l

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r Prague Krakow Kiev U

Seine Volga Paris Rostov On Don EURASIAN STEPPES Karakorum Rhone Elista Lyon Venice Crimea Astrakhan Syr Darya (Iaxartes) MONGOLIAN STEPPES Shanh-du CAUCASUS A RA L Urumqi (Xanadu) Genoa CA S P IA N S E A Danube Turfan BLACK SEA Amu Darya (Oxus) Otrar Porto BALKANS DerbentS E A Khiva Istanbul Tbilisi Kuqa GOBI DESERT Barcelona (Constantinople) (Khwarezm) Beijing Rome Trebizond Kokand Ferghana Dunhuang

Bursa Shaki Huang He (Khanbalik) Valencia CENTRAL ASIA Xinjiang Sardis Baku P K JAPAN Lisbon ANATOLIA Erzurum Bukhara E O Aras Samarkand Kashgar N R Ephesus Konya Tabriz Nisa Merv Pyongyang IN E Athens Dara S A Cordoba Granada Gorgan U N Alanya Antioch Nishapur Khotan Penglai Seoul L Nisibis Balkh A Gyengju Aleppo (Bactra) YELLOW Busan Palmyra Rayy Osaka Fez Ecbatana Loyang SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Tyre Bagdad IRANIAN Taxila PLATEAU OF TIBET Fukuoka Nara Damascus Ctesiphon PLATEAU Xi'an Yangzhou Tigris Nagasaki Tripoli Jerusalem MESOPOTAMIA (Changan) Alexandria Gaza E Isfahan Nanjing u Harappa Petra p Qalhat Cairo hr ArvandSusa Chengdu Hangzhou ate Chang JiangWuhan s PERSIAN GULF Ningbo Apologos Delhi Qusair Siraf s ( Myos-Hormos) Hormuz u Ganges d

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I Foochow Leuce Come Karachi CHINA (Fuzhou) GULF Brahamaputra Medina Zaitun Sohar OF OMAN Canton ARABIAN Barbaricon (Ghuangzhou) (Qhuanzhou) Jeddah Muscat PENINSULA Barygaza Tamralipti Cattigara Nile R E D S E A Qalhat Macau The Silk Roads Mecca (Haiphong) Hanoi PACIFIC Suakin INDIAN The Silk Roads are part of a vast region comprised SUBCONTINENT OCEAN

Salalah Pegu M of a network of maritime and land routes. ARABIAN SEA e k o Bolinao n San’a Goa g Hội An They pass through South Asia and Southeast Cana Muza BAY OF BENGAL SOUTH Asia, crossing the Central Asian subcontinent, Aden Madras CHINA the Russian steppes, the Iranian and Anatolian Calicut Pondicherry SEA plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula. They stretch Zeila Kochi across North Africa and North East Africa, Oc-eo Anuradhapura from Tanzania to Morocco. Moreover, they extend through Eastern and Southern Europe, before linking France and Spain. Bandar Seri Begawan

Malacca Mogadiscio Singapore

BORNEO Silk Roads Sulawesi Sriwijaya Maritime Silk Roads (Spice Routes) (Palembang) Eurasian Steppe Routes INDIAN OCEAN Incense Roads Zanzibar Jakarta Other Trade and Connecting Routes Dar es Salam JAVA Secondary Trading Routes Kilwa