of the livelihoods of many poor people, and it is frequently argued that agricultural growth is a fundamental pre-requisite for wide-spread poverty reduction. Furthermore, the contribution of agriculture to GDP is higher today, than what it was at independence in 1964.

The agricultural sector is key to the development of the Zambian economy and has been identified as the engine of growth for the next decade and beyond. The sector contributes approximately 10.0 percent of GDP and accounts for about 15 percent of total exports. The sector remains the main source of income and employment in rural Zambia and will therefore contribute to overall poverty reduction and increased food security.

xxxi Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Photo 1-1. Poorly drained road in Chipata

Photo 1-2. Eroded road embankment

Photo 1-3. Silted culvert in project area

1.6 THE NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT BRIEF Implementing a project of this nature has potential to have several impacts on the socio-economic and biophysical environment along the stretch of the road network.

xxxii Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province To ensure that the positive impacts are enhanced and the negative impacts are prevented or minimized, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), through the preparation of an Environmental Project Brief (EPB), has been proposed to be prepared for a road network per province. This is being undertaken to determine the environmental and socio-economic implications of upgrading the road network through the existing environment in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management Act of 2011 and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI 28 of 1997. According to regulation 7(2) and the Second Schedule of the EIA Regulations under Transportation “All major roads outside urban areas, the construction of new roads and major improvements over 10 Km in length or over 1 Km in length if the road passes through a national park, Game Management Area.”

The proposed project is screened out as Category B in which “potential adverse environmental impacts...are less adverse than category A; site-specific, few if any irreversible, mitigatory measures designed more easily than for Category A” and the Scope of environmental assessment narrower than for Category B. In these projects. Different instruments could be used, not necessarily a full, detailed environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA).

The roads in question are existing and will not involve new alignments and neither are they major improvements. In addition, these are feeder roads that are already existing and works will involve periodic maintenance and the social and economic impacts and are minimal.

33 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Based on the correspondence to RDA of 3 May 2017, ZEMA provided guidance on the need to prepare one EPB per province. This EPB is being prepared before the construction of the project commences. The EPB report will be submitted to ZEMA for decision making.

1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY Section 29 of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011, which states that “A person shall not undertake any project that may have an effect on the environment without the written approval of the Agency, and except in accordance with any conditions imposed in that approval” establishes a requirement for EIA study for projects of this nature and thus forms the basis of this assignments.

In addition, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, Statutory Instrument (SI) 28 of 1997, Part II, demands that before a developer commences implementing a project, an EPB be prepared and submitted to the relevant regulatory authority for review and approval.

Thus, the broad objective of this assignments is to undertake an environmental impact assessment of the project by identifying significant potential impacts of the proposed project on the environment and social aspects and formulate recommendations to ensure the project takes into consideration appropriate measures to mitigate any adverse impacts to the environment in all phases of its implementation.

The key objectives of this study include the following: a) To identify and evaluate the significant environmental impacts and social impacts/risks of the proposed project. b) To determine the compatibility of the proposed project facilities with surrounding land uses. c) To assess and evaluate the environmental impacts and and social impacts and benefits associated with the proposed project. d) To evaluate and select the best project alternative from the various options identified. e) To incorporate environmental management plans and resettlement action plans and monitoring mechanisms during project implementation and operational phases.

The EIA is a versatile instrument designed to determine the environmental consequences of a developmental proposal and to ensure that these are integrated in the planning and implementation process. An EIA is meant to resolve potential conflicts between project activities and environmental attributes by mitigating against negative consequences and optimizing on positive elements.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE EPB This report covers the identification of the environmental and social impacts of the projects, the proposal of the mitigation measures and management plans in Eastern Province. The identified priority roads in the province are in cover the districts of Vubwi, Chadiza, Katete, Sinda, Petauke and Nyimba. The EPB also

34 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province covers positive and negative socio-economic and environmental aspects of the project under review. The EPB has also highlighted the key findings and recommendations.

1.9 METHODOLOGY The following activities formed the methodology that was to prepare the EPB: ▪ Preliminary activities ✓ desktop review of documents ✓ internal planning meetings ✓ consultative meetings ✓ site reconnaissance visits to familiarise the consultants with the proposed project. ▪ Assessment of the site to detail the various existing and likely impacts. Baseline information of the project obtained through desktop review of documents and validated through site visits. ▪ Development of policy, regulatory and institutional framework that meets World Bank safeguard policies and national laws and is proportional to project’s scope and impact ▪ The development of a project-level (or where appropriate sub-project level) grievance redress mechanism (GRM) for the project that can address construction and operations phase grievances that may arise, as well as those related to resettlement and compensation ▪ Assessment of project impacts – biophysical and social ▪ Generation of measures to mitigate the significant negative effects of the project and development of an environmental management and monitoring plan. ▪ Preparation and submission of the project report.

The methodology used in the social baseline study consisted of the following methods: a) Undertaking extensive review of relevant official documents by international organizations and independent experts on the topics of the studies. b) The main emphasis of the study centered on gathering primary data. For best utilization of the designated time frame and allocated resources the questionnaires were designed to incorporate issues concerning the main study topics. c) The third approach of the study was to arrange focus group discussions. The outcome of planned focus group discussion and results from primary data analysis and review of the secondary information data was harmonized to produce integrated analysis of the socio-economic study report

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

1.10 CONTACT DETAILS FOR THE PROJECT PROPONENT The contact details for the proponent are as follows:

Table 1-3: Contact Details Address of Developer Road Development Agency The Director/CEO Fairley Road Tel: +260 211 253088/253801 P.O. Box 50003 Fax: +260 211 253404 Lusaka, Zambia

1.11 EXPERIENCE AND TRACK RECORD From the time the institution was established, RDA has been carrying out the following activities:

Planning and Design - network planning, road and bridge design, laboratory services and research and environment / social management.

Construction and Maintenance - contract management of all construction and maintenance activities on the road network as promulgated in the 10-year RoadSIP programme. The operations of all the provinces are coordinated in addition to managing the major national projects under implementation.

Technical and Commercial Services - enforcement of and control of axle load limits on the public road network. RDA mobilizes financial resources through various income generating ventures that presently mainly include the management of quarries and crushing plant.

1.12 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES The project preparation has been engaging with various project stakeholders since December 2018. The following types of stakeholder engagement activities have taken place to date: ▪ Formal and informal communication with government agencies at the national, provincial and local levels; ▪ Local community members who include farmers and school authorities;

Details about the meetings and consultations held with representatives of government agencies and institutions are presented below in Table 1-4.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Table 1-4. Key Stakeholder Consultations Place Date Participants Key points raised

Own Palace, 20 March 2019 Her Royal Highness • We cannot wait to have the roads Petauke Chieftainess Mwape rehabilitated as the chiefdom has a lot of small-scale farmers who use these roads for bringing inputs and the selling of produce • Ensure that the bridges are properly done as we are usually cut off after a heavy downpour Own Palace, 20 March 2019 His Royal Highness • Ensure that the safety measures are Nyimba Chief Luembe put in place since accidents increase after the roads are rehabilitated • Ensure that the local people are employed Office of the 20 December 2018 District • The project has taken too long to take President, Sinda Commissioner for off Sinda • Ensure that the district office is kept abreast of the developments regarding the project • The affected people should be adequately compensated before civil works begin Office of the 19 March 2019 District • The project is welcome and inform me President, Commissioner for of any challenges that RDA may face. Petauke Petauke

The EPB will be uploaded on the RDA website for stakeholders as part of the disclosure process. ZEMA will also submit the reports to authorizing agencies such as local authorities for comments as part of the decision-making process.

Local stakeholders shall also be engaged during the preparation of site specific EPBs for borrow pit and camp site establishment. The borrow pits will mainly provide the required gravel material for the road rehabilitation and maintenance. The EPBs that will be prepared shall include a component of the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP). Other site-specific plans such as Waste Management, Water Management, Traffic Management, Health and Safety will be prepared during the course of the contract execution.

1.13 PROJECT AREA, COST AND IMPLEMENTATION DATE The rehabilitation of selected PFR in Eastern Province, estimated to cost US$25,956,160.00 using the US$40,000/km, construction activities will commence once ZEMA approval has been obtained.

The identified roads, their locations and the extent of the roads that will be covered under the IRCP are shown in the Table 1-3 below. The total length of the priority roads is estimated to be 648.904km. 37 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Priority roads are shown in Tables 1-4 and 1-5.

Table 1-5. List of OPRCS Project Roads in Eastern Province Length SN Road No District(s) SN Road No District(s) Length (km) (Km) 1 R 014-01 Nyimba 21.514 4 RD 116-01 Chipata 48.827 2 R 162-01 Nyimba 23.765 5 RD 118-01 Chipata 6.944 3 R 166-01 Nyimba 56.452 6 RD 121-01 Chipata 15.375 4 RD 143-01 Nyimba 44.578 7 RD 401-01 Chipata 16.528 5 RD 419-01 Nyimba 11.793 8 RD 402-01 Chipata 11.113 6 U 017-50 Nyimba 6.007 9 RD 403-01 Chipata 15.383 7 RD 418-01 Nyimba 33.870 10 RD 596-01 Chipata 26.767 Subtotal 197.979 11 U 027-44 Chipata 20.552 1 R 013-01 Petauke 25.793 12 U 033-44 Chipata 14.018 2 RD 135-01 Petauke 39.192 13 RD 694-01 Chipata 34.627 3 RD 140-01 Petauke 44.792 14 RD 696-01 Chipata 3.416 4 RD 414-01 Petauke 22.660 15 RD 400-01 Chipata 11.626 5 RD 415-01 Petauke 17.208 Subtotal 246.234 6 RD 416-01 Petauke 22.999 1 RD 407-01 Chadiza 7.213 7 RD 509-01 Petauke 4.053 2 RD 408-01 Chadiza 12.462 8 RD 510-01 Petauke 13.761 3 RD 593-01 Chadiza 24.550 9 RD 513-01 Petauke 19.021 4 RD 405-01 Chadiza 48.026 10 RD 582-01 Petauke 24.158 92.251 1 Chadiza and Subtotal 233.637 RD 406-01 68.829 Vubwi 1 Petauke and 2 R 012-01 44.286 RD 580-01 Vubwi 23.452 Sinda 2 RD 592-01 Sinda 21.821 Subtotal 92.281 3 R 306-01 Sinda 18.137 1 R 258-01 Mambwe 4.539 4 R 307-01 Sinda 27.359 2 R 260-01 Mambwe 13.937 5 RD 412-01 Sinda 23.237 3 RD 113-01 Mambwe 38.763 6 RD 413-01 Sinda 21.802 Subtotal 57.239

Subtotal 156.642 1 R 243-01 Lundazi 37.041 1 R 291-01 Katete 26.830 2 R 252-01 Lundazi 27.262 2 R 296-01 Katete 3.939 3 R 254-01 Lundazi 15.913 3 RD 411-01 Katete 38.356 4 RD 107-01 Lundazi 15.326 4 RD 585-01 Katete 2.049 5 RD 108-01 Lundazi 83.340 5 U 003-45 Katete 10.015 6 RD 110-01 Lundazi 26.161 6 U 023-47 Katete 32.020 7 RD 110 N-01 Lundazi 24.216 Subtotal 113.209 8 RD 692-01 Lundazi 114.788 1 R 268-01 Chipata 7.778 9 U 016-48 Lundazi 18.835 2 R 275-01 Chipata 2.844 10 U 019-48 Lundazi 43.450 3 R 346-01 Chipata 10.436 Subtotal 406.332

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Total 1,595.804

Table 1-6. List of Roads in Package 1 (Nyimba and Petauke North and South-West) No. Road District Road Location Length, km 1 R166 Nyimba Nyimba - Mwape 49.300 2 RD 140 Petauke/Nyimba Nyamphande - Mwape 52.600 3 RD143 Nyimba Nyimba – Luembe 30.200 4 RD418 Nyimba/Petauke T4-Mambe-Mtilizi 33.950 5 RD418b Petauke Manyani-Matonje 3.300 6 RD510 Petauke T4-Hofmeyer 13.740 7 RD144 Petauke Mumbi-Manyani 9.200 8 RD414 Petauke Mumbi-Mwanjawanthu 22.478

9 RD416 Petauke Mwanjawantu (RD416) – Chisenjere – 23.125 Kaulu (Kalindawalo) RD137 10 RD508 Petauke Chisenjere – Mtukusi School 36.384

11 RD509 Petauke Minga (T4) – Nyalukomba (D414) 12.381 12 RD415 Petauke T4 - RD416 17.208 13 RD414 Petauke 20.900 Total 324.766

Table 1-7. List of Roads in Package 2 (Petauke North-East, Sinda, Katete, Chadiza and Vubwi) No. Road District Road Location Length, km 1 R300 Katete Vulamukoko junction with 11.160 RD411 – T4 2 R306 Sinda Sinda – junction with U20 15.310 3 RD410 Katete St Francis Hospital – Chisale 4.200 School 4 U20 Katete Adoni (RD412) – R306 23.180 5 U22 Chadiza T4 – Kalumbi School 4.200 6 U23 Vubwi T4 to D598 at Kasamanda 32.020 7 RD405 Chadiza D128 - Mwangala 51.259 8 RD406 Vubwi Vubwi - D130 17.997 9 RD408 Chadiza T6 – Mkhande 12.495 10 RD580 Vubwi D804 – Mwami Border 16.725 11 RD523 Chadiza RD405 – R278 30.000 12 RD513 Petauke RD135 - D134 19.000 13 RD582 Petauke Chilembwe – Malaza 20.500 14 R012 Petauke/Sinda Mtukusi – Nyanje 45.010 15 RD413 Sinda T4 – R12 Nyanje 21.082 Total 324.138

The total length of the priority roads is thus estimated to be 648.904km.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

RURAL CONNECTVITY PROJECT OPRC PACKAGE 1 - EASTERN PROVINCE PETAUKE / NYIMBA DISTRICTS

CHIPATA DISTRICT N CENTRAL PROVINCE PETAUKE SERENJE DISTRICT

DISTRICT Sasare Malaza

D134 RD 582

Figure 1-1. OPRC package 1 – Nyimba and Petauke Districts

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

RURAL CONNECTIVITY PROJECT N PACKAGE 2 ROADS - EASTERN PROVINCE CHADIZA / VUBWI DISTRICTS

CHIPATA MALAWI

D128 T4

CHIPATA

T4 DISTRICT RD580 D125

D130

D127 D128 R276 RD406

D581 R297 D129 B59

U10 CHADIZA D406 VUBWI RD407 VUBWI R282 R278 U11 U003 R281 RD405 DISTRICT R284 KATETE U12 RD593 R286 R285 DISTRICT RD523

RD408 RD405

Figure 1-2. Package 2 Roads - Chadiza and Vubwi Districts

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

RURAL CONNECTIVITY PROJECT OPRC PACKAGE 2 ROADS - EASTERN PROVINCE PETAUKE / SINDA / KATETE DISTRICTS N

CHIPATA DISTRICT CHIPATA D598 DISTRICT PETAUKE DISTRICT Sasare Malaza U23 R297 T4 RD582 R303 R296 RD687 U24

Figure 1-3. OPRC Package 2 Roads – Petauke/Sinda/Katete Districts

42 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2 POLICY AND RELEVANT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

2.1 NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK

2.1.1 The Vision 2030 The Vision 2030 provides the collective understanding, aspirations and determination of the Zambian people to be a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030. The policy document sets out the goals and targets to be achieved in the various spheres of the nation’s social-economic life.

By 2030, Zambians, aspire to live in a strong and dynamic middle-income industrial nation that provides opportunities for improving the well being of all, embodying values of socio- economic justice, underpinned by the principles of: (i) gender responsive sustainable development; (ii) democracy; (iii) respect for human rights; (iv) good traditional and family values; (v) positive attitude towards work; (vi) peaceful coexistence and; (vii) private-public partnerships.

The Vision 2030 does not specifically address the management of climate change; however, under the sector of Social protection, the Vision 2030 sets out to aspire to:

“A nation that promotes and provides sustainable security against deprivation and extreme vulnerability by 2030”.

To achieve the above goal, the Vision has set out the following targets: a) Contribute to the security of all vulnerable Zambians by ensuring that incapacitated and low capacity households have sufficient livelihood security to meet basic needs, and are protected from the worst impacts of risks and shocks; b) Reducing a total number of 2000 households from vulnerability including 1,000 incapacitated and low capacity households and refugees as well as 1,000 households with children without adult caregivers by 2030; and c) Attain a labour market free of child labour by 2030.

Among other things, the nation Zambians aspire for, should be characterized as follows: A robust and competitive transport and communications network that services the region;

The OPRC project is closely linked to the achieving the aspirations of the Vision 2030. For example, the project aims to strengthen opportunities for primary producers to enhance market based enterprises. The rehabilitation of the feeder roads will enhance value chain and incentivize smallholder producers to initiate

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province viable enterprises for increasing household productivity, incomes and resilience to climate change.

The project will contribute to the realisation of the Vision 2030 through directly supporting infrastructural development through the rehabilitation of the feeder roads that will link rural roads to other market centres.

2.1.2 The Seventh National Development Plan, 2017-2021 The Seventh National Development Plan (7NDP) is Zambia’s socio-economic development plan whose goal is to create a diversified and resilient economy for sustained growth and socio- economic transformation driven, among others, by agriculture.

This integrated development plan whose theme is “Accelerating development efforts towards the Vision 2030 without leaving anyone behind”, responds to the Smart Zambia transformation agenda 2064 and embeds in it the economic recovery necessary for the actualisation of a Smart Zambia. This is in support of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the African Union Agenda 2063.

Under the strategy of construction and rehabilitation of road network, the 7NDP suggests that focus will be on construction and maintenance of road infrastructure to ensure enhanced and safe connectivity across the country and to preserve road asset investments. In addition, focus will be on upgrading and rehabilitating of roads and bridges to foster trade and development, facilitate movement of goods and services and reduce travel times and costs.

During the Plan period, GRZ will continue implementing its key programmes in the sector, which include Link Zambia 8000, Pave Zambia, Feeder Road Rehabilitation and the C400, among others. The rural connectivity project thus supports the realization of the this strategy in the 7NDP.

2.1.3 The National Policy on Climate Change, 2016 The National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC) was developed to provide a framework for coordinated response to climate change issues. It gives guidance on how the Zambian economy can grow in a sustainable manner and thereby fostering a smooth implementation of the National Development Plans including the achievement of the Vision 2030.

Prior to the formulation of the policy, climate change issues were being addressed in a fragmented manner using various sectoral policies, strategies and plans and these have had limited overall effect.

44 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Premised on the Vision “A prosperous and climate resilient economy by2030”, the NPCC is thus envisaged to provide a framework that will allow the implementation of existing, and future initiatives and opportunities in a more coordinated manner, while providing a long-term vision to achieve sustainable development.

Clearing of vegetation along the road vicinity and at quarries and borrow pits has potential to contribute to climate since vegetation cover serves as CO2 sinks.

The improved road will ease traffic flow which in turn will reduce gas emissions. Tree planting in ecologically disturbed areas will be practiced since vegetation cover serves as CO2 sinks. In addition, there will be control against over clearing of vegetation.

There will also be control over the type and condition of machines and equipment that emit fumes. During the construction period, drivers and mechanics will be educated and sensitized on limiting vehicle idling, over- speeding and maintaining vehicle fitness. There will be need for strict monitoring and inspection of contractor’s plant and equipment.

2.1.4 The National Policy on Environment, 2008 The National Policy on Environment is designed to create a comprehensive framework for effective natural resource utilization and environmental conservation. The Policy is also sensitive to the demands of sustainable development.

Under the Environmental Impact Assessment, Audits and Monitoring, the policy has the following guiding principles that are related to the project: a) EIAs will be required as deemed necessary to ensure that public and private sector development options are environmentally sound and sustainable and that any environmental consequences are recognized early and taken into account in project design, and implementation; b) EIAs will consider not only biophysical impact but will also address environmental impact in terms of existing social, economic, political and cultural conditions; c) Environmental Mitigation Plans for social and environmental impacts will be required for all activities where the EIA has determined a negative environmental threshold;

45 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province d) Environmental Audits, including inspections, record-keeping and monitoring will be required for activities as determined by the mitigation plans or otherwise;

This EIA report is being prepared to meet the aspirations of the NPE. The report has identified the environmental and social impacts, proposed mitigation measures and developed an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan.

2.1.5 The National Resettlement Policy, 2015 The National Resettlement Policy has been prepared as the country has witnessed an increased number of involuntary displacements and resettlements in the recent past due to the following factors: i. Natural and Human induced disasters; i. Land disputes; ii. Development projects; iii. Encroachment of populations on land meant for other activities; iv. Conflicts along national boarder areas; and v. Difference in social /religious affiliations.

The National Resettlement Policy whose theme is, “THE HOPE FOR THE FUTURE”, guides the implementation of the resettlement programme which empowers citizens who may not have the capacity to purchase land on the open market. This programme contributes to Government’s efforts in reducing poverty as well as uplifting the standards of living of the resettled people and populations.

The policy is implemented by the Office of the Vice through the Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit which coordinates with other stakeholder institutions.

2.2 NATIONAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The following are some of the pieces of legislation related and relevant to the project being developed by RDA:

2.2.1 The Lands Acquisition Act, No. 2 of 1970 Section 12 (b) of The Lands Acquisition Act of 1994 provides that any person whose property is affected by a public project is entitled to compensation. The Act also provides a mechanism by which people not satisfied with compensation may seek redress through the courts of law. It states:

46 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province “The value of property shall, subject as hereinafter provided, be the amount which the property might be expected to realize if sold in the open market by a willing seller at the time of publication under section seven of the notice to yield up possession”.

The basis for assessment of compensation includes: ▪ Enhancement of value of land due to proximity of any improvements or works made or constructed on part acquired; and ▪ Damage if any, sustained by the person having an estate or interest in land due to severance of such land.

Other relevant provisions in the Land Acquisition Act are that: ▪ The President may compulsorily acquire any property of any description, whenever he is of the opinion that it is in the interests of the Republic so to do. This is done by way of notice of intention to acquire property. ▪ The Minister or any person claiming any interest in the property may institute proceedings in the Court for the determination of such dispute if there is any outstanding dispute relating to or in connection with the property. ▪ No compensation shall be payable in respect of undeveloped land or unutilized land. However, where the land acquired is unutilized land to which an absentee owner is beneficially entitled, compensation shall be payable in respect of the unexhausted improvements on unutilized land.

Relevance The creation of detours and access roads or the acquiring of raw materials such as gravel and stones during the rehabilitation of the roads may affect privately owned parcels of land.

Compliance Any affected privately-owned parcels of land will be compensated by RDA after assessment of property by an independent valuer.

2.2.2 The Lands Act, No. 27 of 1995 The Lands Act is the statute governing land administration in Zambia which vests all land in the country in the President and alienation of land by the President.

The Act provides for the alienation, transfer, disposition and change of land. The Act also provides for compulsory acquisition of land by the President whenever he is of the opinion that it is desirable or expedient to do so in the interest of the Republic. The Act gives Zambians an opportunity to participate in the country’s economy.

47 Improved Rural Connectivity Project

Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The Minister responsible for lands has also issued Land Circular No. 1 of 1985. This Circular laid down detailed procedures to be followed on land alienation. The main features of the Circular are that: ▪ Chiefs and District Councils are restricted to recommend up to 250 hectares of land on title, per applicant, in Reserves or Trust Lands; and ▪ Chiefs and the District Councils are to certify that they had physically inspected the land in question and that no person’s rights or interests are affected.

The Land Act does not comprehensively provide for compensation or resettlement. This is only partially covered in the Mines and Minerals Development Act, Land Survey Act and the Land Acquisition Act.

Relevance The creation of detours and access roads as well as the setting up of infrastructure during the construction of the roads may affect privately owned parcels of land.

Compliance Acquisition of land for the setting up of infrastructure, road works or detours will be done according to laid down procedures as provided for and governed by the Lands Act.

2.2.3 The Public Roads Act, No. 12 of 2002 The Public Roads Act established the Road Development Agency (RDA). The function of RDA is to plan, manage and coordinate the road network in the country.

Section 41 of the Act gives powers to RDA or any road authority such as a local authority to enter upon any land for surveying, setting out the line of any proposed road. Compensation is required to be paid for any damage or destruction caused by the road authority. However, prior notice needs to be given to the owner or occupier of the land concerned.

Section 47 of the Public Roads Act provides for the method of compensation as a result of construction of a public road.

Anyone who wishes to claim compensation needs to submit in writing, within thirty days of the date of the publication, details of the compensation claimed in respect of land to be taken, improvements likely to be removed or damaged and any expense or loss which may be directly incurred.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The amount of compensation payable shall be agreed upon between the parties, or where such agreement fails, settled by arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Act.

Relevance The creation of detours and access roads, the setting up of infrastructure such as contractor’s camps and the acquisition of raw materials such as gravel and stones during the construction of the road may affect privately owned parcels of land.

Compliance Acquisition of land for the setting up of infrastructure, road works or detours will be also be governed by the Public Roads Act. Any affected households will need to be compensated by RDA.

2.2.4 The Road Traffic Act, No. 11 of 2002 The Road Traffic Act establishes the Road Transport and Safety Agency and provides for a system of road safety and traffic management as well as licensing of drivers and motor vehicles.

Relevance During construction, the movement of vehicles will be restricted since road safety to users may be compromised. In addition, the use of heavy equipment and heavily loaded trucks may pose traffic congestion and road safety challenges.

Compliance In compliance with this Act, the contractor will ensure that all the vehicles used for the purpose of this project are licensed, certified to be roadworthy, and insured. All the contractors to be engaged during the operation of this project will be expected to comply with this requirement.

The roads to be rehabilitated are already in use and measures will need to be put in place to ensure the safety of road users and workers. As a way of ensuring road safety, the contractor will erect appropriate road signage, markings and furniture such as humps at designated points along the roads. A traffic management plan will be developed and road passers will be used to ensure the smooth flow of traffic.

2.2.5 The Land Survey Act, 1960 The Land Survey Act, enacted in 1960, is aimed at providing guidelines to be followed when activities relating to land surveying are carried out. The Act among other things provides for the production of survey diagrams, plans, survey beacons and other survey marks.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Relevance Road construction surveying (otherwise known as "lay-out" or "setting-out") will be carried out to stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of the roads. These markers will be staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project.

Compliance A registered surveyor will be required to carry out this exercise using an appropriate geo-referencing system.

2.2.6 The Environmental Management Act, No. 12 of 2011 The principal legislation governing environmental management in Zambia is the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011. The Act provides for the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment, and the prevention and control of pollution.

Of particular relevance is section 29 of the Act which states that “A person shall not undertake any project that may have an effect on the environment without the written approval of the Agency, and except in accordance with any conditions imposed in that approval”.

In relation to this project, some of the functions of ZEMA are to review environmental impact assessment reports, and undertake environmental auditing and monitoring.

The act also provides for public participation in decision-making and access to environmental information.

Relevance A project of this nature, a road improvement of over 10km, requires that environmental issues are identified at an early stage and environmental management measures incorporated in the planning stage.

Compliance Event though, the proposed project is over 10km in length, discussions were held with ZEMA officials and a decision reached that one EPB be prepared for each province. Based on the correspondence to RDA of 3 May 2017, ZEMA provided guidance on the need to prepare one EPB per province. This EPB is being prepared before the construction of the project commences. The EPB report will be submitted to ZEMA for decision making.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2.2.7 The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI 28 of 1997 The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, Statutory Instrument 28 of 1997, demands that before a developer commences implementing a project, an EIA report be prepared and submitted to the relevant regulatory authority for review and approval. Regulation 3(2) specifically requires that a developer prepares and submits an Environmental Impact Statement for: (a) Any project set out in the First Schedule, whether or not the developer is part of a previously approved project; (b) Any alterations or extensions of any existing project which is set out in the First Schedule; or (c) Any project which is not specified in the First Schedule, but for which the Council determines an EIS should be prepared.

Relevance A project of this nature requires that environmental issues are identified at an early stage and environmental management measures incorporated in the planning stage. Even though the road works involved are not for an entirely new project, the Second Schedule requires that an EIA be prepared for major improvement to road works of over 10km in length. ZEMA had, through their letter of 3 May 2017, provided guidance on the need to prepare one EPB per province. Therefore, the applicable section of this SI is the first schedule.

Compliance Even though the proposed project is rehabilitation of an existing road project, an EIA in form of on the scale of an EPB is being prepared before the construction of the project commences. The EPB report will be submitted to ZEMA for decision making.

2.2.8 The Environment Management (Licensing) Regulations (SI 112 of 2013) There are several parts in this statutory instrument giving regulatory powers to ZEMA to control the discharge of water pollutants, air emission pollutants, pesticides and other toxic substances, waste (both municipal and hazardous) and ozone depleting substances. The parts of relevance to the project at hand are II and III.

Part II This part of the SI gives powers to ZEMA to regulate discharge of water pollutants and emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere in order to safeguard the general health, safety or welfare of persons, animal life, and plant life.

Relevance The clearing of access and detour roads, as well as the loading and offloading of raw materials may generate dust that will need to be managed in compliance with the above regulations. The other source of air pollutants

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province is the crushing plant where the crushing of aggregate stones will be carried out. Any wastewater that will be generated as a result of operational works will be used for dust suppression.

Compliance Dust emissions with potential to cause air pollution, particularly during the construction phase, will be prevented or minimised by consistently watering down dusty areas and as a permanent solution, paving the area and carrying out landscaping activities. This will ensure that the emission limit of 70 µg/m3, for ambient respirable particulate matter (PM10), as specified in the Second Schedule, is set within limits.

Table 2-1: Guideline Limit for Ambient Dust Parameter Reference Time Guideline Limit Respirable particulate matter, PM10 PM10 24 hours 70μg/m3 Source – Second Schedule, SI 112 of 2013

Part III This part of the SI is meant to regulate the reclamation, reuse, recovery, recycling, transportation, export, collection and disposal of waste from industrial, commercial, domestic, or community activities. ZEMA regulates these activities through licensing of handlers of waste and operators of disposal sites; the licenses are accompanied by conditions.

Relevance Much of the anticipated waste from the project is construction debris during the construction period as well as municipal solid waste of a non-hazardous nature. The later will include paper and plastic packaging and occasionally food left-overs. The management of construction and demolition debris is not governed by these regulations as regulation 10(1)(b) shows, provided this waste will not be contaminated or mixed with hazardous waste.

Compliance In compliance with regulation 11, all waste generated at construction sites will be collected in designated waste bins and offloaded at approved sites. No open air burning of waste will not be allowed anywhere within the premises unless with the express permission of ZEMA. In addition, littering will not be allowed at operational sites.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2.2.9 The Mines and Minerals Development Act, No. 11 of 2015 This legislation regulates activities relating to mines and minerals development operations including quarrying and provides for regulations for environmental protection during prospecting, processing activities and operation of quarries or mines.

The Act includes parts on: mining rights generally; large-scale mining operations; small-scale mining operations; variations of licenses and permits; mining rights and surface rights; artisan mining; royalties and charges; and environmental protection. The Director of Mines and Minerals Development has responsibility for supervising and regulating the provisions of the Act. Under the Act, the Director Mines Safety has been charged with additional responsibility to superintend over the safety, health, and environmental concerns of mining or quarrying.

Under Part VI, section 80, Safety, Health and Environmental Protection, the Act stipulates that the granting of mining rights must take into account the need to conserve and protect the environment and that a mining right may be subject to specified conditions relating to the conservation and protection of the environment.

Relevance Aggregate stones will be obtained from the quarries that are yet to be determined; RDA and the contractor will be expected to comply with the provisions of the Act.

The MMD Act provides for the duties and powers of officers authorised to enforce the provisions of the Act and its subsidiary SIs with respect to environmental impact assessments.

Compliance The preparation and operation of quarries will need to be licensed by MSD and the Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development before any works can begin.

2.2.10 The Mines and Minerals (Environmental) Regulations, SI No 29 of 1997 The SI provides the framework for conducting and reviewing environmental impact assessment for the mining sector. Further to that, it provides regulations for auditing project implementation.

This SI defines the EIA requirements for the mining sector and for managing mine dumps. It also contains provisions relating to air quality and emission standards; water standards; the requirements for storage, handling and processing of hazardous materials; mine inspections; and Environmental Protection Fund contributions.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Part II of the regulations set out the requirements for the preparation of an Environmental Project Brief and an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The regulations specify the requirement that the EIS be updated once a year and that an audit report on the impact on the environment of any exploration, prospecting or mining operation be submitted to the Director within 15 months of commencing activities.

In Part IV of the regulations it is indicated that a developer must comply with the ambient air quality and emission standards in addition to those provided in the Sixth Schedule.

The provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation apply to any person employed by the developer who is at risk of contracting any occupational disease as a result of any emission or pollutants arising from mining operations. Furthermore, a developer is required to provide adequate and effective ventilation in specified circumstances, and to provide water to suppress dust or fumes where effective extraction facilities are not available.

Relevance Various raw materials such as gravel and aggregates will be required for the construction works. The extraction of these raw materials will entail the operation of borrow pits and quarries whose operation might pose occupational health, environmental and safety risks. In addition, the use of machinery and equipment might pose occupational health risks to workers.

Compliance During the construction period, employees will be equipped with appropriate attire. At the end of the construction, the quarries and borrow pits will be rehabilitated to a level where residual impacts do not negatively affect the environment or the safety and health of the workers and the local people.

2.2.11 The Urban and Regional Planning Act, No. 3 of 2015 This piece of legislation was developed, among other functions, to: ▪ Provide for a framework for administering and managing urban and regional planning; ▪ establish a democratic, accountable, transparent, participatory and inclusive process for urban and regional planning that allows for involvement of communities, private sector, interest groups and other stakeholders in the planning, implementation and operation of human settlement development; ensure functional efficiency and socioeconomic integration by providing for integration of activities, uses and facilities; ▪ ensure sustainable urban and rural development by promoting environmental, social and economic sustainability in development initiatives and controls at all levels of urban and regional planning.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Relevance The road project covers districts within Eastern Province – Vubwi, Chadiza, Katete, Sinda, Petauke and Nyimba. The Act provides for the appointment of regional planning authorities, provincial planning authorities and local planning authorities whose main responsibilities are the preparation, approval of layout plans and revocation of development plans. The regional planning authorities are appointed on an ad hoc basis.

Compliance RDA will consult with the local authorities on the road design. As recognised in the Public Roads Act, the local authorities will need to be consulted as the rehabilitation of PFR will be the responsibility of the councils. RDA will also recognize the jurisdiction of the Eastern Province Planning Authority and their specifications will be complied with.

2.2.12 The Local Government Act, No. 2 of 2019 The Act was developed to provide for an integrated local government system; give effect to the decentralisation of functions, responsibilities and services at all levels of local government; ensure democratic participation in, and control of, decision making by the people at the local level; revise the functions of local authorities; provide for the review of tariffs, charges and fees within the area of a local authority; provide for the proceedings of the council and committees; provide for the role of traditional leadership in democratic governance; repeal and replace the Local Government Act of 1991.

Relevance The proposed development is within the jurisdiction of councils in Eastern Province and all approvals required to be sourced from the local authorities will be sought.

Compliance The contractor and RDA will be expected to comply with the specifications and any relevant by laws set up by the local authorities.

2.2.13 The Workers Compensation Act, No. 10 of 1999 This Act makes provision for the establishment and administration of a Fund for the compensation of workers disabled by accidents to, or diseases contracted by, such workers in the course of their employment, and for the payment of compensation to dependants of Workers who die as a result of such accidents or diseases; for the payment of contributions to such Fund by employers; for the granting of pensions and allowances to certain

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province dependants of Workers who, being in receipt of pensions for such disablement, die from causes not connected with such accidents or diseases.

Relevance The construction works and subsequently the operational works through the use of sharp tools and heavy equipment may cause injury to workers.

Compliance In compliance with this Act, RDA and their contractors will make contributions to the Fund on behalf of the workers. Any contracted companies will also be expected to show certificate of contributions made to the Fund.

2.2.14 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, No. 36 of 2010 This Act is promulgated to establish the Occupational Health and Safety Institute and provide for its functions; provides for the establishment of health and safety committees at workplaces and for the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; provide for the duties of manufacturers, importers and suppliers of articles, devices, items and substances for use at work; provide for the protection of persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety arising from, or in connection with, the activities of persons at work.

Section 11 of Part III requires that an employer of ten or more persons at any workplace establishes a health and safety committee.

According to section 13 the functions of the health and safety committee are: ▪ promote cooperation between the employer and the employees in achieving and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions; ▪ share information about occupational health, safety and welfare with employees; ▪ investigate and resolve any matter that may be a risk to the health and safety of employees at a workplace; ▪ review the measures taken on the health and safety of employees at a workplace; and ▪ formulate, review and disseminate to the employees the standards, rules and procedures relating to health and safety to be carried out at the workplace.

Relevance Section 16 of Part IV provides the duties of employers at workplaces in respect of health and safety at workplaces. These duties include: ▪ ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of the employees of the employer at a workplace; and

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ place and maintain an employee in an occupational environment adapted to the employee’s physical, physiological and psychological ability.

Compliance To this end, RDA and its contractors will ensure that information, instruction, training and supervision are provided to ensure the health and safety of the employees at their workplace.

The duties of an employee at a workplace, according to section 17, with regard to health and safety are to: a) take reasonable care for the employee’s own health and safety and that of other persons who may be affected by the employee’s acts or omissions at the workplace; b) not operate any machine or engage in a process which is unsafe or is an imminent risk to the employee’s own health or safety and that of others; and c) cooperate with the employer or any other person in relation to any duty imposed on the employer or that other person, so far as is necessary to enable that duty or requirement to be performed or complied with.

The employee is also expected to immediately inform the employer, the committee or health and safety representative if there are reasonable grounds to believe that any item, device, article, plant or substance, condition or aspect of the workplace is, or may be, dangerous to the employees’ occupational health or safety at or near the workplace.

2.2.15 The Public Health Act, No. 22 of 1995 This Act provides for the prevention and suppression of diseases and the general regulation of all matters connected with public health in Zambia. Amongst other things, the Act prohibits anyone from causing a nuisance, where nuisances are given to include: ▪ The pollution of potable water; ▪ Any collection of water or any cesspit, latrine or urinal found to contain mosquito larvae; ▪ Any collection of water, sewage or waste which permits or facilitates the breeding of parasites, insects or other agents which may lead to the infection of people or domestic animals; ▪ The accumulation or deposit of waste which is offensive or injurious or dangerous to health; ▪ The discharge or noxious matter or waste water into a water course not approved for the reception of such discharge; ▪ Premises without sufficient lighting or ventilation; ▪ Dangerous buildings and overcrowded premises; ▪ Factories giving rise to smells and effluents which are offensive or dangerous to health.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Relevance During the operation of campsites and work sites, there is a possibility that public health conditions can be compromised through the generation of waste and wastewater as well the use of toilets.

Compliance RDA will ensure that the place of work and the surrounding environment do not pose any health risks to the workers and the general populace. Mobile toilets will be used and the worksites will, at all times, be kept in clean and sanitary conditions.

2.2.16 The Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015 The Forest Act provides for the establishment and declaration of National Forests, Local Forests, joint forest management areas, botanical reserves, private forests and community forests; provide for the participation of local communities, local authorities, traditional institutions, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders in sustainable forest management; provide for the conservation and use of forests and trees for the sustainable management of forests ecosystems and biological diversity; and establish the Forest Development Fund.

The Act is the main legal instrument for the establishment, control, utilization and management of forests. The act provides for the establishment of the Forestry Department whose main function is to do all such things as are necessary for the rationalisation of the exploitation of forest resources and the promotion of sustainable forest management.

Section 8 of the Act provides for the principles for forestry development and management. Some of these principles include the following: ▪ the principle that forests and trees shall be managed as an asset for succeeding generations; ▪ the development, management, utilisation and conservation of forests and trees to achieve a sound ecological balance; ▪ the need to achieve optimum utilisation and ecologically sustainable development and management of forest ecosystems, biological diversity and habitats; and ▪ the need to conserve forests and trees as living resources for both present and future generations and to achieve economic growth, human resource development and employment creation.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Relevance There are a number of protected forest reserves in the project site. None of the selected roads passes through any protected area. However, there are a number of community forests which are managed by the communities through the local traditional leadership. Some of these are on the fringe of the road reserves.

Compliance RDA will not allow unnecessary cutting down of trees for upholding sustainable environmental practices and in compliance with the provisions of this legislation. Clearing activities will be limited to the run of way.

If rare flora specified in the Act is identified within the area, this will be conserved and protected.

2.2.17 The Water Resources Management Act, No. 21 of 2011 The Act was developed to establish the Water Resources Management Authority and to provide for the management, development, conservation, protection and preservation of the water resource and its ecosystems as well as provide for the equitable, reasonable and sustainable utilisation of the water resource.

As specified in section 57, in relation to the management of shared water resources, the Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) is given powers to ▪ establish national mechanisms for dispute resolution regarding shared water resources; ▪ promote and ensure stakeholder participation, as part of Government’s decision support system, in the management of shared water resources; and ▪ facilitate the building of appropriate capacity for negotiations of shared water resources agreements as well as participation in institutions established to deal with shared water resources.

Relevance All the identified roads traverse streams or rivers. A number culverts and bridges will need to be replaced or rehabilitated. Clearing activities and subsequently soil erosion on cleared surfaces can lead to deposition of suspended solids into surface water.

Substantive amount of water will be required for dust suppression during the construction period.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Compliance Clearing activities will be carried out before the wet season to minimise soil erosion. Stone pitching will be practised at areas with steep gradients and water channelled away from the crown of the river. Abstraction of water for road construction, which is a commercial activity, will require that water abstraction permits are obtained from WARMA.

Wastage of water will not be allowed in line with section 66 which prohibits causing water to run to waste from any water works or abstracting water in excess of that granted under a permit.

2.2.18 The National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, No. 23 of 1989 The Act provides for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and other objects of aesthetic, historical, pre-historical, archaeological or scientific interest.

Relevance There is potential for the roads to be upgraded to traverse areas with areas of cultural, historical and natural heritage sites. Relics of historical value may be excavated during the acquiring of raw materials.

Compliance Any site or relic of historical or archaeological value will need to be conserved in consultation with NHCC. In addition, if any new artefact is found, National Heritage and Conservation Commission (NHCC) will be notified.

In this case section 37(1) of the Act shall apply which states: “Any person who desires to excavate any ancient heritage or collect relics shall apply to the Commission for a permit to excavate or collect.”

2.2.19 The Employment Code Act, No. 3 of 2019 This Act provides legislation relating to the employment of persons; to make provision for the engagement of persons on contracts of service and to provide for the form of and enforcement of contracts of service; to make provision for the appointment of officers of the Labour Department and for the conferring of powers on such officers and upon medical officers; to make provision for the protection of wages of employees; and to provide for the control of employment agencies.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Relevance The rehabilitation road works will involve the employment of general workers, accountants, housekeepers, engineers, etc. the total number of people to be employed is yet to be worked out.

Compliance In compliance with this law, RDA will ensure that individuals employed are of legal employment age, and are provided with conditions of service that meet or exceed the minimum conditions of service. Employees will not be subjected to exploitation and abuse of their rights through casualisation.

According to this law, it is illegal for any employer to engage an employee on casual basis for any job that is of a permanent nature. The Act also bans unjustified termination of employment by employers.

2.2.20 The Factories Act, No. 13 of 1994 The Act regulates the conditions of employment in factories and other places of work as regards the safety, health and welfare of persons employed therein. The Act also provides for the examination and inspection of certain plant and machinery in order to ensure safety. The Factories Inspectorate under the Ministry of Labour and Social Security is the mandated authority under the Act.

Relevance: Even though roadworks is not deemed as a factory, they are a place of work as defined under this act where safety, health and general welfare of employees will be required to be upheld.

Compliance: To ensure that the occupational health and safety of employees is upheld during the construction and operational periods, all employees will be trained in health and safety protocols. All employees will be equipped with adequate and appropriate personal protective equipment and the devices, tools and equipment that will be used by the employees will be regularly inspected, maintained and repaired if found to be defective.

2.2.21 The Energy Regulation Act of 1995 The Act established the Energy Regulation Board (ERB) and provides for the licensing of undertakings for the production of energy or the production or handling of certain fuels such as petroleum and petroleum products.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Relevance Considering the distance the feeder roads are from the service stations, there may be need for onsite storage of fuels and hydrocarbons to ensure a smooth flow of operations. The conveyance and storage of fuels are aspects that are controlled by the Energy Regulation Board.

Compliance A license will be required for an undertaking such as the storage or supply of fuel in accordance with section 8 of the Act. Therefore, the conveyance, installation and storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids at the Camp will be done under the authority from ERB.

2.2.22 The Employment of Young Persons and Children Act, No. 13 of 1994 This piece of legislation was developed to regulate the employment of young persons, and children. This Act defines a child as a person under the age of fourteen years; while a young person is a person who has ceased to be a child and who is under the age of eighteen years.

Section 4. (1) of the Act prohibits the employment of children and states: “No child shall be employed in any public or private industrial undertaking or in any branch thereof, other than an undertaking in which only members of the same family are employed.” Further, section 7 also prohibits employment of young persons.

Relevance The rehabilitation of the rural roads is and industrial undertaking as prescribed in the Act. As defined in section 3 of the Act, an industrial undertaking includes construction, reconstruction, maintenance, repair, alteration of a road or bridge.

Compliance No child or young person as defined by this Act will be engaged by the contractor during the carrying out of civil works. Young persons can only be employed under the following conditions: ▪ in possession of a certificate signed by a Labour Officer authorising such employment. ▪ employed under a contract of apprenticeship entered into under the Cap.275 Apprenticeship Act. under such conditions, the employer in an industrial undertaking shall keep a register of all persons under the age of sixteen years employed by him, and of the dates of their births, and shall produce the same for inspection

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province when required to do so by a Labour Officer or police officer of or above the rank of Assistant Inspector. However, no young person employed shall be allowed to work at night.

2.2.23 The Sexual Offences Act, No. 12 of 2009 This legislation prohibits sexual offences which include rape, grievous sexual act, marital rape, incest, sexual touching or interference, sexual grooming of child, sexual intercourse with person under sixteen, inducing or encouraging violation of child under the age of sixteen, custody or abduction of child under sixteen, indecent assault. Consent of a child is not deemed as defence in indecent assault. Other sexual offences are violation of person suffering from mental disorder or physical disability, unlawful detention with intent to have sexual intercourse, living on earnings of prostitution.

Relevance Most of the contractor workers will be away from their families for a period of time a situation which may prompt others to be involved in sexual offences listed above.

Compliance Each contractor will be required to explain the sexual offences to the workers and the associated consequences of being involved in such acts. Anyone being involved shall be reported to the relevant authorities as required in section 33 of the Act.

2.2.24 The Anti Gender-Based Violence Act, No. 1 of 2011 This is a Zambian law on gender-based violence which not only offers a comprehensive framework for protection, but also a means of survival for victims and survivors of gender-based violence, and prosecution of perpetrators. The Act specifically provides for: a) The establishment of a gender-based violence fund to assist victims and or survivors b) Establishment of shelter to support victims and or survivors of gender-based violence. c) Provision of emergency monetary relief d) Addressing of harmful traditional practices

The Act defines gender-based violence as “any physical, mental, social or economic abuse against a person because of that person’s gender.” In particular, the Act lists the following as amounting to gender-based violence: ▪ Violence that results in or is likely to cause physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to a person, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life; and

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ Actual or threatened physical, mental, social or economic abuse that occurs in a domestic relationship.

The Act seeks to address all forms of gender-based violence. It goes on further to list the types of abuses arising from cultural practices to include forced virginity testing, forced marriages, “sexual cleansing” and child marriages. It also defines such abuse to include “abuse perpetrated on a person by virtue of the person’s age, physical or mental incapability, disability or illness.”

Relevance: Major civil works can exacerbate risks of GBV as a result of interaction of workers with the local communities. The ACT provides for mitigation and response to GBV.

Compliance Measures to prevent the occurrence of gender-based violence will include ongoing sensitisation among the workforce about the need to avoid such anti-social behaviour and the consequences as provided in the law. The contractor will also ensure that victims have access to justice, assistance for telephone hotlines and women’s resource centre that provide legal and psychosocial support to victims. Other measures will include the following: ▪ among the workforce, create public awareness of women’s contribution to society and ensure women’s input in decision-making. ▪ Create public awareness campaigns directed towards both men and women to enable greater ▪ awareness of their legal and human rights, the legal consequences of abusive behavior, as well as the impact of GBV on future generations. ▪ Raise awareness of the importance of women’s economic empowerment and the economic costs of the absence of women’s contribution to the labour force as a result of violence. ▪ Initiate collaboration between community leaders, elders, local authorities and schools to create greater understanding of the link between GBV and poverty. ▪ RDA to develop procedures to systematically share information on issues, legislation and policies connecting women’s economic empowerment and men’s burden sharing within the household. ▪ Support community participation and collaboration in forming social transformation forums including those committed to combating GBV. ▪ Establish partnerships with government bodies, NGOs, human rights groups, institutions, working on combating GBV.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2.2.25 The Gender Equity and Equality Act, No. 22 of 2015 This is an Act to provide for the taking of measures and making of strategic decisions in all spheres of life in order to ensure gender equity, equality and integration of both sexes in society; promote gender equity and equality as a cross cutting issue in all spheres of life and stimulate productive resources and development opportunities for both sexes; prohibit harassment, victimisation and harmful social, cultural and religious practices; provide for public awareness and training on issues of gender equity and equality; and to provide for the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, empower women and achieve gender equity and equality by giving effect to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development.

Relevance Inequalities in accessing resources and employment opportunities may ensue during project implementation inhibiting economic benefits trickling down to women. The Act is relevant to guide the Project to ensure employment opportunities and recruitment procedures are gender inclusive.

Compliance To achieve gender equity and equality, the following will be undertaken in line with sections 14 through 20: a) both sexes shall enjoy equal rights before the law; b) both sexes shall have equal access to justice and protection before the law; c) both sexes shall have equal access and rights to training at the workplace; d) both sexes shall have equal access to modern, appropriate and affordable technology and support services.

Further to the above, i. RDA and the contractor will not discriminate against any sex in the awarding of jobs or provision of jobs and services. Women will have the legal capacity to conclude contracts and other legal instruments. ii. RDA and the contractor will not discriminate against a woman due to the woman’s pregnancy or the fact that she has given birth to a child. iii. RDA and the contractor have a duty to uphold the rights of both sexes and to respect and safeguard the dignity of both sexes and shall not exploit or subject any person to abusive, violent or degrading treatment. iv. RDA and the contractor shall:

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province a. develop awareness programmes on fundamental rights and freedoms in order to promote gender equity and equality; b. develop action plans to address gender equity, equality, discrimination and harassment within the public body; c. develop codes of practice and ethics for its officers to assist in promoting gender equity and equality; d. provide assistance, advice and training to its officers on gender equity and equality; e. develop appropriate internal mechanisms to deal with complaints of discrimination and harassment; and f. conduct information and advocacy campaigns to promote gender equity and equality.

2.2.26 The Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, No. 20 of 2018 This Act was promulgated to provide for the sustainable regulation and management of solid waste; general and self-service solid waste services; the incorporation of solid waste management companies and define their statutory functions; the licensing and functions of solid waste service providers, operators and self-service solid waste providers and provide for their functions; the regulation, operation, maintenance and construction of landfills and other disposal facilities; and the setting and approval of tariffs for management of solid waste and provision of solid waste services.

Relevance Much of the anticipated waste from the project is construction rubble as well as food waste, plastic and paper packaging during the operation period. Waste will be collected in designated receptacles and disposed off at the council licensed disposal site. The project site shall at all times be kept in a sanitary condition.

Compliance The contractor will prepare a waste management plan for the sound management of the different waste streams that are likely to be generated from the campsites and all work areas.

Littering will not be allowed at operational sites, instead, receptacles for temporal storage of waste will be kept onsite. The garbage arising from the construction works and during operation of the project, will be collected and stored in dedicated receptacles before being taken offsite, by a licensed waste transporter, for disposal at an approved disposal site.

The solid waste transporting company will be expected to abide by the regulatory standards and directions relating to the environment, construction, land use, aviation, radiation control, water resources management

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province and development, disaster management and protection of public health, as specified in this Act or any other written law.

As outlined in section 5 of the Act, solid waste shall be treated as a resource and RDA shall promote a solid waste hierarchy for recovery of solid waste, where prevention, reduction, re-use, recycling and composting is of primary consideration followed by other means of recovery such as energy recovery and lastly disposal.

2.2.27 Drinking Water Quality Standards - ZS 190: 2010 These water quality standards acknowledge that Public Health Act of the Laws of Zambia specifies that water for public consumption must be potable. However, generally potable water should not necessarily be pure as the presence of certain minerals in suitable concentrations is actually desirable to health. Some of the numerous substances that are found in natural water supplies include the following: i) Suspended matter: bacteria, viruses, protozoans, algae, clay, colloids, silt and various other inorganic and organic matter. ii) Dissolved matter: dissolved gases, inorganic and organic substances.

Some of these substances listed above may be desirable and some may not, depending on the use for which the water is going to be put and the quantities of such substances in the water.

Natural water undergoes purification or treatment in order for it to be rendered safe and satisfactory for use by the public. Hygienic and aesthetic considerations necessitate the limiting of undesirable substances in water being considered for public supply.

Therefore, this Zambian Standard prescribes requirements for potable drinking water suitable for human consumption.

Relevance All the identified roads traverse streams or rivers. A number of culverts and bridges will need to be replaced or rehabilitated. Clearing activities and subsequently soil erosion on cleared surfaces can lead to deposition of suspended solids into surface water, which may subsequently affect the quality of water rendering it not potable.

Compliance Clearing activities will be carried out before the wet season to minimise soil erosion. Stone pitching will be practised at areas with steep gradients and water channelled away from the crown of the river. Rehabilitation or construction of bridges will be done during the dry season to prevent the contamination of surface water

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province bodies by suspended solids. No repair of machinery and or equipment will be done over a body of water to prevent the discharge of hydrocarbons into water.

2.3 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS

2.3.1 Sustainable Development Goals There are seventeen sustainable development goals (SGDs) which nations are aspiring to achieve. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. The goals relevant to this project are as follows:

SDG 1 – No poverty The provision of employment and market opportunities by the RDA will contribute to economic development and in turn contribute to the eradication of poverty and hunger.

SDG 2 – Zero Hunger Employment opportunities to be offered by the operation of the project will offer disposal income to employees - an opportunity for reducing hunger within the households of the employees.

SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth RDA will endeavour to provide decent work opportunities for its employees. The offer of employment opportunities, the supply of service and goods as well as the sub-contracting of Zambian companies are activities needed to stimulate economic growth.

2.3.2 Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Basel, 1989 The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

Some of the hazardous waste that may be generated include waste oils and lead-acid batteries from machinery and project vehicles during the construction phase of the project. RDA/contractor will ensure that any hazardous wastes generated are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 2.3.3 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

CITES is an international agreement to which States (countries) adhere voluntarily. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention ('joined' CITES) are known as Parties. Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they have to implement the Convention – it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level.

Relevance Levels of exploitation of some animal and plant species are high and, together with other factors, such as habitat loss, is capable of depleting existing populations and even bringing some species close to extinction. Many wildlife species recorded so far in the area are not endangered, but the preservation of these animal species and their habitat will safeguard these resources for the future.

Compliance Continuous sensitisation will be carried out among the workforce to create an awareness of environmental conservation. The feeder road rehabilitation is aimed at enhancing agricultural activities in the target areas thus providing the local people with sustainable livelihoods away from dependence on the extraction of natural resources such as poaching and charcoal production. In addition, clearing activities will be limited to the project sites to reduce the impact on land use changes and ecological disturbance.

2.3.4 The Convention on Biological Diversity Signed by 150 government leaders at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is dedicated to promoting sustainable development. Conceived as a practical tool for translating the principles of Agenda 21 into reality, the Convention recognizes that biological diversity is about more than plants, animals and micro-organisms and their ecosystems – it is about people and our need for food security, medicines, fresh air and water, shelter, and a clean and healthy environment in which to live.

The Convention on Biological Diversity entered into force on 29 December 1993. It has three main objectives: a) The conservation of biological diversity; b) The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity; and c) The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province

Relevance Some of the vegetation habitats observed in the area, especially along the river fringes can be described as ‘natural’ in that the area “is composed of viable assemblages of plant species of largely native origin and where human activity has not essentially modified the area’s primary ecological function and species composition” (International Finance Corporation [IFC], 2012).

Compliance However, RDA will work together with the contractors in protecting the natural value of these sites. RDA is alive to the importance of conserving the existing biological diversity which in the long run will promote sustainable development.

2.3.5 The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora The Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora was promulgated to reduce and ultimately eliminate illegal trade in wild fauna and flora and to establish a permanent Task Force to this end.

In the Agreement parties undertake, inter alia, to adopt and enforce measures with a view to investigating and prosecuting cases of illegal trade, to co-operate with one another and with the Task Force, to provide the latter with relevant information and scientific data, and to encourage reporting of illegal trade by the public. Parties have also undertaken to return to the country of origin or to the country of re-export any specimen of wild fauna and flora confiscated in the course of illegal trade. Parties have also agreed that the Task Force's functions are, inter alia, to facilitate co-operative investigation activities pertaining to illegal trade, to collect, process and disseminate information on illegal trade, and to investigate violations of national laws at the request of the Parties.

The Agreement entered into force on 10 December 1996.

Relevance The Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora is the only existing practically oriented co-operative enforcement instrument assisting the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other biodiversity related agreements at regional level. The scope of application of the Agreement is the African region.

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Compliance RDA, working together with the consultants and contractors will prevent over-exploitation of both flora and fauna species and ultimately prevent illegal trade.

2.4 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES The World Bank's environmental and social ("safeguard") policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the Bank. The Bank encourages its borrowing member countries to adopt and implement systems that meet these objectives while ensuring that development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcomes.

The triggered WB safeguards are discussed in Table 2-2 below:

Table 2-2. Triggered World Bank Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered Relevance of World Bank Safeguards polices to the proposed rehabilitation of rural roads in Eastern Province Environmental Assessment Yes The project will involve the upgrading and maintenance of approximately OP/BP 4.01 including 488.35 km of rural roads serving rural communities. Road Development Environmental Health and Agency (RDA) has developed this environmental project brief (EPB) to Safety Guidelines address the environmental and social risks associated with the civil works. The EPB has an environmental and social management plan to address the impacts in order to comply with the Bank Safeguards policies and the ZEMA requirements at national level. Natural Habitats OP/BP No The policy has not been triggered since periodic maintenance of feeder roads 4.04 will be restricted to already existing roads and alteration of exiting routes will avoid areas of ecological sensitivity. Forests OP/BP 4.36 No The policy has not been triggered since periodic maintenance of feeder roads will be restricted to already existing roads and alteration of exiting routes will avoid areas of ecological sensitivity. In addition, the borrow pits and quarries will not be established in protected areas such as forest reserves. Pest Management OP 4.09 No The policy is not triggered because project will not involve the use of pesticides. Physical Cultural Resources Yes Initial survey has revealed no evidence of physical cultural resources to be OP/BP 4.11 impacted by the project. However, since the the investment involves civil works, there is potential of chance finds. Once these cultural, geological or historical artefacts are found, the National Heritage Conservation Commission will be informed. Indigenous Peoples OP/BP No The policy is not triggered as the geographical areas in consideration are not 4.10 likely to have indigenous people as defined by the Bank policy. Involuntary Resettlement Yes The policy is triggered. The rural roads are planned to have a right-of-way OP/BP 4.12 (ROW) of 18m width and a carriageway of 5.5m width. However, it was observed that the 6.25m width (road reserve) on either side of the road has been encroached in some sections by trading facilities, residences or agricultural fields. It is the desire of RDA that the planned rehabilitation of the

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Safeguard Policies Triggered Relevance of World Bank Safeguards polices to the proposed rehabilitation of rural roads in Eastern Province roads does not negatively affect the livelihoods of the people living near the roads. Safety of Dams OP/BP No The policy is not triggered as it will not involve the construction or 4.37 maintenance of dams as defined by the Bank policy. Projects on International No The policy is not triggered as the project will not affect any surface water body Waterways OP/BP 7.50 which is an international waterway. Projects in Disputed Areas No The policy is not triggered as it will not finance any activities in disputed areas OP/BP 7.60 or territories.

2.5 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY (EHS) GUIDELINES The General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). These EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector EHS Guidelines which provide guidance to users on EHS issues in specific industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industry-sector guidelines may be necessary.

The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them.

When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or measures than those provided in

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific environmental assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the environment.

Effective management of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues entails the inclusion of EHS considerations into corporate- and facility-level business processes in an organized, hierarchical approach that includes the following steps: ▪ Identifying EHS project hazards3 and associated risks4 as early as possible in the facility development or project cycle, including the incorporation of EHS considerations into the site selection process, product design process, engineering planning process for capital requests, engineering work orders, facility modification authorizations, or layout and process change plans. ▪ Involving EHS professionals, who have the experience, competence, and training necessary to assess and manage EHS impacts and risks, and carry out specialized environmental management functions including the preparation of project or activity-specific plans and procedures that incorporate the technical recommendations presented in this document that are relevant to the project. ▪ Understanding the likelihood and magnitude of EHS risks, based on: - The nature of the project activities, such as whether the project will generate significant quantities of emissions or effluents, or involve hazardous materials or processes; - The potential consequences to workers, communities, or the environment if hazards are not adequately managed, which may depend on the proximity of project activities to people or to the environmental resources on which they depend. ▪ Prioritizing risk management strategies with the objective of achieving an overall reduction of risk to human health and the environment, focusing on the prevention of irreversible and / or significant impacts. ▪ Favoring strategies that eliminate the cause of the hazard at its source, for example, by selecting less hazardous materials or processes that avoid the need for EHS controls. ▪ When impact avoidance is not feasible, incorporating engineering and management controls to reduce or minimize the possibility and magnitude of undesired consequences, for example, with the application of pollution controls to reduce the levels of emitted contaminants to workers or environments. ▪ Preparing workers and nearby communities to respond to accidents, including providing technical and financial resources to effectively and safely control such events, and restoring workplace and community environments to a safe and healthy condition.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ Improving EHS performance through a combination of ongoing monitoring of facility performance and effective accountability.

2.6 GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES - CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING These guidelines provide additional, specific guidance on prevention and control of community health and safety impacts that may occur during new project development, at the end of the project life-cycle, or due to expansion or modification of existing project facilities. The relevant part if the expansion or modification of an existing project.

The guidelines discuss the following subjects which are all applicable to the proposed IRCP project: ▪ Environment - Noise and Vibration - Soil Erosion - Air Quality - Solid Waste - Hazardous Materials - Wastewater Discharges - Contaminated Land ▪ Occupational Health and Safety ▪ Community Health and Safety - General Site Hazards - Disease Prevention - Traffic Safety

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION The road network in the province is predominantly primary feeder roads which are unpaved and generally consist of earth/gravel roads. These roads are often considered to provide lower quality service than paved road surfaces. The volume of traffic is so low that paving and maintaining a paved road is not economically feasible. However, gravel roads exist to provide a means of transporting agricultural products and farm inputs in and out of farm fields, timber out of forests, or access to remote areas. Many gravel roads serve rural residents as well for accessing social services such as education, health, and water.

The OPRC has been designed to provide emphasis on the rehabilitation and maintenance of gravel roads which hitherto remain unpaved due to very low traffic volume and/or lack of funds to adequately improve the sub- grade and base. The roads earmarked for rehabilitation are currently being used. However, due to lack of maintenance and repair, the unpaved roads are potholed, embankments eroded away, rattling in a number of places, drainages eroded or blocked with sand. In some instances, the roads are inaccessible.

The current actual width of the roads varies between 3.5 and 6.0 meters depending on the current condition. The width to be achieved in accordance with the standard cross section is 5.5 meters, except for embankment sections higher than 1.50 meters where the width will be 7.5 meters and paved urban road sections, where the width including shoulders will be 6.5 meters and that including walk-ways will be 10.50 meters.

During the construction period, much of the work will include rehabilitation while during the operational period, focus will be on maintenance. Rehabilitation is the work performed on the road which extends beyond routine maintenance. Generally, this involves loosening of a significant amount of material and changing part of, or much of the geometry of the roadway including fore-slopes and ditches. Maintenance is the work done routinely on a road surface, generally no more than light shaping to keep the road smooth, removing slight defects and making sure the crown is maintained to allow water to flow off the driving surface.

The works to be carried out are sub-divided into the following major components: (a) Rehabilitation and Improvement Works i. Rehabilitation - consisting of specific types of pavement reconstruction works on the existing pavement to bring the pavement to the desired design life. ii. Improvement - consisting of a set of specific improvements to add new characteristics to the roads in response to existing or new traffic, environmental, social and safety or other considerations, and lining of drainage.

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(b) Road Maintenance Services i. Routine Maintenance Works, or “Services”: consist of all interventions on the Roads which are to be carried out in order to achieve and maintain the Road. ii. Upgrading Works: typically involve the widening of Urban (town/village) area and upgrading of gravel roads to paved standard using concrete paving blocks, as per the concept design. Community Infrastructural Works – consisting of the construction of Bus-stop Shelters, Storage Sheds, Market Stalls, Boreholes and Water Storage. iii. Periodic Maintenance Works: consisting of a set of specific pavement re-graveling activities. iv. Emergency Works: consisting of activities needed to reinstate the Roads and reconstruct their structure or their right of way, which has been damaged as a result of a natural phenomenon, such as unforeseen strong storms, flooding, and earthquakes, or as a result of traffic accidents.

Rehabilitation is defined as the treatment (including any recycling of in-situ pavement materials) across the full width of pavement, including shoulders, over a continuous length of at least 500 metres.

Improvement is defined as works consisting of a set of specific improvements in order to add new characteristics to the Roads in response to existing or new traffic, environmental, social and safety or other considerations

A number of structures have been found to be in the road reserve and will thus need to be relocated. There are 142 structures in Package I while Package II has 118. The total farm area anticipated to be affected is 1050m2 or 0.105ha and all occur within the road corridor. The summaries of the affected structures in both packages are shown in Tables 3-1 and 3-2.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Table 3-1. Summary of project impacts – Package I Impact Total Number Business structures 20 Sing posts 33 Fences 73 Kraals 6 Houses 2 Homestead secondary structures 5 Grave yard 1 Electric pole 1 Church building 1 Total structures 142

Table 3-2. Summary of project impacts – Package II Impact Total Number Crop fields 6 Business facilities 32 Sign posts 40 Toilets 6 Shower facilities 2 Fences 23 Dwelling places 1 Granaries 2 Mobile money booths 4 Kraals 2 Total No. of facilities affected 118

3.2 PROJECT LOCATION This section discusses the identified roads, their locations and the extent of the roads that will be covered under the OPRC project. OPRC project roads for Eastern Province are shown in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 below:

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Table 3-3. List of Roads in Package 1 (Nyimba and Petauke North and South-West) No. Road District Road Location Length, km 1 R166 Nyimba Nyimba - Mwape 49.300 2 RD 140 Petauke/Nyimba Nyamphande - Mwape 52.600 3 RD143 Nyimba Nyimba – Luembe 30.200 4 RD418 Nyimba/Petauke T4-Mambe-Mtilizi 33.950 5 RD418b Petauke Manyani-Matonje 3.300 6 RD510 Petauke T4-Hofmeyer 13.740 7 RD144 Petauke Mumbi-Manyani 9.200 8 RD414 Petauke Mumbi-Mwanjawanthu 22.478

9 RD416 Petauke Mwanjawantu (RD416) – Chisenjere – 23.125 Kaulu (Kalindawalo) RD137 10 RD508 Petauke Chisenjere – Mtukusi School 36.384

11 RD509 Petauke Minga (T4) – Nyalukomba (D414) 12.381 12 RD415 Petauke T4 - RD416 17.208 13 RD414 Petauke 20.900 Total 324.766

Table 3-4. List of Roads in Package 2 (Petauke North-East, Sinda, Katete, Chadiza and Vubwi) No. Road District Road Location Length, km 1 R300 Katete Vulamukoko junction with 11.160 RD411 – T4 2 R306 Sinda Sinda – junction with U20 15.310 3 RD410 Katete St Francis Hospital – Chisale 4.200 School 4 U20 Katete Adoni (RD412) – R306 23.180 5 U22 Chadiza T4 – Kalumbi School 4.200 6 U23 Vubwi T4 to D598 at Kasamanda 32.020 7 RD405 Chadiza D128 - Mwangala 51.259 8 RD406 Vubwi Vubwi - D130 17.997 9 RD408 Chadiza T6 – Mkhande 12.495 10 RD580 Vubwi D804 – Mwami Border 16.725 11 RD523 Chadiza RD405 – R278 30.000 12 RD513 Petauke RD135 - D134 19.000 13 RD582 Petauke Chilembwe – Malaza 20.500 14 R012 Petauke/Sinda Mtukusi – Nyanje 45.010 15 RD413 Sinda T4 – R12 Nyanje 21.082 Total 324.138

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3.3 SCHEDULE OF WORKS The scheduling of the different works is shown in Table 3-3 below:

Table 3-5. Duration Schedule

Under the OPRC, the contractor must complete all Rehabilitation and Improvement Works during the first two (2) years of the Contract Period. This will require the contractor to complete approximately 45% of the Rehabilitation and Improvement Works during year 1, and approximately 55% during year 2. The actual numbers of kilometers to be completed per year would be agreed as part of the first Annual Work Plan of the contractor.

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT WORKS The Works to be carried out by the contractor may include some or all of but not be limited to the following items depending upon the situation on each component road: ▪ Clearance and Grubbing. ▪ Construction of new or replacement of inlet and outlet structures, where existing culverts are to remain. ▪ Desilting of existing pipe or box culverts and desilting/excavation of inlet and outlet drains. ▪ Construction of replacement or new prefabricated pipe and box/portal culverts, excluding corrugated metal pipes and arches, including inlet and outlet structures. ▪ New construction of drifts with or without vents, and replacement of poor functioning existing vented drifts with box/portal culverts. ▪ Erosion protection around inlet and outlet structures. ▪ Light, medium and heavy reshaping including the formation of side ditches, mitre drains and drain outfalls.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ The construction of bus-stops at the villages by widening the road formation over a sufficient length to allow for the required maneuvers. ▪ Gravel wearing course to a minimum thickness of 150mm or greater as specified, ▪ Stabilized gravel wearing course to a minimum thickness of 150mm or greater as specified. ▪ Interlocking block paving in urban and village areas ▪ Interlocking block paved walkways and kerbing in urban and village areas ▪ Traffic safety equipment installation including signing, guard railing, marker and kilometer posts. ▪ The repair of concrete bridges, and associated features e.g. railings, joints etc. ▪ The construction of retaining walls and river/stream training, and scour protection. ▪ The construction of complete bridges to replace existing drainage structures, using concrete or steel structural deck support beam, and concrete decks including for parapets railings and approach guard railing and signs. ▪ The identification of existing utility services and their protection, or the management of their diversion during construction.

3.5 PROJECT ACTIVITIES The activities of the project will proceed from planning stage through decommissioning and closure stage as discussed in the following sections.

3.5.1 Preparation Phase During the preparation phase, the project engineering consultants will carry out the necessary soils and construction materials investigations, topographic surveys, traffic surveys, economic studies as well as social and other pertinent studies to develop a road design that is efficient, cost-effective, practical to implement and safe for the upgrade of the roads in Eastern Province. It is also during this period that environmental studies are being carried out.

3.5.2 Construction phase The construction phase will include the following activities:

3.5.2.1 Camp Establishment For PFRs located in remote areas, small camps planned to support small number of work-force, will be established. These camps will be constructed from materials that can easily be constructed and dismantled. Supporting facilities such as drop-down toilets, generator set for energy production, waste disposal facilities will be established. To ensure that the camps are kept small, the employees will be obtained from the local people who will be coming from own homes.

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The sites for campsites have not been identified and the Contractor will make his own arrangements for a suitable site for his camp. The contractor is expected to indicate where they intend to set up their site camps. The contractor will ensure that the identification and subsequent operation of the camps meet local and international environmental and social safeguards. The contractor will thus prepare EPBs for campsites for approval by ZEMA and the World Bank.

3.5.2.2 Equipment mobilization Upgrading and construction of the identified roads will involve the use of heavy machinery and vehicles which will be used to transport road materials such as gravel, laterite, stone aggregates and cement. In addition, the machinery will also be used for soil compaction and to make detour and creation of access roads. Some of the equipment to be used include bull dozers, front-end loaders, heavy duty vehicles such as 30-ton trucks, light vehicles, compactors, and rollers.

3.5.2.3 Material mobilization and handling The borrow pits have not been identified and the Contractor will ensure that the identification and subsequent operation of the pits meet local and international environmental and social safeguards. The contractor will thus prepare EPBs for borrow pits for approval by ZEMA and the World Bank.

After surveying there will be need to mobilize materials that will be used for road upgrade and construction. These materials will include cement, stone aggregates, gravel, petroleum products such as petrol and diesel for transportation. Cement will be obtained either from Lusaka or Ndola. Fuel will be obtained from fuel stations and stored in appropriately dedicated receptacles at the camp. The fuel receptacles will be standard fuel storage tanks – fuel bowsers or fixed and bunded above-ground tanks. No drums will be used for this purpose. The sources of water will be from streams which were observed to have water flowing as well as from dams. Water for domestic consumption will be obtained from boreholes while water for compaction will be obtained from rivers/streams or dams.

Previous studies and local experiences show that there are borrow pits located within the contract area. Prior to extraction of materials for use, the contractor will: ▪ Carry out the laboratory tests necessary to determine the quality of the materials ▪ Satisfy himself as to the sufficiency of the technical characteristics and quality of the materials he intends to use ▪ Confirm that the extraction is in conformance with the legislation ▪ Confirm with the Project Manager that he intends to utilize the material.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ Confirm that the location of the borrow pit / area is in line with the ESMP requirements set forth in this contract. ▪ Ensure that all issues related to the landowner are sorted out.

3.5.2.4 Clearing and Grubbing of the Road Construction Area Preparing the road right-of-way or construction area is referred to as clearing and grubbing which will involve clearing and removal of stumps and organic debris. During the clearing phase especially for diversion and access routes, trees will be felled. Any logs arising from tree felling will be decked outside the construction area. This will be particularly the case for roads that have not undergone maintenance in a long time and have vegetation growing on the edges.

3.5.2.5 Preparation and formation of the carriage way When fresh gravel is to be placed on a road, it is vital to properly shape the road surface first. A washboard area may need to be cut out and reshaped prior to placing new gravel over it. Another critical matter is to address surface drainage problems. If the road has lost crown, has potholed areas, high shoulders or severe rutting, all of these problems need to be eliminated. Then fresh gravel can be placed at a uniform depth and the road becomes easier to maintain. Generally, it is not wise to simply fill these problem areas with new gravel.

Preparing a road for new gravel can be as simple as cutting out a few potholes or a washboard area to reshaping the entire cross section. Even if the existing road is smooth and hard, it is often wise to lightly scarify the surface to break the crust to get a good bond between new and existing material.

Hauling and Dumping When the hauling begins, a motor grader will need to be present to process and place the gravel immediately. The re-graveling operation works smoothly if the load is dumped evenly and within the correct length that was marked.

Windrowing, Equalizing and Spreading Once the gravel is dropped on the road, the equalizing process will pick up the material and place it in a windrow. Process gives a final blending and mixing of the gravel, and it makes a windrow of very uniform volume. Once equalized, the material will need to be spread by the grader evenly on the roadway. Care will be taken not to carelessly cast material off the edge of the roadway where it cannot be recovered. When the material is finally placed across the roadway, it leaves a uniform depth of well-blended material that becomes the new gravel surface for the public to drive on. While it is not possible everywhere, adding water and using rollers for compaction makes a better gravel road. It is recommended whenever possible.

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Crown construction Problems develop quickly when a gravel road has no crown. A proper crown ensures water will drain off the roadway surface during the wet season. Without a crown, water will quickly collect on the road surface during a rain event and will soften the crust. Water retained in the roadway surface can lead to rutting, which can extend down into the sub-grade. Therefore, a properly drained gravel road must have a sufficient or adequate crown. Too much crown in the road surface can lead to an unsafe condition as the traveling public may have difficulty staying keeping their lane. Due to an excessive crown, drivers begin to feel a slight loss of control as their vehicle wants to slide towards the shoulder. Roads with excessive crowns will encourage road users to depart from their travel lane and drive in the middle of the road regardless of how wide the lane or roadway may be.

Road shoulder construction The road shoulder serves several essential functions. Primarily, it supports the edge of the traveled portion of the roadway. Another important function is to provide a safety area for drivers to regain control of vehicles, if forced to leave the road surface. The shoulder also plays an important role in drainage, carrying water further away from the road surface towards the fore-slope and into the ditch.

For the shoulder to perform all of these functions, the shoulder will be constructed to meet the edge of the roadway at the same elevation. In other words, the shoulder should begin no higher or no lower than the edge of the roadway. By maintaining this shape, the low shoulder (or drop-off), which is a safety hazard, is eliminated and improves roadway edge support. But the other extreme, which is a high shoulder, should also be avoided, as it prevents proper drainage.

3.5.2.6 Drainage construction The proposed method for construction of the drainage structures is based on the deficiencies identified during the detailed inspection of condition of each individual structure. As described earlier, the major defects of the drainage structures as derived from the condition surveys are grouped as under: ▪ silting at outlet and inlet; ▪ vegetation overgrowth at outlet and inlet channel; ▪ improper functioning of outlet channel; ▪ headwall having minor/micro-cracks; ▪ headwall having wide cracks; ▪ headwalls totally damaged; ▪ replacement of pipes;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ corrosion of metallic pipe culverts; and, ▪ other miscellaneous defects such as damage to copping, damage to corner of headwall, loss of plaster and breakage and loss of stone blocks in the stone masonry protection works. ▪ Rehabilitation works will thus involve restoring or keeping drainage working on gravel roads.

Ditches Drainage of water from the road surface to a ditch is imperative for maintaining the design life of the road. The most important and common drainage feature needed on a rural road is the roadside ditch. Every effort will be made to maintain at least a minimal ditch. If the ditch becomes obstructed from eroded soil or debris, it must be cleaned.

Culverts and Bridges These drainage structures are critical to carry the natural flow of water under the road so that it may continue its natural course. Small culverts and box structures can easily become plugged from eroded soil and debris. Road rehabilitation will thus include the need to inspect them at reasonable intervals and clean the culverts and bridges so that drainage is unobstructed.

Bridges or larger box structures will generally be constructed to handle significantly more water flow than culverts and they will be inspected after any major down pour. To reduce the risk of the entire road being washed out, the contractor will ensure that the channel is clean and unobstructed.

3.5.2.7 Gravel Pit/Quarry Operations Since topsoil will contain organic matter which is never good for a road surface, it will be important to remove topsoil and vegetation from the surface of the material source before beginning to process the gravel.

During construction, the carriage way will be prepared and formed involving three stages and these include formation of the sub-grade, sub-base and base and finally the riding surface.

3.5.2.8 Placing of road furniture To enhance safety on the constructed road, reflective road markings of an appropriate colour will be drawn on the road. In addition to this, other safety provisions include speed humps at appropriate points such as schools and populated areas; safety signs will also be erected along the entire stretch of the roads. Other pieces of road furniture of importance to be placed will be traffic signs and bus stops. Traffic signs will be installed to warn drivers of upcoming road conditions such as a blind curve, speed limits, etc. Direction signs, with adequate illumination to aid night-time use, will be mounted on poles.

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3.5.2.9 Construction of detours, access roads Where necessary, detours and access roads will be constructed, especially in areas where bridges will be mounted, or where the road requires alignment. The number of detours, access roads and park sites to be constructed will be determined by the engineering designs.

3.5.2.10 Construction of Road Intersections The Project Roads have numerous access roads crossing and or joining. These are unpaved roads. It is not proposed to improve the access road crossings because of the low vehicular traffic volumes.

3.5.2.11 Community Infrastructure Works to be carried out by contractor RDA, through the contacting entity, will have to carry out the following Community Infrastructure Works:

Bus Stops Bus stops are to be provided on both sides of the road carriageway in a staggered formation at locations proposed on roads. They will be formed as bus stop laybys, unless otherwise noted in the concept designs, by widening the road embankment on one side by 2.5m, over a length of 15m and providing a widening of the carriageway and its pavement over the same length by 2.5m. A road traffic sign identifying the location of each bus stop, will be provided.

The bus stops will be provided with shelters, for which the design is to be provided by RDA. The number of bus stops is to be decided by the communities living along a proposed road. The bus stops will be completed in association with the rehabilitation of the road along which the bus stops are located.

Storage sheds Storage sheds at village locations along the project roads are to be defined during the first year of the contract and constructed as improvement works. The design of the shed(s) and access to the proposed site for the shed(s) will be provided by RDA.

Market Stall Market stalls at village locations along the project roads are to be defined during the first year of the contract and constructed as improvement works. The design of the stalls and access to the proposed site for the stalls will be provided RDA.

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Boreholes Boreholes at village locations along the project roads are to be defined during the first year of the contract and constructed as improvement works. The specifications for the boreholes, the exact locations and the design of the surrounding facilities will be provided by RDA.

Once the designs for these community infrastructures and works are provided by RDA and sites selected, EPBs will be prepared and submitted to the World Bank and ZEMA for approval.

3.5.2.12 By-products The rehabilitation of the roads will lead to generation of waste products such as vegetative waste from clearing and grubbing, cement bags, municipal solid and liquid waste at campsites and at construction sites.

3.5.3 Operational Phase Traffic tends to loosen material from the road surface and displace it to the shoulder area as well as between the wheel tracks. The stone will tend to separate from the sand and the fine-sized material. At the same time, small potholes and an uneven surface will develop. It is the responsibility of the contractor under the OPRC to recover the material, mix it again as it rolls along the face of the moldboard and restore good surface shape.

3.5.3.1 Gravel Road Rehabilitation Gravel roads will generally be maintained by routine blading and adding gravel as needed either by “spot graveling” or re-graveling entire sections. However, almost any gravel road will gradually begin to show distress over time that requires more than routine maintenance to correct. The most common problems that develop are “berms” or secondary ditches that build up along the shoulder line and the shifting of material from the surface to the shoulder area and even onto the fore-slope of the grade.

This comes from gravel being displaced by traffic, erosion of material during heavy rain, and sometimes from poor routine blading techniques. This scenario often causes major problems with drainage. Frequent use by heavy trucks or equipment can also damage the cross section. At certain intervals, virtually every gravel road requires some major rehabilitation.

This involves reshaping not only the road surface, but the shoulder area and possibly the fore-slope and ditch. Compaction equipment if available may be helpful. If material must be removed, loaders or excavators and trucks will be needed.

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3.5.3.2 Reshaping Surface and Shoulder Problems with surface and shoulder shape can usually be corrected with the motor grader alone. The best time to carry out this work is after the rainy season when there is minimal vegetative growth and moisture is often present. The reshaping of the driving surface and the road shoulder can be done by cutting material with the motor grader and relaying it to the proper shape and crown.

3.5.3.3 Reshaping the Entire Cross Section Severe rutting, loss of crown, gravel loss and deep secondary ditches — a combination of any or all of these calls for major reshaping. Often this type of damage occurs after a gravel road has been subjected to unusually heavy hauls, especially if this occurs during wet weather. Water retention throughout the roadway structure will compound the problem. Major reshaping often has to be done on the entire cross section and it may have to be done immediately, regardless of the vegetative growth. This requires a much greater effort than routine maintenance.

It is important to rebuild a uniform cross section and pay attention to restoring good drainage.

3.5.3.4 Erosion Control When major reshaping is done outside the traveled way, vegetation and ground cover will obviously be disturbed. This can lead to the erosion of soil. This problem will vary depending on the region. Areas that receive frequent rains, have rolling or rugged terrain, and have highly erodible soils, are particularly vulnerable. When vegetative cover is disturbed, there are additional concerns. While trying to eliminate problems, new ones can be created, such as clogged culverts and blocked ditches, pollution of streams and rivers, and eroded slopes, which can shorten the life of improvements, damage the environment, and violate environmental regulations.

The solution to these issues is to plan rehabilitation work carefully and use established methods for reducing or eliminating erosion. Here are some things to be considered: a) Major reshape works will be avoided in areas when frequent and heavy rainfall can be expected. b) Keep disturbed areas as small as possible. The more earth is disturbed, the greater will be the risk of soil erosion. c) Stabilization of disturbed areas will be considered. Seeding, mulching, erosion control blankets and other methods as applicable can be used effectively. d) Keep water velocities low. Removing vegetative cover generally increases the volume and velocity of water runoff. Keep slopes as shallow or gentle as possible. Keep ditch slope as gentle as possible. Shorten drainage runs and work to get vegetative cover re-established as soon as possible

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3.5.3.5 Areas of Concern There are special situations in gravel road maintenance that should be addressed. These are common to nearly all gravel roads, and these will be addressed during the operational period.

The problem of corrugation/wash-boarding can bring more complaints than any other. It is very annoying to the driver and, when it becomes severe, can lead to loss of vehicle control.

There are four primary causes of corrugation/wash-boarding: ▪ The driving habits of people ▪ Lack of moisture ▪ Poor quality of gravel ▪ Lack of crown on the surface The first two causes are completely out of the control of the contractor. The third primary cause — the quality of the gravel — is the cause that needs special attention. Good gravel must have the right blend of stone, sand, and fines. The stone should be fractured and the fine-sized particles should have a binding characteristic. This type of gravel resists wash-boarding and will reduce the problem significantly.

Lack of crown is the fourth cause. If water cannot drain off of the travelled way and corrugation begins to form, the water will quickly accumulate in the depressions and soften that area of the surface. Traffic will then make the depressions deeper as tires strike the depressions and force aggregate out and up into greater ridges.

The key for the contractor is to strive to keep the material blended. In dry conditions, the operator can only smooth the road temporarily. When moisture is present, it pays to quickly get out and rework these areas.

Although it is extremely important that surface and subsurface water flows off of and away from roadways, there are situations where water simply cannot be kept away. A good example is a section of road that passes through swampland or wetlands which naturally occur and cannot be drained. These areas will very often have

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This requires more than routine maintenance and reshaping if the problem is to be fixed permanently. This involves excavating and removing the weak, wet soil. New material will then be replaced.

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4.1 THE NO OPTION ALTERNATIVE Not going ahead with the road project will avoid all the negative potential environmental and social impacts but will deprive the Zambian people, especially those in operating or domiciled in the project area, of the much- needed road network that contributes towards improving the economy and alleviating poverty. In addition, not rehabilitating the roads will leave the roads prone to further deterioration and distress. The locals will equally be deprived of the employment opportunities and will be forced to continue to use the current road in its state which makes travelling expensive and time consuming to access certain areas in the project area. The existing gravel road may continue to be a safety hazard to people as there are likely to be more accidents and health complications.

The economy of the rural roads will continue to negatively be affected as the rural roads exist to provide a means of transporting agricultural products and farm inputs in and out of farm fields, timber out of forests, or access to remote areas. These rural roads also serve rural residents as well for accessing social services such as education, health, and water.

4.2 SELECTION OF PRIORITY ROADS The list of all the roads under the OPRC in Eastern Province are shown in Table 1-4 in chapter 1. Out of a total of 1,595,804km of rural roads, only 648.904km is earmarked for rehabilitation as shown in Tables 1-5 and 1-6.

The priority roads were selected based on their ability to enhance access to transportation for the movement of farm produce from farm sites to marketing centres. This is because agriculture is an important part of the livelihoods of many poor people, and it is frequently argued that agricultural growth is a fundamental pre- requisite for wide-spread poverty reduction. The agricultural sector remains the main source of income and employment in rural Zambia and will therefore contribute to overall poverty reduction and increased food security.

In order to select an optimum route range, a number of candidate route ranges connect from the starting to the arrival points have been selected first, and the following factors were considered and evaluated in order to determine an optimum route range. ▪ Accessibility ▪ Constructability ▪ Local development effects

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4.3 TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES WITH REFERENCE TO TYPE OF SURFACING There are a number of factors that need to be considered when selecting the type of surfacing. Asphalt surfacing is generally preferred due to its higher durability and ability to perform well under high traffic volumes and different weather conditions. However, these are roads with low traffic volumes and considering the number of roads to be rehabilitated, and the cost implication for the asphalt road construction, maintenance and management of gravel roads are the preferred options. The volume of traffic is so low that paving and maintaining a paved road is not economically feasible.

4.4 WATER SOURCES Water will be required for dust suppression and domestic use at the camps. The potential sources of water are sinking boreholes or obtaining from streams or rivers. Sinking new boreholes will not be a feasible option because of the associated costs. Water will thus be obtained from existing boreholes if streams and rivers are dry. The preferable option, however, will be from surface water, in view of the fact that drawing large amounts of water for road construction has potential to cause draw down effect and thus affect needs of the community.

4.5 WASTE DISPOSAL Municipal solid waste such as kitchen waste, cans, plastic bottles, will be generated especially at construction campsites. Unsound management practices of waste have the potential to cause aesthetic impacts, pollute land and water resources.

Alternatives for waste disposal included having own disposal site for waste, taking the waste to council owned waste disposal sites, reusing some waste streams, burying and burning.

For camps located far away from urban centres, there may be need to set up small site for non-recyclable items. This is because transportation to Council-owned disposal sites may be prohibitive due to the costs involved. Biodegradable waste such as putrescible will be buried for the generation of manure while reusable items such as empty cement bags will be given to the local people. Camps located near urban places will make use of council-owned existing dump sites.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province For night soil disposal, three options were considered – connecting to the provincial sewerage system, using onsite drop-down toilets or portable toilets that can be offloaded periodically. Since the construction camps will be temporal, drop-down toilets will suffice while portable toilets will be used at construction sites. Connecting to the sewer system was dropped because of the costs involved and the temporal nature of the camp sites.

4.6 SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR LIGHTING AND COOKING AT CAMPSITES Options considered for the sources of energy included firewood, coal, and electric power from either ZESCO or generator sets. In order to ensure a constant supply of power, to ensure smooth operations and to be conservative, renewable energy sources, in form of electric power, will be sources as opposed to firewood and coal. Generators will be used when the project site is far off from the grid. Coal has to be transported from Maamba and the costs involved are prohibitive while the firewood is not sustainable. The power will be used for domestic purposes.

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5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

5.1.1 Location The south-east corner of the province borders Malawi to its east and Mozambique to its south. Luangwa Valley rifting the highlands dividing Zambia and Malawi, is located in the region (Figure 5-1). A small portion of Nyika Plateau above Lake Nyasa is located in the northern portion of the province. Chipata is the most developed city in the province and the fifth most developed in the nation, followed by Petauke and Lundazi. The province is bordered by Muchinga Province to the north-west and Central Province and Lusaka Province to the south-west. There are isolated hills on the eastern border, some of which raise to a height of 1,800 m to 2,100 m. The province, like seven other provinces except for Luapala and Northern provinces, lies in the watershed region between Congo and Zambezi river systems.

Figure 5-1. Map showing location of Eastern Province Source: MellonDor, Own Work

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5.1.2 Climate According to the Livelihood Map of Zambia produced by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (Fewsnet, 2014), the relevant zones in the map are 16, 17 and 18. The livelihoods of the zones are described below:

Zone 16 – Eastern Plateau Maize, Cotton, and Groundnut The zone covers northern parts of Nyimba, Petauke, Katete, and parts of Chadiza Districts along the eastern plateau on the border with Mozambique. It is a highland zone with an altitude measuring 1000‐1200 meters above sea level. The zone is located within agro-ecological Region II and receives an annual rainfall of 800‐ 1000 mm falling between November and mid‐April. Temperature extremes range from an average minimum of 15 degrees Celsius during the winter months of May to July, to an average maximum of 35‐40 degrees Celsius during the hot, summer months of September and October. The generally sandy, loamy, strong clay soils are fertile and suitable for crops and growth of pasture for livestock grazing. Miombo woodlands, bush shrubs, and savanna grassland make up the vegetation in the zone. Important natural resources include forest reserves, seasonal and perennial rivers, and thatching grass. The zone also contains green tourmaline and emeralds.

Zone 17 – Eastern Plateau Maize, Groundnut, Tobacco and Trade This highland (1000‐1500 meters above sea level) zone on the eastern plateau covers Chipata, Lundazi, southern parts of Chama, and parts of Chadiza Districts along the border with Malawi. The zone lies in agro‐ecological region II, with average annual rainfall ranging from 800‐1,000 mm per year, falling from November‐April, the main growing season. Temperatures range from an average minimum of 11‐19 degrees Celsius in June to an average maximum of 25‐30 degrees Celsius in October. The sandy loam and clay loam soils are good for crop production and support open Miombo woodland vegetation. The zone also has aquamarine and emerald deposits.

Zone 18 – Luangwa Valley Subsistence Farming, Hunting, Tourism The zone stretches along the Luangwa valley covering eastern parts of the districts of Mpika and Serenje, western parts of the districts of Chama, Lundazi, Mambwe, Nyimba, and Petauke, and northwestern Chongwe. The zone is typically a hot, lowland area with an altitude of less than 810 meters above sea level. It lies within the agro‐ecological region I, characterized by sandy, loamy, alluvial soils of poor to moderate fertility. The zone receives an annual rainfall of less than 800 mm per annum that is relatively more variable than in other parts of the country. The growing season is short at 90 to 130 days. Average maximum temperatures are high for

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5.1.3 Geology The geology of the project area is of a complex nature. The basement rocks are overlaid by the Muva, Lower and Upper Roan, Mwashia Upper and Lower Kundelungu series. Large parts of these have been irregularly deposited and irregularly eroded over time.

The Basement complex and the Muva system comprise a series of Schist, Quartzite, Gneisses and intrusion of Granite. On the Muva and Basement rocks are sedimentary rocks of the Katanga system which are considered to be of the late Pre - Cambrian age.

The above-mentioned rock groups have undergone the process of structural folding forming a series of north- west/south-east trending anticlines and synclines plunging generally to the north-west. The Mambwe area has geology that fall partially in two structural and tectonic belts of Zambia, namely, the Zambezi/Mozambique Belt (Figure 5-2) in the upper sections and the Karoo in lower reaches towards the Luangwa River. These belts exhibit a polycyclic history of formation, metamorphism and intrusive granitoid magmatism. The geology is of major importance to the assessment of groundwater potentials since the lithological (rock) properties and their distribution largely determine aquifer characteristics such as the permeability, storage capacity, and natural water chemistry.

The geological sequence of the area encompasses rocks of large lithological variety which were formed and metamorphosed over a long-time range. The oldest rocks associated with the basement have an age of well over 1,000 million years (Ma) and the youngest rocks were formed during the last thousands of years in an ongoing process. Most of the rocks exposed in the area are of Precambrian age, i.e. older than 543 Ma, and are assigned to the Katanga Super group or the Basement Complex.

The oldest succession of rocks in the country, the Basement Supergroup (Figure 5-3), consists mostly of granitic gneisses and migmatites which are evident throughout eastern, central and southern Zambia, in places in-folded with meta-carbonate, meta- quartzite, and meta-pelite units. The Supergroup rocks are mostly younger than 2050Ma. (http://www.zambia-mining.com/geologyright.html)

The project area is underlain by Palaeoproterozoic basement complex (Figure 5-3) metamorphosed mainly during the Ubendian event (2.0–1.9 Ga). Metasedimentary biotite gneiss grading to migmatite, dark biotite,

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The metamorphic grade straddles the boundary between almandine amphibolite facies and granulite facies. This unit contacts sediments of the Karoo Supergroup in the Luangwa graben along NE–SW-striking faults. The protolithic olivine norite, later transformed to mafic granulite, intruded the metasedimentary complex prior to the imprint of granulite-facies metamorphism; however, the emplacement age of norite has not been determined. Correlation in the basement complex east of the Luangwa valley indicates Ubendian age of granulite- facies metamorphism.

Petauke District is endowed with semi-precious stones such as Graphite and Malachite, which are found in Chief Nyamphande area. Blue aquamarine and Green tourmaline are found in Chief Mwanjawanthu and Mumbi respectively1. Other minerals found in the district are copper, feldspar, zinc and cobalt. The availability of phosphate also presents an opportunity to investment in the manufacture of fertilizer.

1 Petauke District Investment Plan

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Figure 5-2. Zambia - Geological Terrain

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Figure 5-3. Zambian geology

5.1.4 Soils The soil in the area is high in lixisols, soil with clay-enriched lower horizon, low conductivity, and high saturation of bases.

The sub-soil is clayey though covered with a thin layer of sand on top. Loamy soil is found in the areas along riverbanks. The wide spread clay soil becomes easily waterlogged when it rains continuously for a few days and dries up quickly due to excessive heat. However, the water logging areas provide suitable rice growing paddies. The loamy soil along the riverbanks provides fertile areas for farming. Unfortunately, crops are usually washed away during the years of excessive rainfall.

The main soil types found in Chipata include acrisols, fersiallitic soils and lithosols (SOE Outlook Report for Chipata District). The acrisol soil group occurs on the plateau areas and is widely spread. This soil group is used for agriculture but requires good soil management for effective crop production.

The fersiallitic soils occur in limited distribution around Chipata and are good productive soils for agriculture, while the lithosols are confined to the hilly or escarpment areas of the district, especially around the Muchinga

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The soils in the project area are not polluted and are suitable for agricultural production. The common crops grown are maize, groundnuts, cotton, soyabeans, sunflower and millet. There are no known geological faults in the project area. Heavy construction machinery is expected to compact the soils but this will mostly be restricted to the road reserve area of 18 meters.

5.1.5 Water Resources: Hydrology and Hydrogeology The main natural watercourse in the province is the Luangwa River. The Luangwa rises in the Lilonda and Mafinga Hills in north-east Zambia at an elevation of around 1500m, near the border with Tanzania and Malawi, and flows in a southwesterly direction through a broad valley. About 150km from its source, the river drops to an elevation of about 690m and becomes a meandering river with a flood-plain several kilometres wide. As the meanders increase, many oxbow lakes and abandoned meanders are formed. In the dry season some sections, especially in the upper reaches, dry out completely, leaving isolated pools.

The upper and middle parts of the valley contain the North Luangwa National Park and South Luangwa National Parks. The river itself is home to large populations of hippopotami and crocodiles. In the dry season the hippos are restricted by the shrinking river and pools, and are easily seen especially in isolated pools.

In addition to being a source of water, the oxbow lakes and pools increase the biodiversity of the valley in other ways. The hippopotami which live in them feed on land vegetation at night. Their dung feeds some fish and fertilizes the pools, increasing fish life which in turn feed crocodiles and birds.

Chipata District is well drained and has four major streams draining into the Luangwa River, namely the Lutembwe, Msandile, Kasenengwa and Rukuzye. However, these channels do not provide year-round water for the locals. There are 62 earth fill dams and weirs most of which were constructed between the 1940 and 1960 period. The dams provide an important source of water to domestic animals and people during the dry season. However, due to age and lack of maintenance most of the dams have fallen in a state of disrepair.

Chipata district has a wide range of ground water strike depths which are about 25m on average. In some cases, strike depths of 50m have been encountered. The probability of striking a successful borehole in the district is 88%. There are also a number of springs, especially in the mountainous southern zone of Nyamfinzi/ Makwe Hills in the Nsingo Ward (Veldkam, 1987).

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Photo 5-1: Newly constructed dam in Katete

Katete district has no perennial rivers but only seasonal ones, which run between the months of December to August. They include the Katete, Mzime, Lupande, Mnyamanzi, Kapoche and Katiula rivers. Katiula River flows into Katete while both Katete and Mzime flow into Kapoche River, which eventually flows into Mozambique. Mnyamanzi flows into the Lupande River which in turn flows into the Luangwa River in Mambwe district.

Luangwa River is located in the east of the district and serves as a boundary between Serenje and Nyimba districts. Most of the fish produced from this river and its tributaries is sold in Eastern Province. Luangwa River’s tributaries are Lukusashi, Nkolonga, Chibambila and other smaller streams that flow east of Muchinga Escarpment through the Luangwa river fishery.

In Petauke, the Luangwa is the largest river in the district and runs from the north to the southwest feeding into the Zambezi River. It has five tributaries i.e. Mvuvye, Lusangazi, Msanzala, Nyimba and Msumbazi.

It is worth to note that some project roads will traverse some rivers, dambos and streams most of which are seasonal. The local people mostly use these areas for crop cultivation and fishing. They also undertake domestic choirs such as washing of plates and clothes at some of the streams.

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5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

5.2.1 Politico-Administrative Dynamics There are three administrative systems in the province and these are: Central Government, Local Government (Authority) and Traditional Systems. Central Government Administration is composed of all government departments and is headed by the District Commissioner (DC) appointed by the Republican President. The DC supervises and coordinates government activities in the district. He also harmonizes the activities of the Local Authority with those of Central Government in the districts.

However, Heads of Departments in respective government departments in the districts report directly to their provincial heads on technical matters and to the DC on administrative matters. Local Government Administration system is based on the political delineation of the district. Politically, the districts are divided into constituencies, although some districts like Sinda only have one constituency. All constituencies are further divided into wards. Each constituency is represented by an elected member of parliament for a 5-year term.

Elected members of Parliament representing constituencies, elected Councillors representing the wards and Chief Representatives constitute a local government body known as the Council. The Council is headed by the Council Chairman flanked by the Vice Chairman who are both elected annually from among the general Council membership. The Council Chairman presides over Council meetings while the whole Council acts as a representative organ for the general public to foster district development and ensure that local resources are exploited and distributed equitably across the district.

While the councillors provide political direction of the district, the executive arm of the district is headed by a Council Secretary (CS) or Town Clerk (TC), as the case is for Chipata District, and is assisted by directors covering various functions of the council. The CS or TC is directly responsible for the execution of Council development strategies and also provides technical and professional guidance to the Council on matters relating to district development. The Council however, endorses what is to be implemented based on resolutions from its full Council meetings.

Traditional leadership has an extent of influence within its areas of jurisdiction although this is more apparent among tribal lines. There is a Paramount Chief, Senior Chiefs and subordinate Chiefs in the project area. Under this leadership, Chiefs head chiefdoms and appoint Traditional Councillors as their assistants. Traditional Councillors head a number of villages within the Chiefs jurisdiction while each village is headed by a Village

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5.2.2 Community Profile and Demographics In Eastern Province the population captured during the 2010 Census of Population and Housing was 1,592,661. This represents an increase of 29.4 percent from the population of 1,231,283 captured during the 2000 Census (Table 5-2). The population in rural areas increased from 1,118,816 in 2000 to 1,392,338 in 2010, representing an increase of 24.4 percent between the two censuses. The population in urban areas increased by 78.1 percent from 112,467 in 2000 to 200,323 as captured in the 2010 census.

The population of Eastern Province grew at an average rate of 2.6 percent per annum during the inter-censal period 2000-2010 (Table 5-2). The final population figures for Eastern Province have been affected by the realignment of Chama District to the newly created Muchinga Province. Mambwe District was the fastest growing district with an annual rate of population growth of 3.8 percent, followed by Lundazi District at 3.2 percent per annum and Petauke District at 2.7 percent. Nyimba District had the least annual rate of population growth at 1.9 percent per annum.

Table 5-2. Average Annual Rate of Population Growth by District, Eastern Province, 2000-2010

Source: 2000 and 2010 Censuses of Population and Housing

Table 5-3 shows the population composition of the province. Of the total population in the province, 49.3 percent (784,680) were males and 50.7 percent (807,981) were females. There were more females than males in both rural and urban areas. Rural areas had 50.7 percent (705,761) females compared to 49.3 percent (686,577) males, while urban areas had 51.0 percent (102,220) females compared to 49.0 percent (98,103) males.

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Table 5-3. Total Population by District, Region and Sex, Eastern Province, 2010

Source: 2000 and 2010 Censuses of Population and Housing

Of the 1,592,661 total provincial population, 87.4 percent (1,392,338) were in rural areas and 12.6 percent (200,323) were in urban areas. At District level, Chipata District had the largest percent share of the total provincial population with 28.7 percent share (455,783). Lundazi District was second with 20.3 percent (323,870), while Petauke District was third with a population of 307,889, representing 19.3 percent share of the provincial population. The district with the least share of population in the province was Mambwe District with 4.3 percent (68,918).

In 2010, the population density for Eastern Province was 30.9 persons per square kilometre. The population density increased from 17.8 persons per square kilometer in 2000 to 30.9 persons per square kilometer in 2010, representing an increase in density of 13.1 persons per square kilometer. The most densely populated district in the province was Chipata District with a population density of 68.1 persons per square kilometre. This was followed by Katete District with 61.1 persons per square kilometer and Chadiza District with 41.7 persons per square kilometre. Nyimba District had the lowest population density of 8.1 persons per square kilometer.

The total number of households in Eastern Province as captured during the 2010 Census of Population and Housing was 305,198. Male headed households made up 77.5 percent (236,449) of the total number of households, while female headed households made up 22.5 percent (68,749).

The number of households increased from 240,206 in 2000 to 305,198 in 2010, representing a 27.1 percent increase during the intercensal period 2000-2010. The average household size for Eastern Province was 5.2 persons. Male headed households had a larger average household size of 5.5 persons compared to 4.3 persons for female headed households.

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At national level, Eastern province had the highest proportion of households growing groundnuts at 53 percent. In the 2013/14 agricultural season, Eastern Province had the highest production of groundnuts with 613, 904 (90kg bags) whereas Lusaka had the lowest production with 24, 300 (90 kg bags). The LCMS of 2015 also showed that Eastern owned the highest number of pigs at 498, 610. At 162,300, Eastern Province had the second highest number of households owning poultry after Southern Province while Luapula owned the lowest number of pigs at 20, 778.

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Photo 5-2. Fields of sunflower and maize

At province, results showed that Eastern Province had the highest participation rate at 63.3 percent. The least was Luapula Province at 55.7 percent. The participation rate for males was higher at 67.9 percent than that of females at 58.9 percent. Analysis by province showed that Eastern Province had the lowest unemployment rate at 4.9 percent.

Photo 5-3. Cattle rearing is common in the province

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Figure 5-4. Livelihood Map of Zambia Source: Zambia Livelihood Zones and Descriptions

According to the Livelihood Map of Zambia produced by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (Fewsnet, 2014), the relevant zones in the map are 16, 17 and 18. The livelihoods of the zones are described below:

5.2.3.1 Zone 16 – Eastern Plateau Maize, Cotton, and Groundnut This zone covers northern parts of Nyimba, Petauke, Katete, and parts of Chadiza Districts along the eastern plateau on the border with Mozambique. Population density is high in the zone with 23 people per square kilometer and average landholding of 3‐5 ha per household used for cropping. The main ethnic groups include Chewa, Ngoni, Nsenga, and Kunda. Livelihoods in this zone are based on rain-fed agriculture using manual labour and draft power, supplemented by livestock rearing and petty trade.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Land ownership, livestock ownership, and access to productive equipment are the basis for differences in how households obtain their food and cash in a year. Maize and groundnuts are the most common crops, and contract‐farming arrangements with cotton companies, such as NWK Agri‐Services and Cargill, support cotton production. Goats are the main livestock reared, though pigs are also common. Cattle may be available not only to better‐off households but also to the poor. Livestock is kept on free range. Other sources of livelihoods include limited activities in timber, handicrafts, and fish trade with Mozambique. Own‐produced maize is the primary source of food for all households, lasting between seven and nine months out of the year depending on wealth. Therefore, all households purchase maize on the market for the remainder of the year. Market purchases of rice also play an important role for better‐off households throughout the year, with both groups supplementing their diets with products from goats, pigs, and chickens – most of which come from own production.

The most important source of cash for all households is the sale of crops. Better‐off households also engage in formal employment, trading, and/or services (transport hire, etc.). Poor households earn additional income from vegetable sales, selling wild food and handicrafts, and brewing beer. Road and communication infrastructure in this zone are good. For example, the Great East Road linking Lusaka and Chipata passes through the zone, linking markets and providing opportunities for roadside marketing. The proximity to Mozambique border of places such as Katete and Chadiza, offers a variety of opportunities for cross‐border trade and labour exchange. A significant share of agricultural production in this zone is destined for large‐scale or commercial trade. Most households sell maize to FRA, which then supplies the zone during the lean season. COMACO is the main buyer for groundnuts. NWK Agri‐Services, Cargill, and Olam buy cotton.

5.2.3.2 Zone 17 – Eastern Plateau Maize, Groundnut, Tobacco and Trade This highland (1000‐1500 meters above sea level) zone on the eastern plateau covers Chipata, Lundazi, southern parts of Chama, and parts of Chadiza Districts along the border with Malawi. The population is more concentrated along the main roads than in the interior parts of the zone. The average population density for the zone is about 24 people per square kilometer with relatively moderate landholding averaging two ha per household. The main ethnic groups include Chewa, Tumbuka, Ngoni, Senga and Kunda.

Livelihoods in the zone are predominantly based on crop and livestock production. Agriculture is mainly rain‐ fed, with animals used for draught power. Mechanized agriculture is insignificant in this zone. The high rainfall, long growing season (100‐150 days), and the fertile soils are favourable for production of maize, tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts. Beans are grown at a small scale. Dams and rivers provide the main source of water

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Land and livestock are the main wealth determinants. Better‐off households own a wide range of livestock, including cattle, goats, pigs, chickens, and domesticated doves. Poor households’ livestock ownership is limited to some goats and chickens. In addition to crop and livestock sales, the better‐off also obtain income through trade. The poor rely primarily on the sale of their labour, some livestock sales, and beer sales for cash. The better‐off households rely on their own production of maize throughout the year, as well as groundnuts and sweet potatoes seasonally. Poor households rely on own‐produced maize from March‐August and purchases or in‐kind payments for the rest of the consumption period.

Market access is good due to a good road network linking Chipata and Chama with a number of secondary roads connecting to the main road and Malawi border, facilitating an easy movement of goods. Households sell tobacco to private companies, maize to FRA, and groundnuts mainly to Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) and some private traders. Trade with Malawi mainly concerns tobacco, maize, fish, and livestock.

In bad years, poor households usually intensify the search for casual labour opportunities, providing labour to richer households within the zone or migrating to towns. In bad years, poor households may prioritize working to earn cash or food in kind, over working in their own fields, thus potentially reducing area planted or yields compared to average.

5.2.3.3 Zone 18 – Luangwa Valley Subsistence Farming, Hunting, Tourism The zone stretches along the Luangwa valley covering eastern parts of the districts of Mpika and Serenje, western parts of the districts of Chama, Lundazi, Mambwe, Nyimba, and Petauke, and northwestern Chongwe. The Luangwa River passes through the zone providing fishing opportunities.

The zone is moderately populated with about 14 inhabitants per square kilometer. Landholdings average about 1 hectare per household, mostly used for cultivation of food and cash crops. The main ethnic groups in the zone include Kunda, Bisa, Chikunda, Nsenga, Lala, and Swaka.

The major livelihood activities are subsistence agriculture, fishing, hunting, and tourism‐related employment. The relatively poorer climatic conditions limit most cropping activities to the riverbanks, which exposes them to the risk of flooding. Poor households use household or hired manual labor for crop production, while better‐ off households use some draft power with their few cattle. The main crops are rice, sorghum, maize, and cotton.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Most households in each wealth group keep some goats and poultry, which are both sold and consumed. Other livelihood activities include hunting, handicrafts, and wild food gathering.

Key determinants of wealth in the zone include the size of landholdings and ownership of productive assets (cattle, plows, carts) used for agricultural production. This is a food‐deficit zone; no wealth group is self‐ sufficient in staple food production and virtually all households rely on markets to meet food needs at least part of the year. Most of the incomes for both groups come from the sale of cotton or, among the better‐off, some staple foods. Livestock sales and employment in the tourism sector are also potential cash sources for all wealth groups. Casual labor is a significant source of cash for poor household and the sale of local beer is a minor source of income. There are few income‐generating options to turn to between December and March, which constrains the ability of poor households to meet cash needs for food, education, and health care costs. The better‐off engage in trade, vegetable sales, and honey production. Most of the secondary roads linking to the Chipata‐Mfuwe and Great East Highways are in poor condition and difficult to pass during the rainy season. The zone obtains most of its maize through FRA and private traders during the lean periods.

Dry spells, drought, and flooding are common hazards. Poor households in this zone receive food assistance about once every three years.

5.2.4 Vulnerable groups The total number of households in Eastern Province as captured during the 2010 Census of Population and Housing was 305,198. Male headed households made up 77.5 percent (236,449) of the total number of households, while female headed households made up 22.5 percent (68,749). Female-headed households are a vulnerable group.

With respect to contribution to national overall poverty, results of the 2015 LCMS showed that Eastern province had the highest contribution to overall poverty, at 15 per cent, followed by Southern Province at 13 per cent and Northern Province at 12 per cent. Central and Western provinces contributed 10 percent to overall poverty each. The level of poverty in the province stands at 70 percent. The 2015 LCMS concluded that poverty has continued to be more of a rural than an urban phenomenon and is more the case in the predominantly rural provinces such as Western, Luapula, Northern and Eastern provinces. Households headed by females are more likely to be impoverished than their male counterparts. Levels of poverty are more likely to be higher among households that are headed by elderly persons. Education and wage employment reduces the risk of becoming poor.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 5.2.5 Health The table (Table 5-4) below shows the percentage distribution of leading reported causes of death in Eastern province.

Table 5-4. Percentage distribution of leading reported causes of death in Eastern province Cause of death Percent Fever/Malaria 7.1 Cough/Cold/chest infection 5.1 Tuberculosis 5.1 Asthma 5.1 Accident 5.1 Liver infection/Side pain 4.1 Lack of blood/anaemia 4.1 Cerebral Malaria 4.1 Source: Central Statistical Office of Zambia; 2011

The onsite survey showed that there are a number of health facilities in rural communities dotted along the main roads. It is no wonder that the 2015 LCMS showed that the distribution of illness/injury in Eastern province was 24.7 percent, followed by Luapula at 17.5 percent. The province had the lowest proportion of persons who used self- administered medicine at 13.3 percent.

As indicated in Table 5-4, by hierarch, malaria with a reported total incidence rate of 756 and 467 among the over 5 while that for under-fives being (1,874) over two-fold the total incidence has been the most cause of visitation over the past years in the province. Following after malaria was Respiratory infection non-pneumonia (376), diarrhoea non- bloody (84), Muscle Skeletal (81), Respiratory Infection Pneumonia (58), Digestive System non-infection (42), Skin diseases non-infectious (27), Eye diseases infectious (27), Anaemia (25) and Dental carries (18) cases per 1,000 populations respectively (Eastern Province Annual Health Statistical Bulletin – 2011).

In Eastern Province, as a result of poverty, infant mortality rates continue to be very high, at 111 per 1000 live births. Under-five mortality is even higher, at 180 per 1000 live births. Incidences of malaria and other major diseases also continue to be widespread, in part due to the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation (www.sos- childrensvillage.org).

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 66.5 per cent of children under the age of five are estimated to suffer from stunting (below age-appropriate height), which is a direct result of malnutrition. The diet of the local population lacks diversity, as it is heavily based on maize. An estimated 20 per cent of households in the region are female headed, in part due to the high HIV/AIDS prevalence in the region, with over 14 per cent of the local population affected. Without AIDS, life expectancy in Chipata lies at around 51 years, but for those affected by AIDS it is just 37 years. There are over 33,000 children in the region who have lost parental care due to AIDS.

Table 5-5 below shows the HIV/AIDS statistics for Eastern Province:

Table 5-5: HIV and AIDS statistics for Eastern Province HIV infected & AIDS deaths Year HIV infected AIDS deaths 1985 779 107 1990 11,864 384 1995 49,750 2,688 2000 76,213 6,721 2005 81,680 9,614 2010 80,193 9,338 (Source: AIDS and HIV Statistics, Central Statistical Office of Zambia; 2011)

Provision of health care services or cost effective management of diseases such as Malaria, Diarrhoea, Acute Respiratory Tract infections (ARI), and Tuberculosis faces problems due to people not having physical access to health facilities and quality care, inadequate provision of clean drinking water supply and sanitation. Malaria has remained the number one disease responsible for many infant and adult deaths among the top ten diseases followed by HIV/ AIDS (Katete DSA). It is anticipated that the coming of the Dam may worsen the occurrences of Malaria situation as the water may provide breeding ground for the mosquitoes.

Saint Francis' Mission Hospital and Chipata General Hospital are the two second level hospitals in the province. St Francis’ hospital is a 350-bed hospital provides medical and surgical care to the people of Katete District as well as accepting referrals from the whole of Eastern Province. St Francis Hospital employs and trains Zambian doctors, nurses, midwives and support staff.

The next level of health care facilities are first level or district hospitals. Health care if also provided through health centres and health posts.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 5.2.6 Education The 2015 LCMS showed that for persons in secondary school age range Eastern Province had the lowest rate (68.8 percent). The school attendance rate for primary school age of, 7 – 13 years was 74.9 percent while attendance rate for 19-22 years age group for higher education 27.2 percent.

With respect to the gross attendance rate, Eastern Province recorded the lowest rate of 58.9 percent in 2015.

Chipata District literacy levels are fairly low compared to other districts within the province. However, for the population of 15years of age and above, literacy is recorded at 54.9 per cent. Enrolment figures show more male children (31,412) than females (29,528). At 44.2 per cent, the district has a proportion of children who are not enrolled in school due to a number of factors among them limited places in schools as well as financial limitations (SOE Outlook Report for Chipata District).

According to SOS Children’s Village, education a distant dream for a large proportion of Chipata residents. Amongst adults, around 45 per cent are illiterate. This severely hampers people’s chances of escaping poverty – without being able to read and write it is much harder to find alternative livelihood options. SOS Children’s Villages supports families in the region, for example by ensuring medical attention is available to those who need it and assisting parents so that they can send their children to school.

However, distance still remains a challenge as pupils have to walk long distances in excess of 3km to reach a nearest school.

Katete District has a total of 132 schools, inclusive of community schools, with a total pupil population of 56,516. Out of this total enrolment, 32 116 are girls and 24 400 boys. Besides the government owning some of these schools, the Reformed Church of Zambia owns two schools in the project area.

5.2.7 Land Use Settlement is concentrated in certain areas where there is good fertility of the soils. Settlement is mainly located along the Great East Road.

Agriculture is the leading industry, and maize is the most common crop grown. Cotton is a lucrative crop grown for some locals. Sorghum and soybean are also grown. Other common food crops grown include groundnuts, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, cabbage, sunflowers.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Over 90 per cent of land in Chipata district is under traditional land tenure system (SoE Outlook Report for Chipata District). Poor population distribution and population growth are the most significant factors putting pressure on land. Agriculture and urbanisation are equally important factors.

Figure 5-5. Map of Eastern province showing GMAs and National Parks Source: www.rearchgate.net

5.2.8 Labour Force The 2014 Labour Force Survey Report showed that the national overall unemployment rate was 7.4 percent, arising from the 469,851 persons who were without a job, actively seeking work and available for work during a specified period. At provincial level, Eastern Province had the lowest unemployment rate of 3.0 percent.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The report further shows that out of those that received skills training in the country, 10.5 percent were in Eastern Province.

Labour force participation rate measures the proportion of the economically active population in the total working-age population. It is a ratio of the economically active population to the working-age population expressed as a percentage. Low activity rate implies that a large proportion of persons are not participating in the labour market. Eastern Province recorded the highest participation rate of 82.9 percent.

Out of the 728,058 persons, 15 years and above, employed in the province, 349,107 were males while 378,951 persons were females in 2014. Fifty percent of the total employed persons were in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry.

During the same survey of 2014, Eastern Province had lowest youth unemployment rate of 4.7 percent and the lowest youth unemployment rate in urban areas at 6.7 percent.

5.2.9 Transport and communication A rail link to Chipata from Malawi (via Mchinji) opened in August 2011. Chipata will now act as the Zambian railhead and entry point from Malawi and beyond. In the pipeline since 1982, the short link (about 35 km) provides a through-route for rail traffic from Zambia via Malawi to the Indian Ocean deep-water port at Nacala in Mozambique. The route provides an alternative to two existing rail routes to the Indian Ocean, at Dar-es- Salaam and Beira.

The Great East Road is a major road in Zambia and the only highway linking its Eastern Province with the rest of the country. It is also the major link between Zambia and Malawi and between Zambia and northern Mozambique. The distance from Lusaka to Chipata is approximately 570km.

Chipata is home to Chipata Airport which is located approximately 15 kilometres by road, northwest of the central business district of the town.

Chipata is a gateway because apart from acting as a conduit to the South Luangwa National Park, it is also a vital link to Malawi, a country that shares a lot in common with Zambia. Chipata (formerly Fort Jameson) has always been an important trading post.

In Chipata, bicycles are used for mobility, for business (taxi), as and just for recreation. Bicycles provide transport for crops to be taken to the market. They are also highly regarded among the Ngonis and Chewas

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province and owning one is a good enough status symbol. It is therefore, not strange to find dozens of bicycles lining up by the road, waiting for clients.

The Zambia Postal Services operates post offices in the districts. The area has not lagged behind as it has already tapped into the benefits presented by Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) through Mobile Telecommunication services. Airtel, MTN and Zamtel are Zambia's leading mobile telecommunications providers operating in the area.

There is wide cellular service provision in the project area. The providers include Zamtel, MTN and Airtel. With the improvement in the road network into the area, there is a high possibility of the local economy being boosted and subsequently the buying power of the people will also be enhanced. This development will allow the telecommunication service providers to improve their services in the area.

5.2.10 Housing and Settlement A collection of different materials is used to build housing structures in the affected area. Some houses are built using burnt bricks while others are erected using mud and poles. Grass and pole structures are also a common feature in the district. The majority of the houses in the villages are thatched with grass. In the urban areas, however, houses erected using concrete blocks or burnt bricks with iron roofs or asbestos sheets are generally common.

The settlement patterns in the project area is affected by terrain and topography. Good examples are the areas around Chipata, Katete and Petauke where the hilly terrain is almost devoid of settlements. Expansion of Chipata City is hindered by the surrounding mountain while the steep terrain in the valley in Petauke district has limited concentration of settlements.

The economic physical infrastructure such as the road network is another important factor in determining the settlement pattern. It was observed that settlements are concentrated along the GER. The villages are concentrated along the roads more especially the feeder roads. Factors affecting this concentration are relative ease in accessing social services such as education, health and water.

In Petauke district, major settlements are concentrated on the Plateau, which covers the central and southern parts of the District. Generally, villages on the plateau have more households than those in the valley. The

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Notable areas of concentration in Petauke include Minga, Nyanje, Ukwimi and Kalindawalo. Most of the valley area has scanty settlements as it is in the Game Management area. The foregoing is compounded by the fact that the area, despite having good soils, is very hilly.

5.2.11 Type of Housing unit Table 5-6 shows the percentage distribution of households by type of housing unit by residence. The results show that the most common type of housing unit occupied by households in the province was traditional huts at 45.7 percent while 23.5 percent occupied improved traditional huts. The type of housing occupied by the households with the lowest proportion was servant quarters, at 0.2 percent.

Table 5-6. Percentage distribution of households by type of housing units, 2015 Traditional hut Improved Detached house Flat/apartment/ Servants quarters Other traditional unit multi-unit 45.7 23.5 27.1 1.3 0.2 1.0

Source: Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (CSO, 2015)

5.2.12 Water Sources The sources of water considered were lake/stream, unprotected well, pumped water, protected well, borehole, public tap and own tap. Among these water sources, protected wells, boreholes, pumped water and taps were regarded as safe sources of water supply; whereas, unprotected wells, rivers and lakes/streams were considered unsafe sources of water supply.

2 Petauke District Development Plan, 2011-2015

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The main source of water in Eastern Province borehole at 60.5 percent, and indication that the majority of the people have access to safe drinking water. Other unsafe water sources are unprotected spring at 18.1 percent and directly dam, stream or river at 3.9 percent.

Photo 5-5. Chilobwe Earth Dam (Apollo II) in Chipata used as a source of water

Photo 5-6. Boreholes provide safe drinking water in rural Eastern province

Table 5-7. Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of water, 2015 Protected Borehole Public tap Own tap Other tap Water kiosk Directly Unprotected Other well e.g. from from river/ spring nearby lake/ building stream/ dam 7.1 60.5 1.2 5.1 0.4 1.7 3.9 18.1 0.4 Source: LCMS, 2015 (CSO)

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Photo 5-7. Gravel pit along the main road as source of water for animals

The following information about Chipata and Katete show the scarcity of surface water in the Province:

Chipata is water stress district and the main sources of water in Chipata are the streams and dambos, wells and boreholes (SoE Outlook Report for Chipata District). Due to the increase in population and non-expansion of the water and sanitation reticulation system which were installed in the precolonial days, coupled with low levels of rainfall, the district has not been able to sustain the demand for water and sanitation, forcing the community to use shallow wells and pit latrines.

Surface water is not reliable as most rivers and streams dry up during the dry season. In the rural areas, the major sources of water are wells, boreholes, streams, dams and dambos while for the urban and peri-urban areas, Eastern Water and Sewerage Company is the licensed service provider.

Katete district has 44 man-made dams and wells, most of them constructed during the 1940s and 1950s. Due to age and lack of rehabilitation and maintenance, the dams have problems of siltation, leakages, overgrown vegetation and damaged walls and spillways. This has resulted in the dams being unable to hold enough water for livestock and human consumption and for various other uses. Persistent droughts over the past years have also contributed to the difficulties associated with water availability in the district.

Mpangwe spring area is a potential tourist resort as well as water source for Katete Boarding School.

The main suppliers of water in Katete district are the Katete River and the bore holes that have been sank. At present, the demand for water resources exceeds the supply as the present surface and groundwater supply is insufficient. The existing boreholes in Katete produce only 552 m3/day (based on 24 hours pumping), which

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5.2.13 Sanitation Analysis by province, shows that 70 in every 100 households in Eastern province were using pit latrines. The LCMS (2015) results further show that over 75 in every 100 households in Eastern province had no access to improved sanitation. An "improved" sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. These include ventilated improved toilets, septic tanks, flush toilets, piped sewer system, etc.

With respect to waste management, at 59.6 percent, using a pit was the most common method of garbage disposal in the province. Refuse collection is very at 0.2 percent of the total number of households. Eastern Province had the highest proportion of households dumping in designated places at 13.7 percent, while those dumping in undesignated places stood at 26.3 percent.

Sanitation differs considerably within Chipata district. Over 90 per cent of the population in rural areas use the bush. Much of the peri-urban area is not exposed to modern toilet system and use VIP or pit latrines.

For the disposal of municipal solid waste, the main methods of disposal are open dumping grounds with communities establishing dumpsites on disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Much of the waste that is collected by councils is from markets, offices and commercial entities. Uncollected heaps of waste are either burnt or left to biodegrade.

The formulation of the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme by the Government is helping to meet challenges in the water and sanitation sectors within districts. The government has already demonstrated its commitment to this programme by establishing the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Unit within councils. The Districts have responded positively putting in place D-Washe Committees which coordinate Washe activities at district level and have a network of V-Washe committees established in all the wards of the districts. The key interventions under the water supply component are the creation of new water points and rehabilitations where these points have been broken. The key intervention under the sanitation component are the provision of sanitation facilities to public facilities and facilitate provision of household sanitation.

3 Katete District Situational Analysis

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 5.2.14 Energy sources The majority of the people in Eastern Province depend on biomass for their energy source through the use firewood and charcoal. This is confirmed by the fact that the proportion of households that is connected to electricity stands at only 7.8 percent and the rest 92.2 percent rely on natural resources.

In Eastern province, 73.1 percent of households used a torch as a main source of lighting energy. This was followed by solar and electricity, used by 9.6 percent and 6.9 percent of the households, respectively.

Of the 342,161 households in the province, analysis shows that 84.2 percent of rural households used firewood for cooking, followed by purchased charcoal at 11.0 percent; and electricity with 2.3 percent of households citing that they used it. Other types of energy for cooking like solar, kerosene/paraffin/gas and coal were less common among households.

Agriculture is supported by government which provides farming inputs such as seed and fertilizers and buys the produce (maize) through the Food Reserve Agency (FRA). The excess produce is sold to private buyers at usually lower prices as compared to FRA floor prices. However, prices generally are determined by the market forces of supply and demand.

Trade is mostly in form of agricultural produce such as beans, millet, maize, chickens, cattle, and goats which are sold within the districts affected or sold to peddlers coming from the line of rail. The selling of agricultural produce provides cash for the locals to pay for children’s school fees and buy products such as soap, clothing, cooking oil, sugar and other groceries are imported. The Copperbelt and Lusaka are other main sources of goods.

There are very few farmers who grow crops on a commercial basis in the project area. Most of the people are subsistence subsistence farmers using the traditional "slash and burn" shifting cultivation.

Amongst all the affected districts, Chipata’s commercial activity is the one thriving most as is evidenced by the mushrooming of lodges, shopping centres and the number of commercial buses to and from Chipata. The increase in population and the presence of a border create opportunities for commerce and agricultural activity to thrive.

Livestock production in form cattle, goat, chickens and pigs is widely practiced in Eastern Province.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Other economic activities which a source of livelihood include Forestry, Charcoal production, brick making and reed collection. Forestry resources in general are very important to household needs in the project area as they are potentially used for a range of activities such as food, fuel wood, charcoal, medicines, poles, dyes and paints.

Another economic activity noted in Eastern Province is transport which is classified in three categories. The first category is the motorized transport and this includes taxis and medium trucks. The second type of transport is bicycle and third is the ox-cart type of transport which is used to carry agricultural produce, charcoal, firewood and forest fruits from the project area to town for selling. The medium trucks are used for ferrying of building sandy and bricks.

Employment is mostly informal in the agriculture and commerce sectors. The service industry remains highly underdeveloped, although MTN, Airtel and Zamtel have introduced mobile services to the area which have potential to provide both formal and informal jobs through the sale of their products. Government remains the major employer in the education and health sectors. There is a large population of people along the stretch who earn their living from gainful employment. Most of these are employed by the central and local government institutions and agencies. Others work in non-governmental organisations, the private sector such as lodges and hotels, gas stations, agribusiness and hardware merchandising.

The booming construction in the country has not spared the project area which provides yet another source of employment to the locals.

According to CSO (Summary Report for the 2010 Census of Population) the total labour force of Eastern Province constituted 58.70 per cent of the total population. Out of the labour force 67.4 per cent were men and 50.7 per cent were women. The annual growth rate of labour force was 1.8 per cent. According to the Labour Force Survey by CSO (2008) the share of working population and the associated professions are shown in the table below:

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Table 5-8.Eastern Province labour force % of working Profession population Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (by 19.10 Industry) Community, Social and Personal 6.30 Construction 7.10 Electricity, Gas, and water 4.10 Financial & Insurance activities 2.40 Hotels and Restaurants 3.10 Manufacturing 4.30 Mining & Quarrying 0.50 Transportation and Storage 4.10 Wholesale & Retail Trade 5.70

5.2.15 Cultural Heritage The annual cultural festivals are tourism attractions in the province. The Nc'wala festival celebrated in Chipata District by the Ngoni during February, Kulamba festival celebrated in Katete District by Chewa tribe during August, Kulamba Traditional Ceremony performed by the Chewa people and the Tuwimba festival celebrated in Petauke District by Nsenga tribe during October are the major festivals in the province.

Petauke district has huge potential for tourism. One of the key tourism resources is the Sandwe Game Management Area (GMA) located about 68 km away from the district. It is located within the Luangwa valley. Wildlife species in Sandwe GMA are over 110 mammals, 432 birds, 65 reptiles, and 78 amphibians4.

The key selling point for Sandwe GMA is that Petauke offers a direct route to the South Luangwa National Park from Lusaka. The distance to South Luangwa National Park from Petauke is about 178 km. There is a burning need to upgrade the Petauke- Luamfwa Road if this tourism resource is to be realised.

The Luangwa Valley has one of the best managed wild life areas in Zambia. The presence of wildlife in the North and South Luangwa National Parks and Game Management Areas are attracting the flow of tourists into the province. Game management areas cover most of the Luangwa Valley outside the national parks, and many animals migrate through the Province between the valley and game reserves.

4 Petauke District Investment Plan

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Katete district has the following natural resources: ▪ Nchingilizya Hills located 45 Km south west of Katete District. ▪ Chiwoko Hills 25 Km east of Katete District. ▪ Mphangwe spring 18 Km east of Katete District. ▪ Mpangwe spring area

Kanjala Hill in Chipata, on the northeast corner of the town (nearly 2km east of Shoprite provides a clear and nice view of Chipata.

Petauke has the following heritage sites which are potential tourist attractions: ▪ Hot springs at Chibilubilu (found between Chieftainess Mwape and Chief Nyamphande) ▪ Paintings at Melwe caves by bush men ▪ Chuza falls along Msanzala river ▪ Mvuvye Hot springs in Chief Kalindawalo’s chiefdom ▪ Nyanje hills where black Israelites lived ▪ Nchindeni hills at sandwe (water splits the hills in two parts) ▪ Kamwala stones at Misolo ▪ Spring waters at mwambula in chamatala and at chilando village

5.2.15.1 N’cwala Traditional Ceremony The N’cwala Traditional Ceremony is held in February each year by the Ngoni people in Chipata District and celebrates the first harvests of the year. The ceremony takes place at Mutenguleni village near Chipata.

When the crops ripen at the end of February, the first fruits are given to Chief Mpezeni as a sacramental meal and thanksgiving to God and the ancestors. And this is the essence of the ceremony.

After the fresh fruits have been presented to the king, he takes them into his palace and prepares for the long journey from his palace in the Luangeni hill to Mutenguleni. The palace is located at about 45 kilometres in Luangeni south-east of Chipata and Mutenguleni is about 60 kilometers south-west of Chipata.

The celebrants are adorned in leopard skins, wielding spears, clubs, shields and eagle feathers. The ceremony climaxes when a Ngoni warrior spears a black bull to death. The bull is actually selected and killed for this

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province occasion. The ceremony is characterized with stomping and dancing and revelry making which go on for three days, starting from Luangeni and culminating at Mutenguleni.

5.2.15.2 Kulamba Ceremony The Kulamba Ceremony is one of the biggest ceremonies in Eastern Province of Zambia of the Chewa tribe and brings the Chewa tribe of Southern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia) together. The ceremony is held after harvest in late August at Mkaika the headquarters of the Chewa in Katete district.

During the event, the different Chewa chiefs from the three countries present their reports of grievances to chief Kalonga Gawa Undi. The name Kalonga means the one who installs subordinate chiefs. Gawa means the one who gives out land and Undi means the one who protects the subordinates. The Kalonga Gawa Undi is head of all the Chewa chiefdoms and takes care of all the installations of chiefs not only in Zambia but in Malawi and Mozambique as well.

Dances like Gule Wamukulu (Nyau), Gologolo, Makanja, Muganda, Chinamwali, Chimtali (the female dance) and many others are performed during the ceremony. The Nyau or popularly known as the Gule Wamukulu among locals, is the most celebrated dance among the Chewa people.

5.2.15.3 Tuwimba Ceremony The Tuwimba Ceremony of the Nsenga people in Petauke is a cultural festival celebrating a mythical/historical event in the distant past of the Nsenga tribe. The ceremony is celebrated in October near the start of the rainy season. The event is characterized by lots of typical Nsenga music and dancing. Groups of choirs and dance troupes come from all over the Nsenga-speaking areas. The people bring traditional gifts to Chief Kalindawalo, who makes an “offering” on behalf of his people in a traditional shrine.

The Nsenga people are predominantly the owners of the land in Petauke who are said to have entered the country from Malawi into Petauke with Senior Chief Kalindawalo as their leader. The following Chiefs are subordinate to him: Nyanje, Mwanjawantu, Nyamphande, Sandwe and Mumbi. The local leaders play a major role in enhancing development in their respective areas. Chief and village headmen take the initiative of organising their people and local resources. The local leadership serves as the entry point for most government organisations and NGOs regarding access to local resources and community participation in development programmes. The Chiefs’ roles in national development and governance cannot be overemphasized. Chiefs form a link between the communities and government as well as other service providers.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The Nsenga people annually hold the Tuwimba ceremony, which is traditionally held to celebrate good harvest and to offer sacrifice to the gods for future prospects of good health and more rainfall. The ceremony is held at Chief Kalindawalo’s palace. The Nsenga are matrilineal and therefore the nephews take up inheritance for traditional offices.

Other tribes predominately found in Petauke are the Lungu’s and the Chewas. These other tribes are mostly found in the Township.

5.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

5.3.1 Location and brief description The RDA/OPRC proposed projects in Eastern Province occur between longitudes 300 25’ and 340 00’ East and latitudes 10030’ and 150 00’ South. It is bordered by Malawi on the East and Mozambique on the South with the Luangwa River separating it from the rest of Zambia. They are two distinct physiographical regions; the plateau with the elevation of 900m to 1, 500m and the Luangwa valley with an elevation of 400 to 600 meters. The valley contains a mixture of alluvial soils that are medium in texture and suitable for crops such as rice, cotton, and drought resistant such as sorghum and millet. The plateau soils are “well to moderately well drained, of light to medium acidity, and with moderate natural fertility. These soils are generally suitable for maize, groundnuts, tobacco, and soybeans. Between the plateau and the valley lies the escarpment with little human habitation. Much of the project Site is characterized by undulating terrain with rock outcrops. The project site receives annual average rainfall ranging from 850 – 1,050 mm.

5.3.2 Flora of the Existing Environment The vegetation of the RDA/OPRC proposed project sites in Eastern Province consists of the valley and plateau conditions with tremendous change within the plateau areas and dissected escarpment to the valley floor. The diversity and variation are influenced among other things by soil conditions, drainage and their physiographic position. The vegetation of the Project site can broadly be categorized as miombo, munga, riparian and mopane Woodlands. The forest areas are also major sources of medicinal plants that are utilised in traditional medicines to cure various ailments at local level.

5.3.2.1 Lundazi region The proposed OPRC project sites in Lundazi cover both the plateau and valley sections of the region with the former having much coverage (over 80%). Locally important species such as the Julbernadia paniculata, Isoberlinia angolensis, Brachystegia species, collectively known as the ‘miombo’, were found to be associated with the project area. These three (3) key species have been used by the local people for either timber production, charcoal, or

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province beekeeping/honey production. Bauhinia petersiana was found to be the species with the highest relative abundance (75%).

Photo 5-8: Common flora species around Lundazi project sites- Bauhinia petersiana

Despite much of the area being rendered void (see picture below) of vegetation due to tobacco production that require vegetation clearing for agriculture land preparation and curing once harvested, certain areas such as those around Zumwanda and Chinunda Chiefdoms have retained intact secondary community forests. The bio-carbon projects around the area such as those being implemented by Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) in partnership with the local communities have contributed to the enrichment of the most community forests through the promotion of avoided deforestation.

Photo 5-9. Satellite image of the void vegetation arrangement of Lundazi

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Photo 5-10. Bio-carbon conservation initiatives within the project area of Lundazi located around 36L 462299, 8538688

Photo 5-11. vegetation of community forest protected areas

Other species found to be in existence within the project area included the following; Acacia species (polyacantha and albida), Colophospermum mopane, Combretum species (molle, collinum), Gmelina aborea (exotic), Peltophorum africanum, Pseudolachnostylus maprouneifolea, Terminalia spp, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, Pterocarpus angolensis, Pterocarpus chrysothrix (Mukula), and Piliostigma thonningi among others.

The banks of the River Channels provided a unique form of vegetation that included the hydrophytes and semi- aquatic species. The alluvial soils collected on the banks have higher nutrient concentration enriched from the sediments washed from the adjacent higher altitude areas. Two common flora species in the river banks such as the Lumezi, Lundazi, Luamphamba, Kanyanga, Matembe, and Lunevwa Rivers were the Ficus and Syzigium.

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Photo 5-12. Riparian Vegetation

The eastern boundaries of Lundazi District (Border with Malawi) within Chiefdoms of Mwase and Kapichila, had swampy sections that tolerated pools of water. The swampy conditions resulted in scattered tree arrangements with wide grass cover (see plates below), a good habitat for birds especially migratory species.

Photo 5-13. Swampy sections of the area with migratory Egrets bird species

5.3.2.2 Chadiza, Chipata and Katete Road Sections The region covering Chipata, Katete and Chadiza was characterized by flat terrain with peaks of mountain Ridges/outcrops. The underlying impermeable rock especially around Katete resulted into stunted and scattered vegetation. Pools of water collected in most sections of the project area which worked to the advantage of livestock production.

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Photo 5-14. Vegetation type of Chadiza and Katete Districts

Photo 5-15. Outcrop covered with vegetation along Kazimuli- Maguya (Road R348-RD596)

The survey conducted showed that much of the terrain especially the stretch between Chipata and Katete was characterized by a low-flat condition which contributed to water longing in most patches which gave rise to bird activity (see Photo 5-15 below).

Photo 5-16. Migratory Stork bird species at the junction of St Francis Hospital - Chisale school RD410

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Chipata had a distinct vegetation condition that approached that of the valley, especially the sites around Mnukwa. The valley species such as the Adesonia digitata (Baobab) were observed around Chief Mnukwa’s palace along RD106.

Photo 5-17. Baobab tree near Chief Mnukwa’s Palace of Chipata District

The river system within the Chadiza, Chipata and Katete region provided the conducive growing condition for a host of hydrophilic plant species such as the Ficus species and Acacia established from seeds washed down the stream. Monocarpic plant species such as the bamboos were also found in existence along the river banks, which are harvested by local people and used for making traditional mats and furniture.

Photo 5-18. Riparian vegetation at Mukuswe Bridge of Mnukwa Chiefdom

5.3.2.3 Nyimba, Sinda and Petauke Road sections The vegetation of the proposed project assessed is generally influenced by soil type, climate, topography and the type of land use currently existing. Brachystegia (Miombo) woodland is dominant on the plateau and the escarpment between Luangwa River and Nyimba. While Mopane woodland though it ideally grows extensively

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province on clay soils, spreads from Nyimba lowlands to Katete and partly on hills along the escarpment. The observed Typical Mopane gives very little grass cover and is dominated by low rainfall species. Some portions of the site in Nyimba and Petauke are associated with flat topography and therefore supporting the existence of Savannah woodland also known as Munga woodland. This may also occur in patches with alluvial soils of riverine origin or along streams.

The rock out crops in some parts of the development Areas of the Nyimba and Petauke Chiefdoms were characterized by mountainous miombo dorminated by Brachystegia species that include B. Boehmii, and B.bussei, and B.floribunda species. Associated with the miombo dorminated species were the Afzelia quenzensis, Acacia nigrescens, Pterocarpus angolensis, and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon among others. Some areas presented to have the greatest potential for mushroom and wild fruit production such as Uapaca species (musuku).

The river channels in the area such as the Lupand River of Katete, and the Nyimba River and its tributaries which include the Kazizi, Nyasando, Nsamba, and Mazingwa influenced the flora distribution with more hydrophilic (water loving) species being concentrated on the river/stream banks. However, the intensity of vegetation cover is not significant as most of the streams dry up during prolonged dry seasons. Giving rise to the drying up of the streams is the sandy condition of the areas that tends to drain up the rain water at a faster rate. Further, agriculture practices on the site that advocates for the clearing of the natural vegetation have hampered on the cover and predetermine the type of distribution and the species to occur in a particular locality.

5.3.2.4 Protected species/Alien and invasive species The survey focused on identifying the rare, endangered and threatened flora species listed on the IUCN Red list. There was no species recorded along the surveyed Roads listed under the Red list. However, the protected ecologically facilities such as the Lukusuzi National Park and the Luangwa Valley have the potential to provide the habitat for such species.

Tithonia diversifolia and lantana camara introduced by the local people through live fencing, were found to be the common invasive species along some river banks and certain sections of the study area.

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Photo 5-19. Tithonia diversifolia growing on the Road side

5.3.3 Fauna of the OPRC/RDA Project area in Eastern Province The project area falls within the Luangwa valley ecosystem and is adjacent to ecologically sensitive facilities (see map below) such as the South Luangwa National Park and the Lukusuzi National Park (especially Chiefdoms such as Chitungulu, Zumwanda, and Chinunda.

The vegetation type of the project area determined the ecological habitat value which influences the distribution of fauna species. The categories of species associated with the project area included mammals, birds, reptiles/amphibians/fish, and insects. The general habitat value of the project area would be categorized as low-moderate due to the presence of settlements along the Roads and current land use (agriculture) which involves clearing of the vegetation.

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Figure 5-6: Map of the Project area

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 5.3.3.1 Mammals The project area had low wild mammals with anticipated increased concentration towards protected areas such as National Parks (Lukusuzi National Park) and Forest Reserves (Chinunda community forest, and Zumwanda Fores Reserve). Common species included the baboons/monkeys, kudus and impalas (among other antelopes), and hares.

5.3.3.2 Reptiles The terrain and surrounding environment of some parts of the study area presented good habitat value for the presence of common reptiles that include snakes such as the venomous Black mamba and cobras, the Python, non-venomous blind and house snakes among others (WCS, 1993). Other reptiles associated with the project site and the study area included the lizards, crocodiles in some tributaries of the Luangwa River, and the monitor lizard.

5.3.3.3 Birds Two distinct habitats presented potential for enhanced bird activity. The Hill Miombo woodlands provided good habitats for terrestrial birds while the water bodies supported water fowls residents as well as migratory ones. Some of the local birds include; Pycnonotus barbatus (Pwele-Bemba), Acrocephalus baeticatus (titi - Bemba), Common Bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus), African Yellow White Eye (Zosterops senegalensis), Black Collared Barbet (Lybius torquatus), White Bellied Subird (Cinnyris talatala), Amethyst Sunbird (Chalcomitra amethystina), Starling(Cinnyricinclus leucogaster), Yellow Fronted Canary (Serinus mozambicus) Others included, the Robin chats (Cossypha semirufa), Marico Flycatcher (Bradornis mariquensis), Common Fiscal (Lanius collaris), Bronze Mannikin(Lonchura cucullata), Scarlet Chested Sunbird (Chalcomitra senegalensis), Green Backed Honey Guide (Prodotiscus zambesiae) and the African Yellow Bellied Green Bull (Chlorocichla flaviventris).

Other bird species included; black cheeked love bird (Agapornis nigrigenis), finfoot (podica senegalensis), spoonbill (Platelea lba), long-crested eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis), western banded snake eagle (circaetus cineroscens), and African skimmer (Rynchops flavirostris). The rare or endangered bird species likely to occur within the project area included, Helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) Hornbill (Tockus spp) and rock pratincole (Glareola nuchalis).

Common water birds include spurwing goose (Plectopterus gambensis), crowned crane (Bulirica Regulorum) Openbill (Amustomus Lamelligerus), Francolin (Francolinus swainsonii), Saddle billed stock (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) and a variety of duck species. Due to the timing of the survey, most migratory birds and other local resident species could have not been recorded.

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a. b.

Photo 5-20. (a) bird nests along the riparian vegetation (b) migratory birds

Nocturnal birds such as the owl were common around the forest areas such as the Zumwanda Forest Reserve.

5.3.3.4 Insects This category included the bees (Apis mellifera), termites which play a role in the enhancement of livelihood through their activity such as honey production and pollination in agriculture fields. The diverse grasshoppers that were the main source of nutrients for the birds in most sections of the study area were observed.

Photo 5-21. Lubber grasshopper on Gliricidia in Magodi Chiefdom

5.4 SENSITIVE RECEPTORS Some project roads have populated sites and farming communities (Fig. 5-7). Generally, the settlement pattern is such that people tend to live as close to the roads as possible for ease of transportation of their raw materials and products. The nearness to the roads also facilitates ease access to services such as health care and schools. Thus, markets, schools, health care facilities, the populated sites and trading areas are sensitive receptors due to the potential for such areas to be affected by dust and noise emanating from construction activities. The proximity of such roads to populated centres also raises the potential of gender-based violence, sexual exploitation and abuse by construction workers.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Other sensitive receptors are streams and rivers which, in this part of the country, are usually dry during the dry season (Fig. 5-8). The deposition of sediments arising from soil erosion has potential to affect aquatic life and the quality of surface water. The North and South Luangwa National Parks (NPs), Lukusuzi NP and Game Management Areas (GMAs) (Figure 5-5) are sensitive areas but which will not be affected by the proposed rehabilitation works. None of the prioritised roads are located in the GMAs or NPs. The selected roads are located to the south of these ecologically sensitive areas.

While most of the roads in the province are generally flat, the earmarked roads in Nyimba District traverse undulating terrain with creeks that give rise to fast-flowing streams. Safety and noise abatement need to be taken into account during the construction phase of the roads.

Figure 5-7. Road to Chief Luembe passes through residential and farming communities

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Figure 5-8. RD414 in Nyimba crosses a number of streams

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 6 ENVIRONENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The section below identifies, evaluates and documents the potential environmental, social and health impacts, of the project during construction, operation, closure and post-closure, and includes all potential direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts. The methodology proposed includes the rating of the significance of impacts; it also includes magnitude, extent, duration, frequency and reversibility of the impacts.

The impacts have been identified and classified according to the classification criteria. The criteria used to characterize the environmental/fauna and flora impacts are explained in Table 6-1. Potential impacts are indicated in Table 6-2.

Table 6-1: Criteria and Terms used to describe Potential Environmental Impacts Item Impact Description Criterion classification no criterion Term Description 1 Positive or Will the impact have a Positive A positive impact. Negative positive or negative effect Negative A negative impact. Impact? on the environment?

2 Likelihood of What is the likelihood/ Unlikely Unlikely to occur. Impact certainty associated with a Possible May possibly occur. occurring? Potential impact? Probable Likely to occur. Certain Certain to occur. 3 Timing of At what point in time will Pre-project Site construction phase. impact? the impact occur? Start of Will occur immediately construction begins project Near-future Will occur within the lifetime of the Project Mid-future Will occur after the Project has closed. Distant-future Will occur in the distant-future.

4 Duration of What is the likely duration Indeterminate Unable to be predicted with certainty impact? or time over which the Short-term Will cease once activity stops impact will occur? Medium-term Will continue for the lifetime of the project. Long-term Will continue beyond project closure Permanent Will remain permanently.

5 Extent of What is the geographical Project Area Will affect the immediate project area. impact? extent of the impact? Regional Will affect areas outside the project area. Provincial Will affect the Province. National Will affect the whole of Zambia.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Item Impact Description Criterion classification no criterion Term Description International Will affect other countries.

6 Significance What is the severity of the Very High Very high impact. of impact? impact, either positive or High High impact. negative? Moderate Moderate impact. Low Little impact.

7 Further Are further studies 1 Requires detailed assessment & specialist studies? required to assess the studies. significance of the impact? 2 Requires detailed assessment. 3 Requires further assessment. 4 Unlikely to require further assessment. 5 Further assessment not required.

6.2 DEFINITION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT CRITERIA

High - An impact that is capable of causing sufficient change in the environment and fundamentally affect the status, potential productivity or usage of the environment.

Moderate - An impact that is capable of causing change in the environment but does not fundamentally affect the status, potential productivity or usage of the environment.

Low -An impact which is either too small to be measured or, even if quantifiable, does not give rise to any material change in the environment.

Negligible - No effect, not significant. Irrespective of other effects.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Table 6-2: Characterisation of Impacts Environmental Item Potential Environmental Impact Positive/ Likelihood Timing of Duration of Extent of Significance of Further Aspect/Issue No. Negative of Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Occurring Study Site clearance. 1. Loss of terrestrial flora Negative Possible Start of project Mid-Term and Project Area Low 3 Permanent 2. Soil erosion due to land clearing Negative Possible Start of project Mid- and Long Project Area High 5 term 3. Loss of biodiversity (medicinal value trees, insects, Negative Certain Start of project Permanent Project Area Moderate 3 ants etc)

4. Emission of dust on exposed surface Negative Possible Near Future Mid-term Project Area Low 5

5. Impact of dust on workers due to dust inhalation Negative Possible Near Future Mid-term Project Area High 5

6. Dust generated may be deposited on surrounding Negative Probable Near Future Mid-term Project area Low 5 vegetation which may cause a small reduction in biological productivity 7. Impact on landscape and visual character of the Negative Certain Near Future Mid-term Project area High 4 area Air Emissions 8. Air pollutants are likely to emanate from vehicular Negative Near Future Mid-term Project area Moderate 3 emissions due to increased vehicular traffic flows

9. Emission of loose soil particles on cleared areas Negative Near Future Mid-term Project area Moderate 3 during strong winds may affect the quality of the air in the immediate local environment 10. Road dust generated by vehicles may trigger allergic Negative Near Future Mid-term Project area High 4 reactions in road users and surrounding communities. Operation of heavy 11. Exposure of the labour force to high noise level from Negative Certain Near future Mid-term Regional Moderate 3 equipment the operation of the machinery/equipment and to dust emissions 12. Improper handling of machinery can endanger the Negative Possible Near future Long term Project area High 4 safety of employees

13. The use of heavy equipment can result in surface Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 pooling due to lack of drainage.

14. The use of heavy equipment can compact and Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 change the texture of the soil.

Petroleum, Oil and 15. Soil contamination may result from poor handling of Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 3 Lubricants petroleum products

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Environmental Item Potential Environmental Impact Positive/ Likelihood Timing of Duration of Extent of Significance of Further Aspect/Issue No. Negative of Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Occurring Study 16. Air pollution as a result of the odour of the stored Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area Moderate 3 fuel 17. Pollution of water courses and underground water Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4

Generation of waste 18. Hazardous waste generation Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 5 19. Solid waste generation Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 20. Construction waste generation Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 21. Medical waste generation Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 Surface runoff 22. Through surface run-off and wind erosion, Negative Possible Start of project Mid- and Long Project Area High 5 suspended solids may cause local contamination of term surface soils, water courses as well as flora 23. Contamination of water courses Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4

Under groundwater 24. Underground water may be contaminated through Negative Possible Near future Mid term Regional Moderate 4 infiltration from runoff laden with accidental spills and leaks of oils, fuels, lubricants and hydraulic fluids. Road Noise 25. Interference with the hearing and normal Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area Moderate 4 enjoyment of life Occupational and 26. Windblown dust from the construction sites, if Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 3 Public Health inhaled, has a potential to cause respiratory ailments in workers 27. Improper use of machinery or equipment can pose a Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 potential physical hazard of injury or death to employees 28. Road accidents as a result of speeding Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4

29. Increase in HIV/AIDs due to increased interactions Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 4 between workers and the local communities Soil erosion 30. Soil degradation Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 3 31. Formation of gullies Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 3 Change in Landscape 32. Establishment of borrow pits, clearing, grading, and Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 and aesthetics compacting using heavy machinery have the potential to change the natural landscape and may therefore degrade areas of scenic beauty Road Kills 33. Increase in traffic as a result of the improved roads Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 3 may result in the loss of domestic animals and livestock that usually roam freely in the area

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Environmental Item Potential Environmental Impact Positive/ Likelihood Timing of Duration of Extent of Significance of Further Aspect/Issue No. Negative of Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Occurring Study Involuntary 34. Relocation of fields and structures such as shops, Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 3 Resettlement houses, fences and community facilities that are located in road reserve areas

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Table 6-3: Characterisation of Impacts Environmental Item Potential Social Impact Positive/ Likelihood Timing of Duration of Extent of Significance of Further Aspect/Issue No. Negative of Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Occurring Study Operation of heavy 1. Exposure of the labour force to high noise level from Negative Certain Near future Mid-term Regional Moderate 3 equipment the operation of the machinery/equipment and to dust emissions 2. Improper handling of machinery can endanger the Negative Possible Near future Long term Project area High 4 safety of employees

Road Noise 3. Interference with the hearing and normal Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area Moderate 4 enjoyment of life Occupational and 4. Windblown dust from the construction sites, if Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 3 Public Health inhaled, has a potential to cause respiratory ailments in workers 5. Improper use of machinery or equipment can pose a Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4 potential physical hazard of injury or death to employees 6. Road accidents as a result of speeding Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 4

7. Increase in HIV/AIDs due to increased interactions Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 4 between workers and the local communities Road Kills 8. Increase in traffic as a result of the improved roads Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 3 may result in the loss of domestic animals that usually roam freely in the area Involuntary 9. Relocation of fields and structures such as shops that Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 3 Resettlement are located in road reserve areas may result in lose of income Public safety 10. Accessing the road construction sites and borrow Negative Possible Near future Mid term Project area High 5 pits inadvertently poses a potential physical hazard of injury Employment creation 11. Provision of employment contributes to raising the Positive Certain Near future Mid term National High 5 socio-economic well-being of the people thereby contributing to reducing poverty levels. Road Kills 12. Increase in traffic as a result of the improved roads Negative Possible Near future Permanent Project area High 3 may result in the loss of domestic animals and livestock that usually roam freely in the area thereby causing the local people to lose potential sources of income and protein

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Environmental Item Potential Social Impact Positive/ Likelihood Timing of Duration of Extent of Significance of Further Aspect/Issue No. Negative of Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Impact Occurring Study Gender Based 13. Increases in Gender Based Violence cases Negative Certain Near future Mid term Project area High 3 Violence Children Rights 14. Engagement of young children whether directly or Negative Possible Near future Permanent National High 5 indirectly in some form of income opportunities Social -Cultural 15. The language, dress, culture, and morals may be Negative Certain Near future Permanent Project area High 4 Cohesion affected as people of diverse cultural backgrounds and upbringing seeking employment opportunities intermingle with the local people. Public and other 16. Increase in the numbers of people in the project area Negative Certain Near future Mid term Project area High 3 Services seeking employment opportunities will cause stress on existing housing and other social amenities Paying of taxes 17. Contribute to enhancing the nation’s economy Positive Certain Near future Mid term National High 5 through paying of taxes in form of duty and pay as you earn remittances. Local Business 18. The business environment of the project area will Positive Certain Near future Mid term National High 5 Enhancement improve as the economy expands, multipliers occur, and unemployment is reduced. Contracting of 19. A number of service suppliers will be contracted to Positive Certain Near future Mid term National High 5 service and goods supply services and goods such transport, fuel, suppliers excavation and security. Contractor 20. The use of local contractors will increase their Positive Certain Near future Mid term National High 5 Engagement capability to carry out their work competently.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 6.3 POSITIVE IMPACTS - SOCIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS

6.3.1 Employment creation The project will create employment opportunities as the implementation of this project will involve the use of both skilled and unskilled labour during the construction phase. The project will involve the use of engineers, bricklayers, technicians, drivers, and machine operators. Provision of employment contributes to raising the socio-economic well-being of the people and thereby reducing poverty levels. The contractor will employ the local people as far as possible unless the required expertise cannot be found locally. Economic expansion is thus anticipated through the development of multiplier effects generated from increased spending power in the local area.

6.3.2 Skills development Local communities in beneficiary areas will be given preference during recruitment, since the majority of these will be unskilled workers. The offer of employment will receive on-the-job training and has potential to lead to the development of a skilled workforce.

6.3.3 Social development The improved road infrastructure will allow the local communities to access social infrastructure such as education and health care facilities. The project is also expected to lead to reduced travel time and vehicle maintenance and improved market access for goods and services.

6.3.4 Paying of taxes The operation of this project will contribute to enhancing the nation’s economy through pay as you earn remittances and the paying of taxes in form of VAT and duty on imported tools and machinery.

6.3.5 Contracting of service suppliers The project will bring about multiplier effect due to the availability of business opportunities for the local business community and others across the country. A number of service suppliers will be contracted to supply goods and services such as food, transport, fuel, and engineering operations.

6.3.6 Improved road infrastructure A number of access roads will be cleared leading to various project sites and borrow pits. The improved rural roads will be available to the public and will result into improved transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The availability of transport infrastructure will assist the local farmers with the transportation of farm inputs and produce. Once this project is complete, the improved road infrastructure is expected to spur agricultural activities in the province.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 6.3.7 Natural Resource Livelihoods There are a number of people whose livelihood is dependent on the extraction and use of natural resources. This group of people include those logging timber, farmers, as well as the tourism industry which is based on the abundant wildlife in areas such as West Petauke. The project will have a positive impact on the livelihoods based on the exploitation of natural resources as accessibility to market centres will be created. The ability of the project to affect the local and regional economy makes the impact of high significance.

6.4 NEGATIVE IMPACTS

6.4.1 Construction Phase

6.4.1.1 Air pollution During the construction phase, this impact is expected to arise from the clearing activities along the right of way and where raw materials will be collected from. Emission of loose soil particles on cleared areas during strong winds may also affect the quality of the air in the immediate local environment. Dust emission is also expected to occur from the hauling and offloading activities of raw materials. The raised dust can be deposited on nearby houses and nearby vegetation. This impact is however, transient and intermittent. Air pollutants are also likely to emanate from vehicular emissions due to increased vehicular traffic flows.

Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse respiratory health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the road. Road dust generated by vehicles may trigger allergic reactions in road users and surrounding communities.

Even though this impact will be limited largely to the drier parts of the year when the soil is dry and loose, the impact is significant because these roads will not be paved and cleared areas will still be prone to windy erosion. For as long as the sides of the road are not re-vegetated, the emission of dust will occur with regular frequency. The impact of dust emission becomes even more significant when communities are located close to the project roads.

6.4.1.2 Soil erosion Due to clearing activities planned to occur as part of rehabilitation, there is potential of increased soil erosion. This is likely to cause gullies across and on the edges of the roads with a potential to impact on the integrity of the road. Increased soil erosion is likely to occur if the road is not compacted enough to prevent this unwanted occurrence or if the rehabilitation works happen during the wet season. This impact is likely to be more significant on steep slopes and measures must be put in place to slow down the current and thus prevent carryover of soil. The frequency of this impact is high; during the wet season and erosion from wind during the drier periods. The probability of occurrence is high and resulting dust impacts on air quality

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province coupled with the potential resulting gullies (Photo 6-1) from surface runoff and subsequent sediment loading into streams, makes this impact highly significant as aesthetic intrusion may occur and aquatic life affected.

Photo 6-1. Eroded embankments of culverts

6.4.1.3 Water pollution due to surface run off Runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces is a major source of water pollution. Runoff from steep construction sites, especially during the construction of bridges, culverts and other crossing points (Photo 6-2) is a major source of water pollution through the disposition of suspended material. The increased soil erosion as indicated in section 6.4.2 above has potential to cause water pollution by way of increased soil carryover into surface water. This impact can cause water to be turbid as a result of an increase in suspended solids. The carryover of soil particles is likely to increase on areas of steep gradients and especially if the rehabilitation is carried out during the wet season.

Photo 6-2. Stream crossing point with no culvert in Petauke

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate groundwater and pollute surface waters. Sand can alter stream bed environments, causing stress for the plants and animals that live there. The likelihood of this impact is high considering that the roads will not be paved and prone to the erosive potential of nature. Even though this impact happens only during the wet season, the effects are noticeable afterwards and can cover long stretches on steep slopes, making the significance of the impact high. Deterioration of the quality of water can be localised but can affect the water far afield. This has potential to affect aquatic life and public health through consumption. The impact is thus of high significance.

6.4.1.4 Ecological disturbance Areas will need to be cleared for access routes, road development as well as detours, borrow pit and quarries. The clearing activity has the potential to destabilise the existing natural ecosystems within the project area. The clearing of vegetation is likely to affect the ecological value of the area. Some of these areas may be home to a diversity of plant and animal species.

The biological activity of vegetation near the proposed roads and along the trails may be affected by dust generated from cleared areas. The generated dust has potential to affect biological activity by blocking stomata.

No new roads are being constructed and only existing roads are being rehabilitated. Thus, clearing of vegetation will be limited to worksites only making the impact moderately significant. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that extraction of raw materials will not be done on areas with high ecological significance.

6.4.1.5 Change in soil texture The use of heavy equipment such as front-end loaders, bulldozers, tippers, and other construction vehicles can compact and change the texture of the soil. This has the potential to reduce water percolation thereby leaving the soil prone to erosion. After works are completed at each worksite, scarifying of the soil will be carried out and the impact is thus not permanent and of low significance. The significance is also low because the affected areas will be small as the construction vehicles will be limited to construction sites.

6.4.1.6 Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants Inappropriate handling such as transfer and storage of fuel can result in spills. Soil can be left contaminated if fuel or other hydrocarbons such as lubricants is stored in leaking containers. The impact on soil and potentially groundwater resources can be of high significance if storage is not on an impervious surface as even small quantities of oil can cause contamination of water resources. Contamination of soil and/or water by hydrocarbons can be costly to remediate

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 6.4.1.7 Changes in landscape and aesthetics Construction activities such as borrow pit and quarry preparation, clearing, grading, and compacting using heavy machinery have the potential to change the natural landscape and may therefore degrade areas of scenic beauty. Existing roads will need to be widened to a width of 18m (photo 6-3). However, no new roads are being constructed and clearing will be limited to project sites only, thereby making the impact moderately significant. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that extraction of raw materials will potentially be on existing borrow pits and quarries and will not be done on areas with high ecological significance.

Photo 6-3. Roads that need to be widened

6.4.1.8 Generation of waste Municipal solid waste such as kitchen waste, cans, plastic bottles, will be generated especially at construction campsites. Unsound management practices of waste have the potential to cause aesthetic impacts, pollute land and water resources. The probability of this impact is high and the significance high because unsound management of waste can lead to the fly strike, the proliferation of vermin thereby affecting the health of workers and the nearby communities

The maintenance and repair of road construction machinery and equipment will lead to the generation of waste oils, which are regarded as hazardous in nature. As discussed in section 6.4.6, this impact is of high significance.

6.4.1.9 Road noise Road construction equipment (dozers, tippers, graders, 4x4 vehicles) used during the construction activities will marginally increase noise levels along existing roads. Traffic noise and vibrations will momentarily affect people in proximity to the road.

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Elevated sound levels can be a nuisance as it can interfere with the hearing and normal enjoyment of life. Road noise can be a nuisance if it impinges on population centres, especially for roads at higher operating speeds, near intersections and on uphill sections. Noise health effects can be expected in such locations from road systems used by large numbers of motor vehicles. Even though the likelihood of this impact is high, the impact is of low significance because the occurrence will be occasional and limited to day-times only.

Photo 6-4. Schools (left) and health centres (right) are places where noise abatement needs to be practised

6.4.1.10 Occupational and Public Health Concerns The windblown dust from the construction sites, if inhaled, has a potential to cause respiratory ailments in workers. The use of haul trucks, front-end loaders and other machinery may pose safety risks for the workers. Improper use of machinery or equipment probably due to inadequate training, coupled with carelessness could pose a potential physical hazard of injury or death to employees. Any impact that causes injury or death is rated high because the impact is irreversible as consequences are long term.

Malaria is another public health concern that the contractor will need to be worried about.

Improved driveability on the roads may lead to emission of dust which can reduce visibility and potentially road accidents along workforce. Speeding can also increase the risk of road accidents.

Poor labour and working conditions have potential to dent the image of the contractor, the government and any institution associated with the project such as the financiers. The impact is thus of high significance.

6.4.1.11 HIV/AIDS The project area is a rural area with low HIV/AIDS rates. This can, however, change with in-migration as people flock into the areas for employment opportunities offered by the road project. Inappropriate

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province behaviour among the workforce can lead to the spread of HIV in the community. This impact is of high significance as currently, there is no cure for the disease and the effects are permanent and the disease usually leads to loss of working hours and skilled manpower.

6.4.1.12 Impact on Climate Change Clearing of vegetation along the road vicinity and at quarries and borrow pits has potential to contribute to climate since vegetation cover serves as CO2 sinks. However, the spatial extent is small as the clearing will be limited to the project sites along the stretches of the roads. The significance of the impact if low.

6.4.1.13 Change in land use The project may impact on existing land-use activities as the site is located within an area that supports small scale agricultural activities. Clearing activities to expand the road, to make detours and to pave way for the sites for quarries and borrow pits (photo 6-5) have the potential to change the existing land use activities such as agriculture and natural vegetation. The impact can be significant if the residual impacts linger even after rehabilitation measures are carried out. The borrow pits and quarries if not properly rehabilitated can be breeding grounds for vermin. However, the significance of the impact is expected to be low considering the fact that no new areas will be opened up and the roads to be worked on are existing and likely the sources of gravel and stones will be existing sites.

Photo 6-5. Clearing of borrow pits results in land-use change

6.4.1.14 Road kills Even though the ecological assessment did not reveal a high prevalence of faunal species in the project area in view of anthropogenic activities, some of the local people in the area, are pastoralists and keep cattle, goats and pigs. It was observed that some of these domestic animals roam freely. With an improved road surface, there is likely to be an increase in traffic on the roads and consequently, coupled with increased

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province speeds will result in more road kills. The possibility of injury or death makes this impact significant due to the fact that the is loss of life is a permanent impact.

Photo 6-6. The proximity of trading areas to roads is a safety risk

6.4.1.15 Habitat fragmentation Roads can act as barriers or filters to animal movement and lead to habitat fragmentation. Many species will not cross the open space created by a road due to the threat of predation and roads also cause increased animal mortality from traffic. This barrier effect can prevent species from migrating and re-colonising areas where the species has gone locally extinct as well as restricting access to seasonally available or widely scattered resources.

Habitat fragmentation may also divide large continuous populations into smaller more isolated populations. These smaller populations are more vulnerable to genetic drift, inbreeding depression and an increased risk of population decline and extinction.

This impact is of low significance in view of the fact that the roads to be worked on are existing and are found in an area that has few species that can be affected as a result of road construction.

6.4.1.16 Camp site Operations The sites for campsites have not been identified and the Contractor will make his own arrangements for a suitable site for his camp. The contractor is expected to indicate where they intend to set up their site camps. The contractor will ensure that the identification and subsequent operation of the camps meet local and international environmental and social safeguards. The contractor will thus prepare EPBs for campsites for approval by ZEMA and the World Bank.

Small camps, planned to support a limited number of people, will be set up especially in areas where accommodation facilities may be a challenge. The exact locations of these camps have not been established yet. These camps will be made of structures that will have easy construction and dismantling. The workers

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province camp will have supporting facilities that include sanitation facilities for wastewater and solid waste disposal, wash rooms, cooking facilities and a generator set for lighting.

Some of the impacts associated with the operations of these small camps will be the generation and disposal of waste which has potential to be a public health nuisance and likely to cause flystrike and the associated proliferation of vermin. The operation of the generator has potential to generate elevated noise levels that can be a nuisance not only to workers but also to the community.

Even though the camps are small in size and the number of workers planned for such facilities is small, the likelihood and the frequency of generation of waste, liquid or solid, are high and the probability of poor conditions at camps can lead to unsound public health conditions. These conditions make the significance of the impact high.

6.4.1.17 Potential In-Migration There is a possibility during the construction period that people could come from far flung areas to seek job opportunities offered by the road construction activities However, in order to ensure that as many people as possible benefit from the road construction project, the offer of employment will be done according to the area at which the road project reaches. In addition, the locals will be given first priority in as far as job opportunities are concerned. This impact has high significance for it has potential to increase the disease burden, lead to scarcity of services and will become more significant after the road construction project is completed. However, at this stage this will be outside the scope of the project and beyond the control of the project proponent.

6.4.1.18 Stresses on Housing With the potential of job opportunities in the affected districts, the project development will have an effect on the availability, quality or affordability of housing. Apart from the construction workers, truck drivers that will supply raw materials to the area and those that will take away finished products will occasionally spend the night in the areas. The upward increases in house rent and price of lodging facilities will be exacerbated by the housing and lodging needs generated by the economic expansion in the area.

Stress on housing will not pose a significant impact on the quality and/or affordability of housing during the project construction phase. This is primarily due to the fact that the contractor will as far as possible, in conjunction with RDA, offer employment opportunities to the locals. In addition, the contractor will set up construction camps to accommodate workers.

6.4.1.19 Involuntary Resettlement The rural roads are planned to have a right-of-way (ROW) of 18m width and a carriageway of 5.5m width. However, because of the rural nature of the roads, it was observed that the 6.25m width (road reserve) on

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province either side of the road has been encroached in some sections by trading facilities, residences or agricultural fields. Any effect on the livelihood of the people is of high significance. It is the desire of RDA that the planned rehabilitation of the roads does not negatively affect the livelihoods of the people living near the roads.

6.4.1.20 Impacts associated with gender-based violence at community level Gender-based violence involves men and women with women usually, but not always, being the victim. It stems from unequal power relationships within families, communities and states. Violence is generally directed specifically against women for diverse reasons, and affects them disproportionately.

The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1993 defines violence against women as; “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats such acts as coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in private and public life”.

Article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) elaborates that violence against women includes sexual, physical, and psychological violence and includes battering, sexual abuse of children, female genital mutilation/cutting and rape; sexual harassment and intimidation, trafficking and forced prostitution.

Gender-based violence is exacerbated by the understanding that women are generally poorer and less educated than men and account for a greater segment of the population living in absolute poverty. Their illiteracy rates remain high in comparison to men’s.

The significance of the impact is high as gender-based violence by construction workers can dent the reputation of the contractor and further bring into disrepute the government as well as the financier.

6.4.1.21 Violation of children rights The employment of children whether directly or indirectly, deprives them of their childhood, their health and education, and condemns them to a life of poverty and want. Employment of children or young persons is an illegal social vice as provided for in the Zambian law. This is a significant impact as the impact can permanently affect the growth prospects of children.

6.4.2 Operation/maintenance Phase

6.4.2.1 Air pollution During the operational phase, since the rehabilitation of the proposed roads does not involve upgrading to bituminous standards, dust will be generated when the roads are in use due to traffic flow. Besides air

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province pollution associated with dust, increased traffic on the roads will also lead to increased vehicular emissions. However, this impact is low, as traffic is low, raising of dust intermittent and transient. This impact will be more significant during windy conditions and when driving at high speeds. During such times, this impact has potential to increase road accidents due to poor visibility. The resulting impact can be fatal and permanent.

6.4.2.2 Occupational and Public Health Concerns Improved driveability on the roads may potentially lead to emission of dust which can reduce visibility and potentially road accidents. Speeding can also increase the risk of road accidents. The associated impacts are of high significance due to their long-term effect. Poorly rehabilitated borrow pits and quarries can lead be grounds for the proliferation of malaria causing mosquito (Photo 6-6). Such sites are also used for the provision of water for domestic animals.

Photo 6-7. Abandoned borrow pit

6.4.2.3 Stresses on Governance, Social-Cultural Institutions or Cohesion It is very likely that several uninhabited sections of the rural roads in the project area will become occupied with people once the roads are upgraded. There is also a higher chance that those living in far flung areas will get closer to the roads for economic reasons. This situation will put a stress on local governance systems both from the traditional authority and formal government points of view. The impact will further be compounded by the in-migration of people from other parts of the country. This has a potential to affect the culture and institutional cohesion of the local people. The language, dress, culture, and morals

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province may be affected as people of diverse cultural backgrounds and upbringing intermingle with the local people. This is an indirect impact of high significance.

6.4.2.4 Stresses on Public Services: Utilities and Other Services A project of this nature results into in-migration of people seeking economic and job opportunities. The increase in population can lead to impact on the quantity and quality of services offered by the local authorities, quasi and central government institutions. The increase in school going children can increase the teacher-pupil ratio as well as school infrastructure thereby affecting the quality of education. The ability of the provincial Water and Sanitation Company to offer quality services could be negatively affected as population swells.

The increase in population could potentially bring about challenges of public safety and security.

Even though the above appear challenging scenarios, conversely, they offer opportunities for various stakeholders such as government and the local authority to start planning before the situation gets out of hand.

6.4.2.5 Stresses on Housing Stress on housing may be significant beyond the road construction period when economic opportunities will attract people from elsewhere to live and stay in the affected districts. With the potential of economic expansion in the affected districts after the roads have been rehabilitated, the project development will have an effect on the availability, quality or affordability of housing. The truck drivers that will supply raw materials to the area and those that will take away finished products will occasionally spend the night in the areas. The upward increases in house rent and price of lodging facilities will be exacerbated by the housing and lodging needs generated by the economic expansion in the area.

6.4.2.6 Road Noise and Traffic Road construction equipment (dozers, graders, 4x4 vehicles) used during the construction activities will marginally increase noise levels along existing roads. Traffic noise and vibrations will momentarily affect people in proximity to the road. Elevated sound levels can be a nuisance as it can interfere with the hearing and normal enjoyment of life.

With the increase in economic activities brought about by the easy access to rural areas, traffic on the road is likely to increase. Road noise from increased traffic can be a nuisance if it impinges on population centres, especially for roads at higher operating speeds, near intersections and on uphill sections. Noise health effects can be expected in such locations from road systems used by large numbers of motor vehicles.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Along with easy driveability come concerns of road safety as traffic and vehicle speeds increase. This becomes a challenge especially when the road traverses populated areas. To mitigate this impact road safety measures will be required to be incorporated in the road design and construction.

Even though the generation of noise is occasional, the low traffic on experienced on these rural roads makes the impact of low significance.

6.4.3 Closure and Decommissioning Stage

6.4.3.1 Noise and Vibration During decommissioning activities, noise and vibration may be caused by the operation of pile drivers, earth moving and excavation equipment, concrete mixers, cranes and the transportation of equipment, materials and people.

6.4.3.2 Soil Erosion Soil erosion may be caused by exposure of soil surfaces to rain and wind during site rehabilitation activities. The mobilization and transport of soil particles may, in turn, result in sedimentation of surface drainage networks, which may result in impacts to the quality of natural water systems and ultimately the biological systems that use these waters.

6.4.3.3 Air quality Decommissioning activities may generate emission of fugitive dust caused by a combination of on-site excavation and movement of earth materials, contact of machinery with bare soil, and exposure of bare soil and soil piles to wind. A secondary source of emissions may include exhaust from diesel engines of earth moving equipment, as well as from open burning of solid waste on-site.

6.4.3.4 Solid Waste Non-hazardous solid waste generated at decommissioning sites includes excess fill materials from grading and excavation activities, scrap wood and metals, and small concrete spills. Hazardous solid waste includes contaminated soils, which could potentially be encountered on-site due to previous land use activities, or small amounts of machinery maintenance materials, such as oily rags, used oil filters, and used oil, as well as spill cleanup materials from oil and fuel spills.

6.4.3.5 Hazardous Materials Decommissioning activities may pose the potential for release of petroleum based products, such as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, or fuels during their storage, transfer, or use in equipment.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 6.4.3.6 Wastewater Discharges Decommissioning activities may include the generation of sanitary wastewater discharges at campsites and worksites in varying quantities depending on the number of workers involved.

6.4.3.7 Contaminated Land Land contamination may be encountered in sites under decommissioning due to known or unknown historical releases of hazardous materials or oil, or due to the presence of abandoned infrastructure formerly used to store or handle these materials, including underground storage tanks. Actions necessary to manage the risk from contaminated land will depend on factors such as the level and location of contamination, the type and risks of the contaminated media, and the intended land use.

6.4.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety

6.4.3.8.1 Over-exertion Over-exertion, and ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as repetitive motion, over-exertion, and manual handling, are among the most common causes of injuries in decommissioning sites.

6.4.3.8.2 Slips and Falls Slips and falls on the same elevation associated with poor housekeeping, such as excessive waste debris, loose construction materials, liquid spills, and uncontrolled use of electrical cords and ropes on the ground, are also among the most frequent cause of lost time accidents at decommissioning sites.

6.4.3.8.3 Work in Heights Falls from elevation associated with working with ladders, scaffolding, and partially built or demolished structures are among the most common cause of fatal or permanent disabling injury at decommissioning sites.

6.4.3.8.4 Struck By Objects Demolition activities may pose significant hazards related to the potential fall of materials or tools, as well as ejection of solid particles from abrasive or other types of power tools which can result in injury to the head, eyes, and extremities.

6.4.3.8.5 Moving Machinery Vehicle traffic and use of lifting equipment in the movement of machinery and materials on a decommissioning site may pose temporary hazards, such as physical contact, spills, dust, emissions, and noise. Heavy equipment operators have limited fields of view close to their equipment and may not see

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province pedestrians close to the vehicle. Center-articulated vehicles create a significant impact or crush hazard zone on the outboard side of a turn while moving.

6.4.3.8.6 Confined Spaces and Excavations Examples of confined spaces that may be present in demolition sites include tanks, sewers, pipes, and access shafts. Ditches and trenches may also be considered a confined space when access or egress is limited.

6.4.3.8.7 Other Site Hazards Decommissioning sites may pose a risk of exposure to dust, chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials, and wastes in a combination of liquid, solid, or gaseous forms, which should be prevented through the implementation of project-specific plans and other applicable management practices.

6.4.3.9 Community Health and Safety Decommissioning projects will implement risk management strategies to protect the community from physical, chemical, or other hazards associated with sites under decommissioning. Risks may arise from inadvertent or intentional trespassing, including potential contact with hazardous materials, contaminated soils and other environmental media, buildings that are vacant, or excavations and structures which may pose falling and entrapment hazards.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 7 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES The following are the proposed enhancement and mitigation measures for the impacts identified in the previous sections.

7.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE This section discusses the proposed mitigation measures for the significant project impacts identified in the previous section. The proposed mitigations measures are meant to avoid, reduce or compensate for the identified adverse impacts.

7.1.1 Air pollution Cleared areas will be regularly watered down to reduce emissions of dust. In the event of excess dust being generated, personal protective equipment (dust masks) will be used. Appropriate measures to reduce dust will be employed by keeping disturbed areas to a minimum, re-vegetating bare areas as soon as possible; and minimising vehicle movements and speed. Construction haulage trucks will be regularly cleaned and maintained to reduce exhaust emissions.

7.1.2 Soil erosion At the borrow pits, RDA, working with the contractor, will carry out progressive as well as end of operation rehabilitation of disturbed areas. Topsoil stripping will be practiced and the salvaged soil will be stockpiled for use when rehabilitating the site. At rehabilitation, the topsoil will be re-spread and, where appropriate, the area re-vegetated with species consistent with the surrounding vegetation. Clearing of vegetation will be limited to the project foot print to provide a break against soil erosion. Slash material will be stockpiled at the edge of the clearing and utilized for reclamation of the site. Storm water cut-off drains will be constructed around the perimeter of the borrow pit. At the end of the construction period, the borrow pit slope will be re-designed by reducing the slope angle so that access into and egress can be made a lot easier.

7.1.3 Impact of surface runoff on surface water To reduce the impact of surface runoff on surface water, the construction of the road and accompanying crossing points will be done during the dry season. Carrying out construction activities as quickly as clearing is done will further reduce the impact of surface runoff into the nearby surface water body. Drains on either side of the roads will be maintained to ensure that runoff from roads which can be a major source of water pollution, is channelled to local streams. Drains will be cleaned on a regular basis especially just before the onset of the rains to prevent blockages and subsequent overflow. The integrity of the drainages will add to the reliability of the road.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 7.1.4 Ecological disturbance RDA, working in conjunction with the contractor, will carry out progressive as well as end of operation rehabilitation on disturbed areas which include cleared sites, borrow pits and quarries. Topsoil stripping will be practiced and this will be stockpiled for use when rehabilitating the site. When rehabilitating, dicing of the cleared area with topsoil will be carried out and, where appropriate, the area re-vegetated with species consistent with the surrounding vegetation.

7.1.5 Soil texture change The change in soil texture which comes about as a result of soil compaction due to the use of heavy equipment such as front-end loaders, bulldozers, and other construction vehicles will be ripped to allow for water retention. This will also assist with reducing runoff on cleared surfaces.

7.1.6 Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants To limit, contain, and manage the impact of spillages, dispensing points will have drip pans while fuel tanks/drums will be contained in a bund of sufficient capacity and will stand on an impervious surface. To limit the amount of spills during transfer from drums to vehicles, hand pumps will be used. Sturdy, non- leaking containers will be used for storage of fuel and oils. Hazardous waste such as waste oil and sludge will be handled differently; waste oil will be stored for sale to recyclers or those using the oil as a source of energy. Except for minor or emergency cases, all repair and maintenance works will be carried out offsite at the construction campsites.

7.1.7 Changes in landscape and aesthetics To limit changes in landscape due to clearing activities and potentially reduce aesthetic intrusion, clearing will be confined to worksites only. Unnecessary clearing of vegetation will be strictly prohibited. The road will not be expanded beyond the 18m width as part of the run-of-way.

7.1.8 Generation of waste

The Contractor will be expected to among other plans to prepare a waste management plan which will outline how the different waste streams from campsites and worksites will be managed.

The person in charge of the construction team will ensure that no littering occurs at work sites and all waste will be regularly removed and disposed of at the end of each shift. All solid wastes will be appropriately stored on site and removed from the site to an approved waste disposal site. Waste will be stored in such a manner that it does not generate nuisances of odour and unsightly visual impact. For storage, solid waste will be in covered leak proof containers. All waste materials and redundant equipment will be removed from work sites soon after operations end and no burying of non-biodegradable materials

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province or burning of wastes will be permitted. All recoverable materials with residual value such as scrap metal, wood paper, and plastic will be recycled or reused for other purposes or sold to other users. Hazardous waste such as waste oil and sludge will be handled differently; waste oil will be stored for sale to recyclers or those using the oil as a source of energy. The project sites and campsites will at all times be kept in a safe, neat, and hygienic condition.

Generated waste oil will be handled differently. Except for emergency situations, all repairs and maintenance activities will be carried out in dedicated areas where waste oils and lubes will be collected, stored and sold to licensed waste oil recyclers.

7.1.9 Road noise All construction vehicles and equipment will be regularly maintained to ensure that they are mechanically sound. Where workers are exposed to elevated sound levels, use of personal protective equipment such as ear muffs/plugs will be mandatory. Construction works will be undertaken during the day to ensure that the generated noise is not a nuisance to the local people.

7.1.10 Labour and working conditions All workers will be trained in occupational health and safety and applicable safety protocols will be resolutely enforced. All workers will be provided with personal protective equipment such as work suits, hard hats, dust masks, etc.

No worker will be required to operate machinery for which training has not been adequately provided. No children or young persons will be employed at any construction sites.

An emergency response plan will be prepared to guide response and minimise effect in case of an emergency situation. Workers will be trained in fire-fighting techniques and the use of fire-fighting equipment. Fire- fighting equipment will be visible and the location easily accessible. Fire drills will be held regularly. Flammable materials will be stored away from ignition sources. All heavy equipment and fuelling sites will have approved and fully charged fire extinguishers installed. Refuelling sites will be designated and no smoking allowed near fuelling sites or while operating equipment.

Workers will be provided with mosquito nets to prevent the prevalence of malaria. Periodic screening for malaria infection will be carried out at the nearby health care facility.

7.1.11 Impact of HIV/AIDS The project area is a rural area with low HIV/AIDS rates. This can, however, change with in-migration as people flock into the areas for employment opportunities offered by the road project. This will be mitigated

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province by the offer of employment opportunities to the locals. RDA will identify and work with a non- governmental organisation working in the area of HIV/AIDS prevention. In addition, education and sensitization on the dangers of HIV/AIDS together with the promotion of self-protection e.g. by use of condoms will be among the key intervention against the HIV/AIDs problem. The key message to be promoted will be that of abstinence from casual sex followed by use of condoms where abstinence has failed. To that effect free condoms will be distributed among the workforce. Safety talks at the work place will be held on a weekly basis and will also include discussions on HIV/AIDS.

7.1.12 Impact on Climate Change The improved road will ease traffic flow which in turn will reduce gas emissions. Mitigation and adaptation measures include tree planting along the road vicinity especially in urban areas with community participation since vegetation cover serves as CO2 sinks. In addition, there will be control against over clearing of vegetation. There will also be control over the type and condition of machines and equipment that emit fumes. During the construction period, drivers and mechanics will be educated and sensitized on limiting vehicle idling, over-speeding and maintaining vehicle fitness. There will be need for strict monitoring and inspection of contractor’s plant and equipment.

7.1.13 Change in land use To limit changes in land use due to clearing activities and potentially reduce aesthetic intrusion, clearing will be confined to worksites only. Unnecessary clearing of vegetation will be strictly prohibited. The road will not be expanded beyond the 18m width as part of the run-of-way.

7.1.14 Road Kills To improve road safety conditions for motorists, other road users domestic and wildlife, a number of measures will be put in place. For people, these measures will include installing adequate signage of appropriate size and colour to aid visibility for; while for both people and animals the measures will include constructing speed retarders at certain sections of the road such as where there are schools, churches, and generally where the human and animal population is concentrated.

7.1.15 Impacts related to workers camp operations As far as it is practical to do, workers will be contracted from the local communities in order to keep the camps as small as possible. The smaller the camps, the less the magnitude of the associated impacts. In areas near the council-owned dumpsites, the disposal of solid waste will be via these public waste disposal sites. In areas far away from the council-owned dumpsites, permission will be obtained from ZEMA to set up small disposal sites for non-reusable or recyclable waste. No burning or burying of waste will be allowed and the campsites will at all times be maintained in clean sanitary conditions.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Wastewater from wash rooms and the kitchen will be discharged into a pit shored up with stones to create a soak-away effect. Such facilities will be located at least 100m away from any source of water.

With regard to generation of noise from the generator, care will be taken to ensure that the procured generator has low noise output. The operation of the generator will be limited to 22.00hrs to prevent noise from being a nuisance to the nearby communities.

No trees will be felled by the camp workers to use as firewood; rather collection of fallen pieces of firewood will be carried out for cooking purposes.

No healthcare waste will be generated at the site as employees will make use of nearby health care centres.

7.1.16 Impacts associated with gender-based violence at community level Measures will be put in place to prevent the occurrence of gender-based violence. Such measures will include the need for a code of conduct signed by management and all workers, ongoing sensitisation among the workforce about the need to avoid such anti-social behaviour and the consequences as provided in the law. The contractor will also ensure that victims have access to justice, assistance for telephone hotlines and women’s resource centre that provide legal and psychosocial support to victims.

Other measures will include the following: ▪ among the workforce, create public awareness of women’s contribution to society and ensure women’s input in decision-making. ▪ Create public awareness campaigns directed towards both men and women to enable greater ▪ awareness of their legal and human rights, the legal consequences of abusive behavior, as well as the impact of GBV on future generations. ▪ Raise awareness of the importance of women’s economic empowerment and the economic costs of the absence of women’s contribution to the labour force as a result of violence. ▪ Initiate collaboration between community leaders, elders, local authorities and schools to create greater understanding of the link between GBV and poverty. ▪ RDA to develop procedures to systematically share information on issues, legislation and policies connecting women’s economic empowerment and men’s burden sharing within the household. ▪ Support community participation and collaboration in forming social transformation forums including those committed to combating GBV. ▪ Establish partnerships with government bodies, NGOs, human rights groups, institutions, working on combating GBV.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The Program of Performance, shall include a Health and Safety Management Plan, which will among other things incorporate management of sexual exploitation and abuse, and gender-based violence.

7.1.17 Violation of children rights RDA supports the achievement of SDG Target 8.7 which provides that States take “immediate and effective measures to … secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms”. Target 8.7 is linked to several other targets, including target 16.2 aimed at ending abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children, Goal 1 on poverty, Goal 4 on Education; and Goal 5 on ending violence against women and girls and gender equality, including harmful practices.

To support the achievement of Target 8.7, RDA will not allow its contractors or sub-contractors to employ children or young persons. RDA will also work with other stakeholders to raise awareness among the contractors and will also ensure that the violation of children’s rights is a contractual obligation.

RDA supports communities in changing their cultural acceptance of child labour, while supporting strategies and programming to provide alternative income to families, quality education, and protective services. RDA will also work with contractors to assess and address the impact of their supply chain and business practices upon children, and promote programmes that contribute to the elimination of child labour through sustainable solutions to address its root causes.

7.2 OPERATION/MAINTENANCE PHASE

7.2.1 Potential in-migration The solution to this impact goes beyond the RDA and is thus best resolved with the involvement of local governance system both from the traditional authority and formal government points of view. Even though the above appear challenging scenarios, conversely, they offer opportunities for various stakeholders such as government and the local authority to start planning before the situation gets out of hand.

The Provincial and District Development Committees, which are made up various stakeholders, can be used to start planning ahead of the indirect impacts of in-migration and the associated stresses governance, on the provision of services, and housing. The closer the services are to the people, the less the impact of in-migration.

In order to ensure that as many people as possible benefit from the road construction project, the offer of employment will be done according to the area at which the road project reaches. In addition, the locals will be given first priority in as far as job opportunities are concerned.

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7.2.2 Road Noise and Traffic Road design and construction will incorporate road safety measures that will include traffic signs, humps, and speed retarders. One contribution to reducing road noise is by the use of roadworthy vehicles which are subjected to a regular maintenance regime. The nuisance of road noise can be reduced in some part by the control of operating speeds. Cooperation with other government agencies such as Zambia Police (ZP) and Road Transport and Safety Agency (RTSA) will be required to reduce or prevent this impact.

7.2.3 Impact on Road Safety The construction of the road is also meant to improve the integrity of the road as well as the safety conditions on the road. To improve road safety conditions for motorists and other road users, a number of measures will be put in place. These will include installing adequate signage of appropriate size and colour to aid visibility and constructing speed retarders at certain sections of the road such as where there are schools, churches, and generally where the population is concentrated.

Other measures will include working with the Road Traffic and Safety Agency (RTSA) and the Zambia Police to hold speed traps and periodically mount roadblocks for checking on vehicle fitness and general vehicle roadworthiness.

7.2.4 Water pollution due to surface runoff Drains on either side of the road will be maintained to ensure that runoff from roads and other cleared surfaces, which can be a major source of water pollution, is channelled to local streams. Drains will be cleaned on a regular basis especially just before the onset of the rains to prevent blockages and subsequent overflow. The integrity of the drainages will add to the reliability of the road. Erosive potential of the cleared surfaces will need to be reduced by putting in place measures that will channel surface runoff away from the road, especially at descending road sections.

7.2.5 Impact on Climate Change Air pollution from motor vehicle emissions will be mitigated by the fact that the road will be much easier to use. This will reduce idling time and indirectly the amount of carbon emissions. Further reduction in carbon emission also requires that other agencies such as RTSA, Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA), ZEMA and Zambia Police are involved to ensure that only roadworthy vehicles are imported and are used on the Zambian roads.

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7.3 CLOSURE AND DECOMMISSIONING STAGE

7.3.1 Noise and Vibration Proposed noise reduction and control strategies to be implemented in areas close to community areas include: a) Planning activities in consultation with local communities so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are planned during periods of the day that will result in least disturbance b) Using noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and deflectors for impact and blasting activities, and exhaust muffling devices for combustion engines. c) Avoiding or minimizing project transportation through community areas.

7.3.2 Soil Erosion Proposed soil erosion and water system management approaches include:

Sediment mobilization and transport Reducing or preventing erosion by: • Scheduling to avoid heavy rainfall periods (i.e., during the dry season) to the extent practical • Contouring and minimizing length and steepness of slopes • Mulching to stabilize exposed areas • Re-vegetating areas promptly • Designing channels and ditches for post-construction flows

Reducing or preventing off-site sediment transport through use of settlement ponds, silt fences, and water treatment, and modifying or suspending activities during extreme rainfall and high winds to the extent practical.

Clean runoff management Segregating or diverting clean water runoff to prevent it mixing with water containing a high solids content, to minimize the volume of water to be treated prior to release

Road design • Limiting access road gradients to reduce runoff-induced erosion • Providing adequate road drainage based on road width, surface material, compaction, and maintenance

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Disturbance to water bodies • Restricting the duration and timing of in-stream activities to lower low periods, and avoiding periods critical to biological cycles of valued flora and fauna (e.g., migration, spawning, etc.) • For in-stream works, using isolation techniques such as berming or diversion during construction to limit the exposure of disturbed sediments to moving water • Consider using trenchless technology for pipeline crossings (e.g., suspended crossings) or installation by directional drilling

Structural (slope) stability • Providing effective short term measures for slope stabilization, sediment control and subsidence control until long term measures for the operational phase can be implemented • Providing adequate drainage systems to minimize and control infiltration

7.3.3 Air quality Techniques to be considered for the reduction and control of air emissions from decommissioning sites include: • Minimizing dust from material handling sources, such as conveyors and bins, by using covers and/or control equipment (water suppression, bag house, or cyclone) • Minimizing dust from open area sources, including storage piles, by using control measures such as installing enclosures and covers, and increasing the moisture content • Dust suppression techniques should be implemented, such as applying water or non-toxic chemicals to minimize dust from vehicle movements • Selectively removing potential hazardous air pollutants, such as asbestos, from existing infrastructure prior to demolition • Avoiding open burning of solid wastes • Dust suppression techniques should be implemented, such as applying water or non-toxic chemicals to minimize dust from vehicle movements • PPE, such as dusk masks, will be used where dust levels are excessive

7.3.4 Solid Waste Techniques for preventing and controlling non- hazardous and hazardous construction site solid waste include those already discussed in Section 7.1.8.

7.3.5 Hazardous Materials Techniques for prevention, minimization, and control of these impacts include:

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province • Providing adequate secondary containment for fuel storage tanks and for the temporary storage of other fluids such as lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids, • Using impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid transfer areas • Training workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response to spills • Providing portable spill containment and cleanup equipment on site and training in the equipment deployment • Assessing the contents of hazardous materials and petroleum-based products in building systems (e.g. asbestos-containing building materials) and process equipment and removing them prior to initiation of decommissioning activities • Assessing the presence of hazardous substances in or on building materials (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, asbestos-containing flooring or insulation) and decontaminating or properly managing contaminated building materials

7.3.6 Wastewater Discharges Adequate portable or permanent sanitation facilities serving all workers will be provided at all campsites and work sites. Sanitary wastewater will be treated by way of using septic tanks connected to soak-aways.

7.3.7 Contaminated Land A basic management strategy will include: • Managing contaminated media with the objective of protecting the safety and health of occupants of the site, the surrounding community, and the environment post decommissioning • Understanding the historical use of the land with regard to the potential presence of hazardous materials or oil prior to initiation of decommissioning activities • Preparing plans and procedures to respond to the discovery of contaminated media to minimize or reduce the risk to health, safety, and the environment • Preparation of a management plan to manage obsolete, abandoned, hazardous materials or oil consistent with the approach to hazardous waste management.

7.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety

7.3.8.1 Over-exertion • Training of workers in lifting and materials handling techniques in decommissioning projects, including the placement of weight limits above which mechanical assists or two-person lifts are necessary • Planning work site layout to minimize the need for manual transfer of heavy loads

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province • Selecting tools and designing work stations that reduce force requirements and holding times, and which promote improved postures, including, where applicable, user adjustable work stations • Implementing administrative controls into work processes, such as job rotations and rest or stretch breaks

7.3.8.2 Slips and Falls Proposed methods for the prevention of slips and falls from, or on, the same elevation include: • Implementing good house-keeping practices, such as the sorting and placing loose demolition debris in established areas away from foot paths • Cleaning up excessive waste debris and liquid spills regularly • Locating electrical cords and ropes in common areas and marked corridors • Use of slip retardant footwear

7.3.8.3 Work in Heights If fall hazards exist, a fall protection plan will be in place and will include one or more of the following aspects, depending on the nature of the fall hazard: • Training and use of temporary fall prevention devices, such as rails or other barriers, when working at heights equal or greater than two meters or at any height if the risk includes falling into operating machinery, into water or other liquid, into hazardous substances, or through an opening in a work surface • Training and use of personal fall arrest systems, such as full body harnesses and energy absorbing lanyards, as well as fall rescue procedures to deal with workers whose fall has been successfully arrested. • Use of control zones and safety monitoring systems to warn workers of their proximity to fall hazard zones, as well as securing, marking, and labeling covers for openings in floors, roofs, or walking surfaces

7.3.8.4 Struck By Objects Techniques for the prevention and control of hazards associated with being struck by objects include: • Using a designated and restricted waste drop or discharge zones for safe movement of wastes from upper to lower levels • Conducting sawing, cutting, grinding, sanding, chipping or chiseling with proper guards and anchoring as applicable • Maintaining clear traffic ways to avoid driving of heavy equipment over loose scrap • Use of temporary fall protection measures in scaffolds and out edges of elevated work surfaces, such as hand rails and toe boards to prevent materials from being dislodged

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province • Evacuating work areas during blasting operations, and using blast mats or other means of deflection to minimize fly rock or ejection of demolition debris if work is conducted in proximity to people or structures • Wearing appropriate PPE, such as safety glasses with side shields, face shields, hard hats, and safety shoes

 Moving Machinery Techniques for the prevention and control of impacts associated with moving machinery include: • Planning and segregating the location of vehicle traffic, machine operation, and walking areas, and controlling vehicle traffic through the use of one-way traffic routes, establishment of speed limits, and on-site trained flag-people wearing high-visibility vests or outer clothing covering to direct traffic • Ensuring the visibility of personnel through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas, and training of workers to verify eye contact with equipment operators before approaching the operating vehicle • Ensuring moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms • Using inspected and well-maintained lifting devices that are appropriate for the load, such as cranes, and securing loads when lifting them to higher job-site elevations.

7.3.8.6 Confined Spaces and Excavations The occupational hazards associated with confined spaces and excavations in construction and decommissioning sites will be prevented according to the following recommendations: • Controlling site-specific factors which may contribute to excavation slope instability including, for example, the use of excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of collapse, entrapment, or drowning • Providing safe means of access and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or stairs and ladders • Avoiding the operation of combustion equipment for prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other workers are required to enter unless the area is actively ventilated

7.3.8.7 Other Site Hazards Risk of exposure to dust, chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials, and wastes in a combination of liquid, solid, or gaseous forms, will be prevented through the implementation of project-specific plans and other applicable management practices, including:

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province • Use of specially trained personnel to identify and remove waste materials from tanks, vessels, processing equipment or contaminated land as a first step in decommissioning activities to allow for safe excavation, dismantling or demolition • Use of specially trained personnel to identify and selectively remove potentially hazardous materials in building elements prior to dismantling or demolition including, for example, insulation or structural elements containing asbestos components containing mercury96 • Use of waste-specific PPE based on the results of an occupational health and safety assessment, including respirators, clothing/protective suits, gloves and eye protection

7.3.9 Community Health and Safety Decommissioning projects will implement risk management strategies to protect the community from physical, chemical, or other hazards associated with sites under decommissioning. Risks may arise from inadvertent or intentional trespassing, including potential contact with hazardous materials, contaminated soils and other environmental media, buildings that are vacant, or excavations and structures which may pose falling and entrapment hazards. Risk management strategies to protect the community from physical, chemical, or other hazards associated with sites under decommissioning will include: • Restricting access to the site, through a combination of institutional and administrative controls, with a focus on high risk structures or areas depending on site-specific situations, including fencing, signage, and communication of risks to the local community • Removing hazardous conditions on construction sites that cannot be controlled affectively with site access restrictions, such as covering openings to small confined spaces, ensuring means of escape for larger openings such as trenches or excavations, or locked storage of hazardous materials

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The primary goals of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be: • To avoid the contamination of the environment and negative ecological impacts on the project site • To enhance compliance to environmental laws and regulations

8.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT To ensure compliance to environmental and regulatory framework as well as this ESMP, the dedicated environmental and social safeguard specialist employed by the contractor would work closely with the Environmental and Social Unit at RDA, ZEMA, the local authorities, relevant GRZ agencies and departments to ensure compliance with any agreed safeguard guidelines related to the project when approved.

The ESMP aims to manage the environmental and social impacts through appropriate mitigation measures that may arise with the implementation of the IRCP investment project. The successful implementation of the ESMP will depend on the continued commitment of the government through the RDA and relevant institutions, the capacity within these institutions and appropriate institutional arrangements in these entities.

The ESMP provides specific guidance on procedures to be followed in implementing the proposed environmental and social impacts consistent with the country’s policies and the policies of the World Bank. Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined as well as monitoring and evaluation protocols. In addition, budgetary estimates are provided to support the effective implementation of the environmental and social management plans.

8.1.1 The Roads Development Agency The Roads Development Agency is responsible for network planning, road and bridge design, laboratory services and research and environment / social management. RDA is also responsible for contract management of all construction and maintenance activities on the road network as promulgated in the 10- year RoadSIP programme. The operations of all the provinces are coordinated in addition to managing the major national projects under implementation.

The implementation of the investment projects and thus the operation of the ESMP will be overseen by the RDA through the Environmental and Social Unit at RDA.

8.1.2 The Project Management Unit The Project Management Unit (PMU) is within RDA and is charged with the coordination of the day-today operations of the project on behalf of RDA. The PMU also coordinates the functions of relevant

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province stakeholders such as the World Bank, the Supervising Engineer and the contractor. RDA has specified the expected service life and geometric standards to be achieved by the contractor which will be monitored by the PMU. Some of these standards include environmental, occupational health and safety aspects.

8.1.3 The Zambia Environmental Management Agency The Environmental Management Act establishes the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). ZEMA is a statutory body and the following are the main functions of ZEMA: ▪ Integrated environmental management and the protection and conservation of the environment and sustainable management and use of natural resources; ▪ The prevention and control of environmental pollution and environmental degradation; ▪ Provide for public participation in environmental decision making and access to environmental information ▪ Undertaking environmental auditing and monitoring; and ▪ Facilitating the implementation of international environmental agreements and conventions to which Zambia is a party.

In line with the EMA, all environmental assessment reports are supposed to be submitted to ZEMA for review, after which ZEMA undertakes verification inspection and consultations with the interested and affected parties (IAPs) as well as with authorizing agencies such as WARMA for water projects, Energy Regulation Board for energy projects, FD for projects affecting forests, planning authorities, prior to making a decision. ZEMA also carries out periodic environmental inspections and audits of the approved projects.

8.1.4 The Local Authorities The Local Government Act provides for the establishment of Councils in districts, the functions of local authorities and the local government system. Some of these functions relate to district planning, pollution control and protection of the environment.

During the planning and implementation of project interventions, it is imperative that the projects comply with the planning specifications and any relevant by laws set up by the relevant local authorities.

Local authorities have a position dealing with ensuring that the projects in the districts comply with national and international environmental and social safeguards. This officer will make regular audits/inspections of the road project construction.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 8.1.5 The Contractor To ensure compliance to environmental and regulatory framework as well as the smooth implementation of the ESMP, the dedicated environmental and social safeguard specialist (ESSS) employed by the contractor will work closely with the Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist at the Project Implementation Unit at RDA. The ESSS will also work with ZEMA, the local authority, relevant GRZ agencies and departments to ensure compliance with any agreed safeguard guidelines related to the project when approved.

The Contractor will be expected to develop Management Strategies and Implementation Plans (MSIP) to manage the following key Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) risks. a) Traffic Management Plan to ensure safety of local communities from construction traffic; Water Resource Protection Plan to prevent contamination of drinking water, and manage the extent of usage by the Contractor for construction purposes; b) Boundary Marking and Protection Strategy for mobilization and construction to prevent offsite adverse impacts; c) Strategy for obtaining Consents/Permits prior to the start of relevant works such as opening a quarry or borrow pit. d) Gender based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse (GBV/SEA) prevention and response action plan; e) Health and Safety Management Plan, to ensure health and safety of workers; including use of protective clothing; f) HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention, including sensitization and counselling; drug and substance abuse, and avoidance of child labour and child abuse Management of Labour Influx and use of local labour g) During the preparation of these plans the Contractor will liase closely with the Client who in turn will be communicating with the Bank for the necessary approvals and clearances.

In order to properly manage the environmental and occupational health and safety and community safety risks from the project the Contractor will be expected to ensure that all aspects of relevant Zambian laws that have a bearing on road construction are comprehensively covered. The Contractor will be expected to prepare plans to manage the identified risks and likely impacts caused by the project. This will include, but not limited to, management plans for the camps sites, sensitive receptors, protected species, borrow pits, traffic management during construction to avoid death or injury, wastewater, vector control plan (to avoid Malaria etc), spill prevention and clean up actions (can be part of the Health and Safety Plan), noise management, hazardous waste management, contaminated land management and the Health and Safety Management Plans. The Health and Safety plan will place an emphasis on driver training, driver licensing,

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province safe and the maintenance of vehicles. The Contractor is expected to prepare a Code of Conduct. Some of these plans may be embedded within the site specific EPBs that will be prepared.

The contractor will submit regular reports of his progress and performance on the Contract to the RDA. The reports will, among other issues, include Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Management Specifications Compliance Report.

8.1.6 Supervising Engineer It is proposed that the required Project Design and Asset Management capabilities will be provided by an experienced consultancy firm, which is not part of the Contractor’s Organization, but will be engaged as part of the contracting entity. The Environmental, Social Safeguards and Community Liaison Specialist will work under the supervision of the Supervising Engineer. The supervising engineer will, among other responsibilities, be in charge of implementing Environmental and Social Management Plans, and ensuring compliance with national and international laws and guidelines.

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Table 8-1: Environmental and Social Action Plans Aspect Impact S/N Mitigation measure Frequency of Performance Time Frame Responsible Cost monitoring Indicator person Limit the removal of vegetation Daily % area of site Construction Site Engineer Operations cost to worksites only. cleared vs 1. Distorted visual remaining un- Site clearing appearance due to cleared land and levelling the removal of Land restoration by way of planting Quarterly Area of land Construction - Site Engineer $400,000 vegetation of trees around the borrow pits and rehabilitated closure 2. quarry will be carried out to obscure aesthetic intrusion. RDA will carry out progressive as Quarterly Are of land Construction - Site Engineer $200,000 3. well as end of life rehabilitation on rehabilitated closure disturbed areas. Topsoil stripping will be practiced Daily Kg top soil Construction Site Engineer Operational costs 4. and this will be stockpiled for use stockpiled when rehabilitating the site. Increased erosive Limit clearing of vegetation so as to Daily % area of site Construction Site Engineer Operational costs Site clearing potential of cleared provide a break against soil erosion. cleared vs areas 5. Stockpile slashes material at the edge remaining un- of the clearing and utilized for cleared land reclamation of the site. Construct storm water cut-off drains Quarterly Presence of storm Construction Site Engineer Operational costs 6. around the perimeter of the borrow drain pits.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Aspect Impact S/N Mitigation measure Frequency of Performance Time Frame Responsible Cost monitoring Indicator person Construct storm drains on either side Quarterly Length, m, of Construction Site Engineer Operational costs 7. of the road to channel surface runoff storm water drains into the streams Maintain the storm water drains and Annual Absence of debri Operation RDA/Council Operational costs 8. regularly clean them before the onset in drains of the rains. Carry out progressive as well as end Quarterly Area rehabilitated Construction - Resident $400,000 Disturbed 9. of life rehabilitation on disturbed Closure Engineer Area clearing ecological integrity areas. and levelling of the site due to Practice topsoil stripping and re- Annual Area rehabilitated Construction Resident Operational costs clearing 10. vegetate with species consistent with Engineer the surrounding vegetation. Ensure that dispensing points have Daily # dispensing pans Construction Contractor $10,000 drip pans and contain fuel available 11. tanks/drums in an impervious bund of sufficient capacity. Use hand pumps to limit the amount Daily # hand pumps Construction Contractor Included in item Soil contamination Petroleum, Oils 12. of spills during transfer from drums available 11 due to oil and fuel and Lubricants to vehicles spillages Use sturdy, non-leaking containers Daily # containers Construction Contractor Included in item 13. for the storage of fuel and oils available 11 Except for minor or emergency cases, Monthly Absence of leaks Construction Contractor No cost 14. carry out all repair and maintenance and or spills at works offsite worksites

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Aspect Impact S/N Mitigation measure Frequency of Performance Time Frame Responsible Cost monitoring Indicator person Use local employment unless the Quarterly List of local Construction Project No cost 15. required expertise cannot be obtained employees Manager Loss of skilled locally Anti-social manpower because Educate and sensitize workers on the Monthly # sensitisation Construction Project $10,000 behaviour of contracting dangers of HIV/AIDS and promote campaigns held Manager HIV/AIDS 16. self-protection, abstinence from casual sex and the use of condoms Limit clearing of the site to areas Daily % area of site Construction Site Engineer Operational cost earmarked for construction. cleared vs 17. Land-use changes remaining un- Land clearing as a result of land cleared land clearing Uphold best environmental Daily # non Construction Project Operational cost 18. management practice aimed at compliances Manager protecting the areas aesthetics Ensure that no littering occurs at Daily Absence of litter Construction All No cost 19. work sites from visual Supervisors Poor waste inspections Generation of management All solid wastes will be appropriately Weekly Amount of waste, Construction All $110,000 waste practices stored on site and removed from the kg, generated and Supervisors 20. site to an approved waste disposal disposed off site. Emission of Regularly water down cleared areas to Daily Absence of dust at Construction Site Manager Operational cost Dust emission 21. dust reduce emissions of dust. operational areas

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Aspect Impact S/N Mitigation measure Frequency of Performance Time Frame Responsible Cost monitoring Indicator person Use personal protective equipment Daily Use of PPE Throughout All $500,000 22. (dust masks) in the event of excess among workforce the project Supervisors dust being generated Construct speed retarders at places Yearly #speed retarders Construction Project Operational costs 23. where village centres constructed Manager Construct storm drains for Quarterly # and length of Construction Site Engineer Operational cost Effect of surface Surface runoff 24. channelling surface run off away storm drains and operation runoff on land from the road to natural channels constructed Ensure that adequate OHS measures Daily # occupational Construction Project Operational cost 25. are put in place and adhered to. related incidences Manager Use of Generation of Implement regular training in OHS Quarterly/Daily # training sessions Construction Project $7,000 machinery and occupational health and provide appropriate PPE. Ensure conducted Manager equipment and safety risks 26. that these form daily safety talks before beginning works Erect and maintain warning signs Annually # warning signs Throughout Site Engineer $25,000 27. installed the project Construct and maintain speed Annually # and types speed Throughout Site Engineer Operational cost Injury and loss of Project site 28. retarders especially near populated retarders the project life of people access by the areas constructed during construction public Restrict access to worksites to Daily # incidents related Construction Site Engineer Operational cost and operation authorised personnel only. to unauthorised 29. Restrictions will require specific entry mitigation actions such as gates, and

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Aspect Impact S/N Mitigation measure Frequency of Performance Time Frame Responsible Cost monitoring Indicator person barricades, in addition to providing security. Keep to a minimum fills and cuts Daily # fills and cuts at Construction Project Operational cost 30. resulting in damage to the ground operational areas Manager Land levelling Change in surface. and vegetation landscape Choose the method of road One off Lab results Construction Project No cost clearing 31. construction which will minimise the indicating Manager need for extensive earthworks durability of roads Consolidate and drain the haul road Quarterly Quality of water Construction Project $15,000 from the borrow pit to ensure that Manager 32. the impact of runoff on water quality is minimised Keep to a minimum ground Daily Area of cleared Construction Project Included in item 2 33. vegetation loss and preserve low land Manager Erosion of Erosion of the haul ground shrubs along the right-of-way cleared areas surface Carry out periodic suppression of Daily # complaints Construction Site Engineer Included in item 2 34. dust using a water bowser received related to dust emissions Compacted areas will be ripped, Annually Area of Construction Site Engineer Included in item 2 original contours restored and rehabilitated land and Closure 35. stockpiled topsoil replaced over the road to a depth of 0.3 - 0.4 metres

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Aspect Impact S/N Mitigation measure Frequency of Performance Time Frame Responsible Cost monitoring Indicator person Breach and bar the road to redirect Annually # of roads Closure Site Engineer Included in item 2 36. water flow from the road onto rehabilitated undisturbed areas Gender Based Increased risks of 37. -Mobilisation and sensitization of the Monthly # and categories Throughout Project Operational cost Violence Gender Based project stakeholders that include the of people the project Manager (GBV) Violence as a result local communities, construction mobilised and of project workers, School going youths on sensitized implementation matters of GBV. 38. -Involvement of local traditional Daily # of local Throughout Project Operational cost leaders, Churches etc in all GBV traditional leaders the project Manager and preventive initiatives/actions and other local Site Engineer institutions involved 39. -Conduct a census of available GBV Yearly Census report Throughout Project Operational cost Service Providers in the project area the project Manager 40. -Dissemination of available Monthly # of GBV Throughout Project Operational cost information on laws and services for survivors the project Manager GBV issues to the communities and accessing the construction workers. services 41. -Co-ordinate with available GBV Daily # of Referrals Throughout Project No cost Service Providers made to the the project Manager and Service Providers Site Engineer

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 9 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE PHASE This EPB has been developed based on conceptual design and the exact locations of the borrow pits and quarries has not been established. Thus, the contractor will develop site specific ESMPs for each of the quarry/borrow sites and submitted for clearance.

Quarries and borrow pits will be opened up to obtain materials for the construction of the roads. The proposed borrow pit operations are a temporary land use which should be integrated with, or followed by, other forms of land use. Therefore, RDA will implement a site rehabilitation plan that will be implemented during construction and at decommissioning stage. Road construction waste may be reused for rehabilitation of the borrow pits. Rehabilitation will be targeted towards a clearly defined future land use for the area and will comprise two stages:

▪ Landform design and the reconstruction of stable land surface; and ▪ Re-vegetation or development of an alternative land use on the reconstructed land form.

Rehabilitation will not be limited to borrow pits and the quarry but will also include construction campsites.

The main activities of rehabilitation works will be aimed at:

▪ Promoting alternative economic activities in the area that are sustainable in the future; ▪ Ensuring the safety of surrounding communities through public consultation and the erection of warning signs; ▪ Returning the land to conditions capable of supporting the former land use, or where this is not practical, or feasible, an alternative sustainable land use; and ▪ Preventing potential significant adverse effects on adjacent environs.

Where possible, RDA will ensure that progressive rehabilitation is undertaken so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of borrow pit operations.

9.1.1 Successive land use The general successive use of the closed site will be determined by the following factors:

▪ pre-construction or current land use surrounding the site; ▪ any expected future changes in surrounding land use; ▪ the reasonably expected post-operational use of the mine site; ▪ viability of re-using the site infrastructure and facilities; ▪ the extent of any environmental impacts;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ The need to safeguard against physical, chemical and biological hazards (both anthropogenic and naturally occurring).

Specific issues related to the chosen long-term management that will be considered in the determination of the successive land use include the following:

− natural re-colonisation of the site by local vegetation; − planting of forestry plantations; − encouragement of alternative industrial activities; − Use of infrastructure facilities as part of the commercial or institutional development in the area.

Whatever the final land-use choice of the quarry and pit or campsites, the sites will be rehabilitated so that the ultimate land use and morphology of the site is compatible with the surrounding area or the pre-construction environment.

9.1.2 Rehabilitation measures The re-shaping and grading of the site is essential for rehabilitation to ensure that the final landform is hydrologically compatible with surrounding areas. This will entail making slopes stable and less prominent. This is an area where the locals keep animals and it was noticed that the old borrow pits contained water which is accessed by the animals.

After investigating site specific risk assessment, rehabilitation will proceed as indicated below:

9.1.3 Erosion control A major objective of rehabilitation will be to establish an adequate cover of vegetation to stabilise the site and prevent or control erosion. Before a vegetation cover is established, wind erosion will be controlled by three basic methods:

▪ Protecting the soil surface with a mulch of natural materials; ▪ Maintaining the soil in an erosion resistant condition (i.e. moist); and ▪ Reducing wind velocity across the disturbed areas by establishing wind breaks.

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Photo 9-1. Old borrow pit that may be opened up

The soil will be protected from water erosion by the following measures:

▪ Drainage from external catchments will be controlled by diversion channels or holding structures such as banks and drains;

▪ Slowing the water flow across the soil surface; this will be done by encouraging infiltration and channelling water offsite. Infiltration will be encouraged by ripping the soil to relieve the soil of compaction, increase the volume of soil readily accessible to plant roots and bind the topsoil to the subsoil. Reducing the impact of raindrops on the soil surface by provisions such as mulching; and

▪ Maintaining the soil in an erosion resistant condition.

9.1.3.1 Re-vegetation All the preparatory works will be completed before the time when the seeds are most likely to experience the conditions they need to germinate and survive such as reliable rainfall and suitable temperatures. Plant species will be established on rehabilitated areas from propagules stored in the topsoil, sowing seed or planting nursery-raised seedlings. The time for successful re-vegetation of all relevant areas of the project area is 5 years post closure.

9.1.3.2 Maintenance Maintenance will include the following:

▪ Replanting failed or unsatisfactory areas;

▪ Repairing any erosion problems;

▪ Fire control strategies such as fire breaks and weed control;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province ▪ Pest and weed control;

▪ Watering plants in drier areas, especially in the establishment phase;

▪ Application of lime or gypsum to control pH and improve soil structure.

9.1.3.3 Monitoring The following success criteria will be monitored:

▪ Physical (stability, resistance to erosion, re-establishment of drainage);

▪ Biological (species richness, plant density, canopy cover, seed production, fauna return, weed control, productivity); and

▪ Public safety issues.

9.1.4 Sites to be rehabilitated The following infrastructure will be rehabilitated before the contractor hands over the road to RDA:

9.1.4.1 Buildings and infrastructure The contractor will ensure that all anthropogenic structures that will remain after the project construction ends will be physically stable. They are expected to pose no hazard to public health and safety as a result of failure or physical deterioration, and they will continue to perform the function for which they were designed.

The structures will not erode or move from their locations, except where such movement does not endanger public health and safety nor cause detrimental effects to the adjacent environment. This means that full account will be taken of possible extreme events, such as floods, winds as well as other natural perpetual forces, such as erosion.

If there is no use for the sites post the construction phase, the following measures will be applied to the structures:

− Breaking out of concrete foundation; − Removal of all steel frames; − Dig up and removal of all below ground electricity cables; − Clear materials handling areas of all raw materials; and − General site clean-up.

Site levelling and re-profiling will be done to re-establish the natural drainage pattern across the site, after which, the site will be re-vegetated with indigenous grasses and trees. All materials and equipment that cannot be reused, recycled or sold will be disposed of at an approved non-hazardous disposal site.

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The rehabilitation of the site will involve the re-vegetation of restored land. The development of a sustainable plant cover will be affected by the methods of soil improvement and the plant species. This form of rehabilitation will be appropriate to the final land-use and will play an important part in maintaining the physical and chemical stability of the site, for instance by stabilising the soil cover and preventing erosion. Monitoring will be aimed at demonstrating that there has been no physical deterioration or deformation, plant growth has been successful and that over a period of several growing seasons has developed into a self-sustaining plant community.

9.1.4.2 Borrow Pits and Quarry The pits and quarry will be designed to remain stable under the influence of some chosen magnitude of floods. The corresponding design values will be established within the framework of the meteorological understanding of the region. However, this state of knowledge will continually change as the understanding of technical factors improves and the occurrences of large floods accumulate. Hence, the original design estimates will change over time and increase in magnitude.

The proposed provision for drainage will increase the factor of safety against instability over time and is likely to be further enhanced by the establishment and growth of appropriate vegetation.

The restoration steps for the quarry that will be undertaken before closure are:

− Site cleanup; − Removal of any scrap materials; − Removal of platforms and dewatering pumps; − Blocking of pit ramps to prevent unauthorised access; − Drainage and erosion control; − Backfilling and profiling of settling ponds; − Re-contouring; and − Re-vegetation.

Overburden (where this exists) replacement may be considered depending on the determined final land- use of the quarry.

In order to ensure that re-vegetation occurs at the edges, adequate drainage control measures will be taken. These will include constructing a berm at the top of the slope to stop water from running into the pit or laying brush and slash across the slope to slow run-off and hold back sediment. Run-off will also be directed away from the pit by cutting drainage ditches.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province The slopes of the pits will be gently stepped to help reduce erosion.

Signs in English and the local language will be erected around the sites to warn the public about not accessing the site.

9.1.4.3 Water management facilities Water management facilities include all the facilities at, or associated with, the quarry and utilized to control, store, treat and convey water for the purposes of the road construction and domestic use, as well as covering the diversion discharge and the discharge of excess water. This includes reservoirs, intake structures, diversion channels, and settling ponds.

Potential problems and hazards associated with the closure of water management facilities include:

(i) contamination of surface water and/or groundwater; (ii) uncontrolled water discharges leading to flooding and/or alteration of the natural hydrological regime; (iii) Harm, including injury and/or death, to livestock, native fauna and the public.

Water management facilities will typically be decommissioned and, where possible, removed from the site to prevent unacceptable levels of contaminated water from being discharged off site. It will be good practice to remove facilities requiring maintenance during the closure phase, especially when safety, stability and environmental impacts are expected. The site decommissioning plan will integrate any reusable components into the post-construction land use, the water management system and/or drainage pattern for the area.

9.1.4.4 Haul/Access Roads The value of access roads beyond the life of the project will be evaluated at the appropriate pre-closure time through the RDA’s consultation program. If not, the site access roads and drainage channels will be removed, ripped and re-vegetated. If there will be need for the use of the haul road at decommissioning, the contractor will ensure that the road is left in a serviceable condition. However, if the road will not be required as part of the country’s road network, or by the local authority, the road will be reinstated to natural surface wherever practicable. The abandoned road will be breached and barred to redirect water flow from the track onto undisturbed areas.

In areas where the rehabilitated road may still be accessible to vehicles, a suitable barrier in the form of an earthen barrier, heavy log, or similar obstacle will be installed for preventing access. When local topography has been disturbed, the original contours will be restored. Erosion-prone areas may require re-vegetation to limit future problems. This will begin with providing a fertile surface dressing of topsoil and organic material, which will have been stockpiled when the area was originally cleared. Until new

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province growth is established, erosion will be controlled by using a mulch to stabilize the bare ground. Where there is little soil to be re-spread, the road will be ripped, followed by seeding and fertilizing to assist in establishing a vegetation cover.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 10 GRIEVANCE AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION It is expected that most resettlement-related grievances that may arise during the project implementation process will be resolved through the overall Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) under the IRCP whose structure is as outlined in Table 10-1 below;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province Table 10-1. Structure of the IRCP GRM Level Composition Roles Arbitration • All concerned parties o As provided for under the Zambian Arbitration Act 19, of 2000 National • Director and Chief Executive Officer - RDA o Establishment of GRM committees at district level; • Director Planning and Design – RDA o Appointing Focal Point Persons (FPP) in various road packages who will • Director Construction and Maintenance - RDA receive, screen and register the complaints; o Providing operational guidelines for GRMs, e.g. ceilings on compensation; • Project Manager – IRCP o Providing necessary funding and staff to facilitate GRM operations; o Maintaining a database on reported and resolved grievances; o Monitoring grievance-handling processes; o Providing orientations to the appointed Focal Point Persons; o Coordinating the functions of GRCs; o Providing capacity-building training to members of the GRCs. District • Council Secretary o Creating awareness in the project area about the project GRM; • District Director of Works o Resolving grievances brought to its attention by the FPP; • The District Planning/Development Officer o Documenting and maintaining all records of grievances and their resolutions; o Coordinating with other existing GRMs and referring aggrieved parties to • The Area Councillors them regarding particular grievances that are beyond the scope of the GRM; • Representative of the Contractor and • Representative of the Consultant o Preparing monthly progress reports. • Representative of RDA Project • Appointed Focal Point Persons (FPP) o Receiving and registering grievances on a prescribed form; o Maintenance of the grievance/complaint register o Screening the complaints/grievances and conducting field inspections to verify the complaints where necessary; o Providing information and feedback to the affected people; and o Forwarding the complaints to the District GRM committees and other existing governing bodies such as Ward Development Committees, Traditional Authorities etc for resolutions.

The decisions of the GRCs shall be implemented by the Project, RDA and the respective Contractors.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 10.1 TIME FRAME The district GRM committees shall meet monthly while the national GRM committee shall meet quarterly to consider the complaints that have been received during that particular period. The GRCs will provide resolutions during the course of their meetings. Grievances are expected to be resolved six (6) weeks after they have been reported. However, complaints that shall require urgent attention as determined by the FPP shall be attended to within forty eight (48) hours of being reported. Should a complaint require more time to be resolved the affected persons shall be advised accordingly.

10.2 APPROACH Affected persons will be allowed if they so wish to be accompanied by a third party with whom they feel comfortable e.g a family member to present their grievances. Affected persons will be allowed to use a language that they are comfortable with in lodging their grievances. Complaints shall be received in various forms ranging from verbal communications to formal and written complaints. Whatever the source and the form in which the complaint is received, it should be recorded and later be registered in the grievance/complaint register.

The Focal Point Persons shall compile complaints that require immediate attention and refer them to the appropriate authorities for a resolution. The other complaints shall be compiled and referred to the GRC district monthly meetings.

Use of gadgets like phones, computers, scanners and the internet shall be utilized where necessary.

Sub committees shall be formed within the district GRCs to handle sensitive matters for example GBV cases. Matters that are beyond the capacity of the district GRCs shall be escalated to the National GRC or other appropriate organs such as the Police or the Judiciary.

10.3 APPEALS Affected persons that shall be dissatisfied with the resolution of their grievance by the district GRCs will be free to appeal to the Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Road Development Agency in writing. The Director and Chief Executive Officer shall upon receipt of such complaints convene the National GRM Committee to assess and resolve the complaints that have been received.

Should the decision of the Director and Chief Executive Officer be deemed unsatisfactory, such affected persons will retain the right to take their case for Arbitration as provided for under the Laws of Zambia.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 10.4 GRIEVANCE FORM A grievance form shall be filled in by the Focal Point Persons as a way of documenting grievances that have been received.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 11 CONCLUSION The rehabilitation of earmarked roads in Eastern Province will contribute with the movement of goods and people and provision of services in the region thereby contributing to the economic and social development of the area. The proposed works will also enhance economic and social development through employment creation and the remittance of taxes and pay as you as earn. The project is also aimed at contributing to the harnessing of agricultural potential that exists in the rural areas of Zambia.

Despite these positive impacts, there are some potential environmental impacts relating to the clearing of vegetation, surface run off from cleared areas, occupational health hazards, energy and water resource utilisation and waste generation. However, RDA has put in place some measures to mitigate these impacts. The agency has also developed a management plan which will ensure that the impacts are addressed in a more orderly manner. RDA is committed to upholding sound environmental management practices to ensure that positive impacts are enhanced and negative impacts are minimised or prevented.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 12 DECLARATION OF AUNTHENTICITY OF REPORT CONTENTS We certify that this EPB for the proposed rehabilitation of feeder roads in Eastern Province was prepared consistent with the level of effort involved based on the information available at the time of preparation and the data supplied by outside sources. This EPB conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI 28 of 1997 with regard to the development of Environmental and Social Management Plans.

______Chief Executive Officer Roads Development Agency

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 13 REFERENCES ▪ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mammals of Zambia". IUCN. 2001. Retrieved 22 May 2007. ▪ AIDS and HIV Statistics, CSO, 2011 ▪ Census of Housing and Population, CSO, 2010 ▪ District Situation Analysis for Katete, 2011 ▪ Eastern Province Annual Health Statistical Bulletin, CSO, 2011 ▪ Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 2014, Fewsnet ▪ Fanshawe, D.B. (1973). Checklist of the woody plants of Zambia showing their distribution. Forest Research Bulletin No. 22. Government Printer, Lusaka. ▪ IUCN Species Survival Commission (1994) IUCN Red List Categories. ▪ Living Conditions Monitoring Survey, CSO, 2015 ▪ Oldfield, S.F., Lusty, C. and Mackinven, A. (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. ▪ Sheppe, W., and T. Osborne. (1971) Patterns of use of Flood Plain by Zambia mammals. Ecological Monographs 41 (3):180-205 pp. ▪ Shultz, J., 1976. Land use in Zambia, the basically traditional land use systems and their regions. Weltforum Verlag. Muchen. Germany. 209 pp. ▪ State of Environment Outlook Report for Chipata District, 2012, ECZ ▪ Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia (1993). A Guide to Common Wild Mammals of Zambia. ▪ Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia (1993). A Guide to Reptiles, Amphibians and Fishes of Zambia. ▪ www.sos-childrensvillage.org

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 14 ANNEXES

14.1 ANNEX 1 - CULTURAL PROPERTY PROTECTION MEASURES AND CHANCE FIND PROCEDURES

A. World Bank Policy on Management of Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11, July 2006) Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) include resources of archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance.

Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The loss of such resources is irreversible, but fortunately, it is often avoidable. The objective of OP/BP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances.

B. The National Heritage and Conservation Commission Act, No. 13 of 1994 An Act that established the National Heritage Conservation Commission and provides for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and other objects of aesthetic, historical, prehistorical, archaeological or scientific interest as well as to provide for the regulation of archaeological excavations and export of relics.

C. Definitions Section 2 of Part I of the Act defines ancient, cultural and natural heritage as follows:

"ancient heritage" means- a) any building, ruin, or remaining portion of a building or ruin; b) any pillar or statue; c) any settlement, cave or natural rock shelter with traces showing that people once lived there, any house site or church-site of any kind, or remains or parts of these, any mound representing the midden of an ancient settlement, and any other site with concentrations of buildings, such as trading centres, town sites and the like, or remains of these; d) any site and remains of workings and any other place of work of any kind, such as a quarry or other mining site, iron extraction site, charcoal kiln and any other trace of a craft or industry; e) any trace of any kind of cultivation of land, such as a pile of stones heaped up when land was cleared, a ditch and any trace of ploughing; f) any fence or dry-stone wall, and any enclosure or arrangement for hunting, fishing or snaring; g) any road or other track entirely unpaved or paved with stones, wood or other materials;

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province h) any dam, weir, bridge, ford, harbour-works, landing place or ancient slip-way or the remains of such; i) any bar made of sunken vessels; j) any landmark for use on land or on water; k) any kind of defence such as a fort, entrenchment, fortress and remains of these; l) any site for holding council, any cult site or any place where objects were thrown for purposes of magic, any well, spring or other place with which archaeological finds, tradition, belief, legends or customs are associated; m) any stone or solid rock with inscriptions or pictures such as rock carvings, rock paintings, cup marks, ground grooves or any other rock art; n) any monolith, cross or other such heritage; o) any stone setting, stone paving or the like; p) any burial place of any kind, individually or in collected sites, such as a burial mound, burial cairn, burial chamber, cremation patch, urn burial and coffin burial; q) any place or thing which is designed by the Commission as an ancient heritage; which is known or believed to have been erected, constructed or used as the case may be, before 1st January, 1924, whether above ground, underground or underwater.

"cultural heritage" means- a) any area of land which is of archaeological, traditional or historical interest or contains objects of such interest; b) any old building or group of buildings of historical or architectural interest; c) any relic, national monument or ancient heritage; d) any other object constructed by man, other than a relic, of aesthetic, archaeological, historical or scientific value or interest;

"natural heritage" means- (a) any area of land which has distinctive beautiful scenery or has a distinctive geological formation; and includes any palaeontological area; (b) any area of land containing rare distinctive or beautiful flora or fauna; (c) any waterfall, cave, grotto, old tree or avenue of trees; (d) any other natural object with aesthetic, or scientific value or interest; (e) any natural relic and national monument;

D. Chance Find Procedures

1. Chance find procedures will be used as follows:

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province (a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. (b) Delineate the discovered site or area. (c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible authorities take over. The National Heritage and Conservation Commission (NHCC) shall be responsible for significant movable and immovable cultural, ancient, and natural property and their conservation. (d) Notify the person in charge who in turn will notify the NHCC. The NHCC contact details are: The Director, National Heritage Conservation Commission, P.O Box 60124, Livingstone Phone +260 213 320481

(e) NHCC will carry out a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed and will also be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. (f) Ensure that decisions on how to handle the findings are taken in consultation with NHCC. This could include changes in the layout (such as when the finding is an irremovable remain of cultural or archaeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. (g) Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the findings shall be communicated in writing by NHCC; and (h) Construction work will resume only after authorization is given NHCC concerning the safeguard of the heritage.

2. These procedures must be referred to as standard provisions in construction contracts, Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications for Contracts. During project supervision, the supervisor shall monitor the above statute relating to the treatment of any chance find encountered are observed. 3. Relevant findings will be recorded in the Construction Monitoring Report and Implementation Completion Reports will assess the overall effectiveness of the project’s cultural property mitigation, management, and activities, as appropriate.

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Environmental Project Brief for the Rehabilitation of Primary Feeder Roads in Eastern Province 14.2 ANNEX 2 – REPORT ON THE STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS THAT WERE HELD

201 THE ROAD DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

IMPROVED RURAL CONNECTIVITY PROJECT

Report on community consultations that were held in Nyimba and Petauke districts of Eastern Province regarding the Grievance Redress Mechanism and the Environmental Project Brief

Prepared by: Safeguards Specialists: IRCP PIU

August 2020.

1.0 Background

The Government of the Republic of Zambia through the Road Development Agency (RDA) with funding from the World Bank is in the process of rehabilitating some selected Primary Feeder Roads all the ten (10) Provinces of Zambia under the Improved Rural Connectivity Project (IRCP). Six (6) provinces namely Eastern, Luapula, Southern, Central, Muchinga and Northern provinces will receive funding from the World Bank while the remaining four (4) provinces namely Lusaka, Western, North Western and Copperbelt will be financed by funds from the Zambian Government.

As part of the IRCP implementation, the RDA commissioned Messrs. East Consult Engineering Consultants to prepare the Environmental Project Briefs (EPBs) and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans (ARAP) reports for all the ten (10) Provinces. At the time the Consultants contract had come to an end on 30th June 2020, the Consultant had not satisfactorily completed the preparation of the EPBs and ARAP reports. A decision was therefore taken that these reports would be finalized by the Environmental and Social Safeguards Experts within the Road Development Agency (RDA) as opposed to engaging another Consultant whose engagement would have taken several months and would have thus resulted in loss of project implementation time.

The World Bank had also noted that the submitted EPB reports were inadequate on issues of stakeholder consultation especially at community level. The World Bank on 22 July 2020 therefore provided a conditional clearance of the EPB report for Eastern Province and other provinces that had been submitted to the Bank on 10 July 2020 pending the submission of minutes/report that would illustrate the aspect of stakeholder consultations. It was also resolved that the EPB stakeholder discussions could be held during the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) communitive sensitization process.

It is against the foregoing that Mr Yobe Nyirenda, Social Expert on the IRCP PIU undertook a trip to Eastern Province from 9-15 August 2020 to sensitize the local stakeholders on the GRM and to obtain their views on the IRCP in general and the preparation of the EPB in particular.

2.0 Methodology

2.1 Courtesy Calls Courtesy calls were paid to the Council Secretaries (CS) for Nyimba and Petauke and Her Royal Highness Chieftainess Mwanjawanthu of the Nsenga people of Petauke District. The courtesy calls were mainly used to inform the district and traditional administration about the status of the IRCP and to seek their blessings in the lined-up consultative activities within their areas of jurisdictions.

2.2 Community Meetings Three (3) community meetings were held at different venues in both Nyimba and Petauke districts. The meetings were attended by representatives of Government Line Ministries who are based at community level, Chiefs Representatives, Area Councilors, Headmen from various villages, Ward Development Committee Chairpersons, Interest groups, Women clubs, and Religious Leaders in the communities. The attendance list has been attached to this report as appendix 3.

In Nyimba the meetings were held at Praise Christian Church in Chiweza Ward, Mtilizi ward and at Lupala Primary School in Vizimumba ward while in Petauke the meetings were held at Mumbi market centre near Mumbi Palace, Constituency Office for Kaumbwe Constituency and at Nyamphande Day Secondary School near Chief Nyamphande’s Palace.

In order to comply with the Ministry of Health guidelines on Covid, the meetings were not open to the general public but were restricted to representatives of stakeholders in order to avoid over- crowding and to ensure that social distance is maintained among the participants. Those in attendance were encouraged to spread the information that they had heard to other community members that were not able to attend the meetings.

The RDA representative made a presentation at all the six meetings and thereafter people present at the meetings were provided an opportunity to ask questions and to seek clarifications.

3.0 Presentation The following was the outline of the presentation that was made during the meetings. • The IRCP in General • Safeguard Instruments to be used on the IRCP (EPBs, ARAP, C-ESMP) • Gender (Participation of Men & Women on the IRCP) • Employment opportunities for community members • Gender Based Violence (GBV), Labour Influx, Child Labour, child marriage, STIs/HIV and AIDS • Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and its importance on the IRCP • Vandalism of road furniture and theft of materials during works • Community cooperation during rehabilitation and maintenance • Relocation of properties currently located in the road reserve areas • Community Infrastructure to be built as part of the IRCP.

4.0 Feedback The following is a summary of the main issues that were raised by the stakeholder representatives at the six meetings. Answers were also provided as indicated below.

• Question: How will the project mitigate against the negative impacts of the project for example cutting down of trees by the contractor during construction of the project?

Answer: The EPB and the Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) documents will form the basis of ensuring that negative impacts are mitigated.

• Question: What happens to those that have fields in the road reserve?

Answer: The field owners will be given adequate notice to harvest their crops prior to the start of civil works in those areas. For those that will have their crops affected such as banana plantations, adequate compensation will be provided in the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) report that will be prepared as part of the EPB report.

• Question: What are the employment opportunities for the local people living in the area and how will the contractor conduct the recruitment?

Answer: Employment opportunities will be available to the local people in accordance with the needs of the contractor. The method of employment will be known once the contractor has established campsites.

• Question: Will the contractor realign the road where there are curves?

Answer: Re-alignment of roads is likely in certain areas in order to minimize accidents.

• Question: The women enquired as to whether they would be provided job opportunities as is the case with their male counterparts.

Answer: Women will be eligible to be employed. The project has reserved a percentage of jobs to empower women. Children below the ages of 18 will not be eligible for employment.

• Question: The road (T4 – Hofmyer) in Nyimba district should be extended to the border with Mozambique to serve the community beyond the Hofymer clinic where the IRCP road will end.

Answer: This has been noted. However, the project has a limited budget and hence cannot meet all the needs despite their validity.

• Question: Is there going to be compensation for the people that have-built shops and houses near the roads

Answer: Only those that are within the road reserve areas and have been captured in the ARAP reports will be compensated. Others to be compensated are those whose structures will be affected due to the re-alignment of the roads.

• Question: The community enquired about the community infrastructure like markets which they had heard during the IRCP sensitization activities in 2018.

Answer: The community infrastructure will be built in consultations with the local authorities who are the planning authorities in the respective districts.

• Question: What will happen to those who will be affected due to re-alignment of the road in certain areas where the road has a bad curve

Answer: The affected persons and their structures will be captured and will be compensated accordingly

• Question: The stakeholder representatives emphasized on the need to ensure that the contractors were properly de-briefed on the culture and customs of the local people to minimize conflicts and misunderstandings during the project implementation process.

Answer: RDA has taken note and will advise the Contractor accordingly. The Contractor will be required to prepare a Code of Conduct (CoC) that shall guide their operations and interactions with the local people.

• Question: What has caused the delay in the commencement of civil works

Answer: There are a lot of preparatory works that need to be accomplished prior to a grader arriving on site.

• Question: How will you design the signpost along the roads to minimize vandalism?

Answer: The issue of vandalism will be considered when designing the signposts. Communities were however encouraged to ensure that the erected road furniture is guarded jealously, and any wrong doers are reported to the authorities for action.

• Question: What type of roads are you going to construct (Gravel or Tarred roads)?

Answer: The roads that will be constructed will be gravel roads of a very good standard. The roads will be maintained for a period of 3 years after their construction.

• Question: Will the width of the roads to be constructed enable for two opposite vehicles to pass each other?

Answer: Yes

• Question: Are you also going to erect mobile phone network towers?

Answer: The erection of mobile phone networks is outside the mandate of the Road Development Agency

• Question: What will happen to those farmers were the contractor will build his temporal camp or opens a borrow-pit

Answer: The Contractor will first have to obtain consent from the landowners before constructing a campsite or opening borrow pits. Agreements will thus be entered into between the Contractor and the landowners. The communities were implored to provide cooperation to the project.

5.0 Conclusion Generally, the stakeholders are looking forward to the commencement of the civil works in the selected road sections. Furthermore, the stakeholders emphasized that such consultative meetings were important to enhance community cooperation and ownership of the project.

Appendix 1: Shows pictures of the Community Engagement meetings.

The Social Expert stressing a Point during a presentation at a Part of the Community stakeholders at a meeting in Nyimba meeting in Nyimba

Area Councilor giving his remarks at a meeting at Chiweza Ward Chief Ndake’s Representative giving a vote of thanks at a in Nyimba meeting in Chiweza Ward in Nyimba

Social Expert giving a presentation at a meeting at Mtilizi Ward Part of the community members listening to the presentation

Community engagement meeting at Mumbi market Area Councilor giving his welcoming Remarks at Nyamphande Meeting

Appendix 2: Officials that were met during the trip.

S/N NAMES ORGANISATION TITLE CONTACT 1 Her Royal Highness Mwanjawanthu Chieftainess Chieftainess Chiefdom in Petauke Mwanjawanthu 2 Judith C.K Beene Nyimba Town Council 0955703226 Council Secretary 3 Bishop Venture Kafula PhD Petauke Town Council 0977889009 Council Secretary 4 Eng. Chezo Mambwe Nyimba Town Director of 0973706023 Council Works 5 Eng. Moffat Mtonga Petauke Town Director of 0976695840 Council Works 6 Eng. Chupa Petauke Town D/Director of 0972473228 Council Works 7 Eng. Kaoma Nyimba Town D/Director of 0977780044 Council Works 8 Clement Chitembeni Petauke Town Works 0966729532 Council Foreman

Appendix 3: Stakeholder Representatives that attended the meetings