DOCSLIB.ORG

Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9Th Through 14Th Centuries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9Th Through 14Th Centuries The Abode of Water: Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9th Through 14th Centuries by Amanda Respess A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in the University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Kathryn Babayan, Chair Professor Miranda Brown Assistant Professor Jatin Dua Professor Carla Sinopoli, University of New Mexico Amanda Respess [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4616-701X © Amanda Respess 2020 DEDICATION “...for by reason we have comprehended the manufacture and use of ships, so that we have reached unto distant lands divided from us by the seas; by it we have achieved medicine with its many uses to the body.” - al-Rāzī, The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes, Of the Excellence and Praise of Reason “Whoever has emerged victorious participates to this day in the triumphal procession in which the present rulers step over those who are lying prostrate. According to traditional practice, the spoils are carried along in the procession. They are called cultural treasures, and a historical materialist views them with cautious detachment. For without exception the cultural treasures he surveys have an origin which he cannot contemplate without horror. They owe their existence not only to the efforts of the great minds and talents who have created them, but also to the anonymous toil of their contemporaries.” -Walter Benjamin, On the Concept of History For my family. For Khwāja ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī, whose gravestone in China gave the title to this work. And for all those who set out on journeys in hope or despair, may they find what they seek. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is impossible to imagine a more creative, kind, supportive, and brilliant scholar and mentor than Kathryn Babayan. It is my unbelievable good fortune to have benefited from her approach to students, to scholarship, and to life. A true human being. Thank you for believing in me and for the many conversations and insights that made this dissertation possible. Your support has meant the world to me, and I cannot say enough here. The emotion I feel at concluding this chapter as your student is profound. Setting foot in your classroom was a delight, and your approach to teaching is something I will always emulate. This dissertation would not have been possible without the extraordinary insight, expertise, mentorship, and friendship of Lisa Niziolek. You are the only person I know who loves shipwrecks as much as I do, and your passion for the Java Sea Shipwreck changed my life. Thank you. I think I owe you an email. I knew I was at home at Michigan when I walked into Carla Sinopoli’s office. Thank you for caring about and thinking about museums and ceramics in innovative ways and inspiring me to center material culture. Your support has enabled me to theorize my experiences of collections in essential ways, and your continued participation and feedback from New Mexico has been extraordinary. I owe great thanks to Jatin Dua for introducing me to thinkers whose engagement with the Indian Ocean World has framed my thinking about this project. Thank you for your kindness, insightful feedback and suggestions on my writing, your stimulating questions that have pointed my research in new directions, and your support. Miranda Brown’s guidance, kindness, and cool head throughout my time at Michigan have been an enormous source of support and learning. Thank you for your mentorship and masterful suggestions for who and what I should be thinking about next. The kindness and clarity you have shown me and your expert advice have mattered a great deal. Thank you. I am indebted to Frank Scott for his instruction at the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine, and his guidance when I was only just starting to imagine this path. I have benefited from the insights and generosity of colleagues and scholars at the University of Michigan, The Field Museum, The Asian Civilizations Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Smithsonian, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and at my other research sites in the UK, China and Singapore during every stage of the development of this dissertation. Thanks, in particular, to Gary Feinman, Jamie Kelly, Michael Flecker, Stephen Murphy, Massumeh Farhad, Sheila Canby, Peggy McCracken, Helmut Puff, Isabelle Engel, and David Choberka. iii This research would not have been possible without the support of the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE 1256260, the Boone Scholars Internship Program in East Asian Studies at the Field Museum, the University of Michigan’s Institute for Humanities, Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies, Graduate Program in Museum Studies, Center for the Education of Women, Joint Program in Anthropology and History, and the Rackham Graduate School. Thank you to my family for absolutely everything. I love you and you are on and in every page of this dissertation. Thank you, Aunt Jenny, for teaching me how to be a historian. Thank you Mom and Dad, for teaching me why. “There is a secret agreement between past generations and the present one. Our coming was expected on earth. Like every generation that preceded us, we have been endowed with… a power to which the past has a claim. That claim cannot be settled cheaply...” Thank you, Beth, for being my first anthropology teacher. Thank you to Sandra and Michele and Vinod and Ranjana and Terah, and to the many friends who accompanied me on this adventure. To Reza: thank you for going through this and every journey with me. You are my heart and my home. To everything that is behind us and to everything that’s ahead. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF APPENDICES ix ABSTRACT x PREFACE: Ghost Ships xii CHAPTER I. The Intellectual (After)lives of Things: Shipwreck Artifacts and Modern Museums 1 II. The Phoenix’s Body: Community, Collecting, and Resilience in Coastal China 44 III. At Sea: Risk, Illumination, and Initiation on the Waters 82 IV. Shipwreck Medicine: Analysis of Recovered Drugs and Medical Cargoes 123 V. What Circulates: Knowledge and Blame in Fourteenth-Century China and Iran 148 Conclusion 198 v Appendix I 203 Appendix II 209 Bibliography 231 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: 203 Changsha bowl from the Belitung Wreck, courtesy of the Asian Civilizations Museum. Figure 2: 203 Changsha bowl from the Belitung Wreck, courtesy of the Asian Civilizations Museum. Figure 3: 203 Changsha bowl from the Belitung Wreck, courtesy of the Asian Civilizations Museum. Figure 4: 204 Changsha bowl from the Belitung Wreck, courtesy of the Asian Civilizations Museum. Figure 5: 204 Changsha bowl from the Belitung Wreck, courtesy of the Asian Civilizations Museum. Figure 6: 203 Water jar excavated from Yangzhou grave, shows the back and front sides. Eighth or ninth century. From Changsha yao, Beijing: Zijincheng Chubanshe, 1996, Plate 87. Figure 7: 204 Broken tenth- or eleventh- century bowl with design. From Changsha yao, Beijing: Zijincheng Chubanshe, 1996, Plate 170. Figure 8: 205 Changsha bowl depicting scene of shipwreck, from Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds. Regina Krahl, John Guy, J. Keith Wilson, and Julian Raby, eds. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2010), 22. Figure 9: 205 Storage jars from the Belitung shipwreck, courtesy of the Asian Civilizations Museum. Anatomical image from the Tansūqnāma. Figure 10: Ilkhanid albarello shards, courtesy University of Michigan Museum of Art. 206 vii Figure 11: Anatomical image from the Tansūqnāma. 206 Figure 12: Anatomical image from the Tansūqnāma. 207 Figure 13: Taiji diagram from the Tansūqnāma. 207 Figure 14: Ḥū tū shú diagram from the Tansūqnāma. 208 viii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX I: Figures 203 APPENDIX II: Selected Images and Textual Translation of the Tansūqnāma 209 ix ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the role of Persian travelers and physicians in the maritime exchange of medical goods and knowledge between Iran and China between the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and the afterlife of that exchange in modern museums. The Maritime Silk Road was a cosmopolitan network of premodern trade arteries linking the Far East and Southeast Asia to the Middle East by sea. The long-standing cultural and economic exchange across these thoroughfares dramatically expanded the pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal recipes available to physicians practicing across the littorals of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea and facilitated the intellectual engagement of scholars with medical theories from afar. Drawing from an archive of shipwreck artifacts that includes medical goods, herbs, trade wares, and the personal effects of seafarers interpreted alongside written accounts of sea travel, medical and philosophical texts, tomb inscriptions, and architecture in port cities, this dissertation explores how the maritime journey of Persian travelers to China influenced the epistemology and practice of Persian medicine. The first chapter addresses the current state of Southeast Asian shipwreck archaeology and traces the trajectories of medical, scientific, and related shipwreck and navigational artifacts within Western museum collections. Chapter two introduces the historical context in which Persian merchants moved in Middle Period China and initiates a discussion of hybridity and resilience. The burning and reconstruction of the Hangzhou Phoenix mosque provides the narrative frame in x which repeated outbreaks of violence in Tang and Song port cities are discussed as an analog to theories of the body and disease. Migration, hybridization, and medical collecting are examined as social and medical practices of resilience. The chapter uses archaeological evidence from port cities and the Belitung shipwreck with a narrative account of the massacre of foreign merchants in Guangzhou to situate the early maritime migration of Persian merchants to China within the changing tides of the Tang and Song periods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A COMPARATIVE STUDY of ENGLISH and KURDISH CONNECTIVES in NEWSPAPER OPINION ARTICLES Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND KURDISH CONNECTIVES IN NEWSPAPER OPINION ARTICLES Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Rashwan Ramadan Salih BA, MA School of English University of Leicester 2014 A comparative study of English and Kurdish connectives in newspaper opinion articles Abstract This thesis is a comparative study that investigates English and Kurdish connectives which signal conjunctive relations in online newspaper opinion articles. This study utilises the Hallidayan framework of connectives in light of the principles of Relevance Theory established by Sperber and Wilson (1995). That is, connectives are considered in terms of their procedural meanings; i.e. the different interpretations they signal within different contexts, rather than their conceptual meanings. It finds that Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) classification of conjunctive relations and connectives needs to be modified, in order to lay out a clearer classification of English connectives that could account for their essential characteristics and properties. This modified classification would also help classify Kurdish connectives with greater accuracy. The comparison between connectives from both languages is examined through the use of translation techniques such as creating paradigms of correspondence between the equivalent connectives from both languages (Aijmer et al, 2006). Relevance Theoretic framework shows that any given text consists of two segments (S1 and S2), and these segments are constrained by different elements according to the four sub-categories of conjunctive relations. Different characteristics of connectives are considered in relation to the different subcategories of the Hallidayan framework of the conjunctive relations as follows: additive: the semantic content of the segments S1 and S2; adversative: the polysemy of the connectives; causal-conditional: iconicity in the order of the segments and temporal: the time scenes in the segments S1 and S2 The thesis comprises eight chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Competing Narratives Between Nomadic People and Their Sedentary Neighbours
    COMPETING NARRATIVES BETWEEN NOMADIC PEOPLE AND THEIR SEDENTARY NEIGHBOURS Studia uralo-altaica 53 Redigunt Katalin Sipőcz András Róna-Tas István Zimonyi Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours Papers of the 7th International Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe Nov. 9–12, 2018 Shanghai University, China Edited by Chen Hao Szeged, 2019 This publication was financially supported by the MTA-ELTE-SZTE Silk Road Research Group © University of Szeged, Department of Altaic Studies, Department of Finno-Ugrian Philology Printed in 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the author or the publisher. Printed by: Innovariant Ltd., H-6750 Algyő, Ipartelep 4. ISBN: 978-963-306-708-6 (printed) ISBN: 978-963-306-714-7 (pdf) ISSN: 0133 4239 Contents István Zimonyi Preface .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Augustí Alemany A Prosopographical Approach to Medieval Eurasian Nomads (II) .............................. 11 Tatiana A. Anikeeva Geography in the Epic Folklore of the Oghuz Turks ...................................................... 37 Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky Changes of Ethnonyms in the Sino-Mongol Bilingual Glossaries from the Yuan to the Qing Era ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    Book Reviews Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, Indo-Persian Historiography up Tarikh-i-Fakhr-i-Mudabbir. After emphasizing the to the Thirteenth Century, Delhi: Primus Books, 2010, significance of monarchy, it describes the military success pp. viii + 208, Rs 795. of Sultan Muizzuddin in Ghazni after the ouster of Ghuzz Turks. More importantly, it describes the political career The establishment of the Deihl Sultanate.during the early of Qutbuddin Aibak from his appointment as commander thirteenth century constitutes a watershed in the history of Kuhram and Samana in 1192. It also narrates post-1206 of South Asia. During this period, a predominantly administrative arrangements of Aibak, with reference to Turkish ruling class conquered vast territories in northern the conciliation of local chiefs and management of land India and erased the remnants of Rajput feudalism. With grants held by Muslim theologians. It throws interesting the aim of legitimizing its power, it sponsored a record light on Turkish tribes of Central Asia, focusing on their of its achievements in the official language, Persian. We social life and cultural mores. Fakhr-i-Mudabbir's second are familiar with some of these writings, as these have major work, Adab-ul-Harb wa ash-Shujaa (Ways of War been employed by modem medievalists to reconstruct and Chivalry) was dedicated to Sultan lltutmish. Treating the history of the Delhi Sultanate. In the book under the Ghaznavid polity as a reference point, it uncovers review, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, a distinguished Aligarh­ the functions of state departments like public censor, based historian and author of nearly a dozen books, intelligence, diplomacy, tributes and taxation.
    [Show full text]
  • Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
    Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belitung Shipwreck Controversy
    The Newsletter | No.58 | Autumn/Winter 2011 The Network | 41 In 2005, Seabed Explorations, engaged by the Indonesian Not all experts critical of the commercial nature of the Belitung The Belitung government in 1998 to conduct the excavation, sold the bulk cargo’s excavation object to its exhibition. James Delgado, of the cargo to Singapore for US$32 million. Subsequently, director of the Maritime Heritage Program at the National the Singapore Tourism Board, the National Heritage Board Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, is one critic who argues Shipwreck of Singapore and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery collaborated to for a thoughtful exhibition that not only highlights the historical mount the exhibition Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon value of the exhibits, but also clearly indicates what cannot be Controversy Winds. After it opened in February this year at the ArtScience learned, interpreted or shared as a result of looting and contrasts Museum in Singapore, complaints by archaeologists, what non-commercial excavations have achieved in offering a Lu Caixia both within and outside the Smithsonian as well as museum more scientific approach. “I see such an exhibition as a tremend- associations, led to the postponement of the planned ous opportunity to educate and inspire discussion on the subject,” exhibition in Washington. They pointed out that the he said. Nevertheless, Delgado thinks that the debate is not Smithsonian is bound by an ethics statement specifying that simply about the Belitung. He said: “In many ways the questions members shall “not knowingly acquire or exhibit artefacts have more relevance in terms of discussing what happens with which have been stolen, illegally exported from their country new and important shipwreck discoveries in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hymns of Zoroaster: a New Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran Pdf
    FREE THE HYMNS OF ZOROASTER: A NEW TRANSLATION OF THE MOST ANCIENT SACRED TEXTS OF IRAN PDF M. L. West | 182 pages | 15 Dec 2010 | I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd | 9781848855052 | English | London, United Kingdom The Hymns of Zoroaster : M. L. West : See what's new with book lending at the Internet Archive. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Full text of " The Hymns Of Zoroaster. West has produced a lucid interpretation of those ancient words. His renditions are filled with insights and empathy. This endeavour is an important contribution toward understanding more fully some of the earliest prophetic words in human history. West's book will be widely welcomed, by students and general readers alike. West resuscitates the notion of Zoroaster as the self-conscious founder of a new religion. In advancing this idea, he takes position against many modern interpreters of these extremely difficult texts. The clarity and beauty of his translation will be much welcomed by students of Zoroastrianism and by Zoroastrians themselves, while his bold interpretation will spark off welcome debate among specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500–1660
    58 • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500 –1660 Sarah Tyacke Introduction was necessary to challenge the Dutch carrying trade. In this transitional period, charts were an additional tool for The introduction of chartmaking was part of the profes- the navigator, who continued to use his own experience, sionalization of English navigation in this period, but the written notes, rutters, and human pilots when he could making of charts did not emerge inevitably. Mariners dis- acquire them, sometimes by force. Where the navigators trusted them, and their reluctance to use charts at all, of could not obtain up-to-date or even basic chart informa- any sort, continued until at least the 1580s. Before the tion from foreign sources, they had to make charts them- 1530s, chartmaking in any sense does not seem to have selves. Consequently, by the 1590s, a number of ship- been practiced by the English, or indeed the Scots, Irish, masters and other practitioners had begun to make and or Welsh.1 At that time, however, coastal views and plans sell hand-drawn charts in London. in connection with the defense of the country began to be In this chapter the focus is on charts as artifacts and made and, at the same time, measured land surveys were not on navigational methods and instruments.4 We are introduced into England by the Italians and others.2 This lack of domestic production does not mean that charts I acknowledge the assistance of Catherine Delano-Smith, Francis Her- and other navigational aids were unknown, but that they bert, Tony Campbell, Andrew Cook, and Peter Barber, who have kindly commented on the text and provided references and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • Bharati Volume 4
    SARASVATI Bharati Volume 4 Gold bead; Early Dynastic necklace from the Royal Cemetery; now in the Leeds collection y #/me raed?sI %/-e A/hm! #N/m! Atu?vm! , iv/Èaim?Sy r]it/ e/dm! -ar?t jn?m! . (Vis'va_mitra Ga_thina) RV 3.053.12 I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven and earth, and this prayer of Vis'va_mitra protects the race of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atus.t.avam-- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in va_kdevi Sarasvati the firmament]. Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti Bangalore 2003 PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com SARASVATI: Bharati by S. Kalyanaraman Copyright Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Publisher: Baba Saheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti, Bangalore Price: (India) Rs. 500 ; (Other countries) US $50 . Copies can be obtained from: S. Kalyanaraman, 3 Temple Avenue, Srinagar Colony, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600015, India email: [email protected] Tel. + 91 44 22350557; Fax 24996380 Baba Saheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti, Yadava Smriti, 55 First Main Road, Seshadripuram, Bangalore 560020, India Tel. + 91 80 6655238 Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti, Annapurna, 528 C Saniwar Peth, Pune 411030 Tel. +91 020 4490939 Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan. Sarasvati/ S. Kalyanaraman Includes bibliographical references and index 1.River Sarasvati. 2. Indian Civilization. 3. R.gveda Printed in India at K. Joshi and Co., 1745/2 Sadashivpeth, Near Bikardas Maruti Temple, Pune 411030, Bharat ISBN 81-901126-4-0 FIRST PUBLISHED: 2003 2 PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com About the Author Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 07 Louis 1 Gold+Silver
    CATALOGUE François Louis Gold and Silver François Louis Gold and Silver mong the most precious and unexpected dis- I. Vessels A coveries of the Belitung wreck are over thirty exquisitely manufactured gold and silver vessels. All of the seven gold vessels (nos 1–7), the gold leaf, These include one octagonal gold cup and three the gold bracelet (no. 9), and nine small silver boxes oblong, gold, drinking bowls (nos 1, 5–7), three (cf. nos 12–18) were discovered in 1998. Another gold dishes (nos 2–4), and two dozen richly deco- fourteen silver vessels, the gold bracelet fragments rated silver vessels. In addition, the divers recovered (no. 8 a, b), and additional silver vessel fragments eighteen silver ingots (cf. no. 11 a, b), over two kilo- were salvaged in 1999 from a small area at the stern grams of gold foil, a small gold coin (no. 10), a gold and slightly to port. Three large silver bowls with bracelet (no. 9), and several fragments of various foot rings (cf. nos 19, 20) were found stacked on gold and silver items. In quality as well as in size, top of a fine white ceramic bowl of similar size and this find figures among the most important discov- shape (no. 106). Next to these bowls, fragments of eries of Tang gold and silver made to date. It is the two large platters (cf. figs 1,7 and p. 108, figs 11a, first such discovery outside of China. b) with three feet were recovered – presumably the platters had originally also been stacked on top of While the gold vessels have been entirely cleaned, each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Urdu Love Poetry In
    HOW TO READ IQBAL? ESSAYS ON IQBAL, URDU POETRY AND LITERARY THEORY Shamsur Rahman Faruqi Edited and Compliled by Muhammad Suheyl Umar IQBAL ACADEMY PAKISTAN All Rights Reserved Publisher: Muhammad Bakhsh Sangi Iqbal Academy Pakistan Govt. of Pakistan, National History & Literary Heritage Division Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, National History & Literary Heritage 6th Floor, Aiwan-i-Iqbal Complex, Off Egerton Road, Lahore. Tel: 92-42-36314510, 99203573, Fax: 92-42-36314496 Email. [email protected] Website: www.allamaiqbal.com ISBN : 978-969-416-521-9 1st Edition : 2007 2nd Edition : 2009 3rd Edition : 2017 Quantity : 500 Price : Rs. 400 US$ 10 Printed at : Adan Printers, Lahore Sales Office:116-McLeod Road, Lahore. Ph.37357214 DEDICATION In Memory of Mushfiq Khvaja (1935-2005) Great friend, fine scholar, perfect stylist CONTENTS Preface….Muhammad Suheyl Umar i Part I Iqbal Studies How to Read Iqbal? 3 Is Iqbal, the Poet, Relevant to us Today? 49 Iqbal’s Romantic Dilemma 59 Iqbal, the Riddle of Lucretius, and Ghalib 71 The Image of Satan in Iqbal and Milton 91 Part II Review Articles: Iqbal Studies A Complaint Against Khushwant Singh’s “Complaint and Answer” 117 Iqbal—A Selection of the Urdu Verse: Text and Translation. 133 Part III Urdu Literature: Literary Themes and History The Eighteenth Century in Urdu Literature: The Contribution of Delhi 141 Conventions of Love, Love of Conventions: Urdu Love Poetry in the Eighteenth Century 157 The Poet in The Poem or, Veiling the Utterance 195 The Power Politics of Culture: Akbar Ilahabadi and the Changing Order of Things 219 PREFACE Faced with the daunting task of writing about Shamsur Rahman Faruqi one is inclined to reach instinctively to one’s betters and to latch onto hyperboles and superlatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Relations of Delhi Sultanate
    FOREIGN RELATIONS OF DELHI SULTANATE ABSTRACT Thesis Submitted For The Degree of Bottor of $f)tlo)8!op|ip IN HISTORY BY ROOHI ABIDA AHMED Und«r th« Supervision ot Prof. K. A. NIZAMI CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIiyi UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1 991 _&.a the^-txtle- o£~my. theals .suggests jut is an attempt to trace the developments in the relations of the Delhi Sultans with their neighbouring countries. In other words the foreign policies of the_ Delhi Sultans have been discussed with special reference to Sultan lltvtmish, the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate and Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under whose reign there is an attempt- to the extend the boundaries of the Indian frontiers. The reigns of Ghyasuddin Tughluq and Jaflaluddin Khalji were comparatively short during which they were busy in establishing their respecjkive dynasties in Hindustan and hence struggling yf(ard for interval peace and order. Therefore titey^did not^,,-!Show any keenness in external affairs and\hewce it was diff­ icult to trace their foreion nia^cies. While discussing the foreign policies of the Delhi Sultans it was necessary to describe the region of the North-West Frontier of Hindustan as v;ell as to discuss the role played by this region and its inhabitants in determining the foreign Policies of the Delhi Bultans, The North­ west Frontier region occupied a position of great strategic as well as economic Importance , and it was therefore necessary for a ruler of Hindustan to maintain effective control over it. The foreign relations of the early Turkish rulers include their relations with the mongols of Central Asia and the Persian Ilkhans, However an attempt has also been made to refer to the commercial and intellectual relations of the Delhi sultans with the outside world.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Workshop
    2021 WORKSHOP: How did I never notice that your username is Santa Claus and mine is reindeer? Produced by Olivia Murton, Kevin Wang, Wonyoung Jang, Jordan Brownstein, Adam Fine, Will Holub-Moorman, Athena Kern, JinAh Kim, Zachary Knecht, Caroline Mao, Christopher Sims, and Will Grossman Packet 13 Tossups 1. The final manuscript of this collection, known as its “Chigi” (“KEE-jee”) form, is discussed in Ernest Wilkins’s book titled The Making of [this collection]. While at his country home in France, the speaker of this collection laments their “sixteenth year of sighs.” A woman in this collection appears along with Love, Chastity, Death, and Fame in the collection Triumphs. Sections titled (*) “In Life” and “In Death” divide this collection, which ends with a poem addressed to the Virgin Mary. This collection was popularized through translations by the Earl of Surrey and Thomas Wyatt. This collection begins, “You who hear the sound in scattered rhymes,” and is about a woman the author met on Good Friday. For 10 points, name this collection of 366 poems by Petrarch dedicated to Laura (“LAO-rah”). ANSWER: Il Canzoniere [or Songbook] <FW, European Literature> 2. A piece in this genre opens with the low strings playing the recurring theme F-sharp, D, C-sharp, D, B, [pause] low F-sharp, which then modulates up by a third every two measures. Sir Donald Tovey referred to a section of a non-Beethoven piece in this genre as “The Great Bassoon Joke” because it includes dueling bassoons playing a “Fox Song”; that piece concludes with a C major maestoso finale section.
    [Show full text]