Mecusi Geleneğinde Tektanrıcılık Ve Düalizm Ilişkisi

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Mecusi Geleneğinde Tektanrıcılık Ve Düalizm Ilişkisi T.C. İSTANBUL ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE D İN B İLİMLER İ ANAB İLİM DALI DİNLER TAR İHİ B İLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZ İ MECUS İ GELENE Ğİ NDE TEKTANRICILIK VE DÜAL İZM İLİŞ KİSİ Mehmet ALICI (2502050181) Tez Danı şmanı: Prof.Dr. Şinasi GÜNDÜZ İstanbul 2011 T.C. İSTANBUL ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE D İN B İLİMLER İ ANAB İLİM DALI DİNLER TAR İHİ B İLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZ İ MECUS İ GELENE Ğİ NDE TEKTANRICILIK VE DÜAL İZM İLİŞ KİSİ Mehmet ALICI (2502050181) Tez Danı şmanı: Prof.Dr. Şinasi GÜNDÜZ (Bu tez İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Ara ştırma Projeleri Komisyonu tarafından desteklenmi ştir. Proje numarası:4247) İstanbul 2011 ÖZ Bu çalı şma Mecusi gelene ğinde tektanrıcılık ve düalizm ili şkisini ortaya çıkı şından günümüze kadarki tarihsel süreç içerisinde incelemeyi hedef edinir. Bu ba ğlamda Mecusilik üç temel teolojik süreç çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Bu ba ğlamda birinci teolojik süreçte Mecusili ğin kurucusu addedilen Zerdü şt’ün kendisine atfedilen Gatha metninde tanrı Ahura Mazda çerçevesinde ortaya koydu ğu tanrı tasavvuru incelenmektedir. Burada Zerdü şt’ün anahtar kavram olarak belirledi ği tanrı Ahura Mazda ve onunla ili şkilendirilen di ğer ilahi figürlerin ili şkisi esas alınmaktadır. Zerdü şt sonrası Mecusi teolojisinin şekillendi ği Avesta metinleri ikinci teolojik süreci ihtiva etmektedir. Bu dönem Zerdü şt’ten önceki İran’ın tanrı tasavvurlarının yeniden kutsal metne yani Avesta’ya dahil edilme sürecini yansıtmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Avesta edebiyatı Zerdü şt sonrası dönü şen bir teolojiyi sunmaktadır. Bu noktada ba şta Ahura Mazda kavramı olmak üzere, Zerdü şt’ün Gatha’da ortaya koydu ğu mefhumların de ğişti ği görülmektedir. Sasaniler döneminde Avesta’nın anla şılması ve yorumlanması ba ğlamında gerçekle ştirilen yorum/Zend faaliyeti üçüncü teolojik süreci olu şturmaktadır. Pehlevi Metinler olarak bilinen bu yorum edebiyatı Avesta ilahiyatındaki ilahi unsurları yeniden tasnife tuttu ğu ve Mecusi teolojisinde düalist bakı ş açısının hakim kılmaya çalı ştı ğı anla şılmaktadır. Bu çalı şmanın son bölümünde de Mecusi kutsal metin literatürünün ara ştırıcılar tarafından XIX. ve XX. yüzyılda ortaya çıkarılması aktarılmaktadır. Bu dönemde Mecusilerin kendi tanrı tasavvurları konusunda tek tanrıcı ve düalist yakla şımları benimsedi ği görülmektedir. Bu ba ğlamda modern Mecusilerin kendi dini geleneklerinin sundu ğu tanrı tasavvuru ve ahlak hakkındaki birbirinden farklı görü şleri incelenmektedir. iii ABSTRACT This thesis aims the examination of the relationship between monotheism and dualism in Zoroastrian tradition from appearing that tradition to today in historical context. In this respect, Zoroastrianism has been dealt with in three theological period. In the first process, the founder of Zoroaster had set forth the concept of Ahura Mazda and theology in Gathas. This chapter is based on the key concept of Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda, and its relations with other divine figures. The post-Zoroaster Avestan texts in which the new theology had emerged, include the second theological period. The pre-Zoroaster Iranian divine concepts have been re-included in that period. Especially the concept of Ahura Mazda and the other concepts which Zoroaster mentioned in Gathas had been transformed or changed. The third period of theological process was produced in Sasanian era in the context of the interpretation Avestan text/Zend. This exegesis literature that known as Pahlavi Texts, had categorized the divine concepts of Avesta and try to dominate dualist view for Zoroastrian theology. The last chapter of this study, it has been given place to researcher who brought to light all sacred Zoroastrian texts in nineteenth and twentieth century. It has been observed that Zoroastrians had been embraced the monotheistic or dualistic approaches about their god conceptualization in that period. In this context, it is examined the different views of Modern Zoroastrians about their god and ethic perceptions. iv Önsöz İran co ğrafyasında hayat bulan ve yüzyıllar boyu İranlıların dini gelene ği olarak tarih sahnesinde boy gösteren Mecusi gelene ği, ülkemizde hak etti ği de ğeri henüz alamamı ş ve sınırlı sayıda akademik çalı şmaya konu olmu ştur. İslam fetihlerinden önce İran ve çevresinin etkin dini olan Mecusilik, ba şta Kur’an-ı Kerim ve Hz. Peygamberin hadislerine konu olmu ş ve ehli kitap statüsü kazanmı ş bir din olarak kar şımıza çıkmaktadır. Tarihi seyir içerisinde çe şitli teolojik süreçler geçirerek günümüze kadar varlı ğını devam ettirmi ştir. Bir giri ş ve dört ana bölümden olu şan tez çalı şmamızın birinci bölümünde Mecusili ğin kurucusu Zerdü şt’ün ona atfedilen Gatha metni ölçe ğinde onun tanrı dü şüncesi ele alınmaktadır. Burada anahtar kavram olarak gördü ğü Ahura Mazda çerçevesinde ikiz ruh meselesi, kötülü ğün kayna ğı ve Gatha’da yer alan di ğer uluhiyetler metin tahlilleri ba ğlamında ele alınmaktadır. Buradan hareketle de Zerdü şt’ün tanrı tasavvuruna yönelik bir tanımlamaya ula şmaya çalı şılmaktadır. Zerdü şt sonrası de ğişen teolojinin i şlendi ği ikinci bölümde Zerdü şt öncesi kadim İran’ın tanrı panteonunun yeniden tezahür etmesi tartı şılmaktadır. Zira Avesta edebiyatı, kadim uluhiyetlerin Ahura Mazda ve Zerdü şt’le irtibatlandırılarak me şrula ştırıldı ğı bir söyleme sahiptir. Ahura Mazda’nın di ğer ilahi figürler arasında önemini yitirdi ği Avesta ilahiyatı, üçüncü bölümün içeri ğini olu şturan Sasani dini edebiyatıyla devam etmektedir. Bu bölümde Ohrmazd-Ehrimen olmak üzere iki unsura dayalı mutlak bir düalitenin şekillendi ği Sasani teolojisi bahse konu edilmektedir. Son bölümde ise modern dönemde Mecusi külliyatının Batılı ara ştırıcılar tarafından gün yüzüne çıkarılması süreci işlenmekte ve ça ğda ş Mecusilerin kendi dini geleneklerine bakı şları ele alınmaktadır. Mecusi gelene ğinin teolojik temellerini ve geçirdi ği teolojik süreçleri bahse konu edinen bu çalı şmanın ortaya çıkmasında bir çok kıymetli bilim adamının ve Mecusi cemaat üyesinin katkısı mutlaka zikredilmelidir. Tez konumuzun seçilmesinden tamamlanmasına kadarki süreçte her zaman zihni eme ğini ve deste ğini esirgemeyen danı şman hocam Prof. Dr. Şinasi Gündüz’e te şekkürü bir borç bilirim. Tez çalı şmamıza öneri ve ele ştirileriyle yön veren tez izleme komitesindeki de ğerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Mahmut Kaya’ya ve Prof. Dr. Ömer v Mahir Alper’e müte şekkirim. Çalı şmamızın her bölümünü dikkatli bir şekilde okuyan yapıcı ele ştirileriyle katkı sa ğlayan kıymetli hocam Doç. Dr. Hakan Olgun’a ve çalı şmanın ilk nüshalarını okuyarak kayda de ğer de ğişiklikleri zikreden kadim dostum Yard. Doç. Dr. Dursun Ali Aykıt’a şükranlarımı bildiririm. Tez çalı şmamız hakkında ara ştırmalar yapmak üzere Amerika’da bulundu ğumuz süre zarfında University of California, S. M. Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture adlı merkezin direktörü Prof. Nasrin Rahimieh’e ve İran çalı şmalarına ufuk açan sohbetlerini payla ştı ğımız, kendisinden konumuz hakkında bir çok materyali edindi ğimiz ve sayesinde birçok Mecusiyle tanı ştı ğımız Prof. Touraj Daryaee’ye ve bize birçok konuda yardımcı olan Alexander Jabbari’ye müte şekkirim. California’daki İranlı Mecusi toplulu ğundan kendisiyle Avestaca’ya ba şladı ğımız ve Mecusilik hakkında mülakat yaptı ğımız Mobed Rustem Vahidi’ye, her Pazar Mecusi merkezine gitmemizi sa ğlayan ve kendisinde Mecusilik hakkında çok şey ö ğrendi ğim Bahram Deboo’ya ve e şi Manijeh Deboo’ya, Arman Ariane’ye California’da ya şayan Parsilerle tanı ştıran Ervad Farhad Sidhwa’ya, Parsi cemaatinin kurdu ğu merkezin yöneticisi Vira Santokh’a şükranlarımı ifade etmek isterim. Elbette tez çalı şması münasebetiyle kendilerine yeterince vakit ayıramadı ğım e şim Nurhayat’a ve kızım Zülal Nuran’a şükranlarımı arz etmeyi bir borç bilirim. Mehmet ALICI İstanbul 2011 vi İÇİNDEK İLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ............................................................................................. I ÖZ ........................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv Önsöz ....................................................................................................................... v İÇİNDEK İLER ..................................................................................................... vii Kısaltmalar ............................................................................................................ ix Giri ş ......................................................................................................................... 1 I-Amaç ve Önem ................................................................................................. 1 II-Ara ştırmanın Tarihçesi .................................................................................. 2 III-Temel Problemler, İçerik ve Yöntem ........................................................... 3 IV-İsimlendirme Problemi .................................................................................. 5 BİRİNC İ BÖLÜM ................................................................................................ 17 I. Zerdü şt’ün Tanrı Algısı: Tek Tanrı mı? .......................................................... 17 A. Zerdü şt Dönemi/Gatha Tanrı Algısı ve Teolojik Tasnif ............................ 17 1. Zerdü şt’ün Ahura Mazdası ........................................................................ 28 2. İkiz Ruh Meselesi (Spenta Mainyu, Angra
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