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Mongolian Museum on the Way of the Progress: Some Experiences and Achievements

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Mongolian Museum on the Way of the Progress: Some Experiences and Achievements Social Unity through Culture, Art and History: The Museum Challenges. Mongolian museum on the way of the progress: some experiences and achievements B.Uuganbayar (Curator, National Museum of Mongolia, Mongolia) Abstract: The National Museum of Mongolia was established in 1924. This museum holds tens of thousands of precious objects related to Mongolian history and culture. Around 1 million years ago, the first humans began inhabiting this vast area. Throughout this long history, Mongolians and their ancestors have created a unique and beautiful culture heritage. Through this article, we aim to showcase some achievements of our museum, including the latest exhibition organized in and outside Mongolia. Especially, we will highlight the joint exhibition projects co-organized with Chinese, Korean and Danish museums. We will also talk about the barcoding project implemented and supported by US institutions. Mankind has passed through many forms of lifestyle over the past millennia. Nomadic and urban lifestyles have both been important lifeways across the world, but as a result of modern development, urbanization is quickly becoming the main lifestyle of modern civilization. Although urban lifestyle is spreading around the globe, some nomadic ways of living still remain. Mongolia provides an example of a nomadic lifestyle that is still vibrant. Mongolia is landlocked country located in the high Central Asian plateau between Russia and China. According to the latest studies, the first humans began living there nearly 1 million years ago. Evidence from archeological studies shows us that a warm climate used to dominated this area. But after the last ice age, the climate changed to its current form—a continental climate with a hot summer and cold winter. As a result, people became herders, with a lifestyle based on breeding livestock. Such a way of life is called ‘nomadic’ or pastoral nomadism. Pastoral nomadism is an age-old way of life based in the arid and semi-arid zones which stretch from the Atlantic Ocean through North Africa, the Middle East, Iran and Afghanistan and further eastward from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgizstan via Mongolia and Tibet into China1. Everything in Mongolia, including customs, tradition, culture and history, is based on the nomadic lifestyle. In other words, the unique and valuable characteristics of Mongolian life stem from the nomadic lifestyle. Pastoral nomadism created Mongolia. In their long history, the ancestors of Mongolia made many wonderful things including rock art, deer stones, many forms of burial, ancient cities, writing systems, the most powerful army in human history, and so on. This way of life also brought great material wealth to ancient people, as can be seen in their ornaments, costumes, tents, furniture, household items, tools, weapons and equipment – all of the finest craftsmanship2. Much of the evidence related to these discoveries is stored and curated in the National Museum of Mongolia. The National Museum of Mongolia is the one of top scientific and culture institutions in modern Mongolia. And it has a long and unique history. According to some sources, the word “museum” was first used to describe the collection of the Medici during the Renaissance period, in Italy in the 15th century. But some scholars say there were some institutions akin to museums in Kharakhorum, the capital city of the Great Mongolian Empire. Besides that, in the 1840’s, the 5th Noyon Khutagtu Danzanravjaa organized the so-called “Exhibition Temple”. This temple housed about ten thousand items and it is considered to be the first museum of Mongolia. In the early 20th century, Mongolia’s last king, the Bogd Khaan amassed an enormous collection of rare objects from the West and East. This collection formed the basis of the first truly modern museum in Mongolia. Nowadays, this institution is known as the National Museum of Mongolia. Officially, the National Museum of Mongolia was established in 1924. The first Mongolian Museum’s purpose was to display and introduce ancient and valuable 1 Christel Braae Among herders of Inner Mongolia: The Haslund-Christensen Collection at the National Museum of Denmark, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2017, 11. 2 https://www.moesgaardmuseum.dk/en/exhibitions/previous-special-exhibitions/on-the-steppes-of-genghis- khan-mongolia-s-nomads/2019-07-23. artifacts to the public. During the 1930 and 1940s , the museum aimed to promote a patriotic view among the people. That was related to the political atmosphere of the time. From the 1940s to the 1970s, different types of museum were established, such as temple museums (Choijin Lama Temple Museums, Bogd Khaan Palace Museum, Erdene Zuu Monastery Museum, etc), as well as the Sukhbaatar Museum, State Central Museum, Revolutionary Museum, The Fine Arts Zanabazar Museum, Ulaanbaatar City Museum, Military Museum, Railway Museum, Mongolian Theater Museum, and so on. Also during the 1960s and 1970s, local museums were established in every provincial center. As of today, the National Museum of Mongolia is the nation's largest museum and holds the world's most significant collection (over 60,000 objects) relating to Central Asian History and the history of Mongolia. It covers material from prehistory to the end of the 20th century, with a portion of the collected artifacts on display in ten exhibition halls. The collections of the museum consist of 3 major parts— archaeology, ethnography, and history. These artifacts are considered to provide the fundamental basis for Mongol studies around the world and represent a unique cultural heritage. Our museum also serves as the chief coordinating, methodological, educational and professional training center of the museum sector in Mongolia. The Museum has 1 Department, 2 Centers, and 3 Divisions. These are as follows: The Policy Planning and Management Department, The Museum Training and Methodology Centre, The Research Centre, The Collection Management Division, The Public Communications Division, and The Security and Services Division. The history collections are subdivided into the following categories: archaeology, Middle Ages, 20th century, photography, recordings, and documents. Ethnography collections are subdivided into these classes: jewelry and accessories, costumes, vessels and utensils, musical instruments, Mongolian ger (yurt) and ger furnishings, animal husbandry equipment, and craft and religious items. Like other museums, our daily activities are directed to show and introduce the richness of Mongolian history and culture to the public through museum objects. Besides the permanent exhibitions halls, temporary exhibitions are considered one of the main public activities of the museum. Annually, we organize over 10 temporary exhibitions and 1-2 joint exhibitions (with foreign museums or institutions) under a special theme. These exhibitions are an important way to introduce Mongolian heritage to domestic and foreign visitors. Most temporary exhibitions are organized near the end of the winter and in mid summer because the two most important national holidays— Mongolian Lunar New Year – Tsagaan sar and the Naadam Festival—are held at these times. For their themes, these temporary exhibitions usually aim to recover and raise awareness of old forgotten traditions of culture and history to modern visitors. In addition, our museum offers free entrance to the public to celebrate certain holidays or important days. For instance, in 2018, during the week of Patriotic Day (March 1), our museum received nearly 80000 visitors free of charge. After this event, we were worried we would lose a whole year’s profit from visitors. But, by the end of the year of 2018, we received more than 100 thousands visitors, according to our financial results. Through these exhibitions, visitors gained valuable information. Most importantly, as a result of these efforts, the public’s interest in the museum greatly increased. In order to introduce or publicize Mongolian heritage, we have also organize special exhibitions overseas. During the socialist period, Mongolian museum exhibitions were displayed only in Eastern bloc countries led by the Soviet Union. After the democratic revolution of 1990, our country opened its doors to whole world. Relationships with countries to both East and West have been developed. As part of this progress, Mongolian museums have the great duty to present our country to the world. Therefore, many important exhibitions have been organized since mid to late 1990s in countries including the USA, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Holland, Italy, France, Russia, China, and Belgium. As a result of these exhibitions, millions of people have received information about Mongolia and its amazing culture and history. In recent years, we have implemented some important projects with Chinese and Korean museums. For example, the special exhibition Nomadic Empires of the Mongolian Steppes was held from May to July 2018 in National Museum of Korea. This exhibition was organized by the National Museum of Korea, the National Museum of Mongolia, the Bogd Khaan Palace Museum, and the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. The exhibition commemorated the 20th anniversary of the Mon-Sol project, a joint academic project implemented by the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the National Museum of Mongolia, and the National Museum of Korea since 1997. In this exhibition, over 500 objects were displayed representing
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