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Altin Orda Tarihi İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ ALTIN ORDA TARİHİ TARİH DOÇ. DR. DİNÇER KOÇ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI ALTIN ORDA TARİHİ DOÇ. DR. DİNÇER KOÇ ÖNSÖZ “Altın Orda Tarihi” başlıklı bu çalışma Moğol istilasından sonra Sibirya, Kazakistan, İdil-Ural bölgesi, Güney Rus stepleri ve Kırım Yarımadası dâhil geniş bir coğrafyada kurulan ve batıda Rus knezlikleri ile Bulgar krallarını baskı altına alan Cengiz Han’ın oğlu Cuçi’ye atfedilen ulusun tarihini ele almaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak Cengiz Han’ın ortaya çıkışından Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğunu teşkil etmesine ve vefatından önce oğulları arasında ülkesini taksim etmesine değinilmekte, daha sonra Cuçi Ulusu’nun dolayısıyla Altın Orda Devleti’nin kuruluşu ele alınmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Altın Orda Devleti’nin ilk hanları ve müstakil hale gelmesi, Emîr Nogay’ın yükselişi, Özbek Han ve Canibek Han devirleri, Fetret (Bulkak) dönemi, Toktamış’ın iktidara gelişi ve Timur’la mücadelesi, Altın Orda Devleti’nin parçalanması, Ulu Orda ve Çöküşü, Altın Orda Devleti’nde teşkilat, sosyal yapı gibi konular hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Çalışmanın içeriği bakımından bir özelliği de Altın Orda Devleti’nin dağılmasından sonra ortaya çıkan Nogay Ordası ile Kazan, Astarhan, Kasım, Sibir, Kazak ve Kırım hanlıklarının siyasî tarihi hakkında özet bilgiler sunmasıdır. Böylece bu kitap Cengiz Han’la birlikte ortaya çıkan Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğu’na bağlı olarak Avrasya’da teşkil edilen Altın Orda ve onun dağılmasıyla birlikte ortaya çıkan hanlıkların hâkim olduğu yaklaşık 600 yıllık bir dönemi ele almaktadır. 3 İçindekiler ÖNSÖZ ......................................................................................................................................... 3 YAZAR NOTU .............................................................................................................................. 10 1.CENGİZ HAN VE BÜYÜK MOĞOL İMPARATORLUĞU .................................................................. 11 1.1. Cengiz Han’dan Önce Moğollar’da Birlik Kurma Teşebbüsleri ......................................... 16 1.2. Temuçin (Cengiz Han)’ın Dünya’ya Gelişi ve Çocukluk Dönemi ........................................ 16 1.3. Temuçin’in Kerait Kralı Tuğrul’un Yanına Sığınması ve İlk Askerî Faaliyetleri ............. 17 1.4. Temuçin ile Tuğrul’un Arasının Bozulması ........................................................................... 18 1.5. Temuçin’in Moğol Kabilelerini Birleştirmesi ve Cengiz Han Unvanını Alması ................. 19 1.6. Cengiz Han’ın Askerî Seferleri ................................................................................................ 19 1.7. Cengiz Han Sonrasında Moğollar ............................................................................................ 21 1.7.1. Ögedey Han Devri .............................................................................................................. 21 1.7.2. Töregene Hatun’un Naipliği ve Güyük Han Devirleri ................................................... 22 1.7.3. Mengü Han Devri ............................................................................................................... 23 1.7.4. Kubilay Han Devri ............................................................................................................. 24 1.7.5. Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğu’nun Yıkılması................................................................... 26 Bölüm Soruları ........................................................................................................................... 28 2. ALTIN ORDA DEVLETİ’NİN KURULUŞ DÖNEMİ (1224-1269) ....................................................... 30 2.1. Cuçi Ulusu’nun Teşekkülü ....................................................................................................... 35 2.2. Kalka Savaşı ve Deşt-i Kıpçak Seferi ...................................................................................... 36 2.3. II. Deşt-i Kıpçak Seferi ............................................................................................................. 38 2.3.1. İdil Boyunun Zapt Edilmesi .............................................................................................. 38 2.4. Batu’nun İktidarı Devrinde Cuçi Ulusu ............................................................................ 42 2.4.1. Batu’nun Büyük Moğol Hanı Güyük ile İlişkileri ..................................................... 42 2.4.2. Batu’nun Mengü Han ile İttifakı ................................................................................ 44 2.5. Berke Dönemi ....................................................................................................................... 45 2.5.1. Berke’nin İktidara Gelişi ............................................................................................. 45 2.5.1. Berke’nin Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğu ile İlişkileri ..................................................... 46 2.5.2. Berke ve Ruslar ............................................................................................................ 46 2.5.3. Berke’nin Selçuklu Sultanı İzzeddin Keykuvus’u Esaretten Kurtarması .............. 47 2.5.4. Berke’nin Hülâgü ile Savaşları ................................................................................... 47 2.6. Mengü Timur Han Dönemi: ................................................................................................ 49 2.6.1. Mengü Timur Han’ın Kaydu ile İttifakı ve Altın Orda Devleti’nin Bağımsızlığını Kazanaması ................................................................................................................................... 49 Bölüm Soruları ................................................................................................................................. 54 3. EMÎR NOGAY VE CUÇİ ULUSU’NDA HÂKİMİYET MÜCADELESİ................................................ 56 4 3.1. Emîr Nogay’ın İlk Siyasî Faaliyetleri ...................................................................................... 61 3.2. Tuda Mengü Han (1380-1387)’ın Tahta Çıkışı ve Emîr Nogay’ın Yükselişi ....................... 62 3.2.1. Emîr Nogay’ın Bizans İmparatorluğu ve Bulgar Krallığı ile İlişkileri ......................... 63 3.2.2. Emîr Nogay’ın Macaristan Seferi ..................................................................................... 64 3.3. Emîr Nogay’ın Tula Buka Han’ı Tahttan İndirmesi ............................................................. 65 3.4. Tokta Han ve Altın Orda Devleti’nde İkili İktidarın Sona Ermesi ................................. 66 3.4.1. Tokta Han ile Emir Nogay’ın Arasının Bozulmasının Sebepleri............................. 66 3.4.2. Tokta Han’ın Emîr Nogay’la Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi ............................................... 67 3.4.3. Tokta Han Devrinde Altın Orda-İlhanlı Siyasî İlişkileri.......................................... 68 3.4.4. Tokta Han Devrinin Diğer Önemli Olayları .............................................................. 69 Bölüm Soruları ................................................................................................................................. 72 4. ÖZBEK HAN VE CANİBEK HAN DEVİRLERİNDE CUÇİ ULUSU’NUN YENİDEN YÜKSELİŞİ GEÇMESİ 74 4.1. Özbek Han Devri (1312-1341) .................................................................................................. 79 4.1.1 Özbek Han’ın Tahta Çıkışı ................................................................................................ 79 4.1.2. İslâmiyet’in Altın Orda Devleti’nin Resmî Dini Haline Gelmesi ve Islahatlar ............ 80 4.1.3. Özbek Han’ın Gök Orda’ya Son Vermesi ....................................................................... 80 4.1.4. Özbek Han Devrinde Altın Orda-İlhanlı Siyasî Münasebetleri..................................... 81 4.1.5. Özbek Han’ın Balkan Siyaseti .......................................................................................... 83 4.1.6. Özbek Han Döneminde Altın Orda-Rus Siyasî İlişkileri................................................ 83 4.1.7. Özbek Han Döneminde Altın Orda-İtalyan Kolonileri Siyasî İlişkileri ........................ 84 4.1.8. Arap Seyyahı İbn Battûta’nın Özbek Han ile İlgili Müşahadeleri ................................ 85 4.2. Canibek Han Devri (1341-1356) .............................................................................................. 86 4.2.1.Canibek Han’ın Tahta Çıkması ......................................................................................... 86 4.2.2.Canibek Han Devrinde Altın Orda-Rus Siyasî İlişkileri ................................................. 87 4.2.3.Canibek Han Devrinde Altın Orda-İtalyan Kolonileri Siyasî İlişkileri ......................... 87 4.2.4.Canibek Han’ın Azerbaycan’ı Zapt Etmesi ve Vefatı ..................................................... 90 Bölüm Soruları ................................................................................................................................. 93 5. 13-14. YÜZYILLARDA ALTIN ORDA’NIN SOL KANADI: GÖK ORDA .............................................. 95 5.1. Gök Orda’nın Teşekkülü ................................................................................................... 100 5.2. Gök Orda Kanadının Sınırları .......................................................................................... 101 5.3. Orda ve Halefleri ...............................................................................................................
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