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Shusha Castle. Ganja Gate. 1750-1757

Vagif Piriyev Doctor of History, professor Karabagh - the Soul of arabagh has been an inte- Derbent and from Lake Goycha (to- countered not only on Azerbaijani gral part of Azerbaijan for the day Sevan) to the . As a territory, but also in the region Kwhole period of history, in- part of the Azerbaijani Safavid State of Kars (Asia Minor), northern cluding the XIII-XIV centuries. As was the country was divided into four , Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, correctly noted by the prominent Beylarbeyliys: Chuhur-Saad, Ganja Afghanistan and other countries. (3) Russian Orientalist A. Y. Yakubovsky, (Karabagh), and . In In Azerbaijan there were also locali- by the name Azerbaijan in that pe- this period Karabagh formed part of ties called Surkhab Karabagh, Tabriz riod was meant the present day ter- the historical region Arran and was Karabagh (4) and Karabagh Arran. ritory of South (Iranian) as well as its centre and soul (2), which prima- Marking these localities as Karabagh North (former Soviet) Azerbaijan. (1) ry source information attests to. means people and garden, the great Its borders stretched from Zanjan to The toponym Karabagh is en- garden and excellent place and de-

42 www.irs-az.com Kurachai riv.

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r u GORANBOY K

Chaykand

NAFTALAN Tartar riv.

K u r BARDA a r Tap Garagoyunlu i v . scribes the beauty of the land and its Fazlullah Rashid ad- Gulustan TARTAR Kalantarli

Lev abundance. The historian al-Kutbi al- Din called them ‘the Tartar riv. Aghdara

Akhari (XIV century) called Karabagh regions of Karabagh, KALBAJAR Boyahmadli

‘the capital of Arran’. (5) Mughan, Arran and Vangli Istisu AGHDAM

H e k e r i r i v As is known, post-medieval Sheki’ (10) which re- . Askaran Arran covered the area between futes the aforesaid. Gozlu KHANKANDI KHOJALI the and Araz Rivers. The name The work of Rashid SHUSHA Karabagh of Arran was used to high- ad-Din allows us to KHOJAVAND LACHIN . r i v a z Boyuk Taghlar Ashaghi Veysalli A r light the difference between this define the territory of Azikh FIZULI Jimjimli and the other Karabaghs, especially Karabagh. He wrote Aliguluushaghi GUBADLI

Karabagh of Badgis situated to the that Gafan relates to Damirchilar JABRAYIL B a r g u s h a d Khanlig east of the Caspian. the Nakhchivan tu- r i v. One ought to note that the man (region) and Halafli ZANGILAN toponym Nagorny (Mountainous) thus made clear that Karabagh is not encountered in the the Nakhchivan tu- writing of medieval historians, in man (11) bordered particular those of the XIII-XIV cen- Karabagh. And this ing led by Haji Hamza, Mulaid, turies. The mountainous and plains gives evidence about the extent in Hasan Chobani Ikhtaji and Huseyn parts of Karabagh were historically the XIII-XIV centuries of the borders Anbuga and in 1351 another one interrelated in economic and cultur- of Karabagh, stretching in the south – led by Dalu Bayazid, took place al terms and closely complemented to the River Araz, in the southwest to in Karabagh. These uprisings were one another. the River Hakari, in the northwest to suppressed with great difficulty. The As is clear from these sources, Zegamchay, in the north and north- local nobility of Karabagh, in partic- the territory of Karabagh includes east to the River Kura (the territory of ular Gazi Mukhi ad-Din Bardai, took the land which began at the River Shirvan) and in the southeast to the active part in the war against the yoke of the feudal lord Chobanid. The facts bear witness that Zegam, located north of Goykchi, The Key-Kavus (1344- (7) and all of belong to Karabagh. 1372), the ruler Sheikh Uveys Jalairid (1359-1374) and later the Emir Timur Araz and extended in the north Gushtasfi Region, and also about (1370-1405) had great influence in westerly direction from the east Karabagh being an administrative Karabagh. (12) of Baylagan and the border of unit which united the Mountainous The Khachen Principality ex- Gushtasfi to Zegamchay. According and Plains parts. isted in the XII-XIII centuries in the to a report by the XIV century au- In the XIII-XIV centuries Mountainous part of Karabagh. thor Hamdullah Gazvini the border Karabagh was one of the main cen- Khachen became a magal (region) of Karabagh stretched to the River tres of social and political events of Arran and was a difficult to ac- Araz. (6) occurring in Azerbaijan. The rulers cess mountainous and wooded The facts bear witness that of the Hulagid and Jalairid States hol- territory. The Khachen fortress was Zegam, located north of Goykchi, idayed in Karabagh and questions of the centre and main fortified point (7) and all of Beylagan belong to state significance were decided here. of the principality. The creation of Karabagh. They confirm the loca- The Mongol princes Gazan- and this possession was a reconstruction tion of Karabagh on the border with Arpa-Khan ascended the throne in of the ancient Albanian State in a Shirvan (8) and the extent of the Karabagh and the rulers Argun-Khan small territory. A blossoming of the Karabagh trade routes from the con- and Abu-Said died here. principality took place during the fluence of the Kura and Araz Rivers Karabagh was controlled by rule of Hasan Jalal (1215-1261) to . (9) All this suggests that the representatives of the Hulagid and known as the ‘Albanian Emperor’, toponyms Karabagh and Arran were Jalairid families - Satibey- ‘Possessor of Albanian Borders’ sometimes identified with each oth- and her son Surgan, Muhammad- and the ‘Prince of Khachen and er. However, the XIV century author bey Gushchu. In 1343 an upris- the country of Artsakh’. The fam- www.irs-az.com 43 Karabagh

from Karabagh are still famous all over the world. The European trav- eller Johann Schiltberger reported that the best silk in the world is produced in Karabagh. Important international trade routes crossed the territory of Karabagh. Thus, one of the routes of the main northern trade route of the Hulagid State passed through Karabagh. Its gen- eral length stretched for 45 farsangs (about 280-300km) and handi- craft and trade centres were situ- ated along this route - cities and the Sarsang water reservoir large trade settlements Khar, Gark, Lambaran, Bazarjik, Barda, Juzbuz, Dikh-Isfagan, Khanagah-Shutur, ily of Hasan Jalal was descended A series of buildings, including Ganja, Shamkir, Yurt-Shadekban, from the dynasty of the great the Gandzasar Monastery (1240), Agstafa and Yam. This route extend- Albanian Prince Mekhranid. were erected under Hasan Jalal and ed to Tbilisi and from there to the (13) The prominent Armenian additions of XIII century Albanian northwest. (15) learned academic I. A. Orbeli be- history were also made to the work About the ethnic composition lieved that Khachen was ‘a part The History of the Albanians by the of the inhabitants of Karabagh it of ancient Albania’. (14) Therefore VIII century Albanian author Moses is necessary to note the following: attempts to ‘Armenianise’ the Kalankaytuk. According to the academician Z. M. Khachen Principality and its lead- Hasan Jalal was killed in 1261 Buniyatov the inhabitants of Arran er Hasan Jalal, who in epigraphic on the order of the Mongol Prince were Turkic language people al- inscriptions surviving to our era Argun, after which the ap- ready by the Mongol assault in the calls himself ‘Albanian Emperor’, pointed his son Jalal Atabey, who XIII century. (16) As is clear from the are far from historical reality and ruled until 1287, as ruler. In that year XIII century work Ajaib ad-dunya have the sole aim of presenting the Khachen Principality ceased to the main ethnic body in Arran was Khachen as ‘Armenian territory’. exist. Turkic people and this territory ‘was In the beginning of the XIII The territory of Karabagh is nota- under Muslim power’. Further we century the Khachen Principality, ble for abundance. The medieval his- read there: ‘If the Turks of Arran are situated in the territory of North torian Hamdullah Gazvini confirms gathered in one place – it will re- Azerbaijan, was subjected to a this in his works and writes about semble an assemblage of ants and Mongol and Khorezmshakh Jalal ad-Din (1200-1231) assault. The A blossoming of the principality took place during the rule of Khachen Prince Hasan Jalal came Hasan Jalal (1215-1261) known as the ‘Albanian Emperor’... into contact with the Mongol mili- tary leader Juchi Buga, Vizier of Jalal locusts’. (17) ad-Din Sharaf al-Mulk, and later with the regions of Karabagh – Kheyrak, As is known, in the period of the (1227-1255), with whom Barda and Shamkir and about the Mongol campaigns in the middle he became related, and protected city of Ganja. The irrigating waters of the XIII century, some Mongol- his possessions and power. While of the Kura and Araz made the earth Tatar tribes appeared and settled in visiting Mongolia in 1225 together of Karabagh notable for its fertil- Azerbaijan, including in Karabagh. with Sartan, the son of Batu Khan, ity and high yields. There were also The toponyms Higher and Lower he was received by the great khan favourable conditions for the de- Garkhun (in Yevlakh), Bozalganli Mengu (1251-1260) which allowed velopment of animal husbandry, in- (in Tovuz), Damgali (in Aghdara), him to strengthen his power. cluding horse-breeding here: horses

44 www.irs-az.com Dolanlar (in Khojavand), Gurgan (in considerable part of Turkey, start- Fizuli), Ganlikand (in Kalbajar), Tatar ing approximately from Sivas to (in Gubadli), Tatarli (in Shamkir) and Karabagh (surprisingly, Karabagh Khachindorbatli (in Aghdam) are is not included) in the mythical linked to them. Armenia on the map Wars of the At the same time, the Albanian Caucasian Peoples with the Invasion tribes, the majority of which of Timur in the XIV-beginning of XV dwelled in the mountainous part Centuries () (Yerevan, of Karabagh and in particular the 1981-1982). The given sources Khachen Principality, occupied a counterbalance these mythological definite place in the composition opinions of Armenians and provide

Thus, the given neutral sources are a weighty and proven answer to Armenian claims to the primordial Azerbaijani lands. of the inhabitants of Karabagh, as evidence that Armenia did not have Terter River before. any relation, not only to Karabagh, In the whole extensive history of but to Arran. der of Azerbaijan with Armenia’. (22) the territory of Karabagh, Arran and We draw attention to the facts. Thus, the given neutral sourc- in general, it was According to information given by es are a weighty and proven an- the object of strange claims. In this Hamdullah Gazvini ‘the region of swer to Armenian claims to the respect the Armenian historical map Armen is divided into two parts: primordial Azerbaijani lands. It dedicated to the period of the later ‘Greater Armenia’ and ‘Lesser Armenia’. becomes clear that the adjective attracts attention. So, ‘Lesser Armenia’ does not belong ‘Greater’ relates to a small region the map Armenia and Neighbouring within the structure of . Greater of Armen, situated to the west of Countries in 701-862, published in Armenia belongs within the struc- Azerbaijan and its component 1982 in Yerevan by S. G. Yeremian, is ture of Iran (i.e. is found on the bor- part Arran. This small region, a clear example of territorial claims der of the Hulagid State - V.P.) and a single tyumen called Akhlat, by Armenians on the history and ter- according to the administrative divi- which formed part of the Hulagid ritory of Azerbaijan. On this map the sion into tyumens, it is known as the State, at the same times as the whole territory of Caucasian Albania Akhlat tyumen, the limits of which single province of Azerbaijan as well as the south eastern lands extended to ‘Lesser Armenia’, Rum, (historical Atropathene) had 9 around the Black Sea and adjoining Diyarbakr, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan and tyumens. Lake Urmiya are marked as ‘Armenia’. Arran. Its centre was the city of Aklat. Armenians, along with territorial This gives the false impression that The income of its divan is formed of claims, also promotes the ground- at the Arab conquest of Caucasian 39 tyumans’. (18) Further down in the less claim that the people of Arran- Albania these lands were given to same work we read: ‘The Province of Karabagh from an ethnic point of view the Armenians. In reality, with the Arran – this is the land between two were Armenian and that Armenians capture by the Arabs of the whole rivers, namely the Araz and the Kura’; formed the largest part of the popu- of Azerbaijan, it was included within ‘The Provinces of Arran and Mughan lation of the region. By so doing they the Arab Caliphate as one of its vilay- border Armen’ (19); ‘The length and try to appropriate Albanian culture. ets (provinces). breadth of Arran are approximately One of the means which Armenian However, regardless of this, 30 and 40 farsakhs (i.e. 210 and 280 apologetics resort to in their claims Armenian claims on Azerbaijani km – V.P.). They say that the Kura be- on the primordial Azerbaijani lands is lands are reflected in numerous fore the Araz flows [into it] within also that the Christian Albanian pop- historical maps of the Arab period the borders of Arran’ (20); ‘There lies ulation of Karabagh is Armenian. The as well as later, including the XIII- a large country of the name Arran,… unscientific nature of this idea can be XIV centuries, published by them. its western neighbour is Armenia’ (21); traced in the work of the XII century So, B. A. Arutyunian included a ‘Lake Goycha Tangiz lies on the bor- Albanian author Kirakos of Gandzak www.irs-az.com 45 Karabagh

15. Yakut-al-Khamavi, Mujam al- Bargushad River Buldan; Hamdullah Gazvini, Nuzkhat-al-kulub, Baku, 1983, p.56-57 16. Buniyatov Z.M. Несколько замечаний по поводу этнических процессов в Ширване. (до первой трети XIII века). (A few remarks about ethnical processes in Shirvan (until the first third of the XIII century). Reports of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 1986, No.4 17. Shikhab-ad-din Muhammad an-Nasavi, Жизнеописание who considers the Albanian people 1984, p.132 Султана Джалал-ад-дина separate from the Armenians. He 6. Yakut-al-Khamavi, Mujam al-Bul- Манкбурны (Biography speaks of ‘Armenians, Georgians and dan; Hamdullah Gazvini, Nuzkhat- of Sultan Jalal-ad-din Agvans’ and Albania is not mixed al-kulub, Baku, 1983, p.56 Mankburn), Baku, 1973, p. with Armenia. 7. Sharaf-khan ibn Shamsaddin 274 In the XIII-XIV centuries Karabagh Bidlisi, Sharaf-name, Volume 18. Hamdullah Mustovfi Gazvini. was a region situated in the centre of 1. M., Nauka, 1967, p.534 Nuzkhat-al-kulub. Tehran, Arran and included the mountainous 8. Abbas-Gulu-Agha 1336, (in Persian) p.117 and the plains territories and it did not Bakixhanov. Gulustan-i Iram. 19. Yakut-al-Khamavi, Mujam al- bear any relation to the Armenians, Baku, 1991, p.203 Buldan; Hamdullah Gazvini, and its Christian population was 9. Yakut-al-Khamavi, Mujam al-Bul- Nuzkhat-al-kulub, Baku, 1983, Albanian in origin. dan; Hamdullah Gazvini, Nuzkhat- p.52-53 All the foregoing gives grounds al-kulub. Baku, 1983, p.56 20. Miklouho-Maclay M.D. to confirm that Karabagh, as ear- 10. Rashid-ad-din. Географическое сочинение lier, so in the centuries discussed Correspondence. Moscow, XIII века на персидском by us, was ‘the soul of Azerbaijan’. Nauka, 1971, p.270 языке. (Geographical Work 11. Rashid-ad-din Fazlullah of the XIII Century in Persian) Sources: Khamadani. Asar va akhya, Scientific writings IV AN 1. Grekov, B. Yakubovsky, A. Tehran. 1336 (in Persian), USSR, v.X Moscow-Leningrad, Золотая Орда. (The Golden p.46 1954, p. 175-219 Horde), Leningrad, 1937, p. 12. Piriyev V.Z. Азербайджан в 21. Johannes de Galonifontibus. 55. XIII-XIV веках. (Azerbaijan in Сведения о народах Кавказа 2. Abu Bakr al-Kutbi al-Akhari. XIII-XIV centuries). Baku, 2003 (1404 год). (Information about Tarikh-I Skeykh Uvyes. Baku, (in Azerbaijani), p. 97-109. the People of the Caucasus 1984, p.132 13. Yesai Hasan-Jalal. Краткая (1404). Baku, 1980, p. 42 3. Geybullayev G.A. Топонимия история страны Албанской 22. Yakut-al-Khamavi, Mujam al- Азербайджана. (Toponyms (1702-1722 годы) (A Short Buldan; Hamdullah Gazvini, of Azerbaijan), Baku, 1986, p. History of Albanian Country Nuzkhat-al-kulub, Baku, 1983, 145 (1702-1722). Baku, 1989, p. 6 p.62 4. Sharaf-ad-din Ali Yazdi. 14. Orbeli I.A. Хасан-Джалал, Zafarname. Tashkent, 1972 князь Хачинский. (Hasan- (in Persian), p. 182 Jalal, Prince of Khachen) 5. Abu Bakr al-Kutbi al-Akhari, Selected works. Yerevan, Tarikh-I Skeykh Uvyes. Baku, 1963, p. 146-161

46 www.irs-az.com JUSTICE FOR KHOJALY INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN

The international awareness campaign Justice for Khojaly has been initiated by Mrs. Leyla Aliyeva, General Coordinator of the Islamic Conference Youth Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation on May 8th 2008, on the anniversary of the day of occupation of the town of Shusha in the Nagorno region of Azerbaijan, which is a symbol of our culture on this ancient Azerbaijani land. The Khojaly massacre is one of the most terrible and tragic pages of Azerbaijani history. As is known on the night of February 26th the Armenian armed forces supported by the ex-Soviet 366th regiment, completed the surrounding of the town already isolated because of ethnic cleansing of the Azerbaijani population neighboring regions. In a few hours of a single night 613 civilians were killed, including 106 women, 83 children; 56 of whom were killed with outrageous brutality and 8 families were totally exterminated. The Justice for Khojaly campaign has been launched to raise international civil awareness through creative actions by young people not only to generate the solidarity of world with the victims of Khojaly massacre, and against general Armenian aggression in Karabakh, but also to attract the world’s attention to in-admissible violence against civilians whenever and by whomever it is perpetrated. The campaign aims to disseminate out its message of justice globally via Media, Internet and live events. The ultimate aim of this campaign is to achieve moral and political-judicial recognition of this tragedy by the world community. One of the directions of the Campaign is online campaigning through the website www.justiceforkhojaly.org Over 126 000 individuals have already supported it during the first year of implementation by signing the declaration to protest against this atrocity. In February 2010 an Online Petition addressing world leaders was launched, (leaders of the United States, UN, EU, OIC, Council of Europe and other major international organizations). The petition is calling upon world leaders to recognize the Khojaly massacre as a crime against humanity. The campaign has been launched in social network groups that bring together a large audience consisting of more than 12,000 supporters from 72 countries. Through the Facebook webpage the campaign shares regular news and holds open discussions. (http://www.facebook.com/pages/Khojaly-town/Justice-for-Khojaly-Campaign/101823787520?ref=ts) Since 2008, the OIC institutes at the level of ministers, particularly at the level of ministers of education and culture, as well as OIC summits have adopted documents condemning this tragedy. This January, on the proposal by ICYF-DC, the Parliamentary Union of the OIC adopted a resolution that recognized Khojaly as a crime against humanity. Based on the proposal of ICYF-DC Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the OIC countries adopted a resolution in 2009, which supported the campaign and called upon 57 Member States to contribute to its implementation until full recognition of the tragedy is achieved. The campaign’s international volunteer’s team creates tools to effectively extend the campaign’s voice to the international community. The music and video clip titled Justice for Khojaly was put together by American rap artist Tony Blackman and Dayirman group and was presented in more than 30 countries on the eve of 18th commemoration of Khojaly massacre. It has also been disseminated on the YouTube website. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qF51bBinJKA) Since 2009 the campaign has been held in more than 30 countries, a focus of which has been the capitals of European nations. In many of them the activities are being coordinated by host country nationals. The reach of the event is spread as wide as Mexico City, Jakarta, Ankara, Ottawa and Paris; to name just a few examples. Young people, who joined the campaign, are focusing on telling the story of Khojaly by creative means. In Moscow an important testimony on the Karabakh conflict – a book titled Karabakh Diary written by Russian academician and writer Yuri Pompeyev, was presented in the leading state library. www.irs-az.comThe Campaign is targeting active civil society stakeholders as well as human rights groups to commemorate the tragedy, and invites the world to draw lessons in order to prevent such tragedies in the future. 47