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Home , Batu Khan, Berke, Golden Horde, Jochi, Kashin (town), Kazakh Khanate

CHALLENGES IN SCIENCE OF NOWADAYS

UDC 930.85 Onerbek Khuangan Teacher of the department of “History of ” University named after I. Zhansugurov, Republic of Kazakhstan

THE STATE OF THE - 750 YEARS

Abstract. The Golden Horde state is the beginning of the formation of the Kazakh . It was the most powerful state in the Middle Ages, covering the largest number of territories. The was created as its historical successor. Keywords: The Golden Horde, Genghis , Joshi Khan, Batyi Knan, the formation of the Kazakh Khanate.

In the XIII century, the only significant event in world history was the creation of the Mongol . Of all the states separated from the , The Golden Horde state was of particular importance for the political and ethnic history, which had the greatest impact on the Turkic world in the XIV-XV centuries. At that time, as V.V. Barthol noted, the countries of the Far East and Eastern , the former and have never been united under the rule of a single before or after. The Golden Horde is a state of descendants of , which appeared in the of Eurasia in the XIII century. The history of its creation is connected with the formation of the possessions of Genghis Khan's eldest son . In the era of Genghis Khan (1155-1227), a tribal order was used in the life of the state, according to which the state was considered the property of the Khan dynasty and divided into many shared zones. Genghis Khan, following the traditions of his grandfather, gave his sons and other relatives a share of land during his lifetime. Genghis Khan had 4 famous sons. They are Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tole. According to modern sources, Genghis Khan gave firstly to his eldest son Jochi, the Eastern Khan. It is said that in 1207-1208. Jochi subjugated the "forest people" type system the Kirghiz and Siberian tribes. In the Mongolian Chronicle of 1240, "the most valuable

925 SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 3(36) legend" (Golden Topshe), his father gave all these things to him. Later, after Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia (1219-1224), the Jochi share included a huge from the and west of the Koylyk (Zhetysu, Sarkan) and Khorezm border, "to the place where the hooves of Mongol-Tatar horses reached", it means to the . It was a state located on the territory of modern , , Moldova, Kazakhstan and the . The capital was Saray- Batu then (Saray ). The Golden Horde was a very developed state in its time. Later, when internal strife weakens and external hostile wars break up, the separation of the largest (Siberian Khanates, Principalities, Nogai Hordes, Khanates, Khanates, Uzbek Khanates and Crimean Khanates) indicates that the state controls a very large territory. Before his death, Genghis Khan divided the lands of his possessions into four sons. The descendants of Genghis Khan Baty (Batu) and Horde-Yezhen fell on the lands of southern Russia and Kazakhstan, which lay in the far west of the Mongol possessions. Baty began to govern the Golden Horde, -Yezhen began to govern the White Horde. Basically, all these territories were Desht-I- (Kipchak steppe). The Mongol invasion scattered the Kipchak people. According to Rashid Al-Din, it is said that his son Baty (Batu) Khan flourished the son of Jochi. Jochi's father, Genghis Khan, died in 1227. The exact time when Jochi died is not specified in Rashid Al-Din. Who was close to Rashid Al-Din, and under his command, he was in charge of the financial system of Kazvin and the neighboring regions. According to Hamdallah Kazvin, "Jochidied six months before Genghis Khan". And the next Muslim source says that according to the reports of Mahmud Ibn Wali, the author of "Bahr Al-Asrar", he died in 627 AD in the month of Rabihal-Abel (February 19 – March 20, 1227). In the late fifteenth century, Shajarat Al-atracta (Chronicle of the Turks), there is a dispute between the father and the son and between his brothers for the throne. It is said that these premature deaths can also be a conspiracy.

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After Jochi's death, the second of all his sons, Batu (Baty), was recognized as the heir of his father, and this choice was confirmed by Genghis Khan. Now, a more detailed story about the transfer of supreme power to Prince Baty in the steppes of Desht-I-Kipchak (central Kazakhstan) is told in the work "Genghisname", written in Khorezm in the XVI century by Utemis kazhy. It is worth noting in particular about this author and his book. The work "Genghisname" was first introduced into scientific circulation in 1904 by V.V. Barthold. The author lived in the Khiva region. At that time, the region was ruled by the Shaibani dynasty, the fifth son of Jochi. That’s why in his works were praise the Shaibani dynasty. In general, when Utemis Hajji gives a brief explanation of his work, he asks for understanding, because he writes Based on oral legends. Now let's turn to one of the most unusual events described in this book: After the death of Jochi, he writes, a power struggle began between his two eldest sons, the horde of Yezhen and Baty. To resolve the power dispute, Jochi's two sons born to his first wife and seventeen sons born to other women gather and decide to go to Genghis Khan. In general, there is a fact that Josh had nineteen sons. The great grandfather, who greeted the , ordered to sew three tents; the golden white yurt is dedicated to Batu, silver yurt is for Orda Ezhen - Blue House, the steel (iron) empty house is made for . For Tokatemir there wasn’t closed kuyme (yurt with carriage). Genghis Khan thus distinguished Baty from all his other grandchildren, and it was decided who would become the heir of Jochi. His brothers were all submissive, and the whole people knew that they were submissive. After the death of Genghis Khan, Ogedei, the third son on the throne (1229-1241), was elected Khan of the entire Mongol Empire. He instructed Baty to subdue the task entrusted to his father Jochi – to attack the western lands. He was helped by a large army led by Kokdai batyr and Subedei. Now, the Mongol army's course has taken over countries in the direction of Europe. 's thirty thousand , led by Subedei and Kokdai, joined the Kipchak troops of the Jochi Ulus, and countless troops went to the . The other side was to pass through the Khazar Khanate

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() to the Caucasus. This shocked the neighboring European countries. In the words of the thirteenth-century author Juwaini, "the earth trembled from the multitude of armies, and from the noise of too many fat hands, the earth trembled from the roar of the Beast, and the air fled from the Earth." According to modern researchers, the number of Baty (Batu) troops was one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty thousand people. In the autumn of 1236, the combined Mongol forces conquered . Then, within a month, he conquered the North Caucasus. In the winter of 1237, the captured the Principality, burned the capital Ryazan, destroyed its people, and even killed its King Yuri Igorevich. Then they took Pronik, , and Izhelavets. In 1238, the city of Koloma on the River was destroyed and burned without leaving a trace. On February 7, the city of Vladimir was burned. Soon the special forces defeated . On February 20, the cities of , , , Kashin, , , Yuryev, Vologda, and Klyzma on the Volga coast were burned. In mid-March, the Mongol army advanced Novgorod to the surface. At this time, the city of , which was heroically defended for 7 months, fell. According to Russian chronicles (letopis), Batu ordered the slaughter of all the inhabitants of the city, up to a small child, according to legend, Prince Vasily died in blood. In the summer of this year, the city of was conquered and destroyed. Batu's army conquered most of North-Eastern Russia by the autumn of this year. At the beginning of 1239, Mongol hands reached Mordva and the region and conquered the territory of Ukraine, taking Pereyaslavl, and 5 cities of Desna and the Northern Basin. By midsummer, Batu's army had reached the Kipchak steppe and conquered it, ending a long war with the Polovets, and with victory. At the end of this year, he conquered the and expelled the from there. In 1240,the Mongols completed the conquest of the (, Cheshire) and the North Caucasus (, Abkhazia). He conquered

928 CHALLENGES IN SCIENCE OF NOWADAYS southern (Belarusian) and southwestern Russia (Ukraine). (According to some sources, Kiev, the capital of all ancient Russia, was destroyed and burned on November 19, 1240, according to others-on .) In 1241-1242, Batu's troops destroyed , , , the Czech Republic, Bosnia, , and Bulgaria, and from there returned to the Volga (Caspian), capturing and Moldova in the winter months of 1242-1243. Since 1243, the main settlement of Batu has been located along the Volga. The campaign to the West, which lasted seven and a half years, was successfully completed, and the state of the Golden Horde was formed. As his legal successor, he was later separated from the Kazakh Khanate. Thus, the summer horde of the Jochi Ulus, formerly located in the upper Irtysh and Alakol Lake Districts, continued. The seven-year campaign of Batu (1236-1242). the conquest of Eurasia changed the image of Eurasia. Many countries have disappeared. New possessions appeared. After the death of Batu Khan's father's brothers Ogedei (1241) and Chagatai (1242), he became an independent Great Khan and passed under the rule of Whole Mongol possessions. In terms of the size of its territory, the Golden Horde was the largest state structure in the Middle Ages. The northern border of the possessions of the Golden Horde was the Bashgyrd region with the Bulgarian city, the Prud-Dniester and , the city of in the West, the south-eastern territory covered the Northern Khorezm (), the Ustyurt plain and Mangystau, including the upper Irtysh to Alakol, then the south of and the middle course of the , the city of (, ) to the south of the . As can be seen from the above information, seventy-eighty percent of the territory of modern Kazakhstan was at that time part of the Jochi dynasty (Golden Horde). Ninety percent of the army is Cavalry. It is known that the main military force was formed and passed through the Kazakh steppes. Therefore, the study of the history of the Golden Horde is of great importance for the medieval . We can give two arguments: both the formation of the Kazakh Khanate and the consolidation of the Kazakh people are directly related to the collapse of the Golden Horde.

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And if I comment on the word" Golden Horde", it is a word that has been transferred to scientific literature from the Russian chronicles (letopis). His data is found in ancient Persian and Chinese. The name of the Golden Horde (Gold Horde and Great Golden Horde) is found in Russian sources. According to a number of researchers (A.G. Mitroshkina, G.A. Bogatova, G.A. Fedorov-Davydov, V.L. Yegorov), the origin of the name of the State "Golden Horde" is directly related to the name of the Khan's Horde, or rather, the name of the ceremonial yurt, the palaces of the Mongol rulers were richly gilded and decorated with expensive materials. Indeed, the designation of the Khan's Horde under the name "Golden tent", the Golden House, was normal in the Middle Ages, for example, the Arab traveler of the ninth century, Tamin Ibn Bahr, described the "Golden tent" of the ancient Uyghur ruler. Rashid Al-Din tells The Story of Genghis Khan's return from Central Asia to in 1224, indicating that when he arrived at a place called Buka-Sujigu, he ordered Urdu-izarrin-I buzurg, that is, the "Large or Great Golden Horde". In this work, another information is given, one day from the city of , the capital of the Mongol Empire, in a place called Karachaganak, the Great Khan Ogedei (1229-1241).) "a large tent was built to accommodate a thousand people, and this tent was never assembled. It is said that its supports were gold, and precious fabrics were kept inside." In Mongolian, it was called Sira Urdu – "Golden Horde". In 1246, the Franciscan European traveler Plano Carpini visited the coronation ceremony of Ogedei's eldest son Kuyuk Khan, and in his report on the election of the Great Khan, a large tent with Golden nails and a golden cloth was erected. In general, the term" Golden Horde " is a term that has existed since ancient times, as we can see from some sources: the Mongols called it the nomadic horde of the Khan. It is worth noting that in the future, the hordes were kept in their turn by descendants without loss. And even in the same Golden Horde, there were countless battles for the throne. I think that by supporting the program of modernization of public consciousness, which has been initiated at a good level in our country, in general, in the public sphere,

930 CHALLENGES IN SCIENCE OF NOWADAYS we learn, promote and share a little information about our past history, which will help us to fulfill our obligations to our ancestors and future generations..

References: 12. Tursyn Sultanov. Altyn Orda. Eurazia dalasyndagy Shyngys Khan urpaktarynyn memlekety – : Mektep, 2011. -176b. (“Zhetynshy soz seriasy”). 13. Aibyn. Entsiklopediia. / Bas red. B.Ө.Zhaқyp. - Almaty: «Қazaқ entsiklopediiasy», 2011. - 880 bet. 14. G. Vernadsky, M. Karpovich: "The Mongols and Russia", Yale University Press, 1953

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