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Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 301 May, 2020 Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe by Kang, In Uk Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out for peer review, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
The Great Empires of Asia the Great Empires of Asia
The Great Empires of Asia The Great Empires of Asia EDITED BY JIM MASSELOS FOREWORD BY JONATHAN FENBY WITH 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Note on spellings and transliterations There is no single agreed system for transliterating into the Western CONTENTS alphabet names, titles and terms from the different cultures and languages represented in this book. Each culture has separate traditions FOREWORD 8 for the most ‘correct’ way in which words should be transliterated from The Legacy of Empire Arabic and other scripts. However, to avoid any potential confusion JONATHAN FENBY to the non-specialist reader, in this volume we have adopted a single system of spellings and have generally used the versions of names and titles that will be most familiar to Western readers. INTRODUCTION 14 The Distinctiveness of Asian Empires JIM MASSELOS Elements of Empire Emperors and Empires Maintaining Empire Advancing Empire CHAPTER ONE 27 Central Asia: The Mongols 1206–1405 On the cover: Map of Unidentified Islands off the Southern Anatolian Coast, by Ottoman admiral and geographer Piri Reis (1465–1555). TIMOTHY MAY Photo: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. The Rise of Chinggis Khan The Empire after Chinggis Khan First published in the United Kingdom in 2010 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181A High Holborn, London WC1V 7QX The Army of the Empire Civil Government This compact paperback edition first published in 2018 The Rule of Law The Great Empires of Asia © 2010 and 2018 Decline and Dissolution Thames & Hudson Ltd, London The Greatness of the Mongol Empire Foreword © 2018 Jonathan Fenby All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced CHAPTER TWO 53 or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, China: The Ming 1368–1644 including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. -
Multi-Destination Tourism in Greater Tumen Region
MULTI-DESTINATION TOURISM IN GREATER TUMEN REGION RESEARCH REPORT 2013 MULTI-DESTINATION TOURISM IN GREATER TUMEN REGION RESEARCH REPORT 2013 Greater Tumen Initiative Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH GTI Secretariat Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia (RCI) Tayuan Diplomatic Compound 1-1-142 Tayuan Diplomatic Office Bldg 1-14-1 No. 1 Xindong Lu, Chaoyang District No. 14 Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing, 100600, China Beijing, 100600, China www.tumenprogramme.org www.economicreform.cn Tel: +86-10-6532-5543 Tel: + 86-10-8532-5394 Fax: +86-10-6532-6465 Fax: +86-10-8532-5774 [email protected] [email protected] © 2013 by Greater Tumen Initiative The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI) or members of its Consultative Commission and Tourism Board or the governments they represent. GTI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, GTI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. “Multi-Destination Tourism in the Greater Tumen Region” is the report on respective research within the GTI Multi-Destination Tourism Project funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The report was prepared by Mr. James MacGregor, sustainable tourism consultant (ecoplan.net). -
Light on the Liao
A photo essay LIGHT ON THE LIAO n summer 2009, I was fortunate to participate in a summer seminar, ”China’s Northern Frontier,” co-sponsored I by the Silkroad Foundation, Yale University and Beijing University. Lecturers included some of the luminaries in the study of the Liao Dynasty and its history. In traveling through Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Lia- K(h)itan Abaoji in what is now Liaoning Province. At its peak, the Liao Empire controlled much of North China, Mongolia and territories far to the West. When it fell to the Jurchen in 1125, its remnants re-emerged as the Qara Khitai off in Central Asia, where they survived down to the creation of the Mongol empire (for their history, see the pioneering monograph by Michal Biran). While they began as semi-nomadic pastoralists, the Kitan/Liao in recent years from Liao tombs attest to their involvement in international trade and the sophistication of their cultural achievements. As with other states established in “borderlands” they drew on many different sources to create a distinctive culture which is now, after long neglect, being fully appreciated. These pictures touch but a few high points, leaving much else for separate exploration, which, it is hoped, they will stimulate readers to undertake on their own. The history and culture of the Kitan/Liao merit your serious attention, forming as they do an important chapter in the larger history of the silk roads. With the exception of the map and satellite image, the photos are all mine, a very few taken in collections outside of China, but the great majority during the seminar in 2009. -
Religious Toleration As Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century Author(S): Christopher P
Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century Author(s): Christopher P. Atwood Reviewed work(s): Source: The International History Review, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Jun., 2004), pp. 237-256 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40109471 . Accessed: 22/09/2012 18:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The International History Review. http://www.jstor.org CHRISTOPHER P. ATWOOD Validationby Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as PoliticalTheology in the Mongol World Empireof the Thirteenth Century conquerors have been famous for religious toleration since the time of Edward Gibbon. The willingness to patronize many religions and to acknowledge their followers as praying to the same heaven comes as a refreshing change for students of the Middle Ages. Gibbon pioneered the use of the Mongol case to criticize medieval obscurantism when he interpolated into his account of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire a digression on the religious policy of Chinggis Khan. In the midst of a story whose master narrative was the triumph of barbarism and religion over Roman civility, he found a barbarian whose religious policy anticipated that of the Enlightenment, the second age of civility: But it is the religion of Zingis [Chinggis] that best deserves our wonder and ap- plause. -
Inner Mongolia & Ningxia Adventure-161014-1
Phone: 951-9800 Toll Free:1-877-951-3888 E-mail: [email protected] www.airseatvl.com 50 S. Beretania Street, Suite C - 211B, Honolulu, HI 96813 China Explore Mongolia ** The Home Land of Genghis Khan Magic Ningxia ** Oasis in the Loess Highland & Hui Culture Touring cities: Hohhot, Baotou, Ordos, Yichuan, Zhongwei, Wuzhong, Guyuan & Beijing Tour Package Includes Traveling Dates: * Direct Flight from Honolulu to Beijing * 2 Domestic Air Flights Jun 5 – 20, 2017 * Hotel Accommodations for 13 Nights (based on double occupancy) * Admissions and 35 Meals as stated ( 16 Days) * UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Temple of Heaven * Mongolian Bonfire Party and 1 night experience in a Chariot Yurt * Local Specialty Cuisine: Beijing Zhajiangmain, Mongolian Boiled Lamb & Price per person: Mongolian Hotpot * Camel Ride in Tengger Desert, one of the largest deserts in China * Boat Tour on Shahu (Sand Lake) $ 2, 988 * The China West Film Studio Tour Incl: Tax & Fuel Charge Shuidonggou Ruins/Ming Great Wall Tour * Single Supp: $ 750 There exists a paradise where the chilly wind and the blue sky embrace you like a silk blanket. In this paradise, the desert sun warms your skin to your delight and the moonbeam shines brightly into the night like a phoenix. Here, you will feel the presence of yesterday’s culture and the promise of ongoing development. This is Inner Mongolia - where major attractions are the vast grassland and deserts. The autonomous region of Inner Mongolia looks like a long and narrow colorful picture scroll threading the east to the west, revealing its splendor and grandeur. Ningxia, located in China’s geometric center, is a dazzling pearl in northwest China. -
The Results of the Excavation of the Yihe-Nur Cemetery in Zhengxiangbai Banner (2012-2014)
THE RESULTS OF THE EXCAVATION OF THE YIHE-NUR CEMETERY IN ZHENGXIANGBAI BANNER (2012-2014) Chen Yongzhi 䱸≨ᘇ Inner Mongolia Museum, Hohhot Song Guodong ᆻഭḻ Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hohhot Ma Yan 傜㢣 Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot he Yihe-Nur Cemetery, excavated in 2012-2014, URDGVµ6LJQLÀFDQWDQDORJLHVWRWKHQHZO\H[FDYDWHG T is important as the northernmost Northern Wei material are to be found in tombs excavated in the Dynasty (े兿) cemetery so far discovered in China, suburbs of Datong (Pingcheng), the Northern Wei with artefacts indicating connections with peoples of capital before it was moved to Luoyang in 493 CE. the steppe and more broadly along the Eurasian “silk The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located on the northern frontier of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is adjacent to Mongolia and the Russian Federation in the North, and comprises an area of 118.300 km2. The Yihe-Nur Cemetery (Ժ઼ ␆ቄໃൠ) is located in the Yihenoer Sumu [Fig. 1a,b] (Ժ઼␆ቄ㣿ᵘ), Zhengxiangbai Banner (↓䮦ⲭᰇ), Xilin Gol League (䭑᷇䜝ंⴏ), of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and some 5 km northeast of Baori-Taolegin Gacha (䲦ंⴆాḕ), 1 km northwest of the Hadaqigen Lake (䗮ަṩ␆ቄ⒆), and 4.5 km northeast of Yihenoer Lake (Ժ઼␆ቄ⒆). This region is situated at the southern edge of the Hunshandake Desert [Fig. 2] (⎁ழ䗮ݻ⋉ൠ), which has a typical steppe geomorphological environment. The cemetery is surrounded by low hills that form a little mountain valley from the east to the west. The northeast part of the valley is covered by yellow sand dunes, at an elevation of ca. -
Control Through Intervention
Control through Intervention Marina Bán 2020-11-08T16:15:31 In October 2020, the director of the Musée d’Histoire de Nantes announced the postponement of an upcoming exhibition on Mongol history and culture. The exhibition was supposed to be the result of a collaboration between the Nantes museum and the Inner Mongolia Museum in Hohhot, China. The decision of postponement came amidst an accusation of interference from the Chinese Bureau of Cultural Heritage. According to the director, the Chinese Bureau requested unprecedented control over the exhibition’s organization, including eliminating references to the Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan. The director of the Nantes Museum stated that the breakdown in the collaboration was caused by the Chinese Bureau’s attempt to ‘rewrite history and erase Mongol culture’; an effort the museum could not abide by. Controlling Historical Memory Abroad A few years ago, Nikolay Koposov has elaborated on the idea of memory wars between states regarding different historical events. He conceptualized memory wars as radically different interpretations of the same historical events (especially between two neighboring states), eventually affecting relations between the disagreeing states. The consequences of memory wars may take the form of prohibitive memory laws, as witnessed in Russia in 2014. The law was introduced to stop public discussion of the war crimes committed by the Red Army in World War II, starkly opposing debates in, for example, Poland and Ukraine. Although the dispute between the Nantes Museum and the Chinese Bureau cannot be called a memory war in the strictest sense, however it is, in fact, a type of memory war – an attempt from one state to control its own history in a foreign state, as the Chinese government interferes in Nantes to shape the interpretation of narratives around the historical roots of the Mongol minority living in the country. -
'A Pox on the Pax!'
‘A Pox on the Pax!’ A survey of the Pax Mongolica through Persian, Near Eastern and European sources Tobias Jones Research Masters in Middle Eastern Studies Supervisor: Dr. Gabrielle van den Berg 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1- Introduction ......................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2- Pax Mongolica in the Persian sources ..................................................................................8 2.1 Source Background....................................................................................................................8 2.2 Mongol destruction in the Persian sources................................................................................ 10 2.3 Life under the Mongols in the Persian Sources .......................................................................... 14 2.4 Travel and trade in the Persian sources..................................................................................... 25 2.5 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 3- Pax Mongolica in the Near Eastern Sources ....................................................................... 33 3.1 Source Background.................................................................................................................. 33 3.2 Mongol destruction in the Near Eastern sources ....................................................................... 36 -
Phd 2013 F Hodous, Toluid Dynamics of Asia
Toluid Dynamics of Asia: flexibility, legality and identity within Toluid institutions Florence Hodous Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in History 2013 Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 2 Abstract This thesis will show that the concept of Great Yasa is not supported by the contemporary sources and that alternative approaches are needed to investigate law in the Toluid empire. While the concept of Yasa tends to reinforce the perception of Mongol law as being rigid, in fact, considerable room for flexibility and negotiation was embedded within the Mongol legal tradition. This flexibility can be seen in the traditional Mongol institution of the quriltai, an institution which was important not only in terms of the election of khans and taking various decisions, but also in legal terms. The principle of collegiality which was at its foundation was central to Mongol legal culture and its effects can be discerned in the Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty. While there was little political will on the part of the Mongol rulers to impose any particular legal practices, including Mongol customs, on the conquered populations, the principle of collegiality had a significant impact on how they dealt with legal matters, and how they and their officials interacted with Persian and Chinese legal traditions. In the many legal cases decided by conference, where many different stakeholders were present, can be seen the enduring effects of the principle of collegiality. The flexibility of the Mongol approach to law is also seen in the differences in the influence of Mongol law in Persia and China. -
Mongolian Museum on the Way of the Progress: Some Experiences and Achievements
Social Unity through Culture, Art and History: The Museum Challenges. Mongolian museum on the way of the progress: some experiences and achievements B.Uuganbayar (Curator, National Museum of Mongolia, Mongolia) Abstract: The National Museum of Mongolia was established in 1924. This museum holds tens of thousands of precious objects related to Mongolian history and culture. Around 1 million years ago, the first humans began inhabiting this vast area. Throughout this long history, Mongolians and their ancestors have created a unique and beautiful culture heritage. Through this article, we aim to showcase some achievements of our museum, including the latest exhibition organized in and outside Mongolia. Especially, we will highlight the joint exhibition projects co-organized with Chinese, Korean and Danish museums. We will also talk about the barcoding project implemented and supported by US institutions. Mankind has passed through many forms of lifestyle over the past millennia. Nomadic and urban lifestyles have both been important lifeways across the world, but as a result of modern development, urbanization is quickly becoming the main lifestyle of modern civilization. Although urban lifestyle is spreading around the globe, some nomadic ways of living still remain. Mongolia provides an example of a nomadic lifestyle that is still vibrant. Mongolia is landlocked country located in the high Central Asian plateau between Russia and China. According to the latest studies, the first humans began living there nearly 1 million years ago. Evidence from archeological studies shows us that a warm climate used to dominated this area. But after the last ice age, the climate changed to its current form—a continental climate with a hot summer and cold winter.