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Ibrayeva et al. Herit Sci (2021) 9:90 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00564-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Interdisciplinary approach to studying written nomadic sources in the context of modern historiology Akmaral Ibrayeva1* , Assemgul Temirkhanova2, Zaure Kartova1, Tlegen Sadykov2, Nurbolat Abuov1 and Anatoliy Pleshakov1 Abstract This article uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze textual sources from nomadic civilization. Linguistic analysis has been increasingly used due to the emergence of a huge array of autochthonous and authentic written sources. It is impossible to extract the necessary historical information from those sources without using a new research method. This study aims to apply discourse analysis to medieval textual sources called edicts published in 1400–1635 by the leaders of the Central Asian states. This approach is expected to enable a detailed study of the structure of edicts, as well as speech patterns and terms used in the text. The results of the study revealed the structure of the examined edicts, as well as socio-cultural, economic, and communicative features of the nomadic society. First, the discourse repertoire of Edicts from Sygnak is rather unique, as evidenced by comparative analysis of patents from the cities of Sygnak, Sayram and Turkestan located in the Syr Darya basin. Second, edicts in this study refect the result of the mutual infuence of sedentary and mobile lifeways. Third, the arguments behind certain speech patterns used in the examined edicts emerged under the infuence of Turkic traditions. Keywords: Discourse analysis, Document structure, Edicts, Nomadic civilization, Oral historiology Introduction documents with the content and legal form characteristic One of the major challenges of nomadic research is the to contracts. -
Kli and the Swan Girl. Legitimising Elements in the Turkic Epic Edige
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 63 (2), 117–132 (2010) DOI: 10.1556/AOrient.63.2010.2.1 BABA TÜKLI AND THE SWAN GIRL. LEGITIMISING ELEMENTS IN THE TURKIC EPIC EDIGE DÁVID SOMFAI KARA Visiting Scholar, Department of CEUS, Indiana University, Bloomington Goodbody Hall 157, 1011 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, USA Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences H-1014 Budapest, Országház u. 30, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] The present article deals with two legitimising elements to be found in the Turkic epic cycle Edige. According to oral tradition Edige’s genealogy goes back to Angšïbay who married a heavenly swan girl thus laying foundation to the Manghit clan. But in the same oral tradition Edige’s forefather is identified with a Muslim saint (walī or awliyā) called Baba Tükles. The article tries to analyse the process of linking the Muslim tradition of Baba Tükles, who in written sources appears as the Islam- iser of the Golden Horde, to a pre-Islamic tradition about the superiority of a clan originating form a heavenly swan girl. Similarly to folklore and oral tradition, modern religious traditions also dis- play the elements of Islamised folk belief and Central Asian Muslim (e.g. Sufi) traditions, where worshiping ancestor spirits is often intermingled with the respect for Muslim saints who were Islam- isers or Sufi practitioners. Some historical and ethnographical data are presented to elucidate the parallel processes that took place in folklore and religious traditions. Key words: Edige epic, Baba Tükli, oral tradition, religious traditions, Muslim saints, Sufism, heav- enly swan girl, legitimisation. -
The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a Study of Their Relations, 1220-1335
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2012 The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a study of their relations, 1220-1335. Lauren Prezbindowski University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Prezbindowski, Lauren, "The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a study of their relations, 1220-1335." (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1152. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1152 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ILKHANID MONGOLS, THE CHRISTIAN ARMENIANS, AND THE ISLAMIC MAMLUKS: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONS, 1220-1335 By Lauren Prezbindowski B.A., Hanover College, 2008 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History University of Louisville December 2012 THE ILKHANID MONGOLS, THE CHRISTIAN ARMENIANS, AND THE ISLAMIC MAMLUKS: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONS, 1220-1335 By Lauren Prezbindowski B.A., Hanover College, 2008 A Thesis Approved on November 15,2012 By the following Thesis Committee: Dr. John McLeod, Thesis Director Dr. -
The Golden Horde State in the System of International Relations
136 GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. № 1. 2015 УДК 94(470) THE GOLDEN HORDE STATE IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS I.М. Mirgaleev (Sh. Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan) The present article examines the place of the Golden Horde in the system of international relations of the 13th–14th centuries as well as directions of its foreign policy. To determine the place of the ulus of Jochi in the international system the author suggests to disclose the subject through illumination of such important issues as: – the Mongol conquests and creation of the Chingisid state entities, the establishment of a new international order. – formation of the ulus of Jochi as an independent State and its role in the Chingisid States’ relations, the kurultai of 1269. – international activities of the Golden Horde State during the period of its might. – interstate coalitions in the global geopolitics and national interests of the ulus of Jochi in international systems. – The role and place of the Golden Horde in the international life of the second half of the 14th – early 15th centuries. The program activity of the Jochids in a new geopolitical situation of the late 14th – early 15th centuries. The author believes that the establishment of the Golden Horde State occurred in three phases (1207–1241, 1242–1259, 1260–1269). The Jochids’ policy towards their neighbors and other Chingisid states formed during this time. Both the Distemper of the 1360–70’s in the ulus of Jochi and destruction of all other Chingisid States resulted in the Golden Horde’s loss of its place in the system of international relations. -
In De Vroege Periode Stond De Islam in Een Tolerante Verhouding Met De Joden En Christenen
In de vroege periode stond de islam in een tolerante verhouding met de joden en christenen. De ‘verovering’van het Midden-Oosten en Egypte verliep zonder veel bloedvergieten. Het christendom bleef er naast de islam bestaan. Pas op het einde van de zevende eeuw escaleerde de politieke confrontatie van Byzantium en de islam. Munten met de figuur van Christus verschenen in Byzantium, munten met de kalief –of de profeet wellicht- verschenen in de islamitische wereld. Sinds de zevende eeuw zouden de Arabieren ook de geschiedenis van Centraal-Azië drastisch gaan veranderen met de introductie van de islam. Binnen een eeuw na de dood van Mohammed in 632 was Centraal-Azië geïslamiseerd. Een van de oorzaken was dat de islam gebruik maakte van de handelskaravanen om het geloof te verbreiden. Na de verovering van Noord-Afrika en Spanje zou het economisch kerngebied van Romeinen en Perzen een nieuwe economische eenheid gaan vormen, van de Himalaya tot de Atlantische Oceaan. De steden in Centraal-Azië zouden een centrale rol spelen bij de wijziging van de politieke, religieuze en economische kaart van Eurazië. In 751 stonden de Arabieren oog in oog met de Chinezen in Centraal-Azië en versloegen hen. Spoedig daarna volgde in China de opstand van An Lushan, een Sogdische generaal, tegen de Tang dynastie. De Uighuren werden de belangrijkste macht aan de oostgrens van de islam, Baghdad werd het nieuwe centrum. De Zijderoute maakte een glansperiode door. Steden in Centraal-Azië werden centra van wetenschap en cultuur, van wiskunde, filosofie, natuurwetenschappen en geografie. Griekse, Perzische en Syrische teksten werden verzameld en vertaald in het Arabisch en gebruikt voor toekomstig onderzoek. -
Khanate of the Golden Horde (Kipchak)
The Mongol Catastrophe For the Muslim east, the sudden eruption of the Mongol hordes was an indescribable calamity. Something of the shock and despair of Muslim reaction can be seen in the history of the contemporary historian Ibn al-Athir (d. 1233). He writes here about the year 1220-1221 when the Mongols (“Tartars”) burst in on the eastern lands. Is this a positive, negative, or neutral description of the Mongols? Why might the Mongols be compared to Alexander rather than, say, the Huns? they eat, [needing] naught else. As for their beasts which they ride, these dig into I say, therefore, that this thing involves the description of the greatest catastrophe the earth with their hoofs and eat the roots of plants, knowing naught of barley. and the most dire calamity (of the like of which days and nights are innocent) And so, when they alight anywhere, they have need of nothing from without. As for which befell all men generally, and the Muslims in particular; so that, should 0e say their religion, the‟ worship the sun when it arises, and regard nothing as unlawful, that the world, since God Almighty created Adam until now, hath not been afflicted for the; eat all beasts, even dogs, pigs, and the like; nor do they recognise the with the like thereof, he would but speak the truth. For indeed history doth not marriage-tie, for several men are in marital relations with one woman, and if a child contain aught which approaches or comes nigh unto it.... is born, it knows not who is its father. -
The First Contacts Between China and Poland in History
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia 2020, nr 4 (27) ISSN 2084-3291 DOI: 10.15804/npw20202701 s. 15–33 www.czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/pl/10-15804/npw B I W EI University of Gdańsk ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1081-8717 The First Contacts between China and Poland in History The First Contacts between China and Poland in History Abstract Poland is one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties 70 years ago, both countries have conducted close cooperation in all areas and the bilateral relations have witnessed steady development. In particular, the “One Belt, One Road” initiative, launched in 2013, got the positive responses and support from many countries, including Poland, which became an important partner for China to promote the construction of the initiative. This paper, from a historical perspective, reviews the first interaction between China and Poland in the period of Yuan Dynasty which is arranged in chronological order. The narrations mainly concentrate on accounts of the western expeditions by Genghis Khan and his descendants as well as the Battle of Legnica, during the period of which the Mongolia Empire was successively set up. Each entry will include a concrete description, highlighting where possible issues such as where the Mongolia went, why the expedition and its record are important. The paper also expounds the first record about Poland and the change of the name of Poland in Chinese literature so as to deepen the mutual understanding between two countries. Keywords: western expeditions, Genghis Khan, Battle of Legnica, Bolonia 16 ARTYKUŁY Первые в истории контакты Китая и Польши Аннотация Польша – одна из первых стран, установивших дипломатические отношения с Новым Китаем. -
Altin Orda Tarihi
İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ ALTIN ORDA TARİHİ TARİH DOÇ. DR. DİNÇER KOÇ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI ALTIN ORDA TARİHİ DOÇ. DR. DİNÇER KOÇ ÖNSÖZ “Altın Orda Tarihi” başlıklı bu çalışma Moğol istilasından sonra Sibirya, Kazakistan, İdil-Ural bölgesi, Güney Rus stepleri ve Kırım Yarımadası dâhil geniş bir coğrafyada kurulan ve batıda Rus knezlikleri ile Bulgar krallarını baskı altına alan Cengiz Han’ın oğlu Cuçi’ye atfedilen ulusun tarihini ele almaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak Cengiz Han’ın ortaya çıkışından Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğunu teşkil etmesine ve vefatından önce oğulları arasında ülkesini taksim etmesine değinilmekte, daha sonra Cuçi Ulusu’nun dolayısıyla Altın Orda Devleti’nin kuruluşu ele alınmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Altın Orda Devleti’nin ilk hanları ve müstakil hale gelmesi, Emîr Nogay’ın yükselişi, Özbek Han ve Canibek Han devirleri, Fetret (Bulkak) dönemi, Toktamış’ın iktidara gelişi ve Timur’la mücadelesi, Altın Orda Devleti’nin parçalanması, Ulu Orda ve Çöküşü, Altın Orda Devleti’nde teşkilat, sosyal yapı gibi konular hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Çalışmanın içeriği bakımından bir özelliği de Altın Orda Devleti’nin dağılmasından sonra ortaya çıkan Nogay Ordası ile Kazan, Astarhan, Kasım, Sibir, Kazak ve Kırım hanlıklarının siyasî tarihi hakkında özet bilgiler sunmasıdır. Böylece bu kitap Cengiz Han’la birlikte ortaya çıkan Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğu’na bağlı olarak Avrasya’da teşkil edilen -
Mark Scheme for June 2017
GCE History A Unit : Y204/01 Genghis Khan and the Explosion from the Steppes c.1167 - 1405 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for June 2017 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on -
Open Classes
CAT# Course Title CR PREREQ LAB FEE Class # CODE CMP SEC DAYS TIME LOCATION INSTRUCTOR OPEN SEATS WL Architecture & Urban Planning College of Architecture & Urban Planning Architecture (ARCH) Open Sections 208 DESIGN FOUNDATIONS 3.00 35117 P R SEM 001 T 8-11AM 1360 A&AB Trandafirescu, Thut, Kang 53 N 216 Contested Spaces 4.00 32573 P DIS 002 TH 4-5PM G026 TISCH Aquilina, Leon 2 Y 32575 P DIS 003 TH 5-6PM G026 TISCH Aquilina, Leon 2 Y 32577 P DIS 004 F 10-11AM 4154 LSA Ryu, Leon 1 Y 32579 P DIS 005 F 11-12PM 5180B AH Ryu, Leon 1 Y 32571 S LEC 001 TTH 1130-1PM 3600 SKB Leon 254 PROJECTION 2.00 35226 P LAB 001 MW 830-1130AM B100 MLB Gilpin 2 N 255 IMAGING 2.00 35241 P LAB 001 TTH 8-11AM B100 MLB Fure 2 N 38581 P LAB 003 MW 830-1130AM REMOTE Halquist 15 N 256 IMMERSION 2.00 35245 P LAB 001 TTH 8-11AM ARR Moran 1 N 258 TRANSLATION 2.00 35228 P LAB 001 TTH 2-5PM B100 MLB Lomeli 1 N 38166 P LAB 002 TTH 11-2PM B100 MLB AbuSeir 5 N 259 ORIENTATION 2.00 35244 P LAB 001 TTH 8-11AM ARR Moran 2 N 38582 P LAB 002 MW 830-1130AM ARR Halquist 17 N 300 Tutorial Stdys Arch 1.00-3.00 ADVISORY I IND + ARR ARR 24 N 312 Arch Design I 6.00 ADVISORY 100.00 10010 P R LAB 001 MWF 1-5PM 3100 A&AB Trandafirescu 126 N 313 History Arch I 3.00 ADVISORY 16633 P R DIS 002 F 830-930AM 2210 A&AB Bozkurt, Zimmerman 5 N 10015 P DIS 003 F 930-1030AM 2210 A&AB Bozkurt, Zimmerman 9 N 10016 P R DIS 005 F 830-930AM 2213 A&AB Korsh, Zimmerman 14 N 10017 P DIS 006 F 930-1030AM 2213 A&AB Korsh, Zimmerman 5 N 10014 A LEC 001 MW 830-930AM 2104 A&AB Zimmerman 314 Structures I 3.00 ADVISORY -
LEADERSHIP CRITERIA in ISLAM and ITS BENEFIT: Muslim Involvement in Non-Muslim Goverments
LEADERSHIP CRITERIA IN ISLAM AND ITS BENEFIT: Muslim Involvement In Non-Muslim Goverments Makhsus* UIN Imam Bonjol Padang [email protected] Ilda Hayati IAIN Curup [email protected] Husnul Fatarib IAIN Metro Lampung [email protected] Desmadi Saharuddin UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta [email protected] Abstract Basically, a Muslim does not leave the Muslim community, but with the development of Islam many problems occur. The departure of the Prophet Yusuf from the Muslim community has been described in the Qur'an. He served various maturity processes under the guidance of Allah al-Mighty. The figure of the Prophet Yusuf has been depicted and immortalized as a shadow ruler who officially served as minister of finance, agriculture and head of the logistics affairs agency. The question arises whether a Muslim can become a non-Muslim leader who will later be neglected and will have a negative impact on the faith and syari'ah carried out by Muslim leaders who control non-Muslim governments. With literature study and content analysis approach, the writer describes the literature qualitatively about the status of Muslims who are in the midst of non- Muslims and vice versa, to dismiss the opinion of good kafirs who are more worthy of being leaders than evil and corrupt Muslims. A Muslim can become a leader in the midst of non-Muslims for the benefit and preaching of Islam as was done by the Prophet Yusuf A.S, who proved himself clean after leaving prison. The criteria for a leader in Islam are flexible enough that sometimes a Muslim who is not consistent with sharia rules can sometimes bring great benefits to Muslims. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N5xxx
JTC1/SC2/WG2 N5092 2019-06-06 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Preliminary proposal to encode a set of 30 Tamga symbols Source: Andrew West and Viacheslav Zaytsev Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2019-06-06 1. Introduction Tamga or tamgha (Old Turkic tamγa, tamqa “seal, ownership mark”; Mongolian tamaγ-a , тамга “seal, stamp, mark, brand”) are emblematic symbols which were historically used by various Mongolic and Turkic tribes or clans in Central Asia. The branding signs used to mark livestock in Mongolia are also called tamga (see Fig. 3). The term is sometimes also applied to emblematic symbols used in other Asian cultures, but this document is only concerned with the specific use of clan symbols on coins issued by Mongolian and Central Asian rulers. Over a hundred different Mongolian tamga are known (see Fig. 2 which shows 168 tamga on the Monument to the State Seal of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar; and Fig. 4 which lists 210 Mongolian tamga). Certain tamga were adopted by individual medieval Mongolic and Turkic rulers, and were consequently used on coins and seals issued by these rulers (see Fig. 10 through Fig. 70 for examples of coins with tamga signs; and Fig. 119 through Fig. 122 for examples of seal imprints with tamga signs). Tamga are most widely found on Islamic coins issued by the descendants of Genghis Khan in the various khanates of Central Asia during the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular the Chaghatai Khanate.