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The Great Empires of Asia the Great Empires of Asia The Great Empires of Asia The Great Empires of Asia EDITED BY JIM MASSELOS FOREWORD BY JONATHAN FENBY WITH 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Note on spellings and transliterations There is no single agreed system for transliterating into the Western CONTENTS alphabet names, titles and terms from the different cultures and languages represented in this book. Each culture has separate traditions FOREWORD 8 for the most ‘correct’ way in which words should be transliterated from The Legacy of Empire Arabic and other scripts. However, to avoid any potential confusion JONATHAN FENBY to the non-specialist reader, in this volume we have adopted a single system of spellings and have generally used the versions of names and titles that will be most familiar to Western readers. INTRODUCTION 14 The Distinctiveness of Asian Empires JIM MASSELOS Elements of Empire Emperors and Empires Maintaining Empire Advancing Empire CHAPTER ONE 27 Central Asia: The Mongols 1206–1405 On the cover: Map of Unidentified Islands off the Southern Anatolian Coast, by Ottoman admiral and geographer Piri Reis (1465–1555). TIMOTHY MAY Photo: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. The Rise of Chinggis Khan The Empire after Chinggis Khan First published in the United Kingdom in 2010 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181A High Holborn, London WC1V 7QX The Army of the Empire Civil Government This compact paperback edition first published in 2018 The Rule of Law The Great Empires of Asia © 2010 and 2018 Decline and Dissolution Thames & Hudson Ltd, London The Greatness of the Mongol Empire Foreword © 2018 Jonathan Fenby All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced CHAPTER TWO 53 or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, China: The Ming 1368–1644 including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. J. A. G. ROBERTS The Establishment of the Ming Dynasty British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data The Reign of Hongwu, 1368–98 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Reign of Yongle, 1403–24 ISBN 978-0-500-29442-0 Military Defeat and the Great Wall Ming Absolutism Printed and bound in the UK by CPI (UK) Ltd The Economy under the Ming Ming Society To find out about all our publications, please visit Philosophy, Art and Literature in the Ming Period www.thamesandhudson.com. There you can subscribe to our e-newsletter, browse or download our current catalogue, Contacts with the West and buy any titles that are in print. The Decline and Fall of the Ming Dynasty CHAPTER THREE 78 Cosmopolitanism and Kingship South-East Asia: The Khmer 802–1566 The Later Safavids The Significance of the Safavids HELEN IBBITSON JESSUP Womb of Empire: The Early Centuries Religion and Indian Cultural Influences CHAPTER SIX 167 Chakravartin, the Universal Monarch India: The Mughals 1526–1858 Hariharalaya: The Consolidation of Power CATHERINE ASHER The Roots of Angkor The Beginning of Mughal Rule The Grandeur of Koh Ker Akbar (r. 1556–1605): Conquest and Consolidation Return to the Heartland Akbar’s Concept of State Imperial Longings: The Ascent of Suryavarman Akbar’s Patronage of the Arts Power in the North Jahangir (r. 1605–27) and Shah Jahan (r. 1628–58) Suryavarman II and the Age of Angkor Wat The Arts under Jahangir and Shah Jahan Buddhism as State Religion Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707) and the Later Mughals (1707–1858) The Waning Years? CHAPTER SEVEN 192 CHAPTER FOUR 107 Japan: The Meiji Restoration 1868–1945 Asia Minor and Beyond: The Ottomans 1281–1922 ELISE KURASHIGE TIPTON GÁBOR ÁGOSTON ‘A Rich Country, Strong Army’ The Significance of the Ottomans in World History Building the Nation through War From Frontier Principality to Empire The Russo-Japanese War: The Start of Japanese Imperialism Empire and its Challenges Japan’s Colonial Project in Taiwan and Korea Military Might The Informal Empire in China and the Road to War Ruling the Empire Total War and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Core Zones, Frontier Provinces and Vassals Defeat in War and the End of Empire The Long 19th Century and the Ottomans’ Staying Power The Ottoman Achievement CONCLUSION 215 The End of Empire CHAPTER FIVE 138 JIM MASSELOS Persia: The Safavids 1501–1722 The Occidental’s Orient SUSSAN BABAIE The End of Empires The Boy Becomes King New Empires and Rulers Architecture and Art under Shah Ismail I Memory of Empire The Fall of Ismail and Reign of Shah Tahmasb Architecture and Art under Shah Tahmasb NOTES 224 • FURTHER READING 237 • ILLUSTRATION SOURCES 242 • Civil War and the Accession of Shah Abbas I Isfahan, the Safavid Capital 1598–1722 CONTRIBUTORS 243 • INDEX 244 FOREWORD economic and cultural legacies they left have shaped lands from the Pacific to the Mediterranean to this day, providing a powerful backdrop to the The Legacy of Empire evolution of the 21st-century world. JONATHAN FENBY Unlike later European colonies separated from the seat of power by thousands of miles of sea, these Asian empires were primarily land-based – so there was a direct geographical connection between the central capital and the further frontiers, with a melding of populations, customs and cul- tures along the route. That is not to say that maritime trade was irrelevant: he empires of Asia spanned 5,000 miles from the Pacific to the with territories stretching round the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the Balkans, marking the history of the planet for over a thousand years Ottomans had a formidable fleet, while Ming emperor Yongle sent admiral T as they established realms that brought together a multiplicity of Zheng He on voyages through the seas of Asia and East Africa with a flotilla ethnic groups, cultures and religions. They were founded and led by some of huge ships to overawe local rulers and bring back treasure. of the most extraordinary figures the world has seen: Chinggis Khan, the But the European model of using sea power for long-range con- emperors of China claiming to hold the Mandate of Heaven, the Ottoman quest was not the way Asian empires operated. Rather, they followed a Sultans and the great Mughal emperor Akbar. They created capitals with pattern in which the creators of empire established a base by defeating architecture and cultural treasures to underline the awesome nature of rival clans in local wars before expanding either to defend the homeland their rule: the monuments of the Mughals, the Forbidden City of Beijing, or in search of fresh territory. For the most far-flung empire of all, the the grandiose Suleimaniye mosque and Topkapı Palace in Constantinople/ Mongols, this process led from conflict on the steppes of north Asia to the Istanbul, the great edifices of Angkor and the mosques of Isfahan. throne of China, undertaking conquests as far west as the Black Sea and At the outset and often well beyond, military prowess was a constant Ukraine, and reorganizing the nomad tribes into a nation that could field theme as they fought to expand – and then defend – their vast territories. a million-strong army. At the end of this Asian saga, Japan played out in a But rulers also had to develop systems of governance and bureaucracy to relatively short time but on a huge scale the ‘imperial syndrome’ by which buttress their control while strengthening the economy of their domains ‘the enlargement of territory or influence was required to confirm the new and fostering trade that provided earnings for their subjects, tax revenue political order, which then needed to defend new, contested boundaries.’ and links with other states. Their impact as they established themselves This thirst for expansion and the strains it caused often came to spell the and then turned their conquered lands into imperial states is laid out in end of empires, even if the strength of the edifice constructed in the years the seven chapters of this book, whose distinguished authors bring out the of glory could stave off collapse for a long time. achievements and failings, similarities and differences, innovations and While the empires and their rulers reigned supreme, with structures diversities that left an indelible print on history. designed to buttress their authority, there was usually a degree of decen- With the exception of Japan’s expansion after the Meiji Restoration, tralization in such enormous territories. Conquered lands had to be made these empires were notable for their longevity. They lasted for several cen- into entities that could contribute to the overall strength and prosperity turies or, in the case of China, for more than two millennia. The political, of the empire. Far away in their capitals or out on military campaigns, 8 9 sovereigns needed to ensure not only stability throughout their realms, – from the grandeur of the Taj Mahal and the monuments of Angkor to the but also supplies of food and goods for their troops and subjects. Smooth finesse of Ottoman miniatures, the silk paintings of the Ming and the lines transport was essential to foster trade within and across imperial frontiers, of Japanese prints. Safavid rulers of the sixteenth century presided over and to guarantee the flow of tax revenue which commerce yielded. The an extraordinary fusion of artistic achievement in painting, carpets, man- construction of palaces and religious edifices required the mobilization of uscripts, textiles, metalwork, book-binding and poetry, using resources large labour forces from conquered lands – even more so the Great Wall of from conquered lands to celebrate the greater glory of Persia. China under the Ming or the canals and reservoirs of the Khmer. Still, like all empires, the system rested, in the end, on top-down rule So, once they had brought new regions under control, the rulers backed by seemingly invincible armies and the threat of savage retribution had every interest in melding coercive rule with a degree of conciliation.
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