yt
Stock Montage his the the was per Mon single a formi by on and prepar a a Genghis as of royal clans into a been Temujin systematically clans, Largely nation of He had boy. son Mongol a Dynasty proclaimed command Mongols him.
Mongol GOD the in the still personality powerful Chin was the Temujin put of rival his was
1162, KHAN: and around Khan Khwarwzm that
China OF and of in Chinese 1 the years. Temujin oh the attacked event North gather assembly unified Genghis force Temujin a leaders to consolidated an he against probably the conquest. great while was and Named Born Invaded Defeated Died War chieftain force It
twenty-five FLAIL and leaders created the Mongol born, world died at rivals this clan 1162 1206 1215 1207 1227 of the had clan than ruler. been C. who his by 1215—23 the promise
1206, With GENGHIS all had other
more THE his leader Temujin led for year river, universal army. support instrument of for clan the Temujin In Khan, Onan success eliminated people. sonal gol given dable ing basis in
life
the
Ta-
in no
Secret
the death
is
down
the
W. then, die
man, The
preliterate from
China,
and
a
marriage:
of
Khan’s
Temujin
version
Onan written saying: by
still child. against
Uge. sagas.
Francis
dating
out
Mongols: Ungirad
the Ithan
by him.”
first Mongols
oral
were
tribe,
Tatar,
an
knucklebone on
battles
Genghis in related Mongol
Chikhurkhu.
the a driven her
version probably
the
Temujin
the of
met the marry
Hill of to of
English
alive
were was
to of
been
Mongols
of
mother’s
Mount It size
they years clan original
into
birth
Chinese
named
they
the had
saying: his
tribe born.
a
the captured
few and Deligun if Genghis
The
saga.
tribe
far, give a in account
traditions ruling at
a as
chief was nine, visit 242
clot had
Khan to so
an
to
father. the
battles
Mongols
was translation leader. exists
such
tribal mother’s
within
Temujin,
of
History Khan Tatar
with
is blood
Chegcher
him father about
a the camped Yesugei
a his
text
these
Genghis
great
their see?” Young
his
travelling
name Olkhunugud was
take
present of
of
to
after Temujin’s century begins were
The
Temujin
account
from
Chingis Mount to
late,
Mongols
kept the the
the by
one
Ujin
when
captured
its
made.
to
The the girl
clutching
addressed
Secret that
going
when
hand. a who is him
of lifetime born of Yesugei,
extant. people
official excerpt
Wise,
Dynasty,
which born way
decided
fought
between
thirteenth for you
during
Wise the here
was
the
gave year,
right
the
The Yesugei
Hogelun
was
The In people friend
History the ask are
as history longer Ming he from Cleaves their emerged the
tars,
was
was
his
Uge.”
Del
It
that Yesugei’s
and It
As he
They “He
[The] Yesugei
“I’ll On
camped Del “My who
to
243
wfr,
s
ten
the
men
forces
at
K/ian
Temufin
up
their
before
claws
ujin.
rode
thousand
its
Genghis forces.
commanding
in
Tern
me.’”
dreams
daughter.
brought
their
to men,
sacred?
twenty
his
Gambu
my
is
Moon
mature
of
instructed.
brother,
in
night.
for
hand. them
Gambu
united
the
the
army
claws,
word
Jakha
last
my
of
Dei
been
thousand
army
his
Moon
his
and
hand.
and
replied.
other
clan.
on
and
Jakha
his
younger
ten
mother,
in
brought
he
lit
the
my
whose
days.
history
asked
with
of
dream
Sun
it
they’d
people
rivat
and
each
cliff.
a
or
see
the
a
as
other,
and
Khan,
them
into
I
his
the
together
and
Olkhunugud,
mine’s
other,
to
by
three
head
there
saying:
had
saying:
there,”
Sun
people
distance.
him:
sky
of
I
Burgi
out
Khan,
Yesugei a
Toghoril’s
and
each
the
a
both
Onan
the
to
each
the
blizzard,
light.
taking
moves
white
this,
him
the to
to rainstorm,
fire,
commanding first,
son
late’?
moved
at
army.
a
holding
son
to
recognized
a
the
Toghoril
waiting
already
all
captured
said from
saw
for
them
Bogorji,
then
moved
with
said
way
this
of
I
say
reached
Mongol
from
Gambu,
Yesugei,
their
morning
your
Toghoril
family
spoke
stood
was
falcon,
was
Khan,
arrive
been
of
girl
camps
been
we
falcon
there’s
my
contain
fills
Wise we
of
at
there’s
a
leaders the
always
head
if
my
has
this
if
on
next
bird
down
two
had
Temujin,
nearly
brought
the
Jakha
friend
tribe
narrative
face
eyes
won’t
the
Temujin
find
look
the
white
head
was Botoghan
thousand,
told
amugha
amugha
I
has Haven’t
Now
it The
My ‘Whenever The Aren’t
his flew “Didn’t we
even
‘Even
Dei A
the “1 his As
“I’m and
to and
at
had
and The
Temujin,
Toghoril
As
The Jamugha
J
J Borte, cried. tent,
who
River
his
the
the
Kilgho
and
they
lived
few
charge
in of
region.
a
the
out:
killing Kilgho
spirit
to
Steppe,
flat,
saying:
river!”
darkness
punish attack him
gather
word’?”
it
the
by
and
Temujin
the
the
the
his
gathered
he’ll
by
army
Barghujin
shouting smoke-hole
in
could
Bugura to saw
emptiness.
guardian
Bogorjin
stopped
leaving
our
the
the who
sons.
across ran
correct.
up
lived
Usun
before
the
but
criticism
his
coming.
they
camp
backs,
to
capturing had
his and
to
live
people
who from
who
was
decide
Davir
you’re
what
their
voice,
and who
tent
River
his where
through
over
Botoghan
night
flee
sleeping nothing
can’t
horse.
if
on
Khogaghchin all
and
his themselves
see
army
to
late,
with
retreating
the Merkid
Jamugha’s
as lay
hunters
wives
his
was
cross
to of
from
who
the
voice, of
the
of Selenge
History to the
Jamugha cart.
night
days tried land. his
him
and
clothes
Beki
Temujin’s
his
score
thrown out
Woman
there
that
moonlight.
down door-frame
the
Selenge the her frame
forces
on
destroyed
rafts Toghtoga
the
reins
answered anyone
World
three him.
this
pieces.
Beki’s
his
killing him,
Old
among
people was the
the
rode
have
Brother
through
crowd
of of heard
news
place
the
this but
to
their
at
from
down to
built
down
looked
trappers,
it
was
and
warn and
Khan
rid
Toghtoga
the
she
through
recognized
them rode
settled
down ran
down arrived
their
to
blame.”
Borte!”
they
Merkid
get
soldiers came
struck
Makers
completely
seizing
Ujin
enemies
moved Ujin
leaped
in
she
Toghtoga
brought hearing
nothing
Younger
broke
while
escaped
when
they
the
he’ll
River
about
our
came Temujin
followers,
Merkid, darkness,
through
244 ‘Let’s “We’ve Let Toghoril Having
they
where into
They beating
capturing They and
They until But fishermen, Running
they “Our And
with and As running
as
Temujin “Borte! Borte
and when Borte Borte
and finally All
As Genghis K/ian 245 he recognized Borte Ujin. In a moment he was down from his horse and they were in each other’s arms, embracing. There and then Temujin sent off a messenger to find Toghoril Khan and Anda Jamugha, saying: “I’ve found what I came for. Let’s go no further and make our camp here.” When the Merkid who ran from us in the night saw our army had halted they halted as well and spent the night where they’d stopped. This is how Temujin found Borte Ujin,
saving her from the Merkid. .
Temujin thanked Toghoril Khan and Jamugha for their help, saying: “Because I was joined by my father the Khan and Andajamugha my strength was increased by Heaven and Earth. In the name of Eternal Blue Heaven with the aid of Our Mother the Earth we’ve torn out the hearts of the Merkid warriors, we’ve emptied their beds and killed all their sons, we’ve captured all the rest of their women.
Now that we’ve scattered the Merkid we should go back.” .
So the forces of Temujin, Toghoril Kahn, and Jamugha, who’d united to attack the Merkid clans, who’d thrown open the Merkid’s locked tents, who’d reduced the Merkid’s noblest women to slaves, withdrew from Talkhun Island where the Orkhon joins the Selenge. Temujin and Jamugha kept their forces together riding back to the Khorkhonagh Valley to camp. Toghoril Khan’s army rode to the far side of Burkhan Khaldun down the Hokortu Valley. They rode on through Khachaguratu and Huliyatu Subchid hunting as they went, and finally returned to their camp near the Black Forest on the Tula River. After travelling all that night they halted at dawn to see who had followed them. Camping circles from nearly all of the clans had chosen to follow Temujin....
Then in came Khorchi of the Bagarin. When Khorchi arrived he spoke with Temujin, saying:
I
worrth
tents.”
carts,
road.
pasture.
belLy,
your
the
your
the
in
mother’s
on
of
Ancestor
leader.”.
from
mother’s
are
serve
same
in
Holy
number,”
our
wool.
wheels
broth,
who
the
dream carts
same
be
a
promised:
the
their
Jamugha
of
their
to
the
the
in
to
woman
on
geldings
courageous,
with
kinsman, women
evening.
me
morning
with
kin
the
camp.
drink,
the
waters men,
when saying:
meal,”
share
meant
to tight
the
stronger,
and
the
filled
more
horses.
the
Guchugur,
carts.”
filled
close
from
him:
young
was
who
for
three
bring
for
are
break
came
are
men
elected
the
always
are
in
Khasar,
tent
in
morning
evening
from
such
sheep
will
heads.
shepherd.
Histo?y
of
cook.
Jarnugha’s
they they’re
the
are
sheep
the
brother,
two.
swordsmen,
people
been
Rocks
carts
archer.
of
your doesn’t
left
your
Temujin
promised
him:
of
Heaven
wife.
come
we’re their
in
head
descended
head
World
brother
appointed
Bogorchu’s
like brought
promised:
his
had
brought
charge
thinks thinks
captured
his
your
your
yellow
speckled
of off
Belgutei
that
miss
miss
are
is
have
as
his
who
in
this,
it
from
it
it
them
charge
just
younger
personal
Cherbi
for
charge
who
me who
the
the
axietree
lynch-pins
of
that be
that to
to
to
became
in
became
Cherbi
in
with
Cherbi, Chingis strike
promised
cut
his
lamb
never
never
his
sign
Chingis
never
the
Makers the
another’s
a he
people be
see see see
he
we’re see
brother
told see
took will
a named
people
be
herd
herd
be
Bodonchar
He
My
you’ll
you’ll
Anyone
to
along Anyone
Dodai
I’ll “I’ll
that Then
that
“I’ll
I’ll and
I’ll Then
and and
Degei that
that
Soyikew “I’ll
“I’ll you’ll
and
Ogele
Once was
But you’ll
and
We’d
Because like
that
“My and 246
247
own
but
my
powers
with
said:
but
my
fathers.
me
and
saying:
horses
that
possessions.”
me
and
GenghisKhan
Cathay,
so
wind,
my
and
of
once,
beside
Jelme, side
the
Tatar
follow
at
whip
Hsiang,
my saying: made.
and
tent.”
fight
King
rest.
the
flocks.
herds
to
and
from peace. to
to people.”
protection
Khan
Chakhurkhan,
grandfathers
office.”..
cattle.
saying:
your
mind
their
great
Prince
you’ve
tent
the
arrows, him:
one
horse,
people,
came
and
heart
Golden
a
driving
far.” their
the
a
our
and all
of
saying:
others,
nothing
my
clans
no
my
Bogorchu
you.
that
the
of
my
the
are
them.”
me
shelter
who
to
up
Toghoril
and
people,
gather
rest
enemies
to
was
the
with
like
was
of
heart.
gave
thoughts. killed
general,
to
to
guards
covers
cover
promised
Megujin,
gave of
two
Sukegei,
the
the Andajamugha
be
our
and
position
army
arrived,
choice
near
grant
his
my
way
charge my
attack
off
to
them.
and
to
there
they
gather
spoke
that
that
there all
turned
and
in
first
in
in his
to
will
the
River.
armies
this
chief,
leave
Brave
your
been
crow sent
elders
be
shoot
be
be
Earth
and
the
Taghai,
over
to
tails and
I
when
spoke
when
commands
Khan
when
Khan
with against
the
Ulja
soldiers
shadow
you
rat
great
blanket
blanket each
will
have
tails,
King
chance
and
black
messenger
Tatar
a
the
messenger
of
warriors
were
up
a
time coming
a
the
days
their
my
always
always
time
chiefs
a
Khan
felt
felt
army
you
the
our
arrows chosen
own
Hsiang
Khasar,
happy
like
Chingis are
Tatar
the be
like
the
Chingis you
Subetai
is
two,
the will
four will
each
an
the
the then
were
were
be sent
Golden
be
the
along
Heaven give
assemble
gather
be
increase,
their
shadow,
He
“The Now
since
Chingis
Prince
up
the They
I’ll “When
disobeyed with
then
will
“If who’ve
Then
you’ll
you Since
From
That That
“You Just
I’ll from you
Like
I’ll
I’ll Then
Like
“I’ll
like
Mulkhalkhu these
Then Arkhai 248 Makers of World Histoy “I’ve just heard that Prince Hsiang is marching up the Ulja River with a great army, driving the Tatar this way. Let’s attack these Tatar together, since they’re the ones who killed our grandfathers and fathers. Let my father Toghoril Khan send his troops quickly.” Toghoril Khan agreed, saying: “My son, Temujin, speaks wisely. We’ll attack them together.”
Chingis and Toghoril ordered their armies to attack, and overrunning the Tatar defense, they captured Megujin and killed him. Chingis took the Tatar chief’s silver cradle and a blanket covered with pearls. When Prince Hsiang found out that Chingis Khan and Toghoril Khan had defeated the Tatar, killing Megujin, he was ecstatic. As a reward he honored his new allies with Chinese titles. To Chingis he gave the title Ja’ud Khuri, meaning Pacifier. To Toghoril he gave the title Ong, meaning Prince. So it’s because Prince Hsiang gave Toghoril this name that he was known from that time as Ong Khan..
Chingis Khan gathered all the people back in the camp and pitched his tents there for the night. At the evening meal he had Khadagan sit beside him and the following day Sorkhan Shira and Jebe, both men who had served the leaders of the Tayichigud clan, came to offer themselves to Chingis. When Chingis saw Sorkhan Shira he said:
“You and your sons took the wood from my neck, took the cangue from my collar.’ Why have you taken so long to come join me?” Sorkhan Shira answered him: “I often thought about the situation I was in and said to myself, ‘Don’t be too quick. If I go off to join Temujin the Tayichigud will kill all my family, make them blow away like the ashes of an abandoned fire.
‘This is a reference to a large wooden collar Genghis was forced to wear when he was a prisoner of these people—ED.
be
249
khan.”
will
Tatar,
eldest
attack.
said:
Barghujin
Khan
our
rules:
the
mountain
of
and
our
and
fight,
us,
behind.’ the
join
chief’s
a
these
Altai,
to
on
Cloaks
Genghis
for
mountains.
Khudu
over
defeated
started
leave
Khan.
the
counterattack
lowlands
spy
nodded
I
felt
down
us.
a
Chingis.
come Cloaks Merkid
we
to
Altai
army
the
sons,
to
set
for Khan
wives,
riding
Tagh,
the
over
to
felt
Khan
Khan
the
his
we’ve
back
is
through
by
his
among
people.
and
where
Seventy
Buyirugh
in
spoils
place
way
as
Ong
killed
at
everything
by
Ulugh
charge
him
here
younger
Dog, valley.
Chingis
and men
Merkid.
hung
clans.
his
his
gather
pass
the
Chingis
Seventy
place
spoils.
at
well
led
and
a
fighting equally
of to
to
the
soldiers
at
our
all
the
sons,
army
that
Khan
their
as
the
River
of
chief,
Tatar
their
the
his
by
his
to
my
. forces
time
that.
followed
speech
Khan
none
with
Beki
thing.”.
Ong
Year
moment’s
Tatar
return
soldiers
Naiman escape
and
Toghtoga’s
no
through
Year
possessions
four
his
for
with
and
this
back
war
to
the
gather
winter
Dog
Khan
retreat
possessions
on
the
right
Naiman
daughters
the
the
right began
there
Urunggu
their
to had
retreat.
to
back
offered
a
time
their
wife
Chingis
to
ride
of
doesn’t
met
spoke
assembled
beaten
the
that
tried
the
himself
the
two
Ong
Toghtoga
of
be
with
same
their
with
my
came
stop
went
finished
will
battle
of
battle
Khan
them
he
all
who
his
Khan
for
that
and
patient Khan
war
forced
Khan
done Khan
war
that
will as
the
take
the
they down
end
overcome they’re
together
he’d
retreated
autumn
man
to
Tublugh,
divide
to
Khan
there’ll
man
took
Ong
in
made
when
was
now
followed
we
he
one
the well
I
Chilagun,
the go
we’re son’
killed.”
but
riding
Chingis Yedi
Buyirugh
When so
But
went
Then
as
captured
During He and
and
Ong
Chingis
and
If
every
no then Any
When We’ll
Before “If
to Chingis
Chingis
in
“You’ve At
So Vhen
and They’ll was
to
out
Year
build
of
was
ban
Kishil time
career.
This
the
native
backs,
march
his
this
spread
Lake
to
felt,
in the to
and
Empire
at
world.
horsetail their
followers of
1206—”the
All
back that armies
on
prior
point the
in
Chin
Onan. outer
all
his
skirts
Steppe,
over:
But
Naiman
at
Chilagun, the the by
Khan
under
clothes Mongol
remaining
him. Khan.
to the of division
were
Chinese
and
army....
Khan.
changed the
tails
the
come
Rat the
SPULER
enemies
head
Great
Genghis
but
turned
protected
generals
1206
away.
nine the
Donkey-back had
began.
as
captured the Khudu overtook
Khan’s
the
forest.
Mongolia 1215,
significant
of
of
of against his
Genghis
are
got
at
now
the
we
possessions.
of
by
potential
Tiger, Sons
for
nothing
and He
Khan
most Near-Contemporaiy
Khan
retreat, and
Year
empire
nomads tents
and lives
and
onto
events
History
his Temujin
the BERTOLD
armies east,
to
goal the
and
Kharadal
Buyirugh
standard
of
Ong
of the
Khan out
securing his
leaving
same the Khan.
The battle
assembled world
with
herds broke
whose
the Asiatic
new World
Chingis
In
and
led the
a
risk
the
Year to white
that of
his
order
Beki,
a
warning, clans Great
people
for along
Toghtoga of followers
in not all not
the Genghis fellow
destroyed west. Russian
fled Mongol
people
Khan
Khan
from frontiers.
the
his Tiger”—was
a in
of
set
fall
few
proclamation
wars
Makers
raised A and the of
had
of they a
so
could
the saddle-strap proclaimed
forced
without Mongol
the Under
Bashi
Toghtoga all
The of The tribes ner probably he distant ing east
250 his So Chingis
and In Chingis He
who driving capturing Toghtoga, with escaped
having And of the They and
to
of
the
de
not
and
able
251
in
their
says:
rela
well
every
make
them
victors
do
Ching
Mon
for
surren
adhere.
without
enacted
are
to
made
carried
their
outer executed
was Emperor
forty-two
for
place.
of
write
the
westward
envoys
the
emerging
envoy, he
world, they
regular
recorded.
K/tan
order
and
they
which
he in
be
of
grandson
first
for who
instructive
have
and
an
the
The
strictly
not
set
wanted
but
permanent
an
law
to Khan’s
Both
But
first
not
Here
meant
of
[before
make
is
present
shall war
when
men,
whole
authority
prophesy
he
us
those
actual
such
History
Genghis
had
less
this has
the
that
ten
The
of
the
records,
an
Tatars2
seems
time
or
Mongol—Ed.
commanders
name
own
made
would
nation;
And
Mongols. since
leave means:
himself.
some
Genghis
borders
dignity,
country.
And
commandments
who
the be
and
eighteen
the
to
with
his
Spuler’s
of princes.
to
here.
every
be.
the
Genghis before
who
more
the
career,
whose
observe the
a
Khan
to own
(That
princes,
on
death.
crime,
the
already
for
will
notes
states.
until
another
subjugate
Khan
which
to
people
should
his
fell
by
his
Imperial the
across
Bertold
this
society
envoys
to
another
by
reminiscenses
and
had
that
to
result,
of
keep
to synonymous
of
those
according
must observe
any
for
a
apply
Great
completion
Moscovy,
Genghis have
the
for
and
mentioned
as
so
observe.
diplomatic there
from
to
they
Peking
of
court,
As
hundred,
pride
one
orders
or
the
the
election
say,
with
Consequently,
be
will
say,
his
they
Mongols
nation
with
Tatar
rule
from
also
that
aspires
For
by
year
returned
have
beyond
conquered
year
to
with
this
the
they
executed
every
Duchy
term
says
least
shall
about
a
will
they
Mongol
selection,
be
Europe.
elected,
taken
peace
will
which
that
two
without
at
governments,
so
pardon.
the
government
still
and for
the
was so
Khan
to
princes
puffed
in
the
or
in
or
established
ordered
begins
or
them was
order
uses
the
within
promulgated
to
brought
their
are
the
then,
he
have will,
and
from
eastern
was
of annihilated.
men,
live
of
informed
who
to
Khan,
them;
following
probably
defeated
by
grace
and
Emperor
of
Khan
conquerors
other
author
is
to
they
are
account themselves
case
lifetime,
and
Chinggiz
not
two
the
The
generation
Khan.)
laws
escape
His 2This
Further
His
conquests,
this a account
enough
memoirs.
reports
tionship
states appointed
expansion
defeated The
gols,
giz thousand
future
to and
know
years them,
must selves
struction];
himself
dered
Goyuk
Chinggiz
election
without
Only
his Anybody Then 252 Makers of World History
darknesses, that is, for ten thousand men,3 and on this pattern he built the whole army organization. He gave many other orders, but it would take us too far beyond the scope of our subject to list them all here; moreover, they are not known to us. After he had completed giving his laws and orders, he was struck by lightning and died.. The Great Khan of the Tatars has extraordinary power over all his subjects; nobody dares to settle in any part of his empire without his express direction. In fact he determines the places of residence for the dukes, the dukes in their turn those of the commanders of thousand, they in turn those of the commanders of a hundred, and the last those of the commanders of ten. If, moreover, at any time or any place he gives them an order, be it for war [or for peace], be it for life or for death, they obey without question. Even when he demands somebody’s unmarried daughter or sister for a wife, she is given to him [instantly] without argument. Actually, every year, or at any rate every few years, he orders the maidens from everywhere throughout the Tatar lands to be assembled, so that he may choose and keep those he likes; the others he gives to those around him as he sees fit. If he sends any envoys, however great their number may be, to any place, his subjects must provide them with post horses without delay and supply them with the necessary provisions; and if there come to him from anywhere people bringing tribute or envoys, they have equally to be provided with horses, carts, and provisions. If, on the other hand, envoys come to them from elsewhere, they have to suffer great deprivations and shortage of food and clothing, for their provi sions are poor and scanty, especially if they come to see princes [rather than the Khan], and if their stay here is drawn out; in that case what is provided for ten people is hardly enough for two. Both at the courts of the princes and on the journey they are given food only once a day, and then very little. Even so, they have little opportunity to make even a modest complaint, if they are wronged; they just have to bear it patiently. And as if this were not enough, everyone, including princes and noblemen, and even people of a more lowly status, continually de mand presents from the envoys, and if they do not get what they want, they look down on them with disdain, and in fact treat them as though they were not there. If, in fact, the envoys should have been sent by a powerful lord, they are not satisfied with an ordinary gift, but say: ‘You come from such a powerful lord, why then, do you offer such trifling gifts?’ And they refuse to accept [such a meager gift]. If,
3TOmen = 10,000; here connected with Russian t’ma = darkness—ED.
of
by
so be
to
he
ten
ten
the
the
the
are like
also
253
free
oth
post
their
com
their
dark
duke
there
short,
fit,
prop
Khan dukes
faith
using dukes
again,
is follow,
in
all
the
a to
as
a
In
is and
chattels,
these
they
as after
of
see
the
the should
the
but
If that
Moreover,
over
not
belongs themselves
[beys],
of
Khan
well
called
recently
three
avoid
Great
punished
wish.
commander.
of
by
like,
do
just
called
look
is
may
as
nobody
commander
more
argument
from
or
death.
us there
to
down
a
‘This Arm”,’
not
the
are
to
death.
power
more
throw
they
he
belonging
high
dukes
or
Only
property
business to for
men
by
they
the
a
Genghis household
two
or
take as
by
as
laid
standard),
say:
property].
subjects
all
units
Tatars
of
these
one
both
men
could
The
soldiers,
to
three
belong
without
their
if
given
fleeing
of
lords;
much
Khan. thousand]
provide
then
these
that
Khan’s
three
The
absolute
such
Khan
or
years,
dukes
their
ten
ten
of
to
persons and
punished
they
or
other
dares
with
are
the
the
women,
[ten
punished
their
ten
[as
the
those
of
two
all
everything, milk.
servants,
know
same
provide
ten
ten
the
three
two
ourselves
of
of
all
for
their
every
or lives,
all
Organization
and
personally.
however
commander’s
donations
to and
of
all
are
or
or
the
army
But
the
we
a
Chinggiz
and
of
of
their are
nobody
dukes
people,
succeed
charge
The
one
effect.
the
of
of
number
command.
and
their
should
obligation
men
same
one
of
they
two, charge
in
way
to
the
of
the
that
enjoy
Khans
unless
envoys
fled]
retreat,
charge
whole
other.’
property an
this
in i.e.,
rest
obliged
the
War:
one
with
so
fact,
dispose
follows:
charge
hand,
latter
this
in
one,
to
then
of
the
it
the
the
flee,
the
hope
the
should
the
to
who
as
In
provisions
turn,
benefit
in
In
tug/i,
supreme
to
for
whatever
among
portion
this
for
on a
is
of
under
flee,
Khan
ten
hundred,
general
equally
other
the
and
order
war,
finally
the
a
short,
of
expenses.
anywhere,
precisely
their
a
man
rights
pay
[those
Conduct
are
[corporal];
report of
important
envoys wait
more. of
are dues,
In
the
large
people.
in
is
head
has these
and
our
is
Great have
a
belongs
to
battle
necessary
as subjects
one
ten
The
people,
can
it
on
the of
they
must
else,
give express hundred
the
envoys
language, holders event
the
of
distributed
provide
be
a
may
the
that we
all
the there
them. If,
them
into
and
to
dukes,
an
or
of
and
people,
At
his
defray
flee,
unlimited
to
the
of
mares
of
he
of
are latter
this their
presents
and
to
In
thousand,
The commander
Further,
the
unless
death.
unit boldly
should
men
In (duces
ness. one
mander
should a
a
Of
have
among
that
have erty
horses with
horses, everyone
[subordinate] sends
other
ers,
issued
me
hands cattle
ful
for
forced therefore, or
the free
at
the the to
the the they
only and his it. the of was
at with son. arrive them in city in that basqaqs go hus par
was gover call men
inhabit to
to
elder
not himself, father want, in law to Melik’s
upon
with for, the still
his
her
home, the
and
these gifts, his
the
Melik,4 Tatars right legitimate
comrades If or
And demand among they concubine, out
gives recently
have since
as and
founded a
were
no
result the
killed. the
beck set illegitimate pounce kingdom journey
judgment of
previously return a
they which
land, we her, called
they
Vassals other of those had traditional
had
an require, the as
to region subject. his
to
son
David, and the
the
all
anything
of land
valid. the son or
Ruthenes.
whose of Georgia, subject, magnificent happened
while
Their
their of them, and the they
to younger
is
princes as the of allow to
and David, the
since of also lives. bastard
inhabitants
equally with am above
town part over to
a
is
course
I was
what marriage themselves
consequence,
all warning,
the unless marriage. as they
Furthermore, One Tatars, himself
vassal silver recently there, their this a and
the queen
called do on line
Khan, country presented
claim are who Tatars like.
they
according between and In the
the As who
and then case
not
with real
governors, rank. the
that only laid “King.’—En. populated they one
without
there,
other, princes Although that they
of Great
do female right
Georgia. bequeathed or
through the
pay people waste gold legitimate
there. possessed their
happened had
who David,
toward the
of
city
lord means History the this: the my
servant. between whom other higher
as had a throne the laid a has
ado, prisoner, whose been must arrived, of son distinguish son and gone to
Tyranny amount is to
of basqaqs country of out the the King passing
the
present
World given along a his completely union;
common who not Persian) had
disloyal also against of The any
more
father to son
of rivals the airs taken court to be or people,
this, own
as do prince the equally in
break (and Tatar and
She of Tatars, somewhat to
had Cumans legal son
the
countries the the two question are legitimate city a
prince a
the
Khan
and
and dying
a ascended any who argued
they their the
in the
them Upon Makers the without sons of
the for of Arabic the succession died.
of
of David
of
those were, have in
but the
had Tatar quarrels
time
against strength
demand two Great son
it and other
bequeathed 254
soldiers them,
If
In Tatars install princes
ants
brand region
order in
unsuspecting land When land the nor, as who receive any the still the the Now 4Melik
bastard. mother tioned mother
band country
ticularly had The I
the wife given
as
to
by
by
Paul
on
dis the
255 war
rest.
Mon
forty
thou
pro
wrath
which
others
whom
under
a
own
or dis
they
without
last
peace
the
Cedar
rested
from
whom,
the
some
The
make
placed
allowed
his
gifts
As
that
K/ian
in children,
was
my
On and
unknown.
at
and far
to
about
buried
so
conquered
By
once
nations
was
was
the
clan.
left
from
for
David.
incur
their
still
not
live
Eden
thousand court
was
he
Genghis
fit
to
is
had
also
killed.
Genghis
tr.
been
1227.
both
intend
is
royal
other
and
which
Mongolia.
who
fifty
and
not
of
was
body
present
and
do
brother
peacefully entire
yet
lost the
numbering
Khan
fastness
of
as
year
at
Legacy,
with
place
Georgians his
wives
body,
location
of
son,
his
Inner
so
not
son
The
the
they
and
or are
fear],
nations
the
five
and
Great
guard
father
of
them.
tribute
“This
exact
Rise
a
were,
have
his
alliance to
they
the
other
old
mountain
his against
toward
HARTOG
Its
secret.
Its
encountered
them,
it
members
those
noted
in
by said,
nations
legitimate
by
the
as
the
Khan
Obesians
who
DE
case
kept
they
are
where
receive
the
met
and
began
Empire,
whom
from
accompany
229.
been
other
from
faithful
into
the
his
other
be
him
way,
p.
and
mid-autumn
to
markers.
submitting
gently,
LEO
to
tree
his
they
who
thing
Assessment
to
had
were
and
river,
Yet in
this
and
currency—ED.
above
Mongot
no
with
of
nation
It
fear
1961),
for
of
were
was
tribute
In
and
The
they
them gathered
died
living
procession
given
the
with
Onan
vain,
case
even
unit
before,
proceeded
only
Press,
afraid
we
in
They
death spreading
exact
[of
set
the
but
treat
the
The
them,
noted.”6
Khan
be
a
every
as
land
concubines,
then
Prawdin,
Free
hyperpera.5
save
of
somehow
his
frontier
be
was
also
men.
challenge.
was them.
made tree,
not
Byzantine
Modern
but
army
it
the
They
500
from
still
York:
wagon.
mentioned
had that
A Let
cession
his beneath
source
golian
sand traveled
the persed a
orders
Genghis
6Michael
The
That
They
(New
them;
thousand against
them. should was
they
he
tance
further of
retain brother, I 256 Makers of World History In the years following the death of Genghis Khan the imperial expansion was continued under his son Ogedei as Great Khan and subsequently under his grandsons. But within two centuries the de cline and decentralization of the Mongol Empire had begun. In 1368 the Mongols were driven out of China by the Ming Dynasty. In 1380 the Russian Prince Dmitri Donskoi defeated the last signifi.. cant Mongol force in the west, the Khanate of the Golden Horde. Nevertheless, the memory of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, remained alive. And it remains alive today. Much work of historical scholarship has been done on Genghis Khan and his Mongols in the last generation. And, while no definitive consen sus has emerged, various scholars have begun to present their own summary judgments. Such a one is the Dutch Orientalist Leo de Hartog in his book Genghis Khan, Conqueror of the World. David Mor gan, writing in the Times Literary Supplement, calls it “the most recom mendable biography . . . at present available in English.”7
There are only sporadic references to be found to Genghis Khan’s personal appearance. The most detailed information on this subject was obtained from people who saw Genghis Khan during the war in Khwarazm. The world conqueror was then about sixty. He was re markabLe for his distinguished figure and his strong constitution. He had cat’s eyes and his hair was only partially grey. A judgment about Genghis Khan can only be made if he is seen in the context of his times and surroundings. In the twelfth and thir teenth centuries the Mongols were far more barbarous than their neighbouring tribes. for this reason Genghis Khan, as the cultivated Chinese put it, was nothing more nor less than a barbarian. However, this barbarian possessed a number of qualities that enabled him to become one of the greatest conquerors in the history of the world. His unusual self-control and his ability to keep his temper were striking. Although he never permitted himself to behave treacher ously in his private life and in his personal relationships, he was certainly cunning and calculating. In his conduct of warfare he was even deceitful. He hated traitors: servants of opponents who betrayed their masters to win his favour were immediately ordered to be exe cuted. We may assume that this attitude was adopted only partly for reasons of idealism. In those times it was not unusual to desert to the strongest. Genghis Khan must have believed that such opportunists would abandon him also if fortune turned. To make clear what a
7TimesLiterary Supplement, Nov. 24, 1989, p. 1293.
of
all
to
in a
the the
of
to
of
was him
re
at
first
wives
diffi
and there
in
257
of
who
Khan
drink,
concu
drink;
and impor
went
people:
hands,
worked
a
possessed Yesugen. attractive
of
last
excessive of
busy
a
wife
chief
suspicion given
conqueror
welfare expressed astonished
more richly
of himself
of his
consisting
most
of
he
K/ian
the
world emperor,
women
and never
his companions.
the
have
Khan
therefore had
were
Genghis
slaves
to
This
but were
into opportunity
were
the
of
. four
fond world
that
to
were
head
of
former Supporters
guilty distinguished Drunkenness number
he .
Chin these
of
was
the
. Yesfli
who
became
a
the
about
Genghis one
closest
the success
It
this
to
ideas the
was
not
The
orchestra
again
.
the he
Genghis part as
loved
never anyone
both
which had
his girls
an
Chinese ..
faithfully
enemy. showed fall was
ideas
them took
of life.
Yasa.
such
to
he
giddy Qulan, nature.
by
Khan
see
to
the
he weakness.
he
great
and
also
the
the any were Khan
allow
his
addition
a
to that
himself as characteristic
Gübersü,
Although
virtue.
barbarian.
in
circumstances
youth
leaders
giving
risks,
He
to
In
is
private
were
increased
Börte,
their
Khan.—ED.
who
see
times,
It
from
and
from
daughter
liked
his
he form
his
vice
position. alarm,
Genghis
took suspicious
their even sport.
aristocracy, for people
if manly
in Genghis in
were them.
entertained
the
the
campaigns
contemporaries,
Khan a
refusal power
his and
Tolui,
so-called
difficult
entertained
own Genghis
descendants
of Naiman.
certain
in
as
wealth. as
always
often
his
part
by
he
his
in
at served
his
long was
performers. deserters
Hsi-Hsia,
fear
expect
and
his this
Khan
Khan
being
spared,
the
Mongol
all
rested,
submission
and
cultured
each
rebuked and
favourite and
even
of
to
As
of
such
Khan’s
widespread
that
a
Genghis
of
girl
great
who
him
he
the
countrymen,
a for
codified
his
drunk
with
not
often
might
won
Mongols him
protect
king did
of this
During
to
Ogodei
aroused
power
such
himself, law
enjoyed
he
Genghis
he daring
mercy Genghis
to
those
was
the
others,
case
bearing ordu
tayang the
Nor
service.
army
regularly
fellow of
He Genghis
evidence
for
played
head
no
characteristic
authority.
by beautiful
then and
nation, loyal
of
work.
Each
an
the
around
few
army
in
his his no
be Mongol
while
Whenever
his
prohibit
18
alcohol. of
the
a
noble
is
him.
in countries Yasa.8
any and
wives
anxious to
although
to
hunting was undoubtedly
kept
of
or
8The
head.
whole Although
was
Women
the
Like
showed
the
As 17
Another
courage
kinds with
women bines.
conquered
daugher
He
were tant
cult regarded
had use
was and
at his
other
that,
emained
unity he
in the raitor
There exclusively more
ie wield resulted
:lefeated
warded; entering I 258 Makers of World History
self later as a military commander by personal bravery. In his eyes the leader of the battle was always more important than the fighter; all forms of romantic heroism were foreign to his nature. In this respect he differs greatly from the later Asiatic conqueror Timur Lenk (Tamerlan). Genghis Khan directed military operations personally; but he did not think fighting in the front ranks of the cavalry was the job of the supreme commander. In his later years, however, he cannot be accused of any lack of daring. From the way in which he progressed from a simple tribal chief to one of the mightiest overlords in world history, he did indeed show a great measure of personal courage. He never forced a decision but bided his time, realizing that he ran the danger of losing the opportunities among his supporters. Although he always approached a task with great circumspection, Genghis Khan took great risks when he and his small army attacked the powerful Chin empire and after wards the vast Khwarazm sultanate. His successful conduct of these wars clearly reveals his military genius. Genghis Khan did not use any original techniques of warfare. He simply perfected the methods of his predecessors in the steppes. Disci pline guaranteed that his orders were strictly carried out. Not even the basic organization of the Mongol army was originated by the world conqueror. There is no doubt, however, that he played a unique role in making this organization faultless. His profound knowledge of men enabled Genghis Khan to select efficient subordinate commanders. Usually origin and age played no part in his choice. The generals he picked were often given tasks they had to carry out independently, far removed from the Mongol main forces. Not one of the generals, entrusted with the confidence of the world conqueror, ever let him down. This was the result of his absolute authority and the respect that he inspired everywhere. His choice of civil advisers also shows his gifts for shrewd assessment of human character. They were, without excep tion, able intelligent and loyal servants. He had, moreover, the good sense to listen carefully to what these ministers had to say. In this connection it is typical that, although he was illiterate and could only speak the Mongol language, he recognized the need for and value of introducing the Uighur script as the official alphabet of the Mongols, who themselves had no alphabet. Before the rule of Genghis Khan, Mongol society was dominated by complete licence. To obtain law and order in his state, rules of con duct were necessary. By his compilation of the Yasa and his demand for unquestioning obedience, Genghis Khan exerted a tremendous influence upon the morals of the Mongol people, who hitherto had lived in utter anarchy. It is significant that the Franciscan monk John
all
af
an
he
an
not
of
his
the
that
later
259 peo
crite
enor
As
social
been,
after
recog
Gen
prog
be
years
Khan’s
world.
Khan’s
much this
weak
cruelty
of
was
because
was
Genghis
commit
outrages
because
conquest
nor
prosper to
attempt subjected
40 after
Genghis
religious
imposed
in
the
which
death
is
was
force
the
the
they
have
so
states
and
K/ian
he
investigator,
for
Yasa
whose
The
The
forest-hunters
the
the
The
long
causes
been
different
did
deeds
half
from
That
Genghis Genghis
may
prevailing
the
more
brutality
Mongol
opponents.
by
was
thought
known,
authority, peace-loving
of and
Temujin,
had
through
regimen. Nor
after
origins
chief
the
controlled
Genghis
over
the
member
Numerically
as
his
the
his monster
impartial
partly
country.
empire.
was
destruction
operation
terror.
urban—was
genius.
genius
a
the
of
operative
whose
events
their the
and
of
in
limitations.
organization hardly
extent
years
he his
places
contemporaries by
arrival,
as
followed
his
grave
his
of
and
nomads
and
authority
bloodthirsty
19
neither
world
murdered
the
are the
his
Asia.
his
had
Eurasia.
such
over
During
primitive
those Mongols
but
the and
of
the
derived
times
one
functioned.
of
rulers,
of
his
of
died
But
in
that
of
strength
observed
These
present-day
the
rule
achievement;
remained
in
the
remained
than
Khan
was
their
Mongols
times Khan,
judge
before
inherited
especially,
it
portrayed
speak
exceed
troops
Central
it of
other
areas
to
people
The
Mongolia
Empire
his
corpses
their
considerable
indisputable
he
in
the
deeds;
people
silence
that
which
priests
Empire.
camps
been of
of
vast
Islam
significance.
later
smaller warfare.
which,
steppes,
this
of
did
many
Genghis
conclusion
cultures—nomad
the
sources
agriculture.
that Genghis
unfair
consequence
context
such
In
remarkable
of
outgrown
visited
of
grandsons
piles
of
and
the of
a
child
fundamental
of
Mongol
the
often bloody
be
sedentary
occupation
the
maintain
However
IViongol various
a
towns
the
is
was
or
conqueror.
always
covered in
a
authority,
by
who
European
the
to
lifetime
has
rose
of
particularly
the
in
that
various historical
the
the
noticed
was
was
hardly
Mongols,
genius
numbers
reach
with
opposing
names
This
centres.
was
sons
would
his
spreading
system,
of
of
methods how
no
was
able
than done
it
said,
which
that
the
ruins
the
this
than
Khan
two
not
Mongol
his
had
factor
the
his
of
is
must
importance
Khan
marked
viewed
busy
idea
of
Carpini, Khan,
dominions army
death.
of their
it the
killer,
had
but
in
enormous
were
less
true
together the
During
be
which
are
the
no
his
closely
That
his
is
was
and
partition
by
and
one
destructiveness.
khan
link
It
Piano
Genghis
reconcile
Naturally,
had nize
Mongols
fected
Khan’s tribes
countries
mous, campaigns
they inconceivable
much
ria.
must conditions;
Genghis
leath.
or
however, as
ted
1enghis
odious
passed, ple ous
o
st ipon
ifter iot :he Khan’s bound basis, important ress
f nore
lisintegration hisids of as
to in
in
do
to
it. in
ex
the was not half the be
also this
This Gen
close
were
to
secu
in
corn com
head. inter day
public metal
associ and
known
Khan’s
of empire an for
Persian China.
Genghj5 At destruc..
of
situation
Asia his
financial
the
his
After China;
trade
rule, rules
routes
and
now
order.
the lives
coldly The
in on particularly of
and
embodied value
dedicated
hardly benefited campaigns
his
without
Turfan
flowed
Multicoloured
with far-reaching chief
Genghis
period,
new
food and
the
Mongotica,
participate
ideas.
was These during
measure
which
plate
goal)
of
and
approximately responsible
the This
of
whole
great
human any
the
Fax not
most under
barter of and his
accepted
routes
geographical
hitherto
contemporary
travellers gold consequences. prevailed.
large journey countries
of
also
disciplines his
people
There to
a
the
Persia, a
did
The
A
the
Persia
of
aware
clothing,
from (Yam). one
of
features
had
to
communication countries.
was
were
the
their
communications,
reach
united
could
and
with
embraced
undertakings.
missionaries
radical well
countless
of
only
about
to
long
that
limited during
only unit
he
formerly states.
vigorously.
protected
activity
country.
discoveries service
Asia
was
which and
between
conquerors
not
China Thanks obtained
the opened
most
themselves
benefited
Mongolica.
had slaughter that
the
the
subjected been
Empire traveller
conquests
mediterranean peaceful guilty,
account
a
like
sacrifice
the the
brought
military
those
they
the Fax
develop
were
countries had
that to
courier remained
region
member necessary
The
Central
the
governmental to
on
China.
came
areas
the
in
centres, to
But that
had
Along
to
they or
the
as
however,
conqueror
merchants Mongols
never
the
large
Mongol
along
skins
was
History
and
and above
particular
a
information,
after
trade
neighbouring
Empire.
in able
also
war. but
it
world.
huge
the
not,
the
of
in
was
devastation.
between
Yam.
defeat, activities
and
mounted
of
and
cultural Levant this
(if
Asia
conquests
move
between
was named vast
World
conditions
existence, that
the
Mongol
necessary,
they
the
introduced
were
of
the
military
furs old harsh,
the
widespread
their trade,
their
because
trade
death
known In Mongol
enterprises
Khan
the intensively
over
able
the
from
products,
of messengers, was
so
for of would
wrote
two
peace,
occurred
unsafe with
were
features the
and up;
other’s
of Mongol
of
from
towns
then
was
history;
widespread
commander
was especially
from
Southwest
Makers
of
more
Khan’s
commerce
of
the
efficient
possible
and
profits
Yasa
spirit years
centuries
the
each
Genghis
The
The
Although
260
normal barbarities Khan
whatever order world ghis don
of operations. contacts of and included ated
opened the was undoubtedly rity historian ference safety protection
profited only
violence change the ing throngs merce tween
international For
exchange goods
busy The pillars
a
a
to
all
all
in
his
In
of
re
the
this
For
not sent
the
and
clan
Nor by
261 was
soci
their
their
some
for
Khan,
causes
coun
Ta-ta
upper
to
right
For
experi
associa
(Eternal
that
Genghis
building
Chinese
of
that
merely
abandon
were
countries
developed
uniting
the small.
elaborated
Khan
demanded
the
on
account
conquered
engaged
nomads.
and
the
empire. Chinese
nationalities
gained
not
not
Mongol
imperial The
close
motivated
therefore
most restricted
death.
they
had
adhere
all
followed
advisers
Genghis
Tengri
very
his ever,
relates
more
his
The
economic
when
the
had
co-operators
to
The
was
from
his
be
prosperous
not
further
to
his
convinced
For
upon
for
Heaven
defeated
Genghis
were
a
GenghisKhan
the
should
various
and
from
Mongols
by
himself
Khitans,
Even
used
facts.
making.’
was
and
of
than
after
nomads
ideas.
conception,
convert
knowledge
the
Mongols doing,
its
of
class.
suited
from
should
foreign
therefore
Empire
the
the
the
so
to
his
As
of
and
acceptable.
social
Eternal
the
this
Khan
conqueror
even
The
influence
Genghisids
remained
basis, in
overlords
with
by
on
best
peoples.
By
was
received
Ch’ang-ch’un
to
policies
life
Yalavachs,
cultures.
the
aristocracy
submission
an
real
example
ruling
most
Influenced
income
number
territories
out
upon
was
Yasa,
world life.
thought Mongol
rely by
the
change
of
teished
Khan
two
his
Uighurs, ruling
the
the
the
order
remain
of
settled
empire
to
Genghis
the
he
to
the
the
empire,
simple
that
prosperity
The
over. the
more
Persian
the
countries.
the
the
an
a
exerted
of
Mongol
borne relied
populations.
of
was
the
way
agricultural
According
of
the
one
Orders
had
applied
really
after failed
philosopher
were,
and
would
eyes
departments
and
were
Genghis
the
‘world
which
was
not
Mongols
followed
work.
conferred
this
a
obtain
and
appointed.
Whatever
the
It
Khan
is
wanted
not
usually
life
control
clan
to
they
and
culture
the
terms
enormous
was
their
Khan
naturally
Tengri.
Yasa,
but
teachings
restore was
shaken
battles
his
dominate
his
in
were
Chinese
conquered
could
was Asia.
Chinese
of
In
sophisticated
his
Khan
regular Ch’u-ts’ai
were
to
Ch’u-tsai
to
of
conquests
that
the
it
successors.
work
The
the
steppes
he
steppes.
successors
Genghis
world
the
that
the
to
gaining
the
states
will
who
attuned
Uighur
municipal
his
end
of
and
governmental
more
a
Genghis
they
of
the
that
the
His
into
after
the
Central
Yeh-lü
strove
the
govern
was
Yeh-lü
conquest
scheme.
descendants
after
conviction
civilizations
civilization
of
on from the Genghis
life
the
Mongol
and
opinion
of
but
continue
to
location.
among
of
functions
over
was
his
assumed
of
adapted
with
soon
Persians
religions,
life
this
this
but
higher
travels
run
it
the
Even
Until
The
Khan
Heaven). state
of rule
wars on
tribes
of
countries,
the could
fixed eternity,
purpose that
who
nomad
ety,
Persian
tion
Uighur experience
the was
such
and
cruited
well
administrative
hand,
and
try, ence
order
Mongols convinced
the
T’ong-a,
very territories a
of
in
of
an
his
he,
and
col rule
and
his
clan
lived
the
to lived
time,
from
Later, Gen
of arena,
driven
West? envoy
that
of
empire
his
large slaves
orders
all
surrender
or had Explain.
Have
the
Dwellers
as
his
empire
way
the lived.
to military for
Genghisids.
that differ d’Ohsson’s
themselves pleasure
masters world
in
it a
they
a
history
joy. Russian
His
belonging
the the rule law
mid-thirteenth
they
for the
with
assessment of
hope
of
the
such to of
by account?
justification was absorbed
from history?
permanent
Refusal nomad
which
to
in Mongols
seat from
The
enter
Mouradja
especially
in rule whom
the
were
the
moral
to
the their
Reading as
conform others world
negative derive
forgotten.
of
possession the
anonymous
solidarity
no continue
to
dating a
of
Khan compelled
son
Questions leader.
They that
Mongols.
among
guaranteeing over such
sympathetic the
tangential the
as
it
received,
exert
had could
a throne formulated time ever
of
to History
the to
been
to
Further or
rule
sources
the for
state
traditional
was
of eventually
have
circumstances
they
Khan, Study see
brilliant “maker” greatest
Genghis
peoples
position.
To had sources was
view
for
Secret
preserve a writing? Khan’s
to the
the
Discuss.
to
the
of a god
that
account
hostile
to
were
called associates
their
would Arabic and their
who
for
a
their
was
into which
the the
of History truly
were
of Mongols it
Genghis
with
and
current. educated states and is
loyal
of
Genghis
saga-like
constitution
of his wishes
court historical
job regarded
enough
endured?
Yasa,
rebellion. birth
In
World account
his
collections Khan
been the Review Mongols, maintain genius
other as and age
intact
Genghisids relapsed
of
the
life.
Persian
countries The
to
opinion you
Suggestions
possible, Khan whose
and
the Khan’s
countless
of
the of
Mongol
the
modern
empire’s
does have
do
as several
Khan
them
in
the
influential vain. inform
to your
life-style. and
Genghis the
remain
Makers
His
time of
unable are
regarded
representative to by
How family more In to How civilized ghis Is
contributions
empire, not
agreeable
Genghis
Genghis the
1.
2.
3.
262 4.
out the was
clan. his income
grand seems therefore the his an
lapsed
administrative were back many at would proved
was
Mongols There
compilation
a
the
de
gis
are
his
and
and
and
the
by
263
Khan
René
Sinor
(Bloo
1993).
1860) David 1971),
Time-
Jacob
Three
in and
History
Robert
Mongol
History
Leo
Genghis
impor
Chin
Curtin,
and
anthro
Mongols Rise
transla
Martin’s
ordered
or
Hudson,
is
there York
Horsemen:
twentieth
of
The
in
Va.:
collection,
important
Its
The
are
Khan
the
history
St.
Paul,
Denis
The
Peoples
law
Bros.,
1979),
Press,
1961).
Russia
other
History
and
Khan
Khubilai
the
Brent,
1908)
(New
probably
nothing
Khan
survey
ad-Din’s
most
also
and
and
to
DeviLs
is
in
Origin
await
and
York:
Jeremiah
only
Empire:
Kegan
Press,
Co.,
to
Genghis
Peter
Mongol
Mongol
as
The
The
Saunders,
Tue
best
Russian
almost
scholarship
“Ancient
Genghis Thames
Khan
The
of Halperin,
of
Rashid
J.
Mongols
1986),
(Alexandria,
had
and
Genghis (New
and
California
popular
Civilization:
and
of
largely
Free
the
Atheneum,
J.
J.
Harper
of
but on
excellent
such
McKeller
comprehensive
Mongot
of
of
The
a
see
Lost
work
recently.
1950s.
whole
World
work
The
age
in
Books
Mongols:
York:
Genghis
Medieval
Brown
popular
1976).
York:
Khan, A
York:
works
Chambers,
1985).
chapter
(London:
studies,
this
Charles
the
the
the
Marian
the the
very
on
sources;
Routledge
Blackwell,
histories
compilation
exist up-to-date
the
of
although
in
Phillips,
of
(New
of
in
translation
tr.
this
see
from
But
(New
Little,
(New
University
in
the
D.
Press,
until
not
James
Prawdin,
specifically
Heissig,
for
Genghis
Impact
Time-Life
Paul
narrative
E.
painstaking
Persian
1966),
East:
linguistic
of
are
World,
survey
general
Khan
Thomson
Cleaves
Russia
Histoiy
of
Yasa,
does
(London: gol
Europe 1969)
attractive
(London:
Mongols
the
chapter.
Conqueror
McGraw-Hill,
the
also
S.
existed
the
(Boston:
of
and
Walter
the
from
Michael
Angeles:
Cedar
with
of
for
An
the
Mon
J.
Press,
this
al.:
is
works
older University
Secret
is
conquests
See
excerpted
Quatremëre’s
which
editors
Genghis
definitive
of
et from
K/ian: D.
citations.
and
Los
as
for
wait
The
the History
of
The
sources
Mongols
Woodman
Praeger,
Conquests
books.
biographies
work.
the
tr.
to
A
Hutegu,
n.d.).
Invasion
Orion
source
is
authoritative
1989),
York
Khan,
later
and
Storm
useless.
of
Indiana
by
Eden
popular
Mongol
Etienne
The
the Conqueror
reason
history
specifically
had
an
Thus
in
Genghis
series.
good
archaeology, Horde:
tr.
or
History
Francis
is
Inc.,
Mongol the
York: Mongol
the specialist,
this
(New
excerpted
Books,
source
Reign
Mongot
standard
Mongol
of
of
Mongols:
almost
have
only
the
Genghis
On
On
Among
For
mington:
entury (Berkeley Dealing
Marshall, Golden
uch
Ion Places” the
ant 1966)
Washington:
Life of
Morgan, Conquests,
The
vay Legacy,
)y ige The 5rousset, Khan Rediscovered, attractive
ftlte ‘han, )ology, bbot, ire New Kartog, great )Ut
:entury. Press, several