DOCSLIB.ORG

20 Coinage and the Monetary System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
20 Coinage and the Monetary System ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 CENTRAL ASIA 20 COINAGE AND THE MONETARY SYSTEM E. A. Davidovich and A. H. Dani Contents CENTRAL ASIA .................................... 395 Coinage and the circulation of money from the eighth to the tenth century ...... 396 Coinage and the circulation of money from the eleventh century to the beginning of the thirteenth ................................... 403 Coinage and the circulation of money under the Mongols (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries) ..................................... 408 Coinage and the circulation of money in Transoxania under Timur and the Timurids (late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) ...................... 412 AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN AND NORTHERN INDIA .............. 417 Part One CENTRAL ASIA (E. A. Davidovich) The minting of coins and the circulation of money in the major sub-regions of Central Asia in all the periods between the eighth and the fifteenth century show both similarities and differences. Local variations in the composition and supply of currency were due to a number of factors (economics, politics, traditions, the psychology of the people), among 395 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 Coinage and the circulation of money . which state borders were no longer the most important. For example, even in the relatively centralized Samanid state (late ninth and tenth centuries) there existed a number of variants in monetary circulation. The local variants cannot all be compared on equal terms, both because of constraints of space and because of the differing degrees to which these variants have been studied. We shall thus concentrate on one sub-region, that of Transoxania. For other regions, the main differences vis-à-vis Transoxania will be noted. Coinage and the circulation of money from the eighth to the tenth century After the conquest of Central Asia by the Arabs, the local mints started issuing gold, sil- ver and bronze coins inscribed in Arabic on both sides. These coins came to be known technically as ‘Kufic’, from the type of Arabic script used for their legends. Kufic gold coins (dinars) were not minted regularly or on a large scale in Transoxania. Under the Tahirids (821–73), dinars were minted periodically in Samarkand and Chach (Tashkent). Even under the Samanids (tenth century), whose capital was Bukhara, the issue of dinars in Bukhara, Samarkand and Chach remained only occasional. Samanid dinars were minted on a markedly larger scale beyond the borders of Transoxania, particularly in Nishapur and Muhammadiyya (Rayy). Hoards of gold coins found in Transoxania consist mainly of externally minted Samanid dinars (mostly from Nishapur). There was clearly more than one legal standard of fineness for dinars.1 The bulk of the Samanid dinars from Nishapur are of the highest standard (93–98%, and usually 96% fine gold). Muhammadiyya issued dinars both of that high standard and of lower standards. The official weight-standard of the dinar is known (4.26 g) and the mean weight of 4.2 g corresponds to this. Noteworthy, however, are a significant number of coins that exceed the weight requirement. Tenth-century Arab geographers such as al-Istakhr¯ı and Ibn Hawqal point out that gold coins fulfilled different functions in the various regions of the caliphate. In some (e.g. Jibal and Tabaristan), dinars were the medium of exchange; in others (e.g. Kirman, Fars and Transoxania), they were not. When describing the money of Bukhara, al-Istakhr¯ı notes, ‘Dirhams are their coinage; they do not deal among themselves in dinars, which they treat as goods.’2 The geographer and traveller Yaq¯ ut¯ explained this matter in more detail for the enlightenment of his thirteenth-century contemporaries: ‘In the time of the Samanids, the inhabitants of Bukhara used dirhams for trading purposes and did not deal among 1 Ehrenkreutz, 1963, pp. 253–4. 2 Al-Istakhr¯ı, 1927, p. 314. 396 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 Coinage and the circulation of money . themselves in dinars. Gold was just another commodity.’3 Gold coins were, until the tenth century, clearly used in Transoxania for rewards or gifts alone. They served as treasure and universal currency but not as a medium of exchange in domestic trade. This is attested by the composition of the hoards, the well-preserved state of the coins, the peculiarities of their real weights and the fact that the local mints of Transoxania issued dinars only periodically. Monetary circulation in the territory of Transoxania was marked by the long coex- istence of two groups of quite dissimilar dirhams: the Kufic and what are termed the Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams. The Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams were modelled on the drachm of the Sasanian king Bahram¯ V (420–38). The representation in the eighth century of the monarch’s crowned bust (obverse) and fire-altar and two guards (reverse) was quite dif- ferent from the fifth-century design, the former being schematized and executed in dots and dashes. The Pahlavi inscriptions on both sides of the coin have disappeared (with only the rudiments left), but what remains is something that was featured earlier on the obverse in front of the face of the monarch, namely a Sogdian inscription (three words), and in one issue it is replaced by a shorter (one-word) inscription. Behind the monarch’s head, the rudiments of a Pahlavi inscription have been changed into four barbed spikes (Fig. 1:1 – see p. 444). In the second half of the eighth century, these rudiments were replaced in some issues by Arabic inscriptions (Fig. 1:2–4). In the final quarter of that century the Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ coins were called ‘Mahdiyya’ after the caliph al-Mahd¯ı (775–85). Man- uscript sources do not record this name but it occurs in coin inscriptions. The Mahdiyya dirhams were of a high standard (over 70% silver). All or most were nummi subaerati (fine silver coating on a copper core). The mean weight (3.2 g) of the eighth-century Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams shows that they were minted in accordance with the local weight-standard. They were issued by three mints: those of Bukhara, Samarkand and Chach.4 In the eighth century there was an abundance of Kufic dirhams of the Umayyads (Fig. 1:6) and early cAbbasids in the territory of Transoxania, minted in many cities beyond its borders. The hoards pertaining to the late eighth century include both Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ and Kufic dirhams. The latter were minted from very high-standard silver and their offi- cial weight-standard was 2.97 g. An unpublished hoard found near Samarkand contains, together with Kufic and Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams, a number of drachms of the Sasanians. Late Sasanian drachms were probably still to be found in the markets of Transoxania in the eighth century. 3 Yaq¯ ut,¯ 1866–73, p. 519. 4 Davidovich, 1979, pp. 92–117. 397 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 Coinage and the circulation of money . Fig. 1. 1–5: Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams, eighth century (obverse, behind the king’s head: 1: rudiments of a Pahlavi inscription; 2: Arabic inscription, ‘Khalid’; 3: Arabic inscription: ‘Muhammad’; 4: Arabic inscription, ‘Mahd¯ı’; 5: reverse). 6: Kufic dirham from Darabgird, 96/714–15. 7: fals of the Samanid sovereign Isma¯c¯ıl b. Ahmad, 288/900–1 (enlarged). 398 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 Coinage and the circulation of money . It might have been expected that, in the ninth century, when the local minting of Kufic dirhams in Samarkand, Chach and Bukhara became fairly regular and abundant, these Mus- lim coins inscribed with quotations from the Qur’an would have supplanted the Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams with their pre-Islamic legends. In fact, the opposite happened since the position of the Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams became consolidated in the ninth and tenth cen- turies. Written sources from those centuries distinguish three types of Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ coins: Musayyab¯ı, Muhammad¯ı and Ghitr¯ıf¯ı dirhams. The tribute received by the caliphate from various cities and regions of Transoxania was initially reckoned in silver, but in the first quarter of the ninth century it was recalculated in terms of these dirhams. It is particu- larly interesting that the recalculation was carried out in a particular form for each region. The table below summarizes the data provided by Ibn Khurradadhb¯ ¯ıh for the year 826: Musayyab¯ı (total annual Muhammad¯ı (total annual Ghitr¯ıf¯ı (total annual production: just under production: 1,417,000) production: 1,189,200) 755,500) Chach with mines, Sogdiana (Samarkand), Bukhara Khujand, Usrushana Buttam and Kash with (partial), Turk cities mines, Nasaf, Ferghana, on the Syr Darya (partial) Usrushana (partial) What, then, was the difference between Musayyab¯ı, Muhammad¯ı and Ghitr¯ıf¯ı dirhams? This question has occupied many numismatists and historians, all reckoning the distinc- tion to lie in the Arabic inscriptions on the obverse, but this has proved a blind alley for research5 since no account was taken of the pattern of monetary circulation, the clear information provided by some written sources and the mistakes of others, compared with numismatic facts. The distinction has proved to lie not in the inscriptions but primarily in the metal, together with weight, dimensions and appearance.6 In the last quarter of the eighth century, the Bukhar¯ Khudat¯ dirhams underwent two local reforms. The first concerned their issue in Samarkand and Bukhara, with a reduction in their silver content, weight-standard and size. The reformed dirhams – also nummi sub- aerati but with two coatings –were no more than 40% silver. These were to be the Muham- mad¯ı dirhams, some issues of which later bore the name ‘Muhammadiyya’. The second reform was conducted in Bukhara alone and legend ascribes it to Ghitr¯ıf b. cAta’,¯ governor of Khurasan in 792–3. Tradition has it that the inhabitants of Bukhara presented him with the clear task of giving the market a coinage that would not circulate beyond the city limits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soviet Central Asia and the Preservation of History
    humanities Article Soviet Central Asia and the Preservation of History Craig Benjamin Frederik J Meijer Honors College, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA; [email protected] Received: 23 May 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 20 July 2018 Abstract: Central Asia has one of the deepest and richest histories of any region on the planet. First settled some 6500 years ago by oasis-based farming communities, the deserts, steppe and mountains of Central Asia were subsequently home to many pastoral nomadic confederations, and also to large scale complex societies such as the Oxus Civilization and the Parthian and Kushan Empires. Central Asia also functioned as the major hub for trans-Eurasian trade and exchange networks during three distinct Silk Roads eras. Throughout much of the second millennium of the Common Era, then under the control of a succession of Turkic and Persian Islamic dynasties, already impressive trading cities such as Bukhara and Samarkand were further adorned with superb madrassas and mosques. Many of these suffered destruction at the hands of the Mongols in the 13th century, but Timur and his Timurid successors rebuilt the cities and added numerous impressive buildings during the late-14th and early-15th centuries. Further superb buildings were added to these cities by the Shaybanids during the 16th century, yet thereafter neglect by subsequent rulers, and the drying up of Silk Roads trade, meant that, by the mid-18th century when expansive Tsarist Russia began to incorporate these regions into its empire, many of the great pre- and post-Islamic buildings of Central Asia had fallen into ruin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soul of Azerbaijan
    A-PDFKarabagh Split DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark Shusha Castle. Ganja Gate. 1750-1757 Vagif PIRIYEV Doctor of History, professor Karabagh - the Soul of Azerbaijan arabagh has been an inte- Derbent and from Lake Goycha (to- countered not only on Azerbaijani gral part of Azerbaijan for the day Sevan) to the Caspian Sea. As a territory, but also in the region Kwhole period of history, in- part of the Azerbaijani Safavid State of Kars (Asia Minor), northern cluding the XIII-XIV centuries. As was the country was divided into four Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, correctly noted by the prominent Beylarbeyliys: Chuhur-Saad, Ganja Afghanistan and other countries. (3) Russian Orientalist A. Y. Yakubovsky, (Karabagh), Tabriz and Shirvan. In In Azerbaijan there were also locali- by the name Azerbaijan in that pe- this period Karabagh formed part of ties called Surkhab Karabagh, Tabriz riod was meant the present day ter- the historical region Arran and was Karabagh (4) and Karabagh Arran. ritory of South (Iranian) as well as its centre and soul (2), which prima- Marking these localities as Karabagh North (former Soviet) Azerbaijan. (1) ry source information attests to. means people and garden, the great Its borders stretched from Zanjan to The toponym Karabagh is en- garden and excellent place and de- 42 www.irs-az.com Kurachai riv. YEVLAKH v i r i a h c a r u GORANBOY K Chaykand NAFTALAN Tartar riv. K u r BARDA a r Tap Garagoyunlu i v . scribes the beauty of the land and its Fazlullah Rashid ad- Gulustan TARTAR Kalantarli Lev abundance.
    [Show full text]
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Coin quality, coin quantity, and coin value in early China and the Roman world Version 2.0 September 2010 Walter Scheidel Stanford University Abstract: In ancient China, early bronze ‘tool money’ came to be replaced by round bronze coins that were supplemented by uncoined gold and silver bullion, whereas in the Greco-Roman world, precious-metal coins dominated from the beginnings of coinage. Chinese currency is often interpreted in ‘nominalist’ terms, and although a ‘metallist’ perspective used be common among students of Greco-Roman coinage, putatively fiduciary elements of the Roman currency system are now receiving growing attention. I argue that both the intrinsic properties of coins and the volume of the money supply were the principal determinants of coin value and that fiduciary aspects must not be overrated. These principles apply regardless of whether precious-metal or base-metal currencies were dominant. © Walter Scheidel. [email protected] How was the valuation of ancient coins related to their quality and quantity? How did ancient economies respond to coin debasement and to sharp increases in the money supply relative to the number of goods and transactions? I argue that the same answer – that the result was a devaluation of the coinage in real terms, most commonly leading to price increases – applies to two ostensibly quite different monetary systems, those of early China and the Roman Empire. Coinage in Western and Eastern Eurasia In which ways did these systems differ? 1 In Western Eurasia coinage arose in the form of oblong and later round coins in the Greco-Lydian Aegean, made of electron and then mostly silver, perhaps as early as the late seventh century BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart
    The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart Six Silver Coins Collection An empire fractures Roman chariots All coins in each set are protected in an archival capsule and beautifully displayed in a mahogany-like box. The box set is accompanied with a story card, certificate of authenticity, and a black gift box. By the middle of the third century, the Roman Empire began to show signs of collapse. A parade of emperors took the throne, mostly from the ranks of the military. Years of civil war and open revolt led to an erosion of territory. In the year 260, in a battle on the Eastern front, the emperor Valerian was taken prisoner by the hated Persians. He died in captivity, and his corpse was stuffed and hung on the wall of the palace of the Persian king. Valerian’s capture threw the already-fractured empire into complete disarray. His son and co-emperor, Gallienus, was unable to quell the unrest. Charismatic generals sought to consolidate their own power, but none was as powerful, or as ambitious, as Postumus. Born in an outpost of the Empire, of common stock, Postumus rose swiftly through the ranks, eventually commanding Roman forces “among the Celts”—a territory that included modern-day France, Belgium, Holland, and England. In the aftermath of Valerian’s abduction in 260, his soldiers proclaimed Postumus emperor. Thus was born the so-called Gallic Empire. After nine years of relative peace and prosperity, Postumus was murdered by his own troops, and the Gallic Empire, which had depended on the force of his personality, began to crumble.
    [Show full text]
  • Histoire Des Collections Numismatiques Et Des Institutions Vouées À La Numismatique
    HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET DES INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE Numismatic Collections in Scotland Scotland is fortunate in possessing two major cabinets of international signifi- cance. In addition over 120 other institutions, from large civic museums to smaller provincial ones, hold collections of coins and medals of varying size and impor- tance. 1 The two main collections, the Hunterian held at the University of Glasgow, and the national collection, housed at the National Museums of Scotland in Edinburgh, nicely complement each other. The former, based on the renowned late 18th centu- ry cabinet of Dr. William Hunter, contains an outstanding collection of Greek and Roman coins as well as important groups of Anglo-Saxon, medieval and later English, and Scottish issues along with a superb holding of medals. The National Museums of Scotland house the largest and most comprehensive group of Scottish coins and medals extant. Each collection now numbers approximately 70,000 speci- mens. The public numismatic collections from the rest of Scotland, though perhaps not so well known, are now recorded to some extent due to a National Audit of the coun- try’s cultural heritage held by museums and galleries carried out by the Scottish Museums Council in 2001 on behalf of the Scottish Government. 2 Coins and Medals was one of 20 collections types included in the questionnaire, asking for location, size and breakdown into badges, banknotes, coins, medals, tokens, and other. Over 12 million objects made up what was termed the Distributed National Collection, of which 3.3% consisted of approximately 68,000 coins and medals in the National Museums concentrated in Edinburgh and 345,000 in the non-nationals throughout the rest of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths
    Riba , Interest and Six Hadiths: Do We Have a Definition or a Conundrum? Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq Associate Professor of Economics and Finance Upper Iowa University June 2006 [Draft; Feedback welcome] The Readers are highly encouraged to read another of my essays "Islamic Law and the Use and Abuse of Hadith " before this one to better follow and appreciate this essay. NOTE for fellow Muslims: Because this topic involves what is haram (prohibited) and halal (permissible) in Islam, every Muslim MUST do his/her own due diligence and conscientiously reach own position/decision in regard to personal practice. In doing so regarding this matter or any other aspect of life, Muslims should seek guidance from the Qur'an and the Prophetic legacy. Each hadith is properly referenced, but for internal reference within this essay, in the sequence presented, each hadith is numbered with # H-. Some of the references in this essay are from secondary sources. As the draft takes it final shape, original sources would be gradually cited and replace the secondary source citations. "There is nothing prohibited except that which God prohibits ... To declare something permitted prohibited is like declaring something prohibited permitted." Ibn Qayyim 1 I. Introduction The Qur'an categorically prohibits riba . However, since there is no unanimity about the definition or scope of this prohibition, we will use the original term riba throughout this essay. In the Qur'an it is specified: Those who devour riba will not stand except as stands one whom the Evil One by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: "Trade is like riba 1 Quoted in Abdulkader Thomas (ed.) Interest in Islamic Economics: Understanding Riba [Routledge, 2006, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Coins and Medals;
    CATALOGUE OF A VERY IKTERESTIKG COLLECTION'' OF U N I T E D S T A T E S A N D F O R E I G N C O I N S A N D M E D A L S ; L ALSO, A SMx^LL COLLECTION OF ^JMCIEjMT-^(^REEK AND l^OMAN foiJMg; T H E C A B I N E T O F LYMAN WILDER, ESQ., OF HOOSICK FALLS, N. Y., T O B E S O L D A T A U C T I O N B Y MJSSSBS. BAjYGS . CO., AT THEIR NEW SALESROOMS, A/'os. yjg and ^4.1 Broadway, New York, ON Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday, May 21, 23 and 2Ji,, 1879, AT HALF PAST TWO O'CLOCK. C a t a l o g u e b y J o l a n W . H a s e l t i n e . PHILADELPHIA: Bavis & Phnnypackeh, Steam Powee Printers, No. 33 S. Tenth St. 1879. j I I I ih 11 lii 111 ill ill 111 111 111 111 11 1 i 1 1 M 1 1 1 t1 1 1 1 1 1 - Ar - i 1 - 1 2 - I J 2 0 - ' a 4 - - a a 3 2 3 B ' 4 - J - 4 - + . i a ! ! ? . s c c n 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 'r r '1' '1' ,|l l|l 1 l-Tp- S t ' A L E O P O n e - S i x t e e n t h o f a n I n c h .
    [Show full text]
  • Coins of Delhi Sultanate
    Coins of Delhi Sultanate 5.1 Do you know Description Image Source Once the Delhi sultanate was firmly established in the 13th century, Indian coinage underwent a major change. The ancient pictorial tradition of coinage gave way to the so-called Islamic type of coins which were sans any pictorial motif. Islamic type of coins had inscription written in Arabic script on both the sides and furnished more information than their ancient counter parts. It offers Religious and Secular information The Khalji sultan Alauddin Muhammad Shah (1296-1316 CE), discarded the name of Abbasid Caliph from his coins and called himself Yamin- ul Khilafat (right hand of Caliph). The title was used for the first time by an Indian ruler. He also adopted the title of sikander-us-sani (Second Alexander). This indicates that he was well aware of the importance of Alexander, and wanted to be recognised as the second Alexander. Qutubuddin Mubarak (1316-1320 CE), the successor of Alauddin Khalji is known to have issued coins in gold, silver, billon and copper. He made a remarkable change in his coin inscription as he has not only discarded the name of Abbasid caliph but declared himself as caliph and called himself khalifullah (caliph of Allah) and Khalifah rabil alemin (caliph of the lord of the world). He also adopted the title of sikander uz zaman. Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351 CE) introduced token currency in bronze. It weighed around 10 gm. and ruler has asked to accept this bronze tanka at the rate of silver tanka current in the market.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Partnership in Islām: a Brief Survey of Kitāb Al-Muḍārabah of Al-Mabsūṭ by Al-Sarakhsī
    TAFHIM Online © IKIM Press TAFHIM: IKIM Journal ofCommercial Islam and Partnership the Contemporary in Islam World 11 (2018): 79–111 Commercial Partnership in Islām: A Brief Survey of Kitāb al-Muḍārabah of al-Mabsūṭ by al-Sarakhsī Mohd. Hilmi Ramli* [email protected] Abstract Muḍārabah is a contract of profit-sharing known as partnership in capital and labour. Its concept and practices were notable in the history of Muslims specifically after its incorporation in the fiqh literatures that have spread to the entire education and economic institutions in the Muslim world. It combines two parties: those who have capital and those who are skilful in business to achieve a common economic objective underpinned by the Sharīʿah. This study analyses the work of al- Mabsūṭ by al-Sarakhsī (d. 483 A.H./1090 C.E.), an accomplished Hanafī jurist (fāqih) in the fifth/ eleventh century, pertaining to muḍārabah drawn from the analysis of the first chapter of the book titled Kitāb al-Muḍārabah. This study is significant as it fills the lacuna in the historiography of Islamic economic thought by focusing on al-Sarakhsī’s epistemic framework and definition of muḍārabah, as well as extending in its coverage from the individual * Zamalah UTM Recipient cum PhD candidate at the Centre for Advanced Studies on Islam, Science and Civilisation (CASIS), Technology University of Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur. 79 TAFHIM Online © IKIM Press Mohd Hilmi / TAFHIM 11 (2018): 79–111 to the institutional. It is a testimony of how Muslims conducted their economic activities based on the intellectual framework and moral guidance underlined by the Sharīʿah.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
    Globalization ’s Impact on Mongolian Identity Issues and the Image of Chinggis Khan Alicia J. Campi PART I: The Mongols, this previously unheard-of nation that unexpectedly emerged to terrorize the whole world for two hundred years, disappeared again into obscurity with the advent of firearms. Even so, the name Mongol became one forever familiar to humankind, and the entire stretch of the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries has come to be known as the Mongol era.' PART II; The historic science was the science, which has been badly affect­ ed, and the people of Mongolia bid farewell to their history and learned by heart the bistort' with distortion but fuU of ideolog}'. Because of this, the Mong ­ olians started to forget their religious rituals, customs and traditions and the pa­ triotic feelings of Mongolians turned to the side of perishing as the internation ­ alism was put above aU.^ PART III: For decades, Mongolia had subordinated national identity to So­ viet priorities __Now, they were set adrift in a sea of uncertainty, and Mongol ­ ians were determined to define themselves as a nation and as a people. The new freedom was an opportunity as well as a crisis." As the three above quotations indicate, identity issues for the Mongolian peoples have always been complicated. In our increas­ ingly interconnected, media-driven world culture, nations with Baabar, Histoij of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar: Monsudar Publishing, 1999), 4. 2 “The Political Report of the First Congress of the Mongolian Social-Demo ­ cratic Party” (March 31, 1990), 14. " Tsedendamdyn Batbayar, Mongolia’s Foreign Folicy in the 1990s: New Identity and New Challenges (Ulaanbaatar: Institute for Strategic Studies, 2002), 8.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
    POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The
    [Show full text]