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Bachelorproef Een Reis Doorheen Het Middeleeuwse Mongoolse Rijk

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Bachelorproef Een Reis Doorheen Het Middeleeuwse Mongoolse Rijk PROFESSIONELE BACHELOR IN HET ONDERWIJS SECUNDAIR ONDERWIJS Bachelorproef Een reis doorheen het middeleeuwse Mongoolse Rijk PROMOTOR VINCENT LEENAERTS JOHN AELBRECHT AARDRIJKSKUNDE - GESCHIEDENIS GESCHIEDENIS ACADEMIEJAAR 2017-2018 Voorwoord Deze bachelorproef werd gerealiseerd gedurende het laatste jaar van mijn professionele bachelor secundair onderwijs aan de Hogeschool PXL te Hasselt. Al jarenlang ben ik gefascineerd door computerspelletjes met geschiedkundige inslag. In het spel ‘Age of Empires’ komen verschillende oude volkeren aan bod en daarin werd mijn interesse vooral gewekt door de Mongolen, die worden afgebeeld als een krachtig, militair sterk ruitervolk. Echter mijn kennis over deze beschaving was ontoereikend en daarom heb, bij het kiezen van een onderwerp voor mijn bachelorproef, de kans gegrepen om mij te verdiepen in de Mongolen. Ik was nieuwsgierig naar hoe dit volk zo groots is geworden, of zoals Jambers zou zeggen: ‘WIE ZIJN ZE, WAT DOEN ZE, WAT DRIJFT HEN’. Ik hoop dat mijn leergierigheid over het Mongoolse Rijk, een mooie scriptie heeft opgeleverd, dat zowel op theoretisch als op praktisch vlak een positieve bijdrage zou kunnen leveren voor andere geïnteresseerden, echter was dit nooit mogelijk geweest zonder de hulp van enkele mensen. Een bijzonder woord van dank gericht aan mijn promotor, John Aelbrecht, die dit eindwerk van in de eerste fase in de juiste richting heeft geduwd. Ik kon altijd bij hem terecht voor eventuele vragen en begeleiding. Ook bedankt voor het nalezen en verbeteren van eindwerk. Ook graag een woord van dank aan mijn moeder voor het nalezen en verbeteren van deze bachelorproef, en mijn vader voor het grafisch ontwerpen van de poster. Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord........................................................................................................................................ 3 Inhoudsopgave.................................................................................................................................. 4 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1 Onderzoeksvraag ........................................................................................................................ 8 2 Situering van het Mongoolse Rijk ................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Geografische ligging ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Het Mongoolse volk ...................................................................................................................... 10 3 Het ontstaan van het Mongoolse Rijk ........................................................................................ 10 3.1 De Mongolen voor Djengis Khan ................................................................................................... 11 4 De stichting van een imperium onder Djengis Khan en zijn opvolgers ......................................... 13 4.1 De uitbreiding van het Mongoolse Rijk onder Djengis Khan (1206 – 1227).................................. 13 4.1.1 Expansies in het westen onder Djengis Khan ........................................................................ 13 4.2 De tweede Grote Khan: Ögedei Khan (1229-1241) ....................................................................... 16 4.2.1 Uitbreidingen van het rijk onder Ögedei Khan ...................................................................... 16 4.2.2 Verdere uitbreidingen in Europa ........................................................................................... 18 4.3 De korte heersperiode van Guyuk Khan (1246-1248) ................................................................... 20 4.4 Möngke Khan (1251-1259) ........................................................................................................... 21 4.4.1 Uitbreidingen in Perzië vanaf 1256........................................................................................ 21 4.4.2 Verdere uitbreiding naar het westen vanaf 1257 .................................................................. 22 5 De voltooiing van het Mongoolse Rijk ........................................................................................ 23 5.1 Koeblai Khan (1264-1294) ............................................................................................................. 23 5.1.1 Koeblai Khan in China ............................................................................................................ 25 5.1.2 Verdere uitbreidingen in Oost-Azië ....................................................................................... 26 5.1.3 Conflicten in het westen ........................................................................................................ 28 5.2 De ontwikkeling van het Il-kanaat onder Koeblai Khan ................................................................ 29 5.2.1 Onrust in het Il-kanaat onder Koeblai Khan .......................................................................... 30 5.2.2 Het Il-kanaat onder leiding van Ghazan................................................................................. 31 5.3 De Gouden Horde .......................................................................................................................... 31 5.3.1 De opkomst van Noghai in de Gouden Horde ....................................................................... 31 5.3.2 De terugkeer naar Europa ..................................................................................................... 32 5.4 De ondergang van de kanaten na 1294 ........................................................................................ 33 5.4.1 De Yuan-dynastie in China na Koeblai Khan .......................................................................... 34 5.4.2 Moeilijkheden in het Il-kanaat ............................................................................................... 35 5.4.3 Een verdeling in het Chagatai-kanaat .................................................................................... 37 5.4.4 Conflicten en veranderingen in de Gouden Horde ................................................................ 37 6 De Mongoolse politiek en samenleving ...................................................................................... 39 6.1 De positie van mannen, vrouwen en slaven .................................................................................. 39 6.2 De opkomst van de Mongoolse regering ...................................................................................... 40 6.3 Mongoolse wetten ........................................................................................................................ 41 6.4 De rol van plaatselijke ambtenaren .............................................................................................. 42 6.5 Politiek en samenleving in Mongools-China ................................................................................. 43 6.5.1 Communicatie en handel in Mongools China ........................................................................ 44 6.6 Politiek en samenleving in het Il-kanaat ....................................................................................... 45 6.7 Politiek en samenleving in de Gouden Horde................................................................................ 46 6.8 Politiek en samenleving in het Chagatai-kanaat .......................................................................... 47 7 Economie en handel in het Mongoolse Rijk ................................................................................ 47 8 Het Mongoolse leger ................................................................................................................. 49 8.1 De vroege hervormingen van het leger ......................................................................................... 50 8.2 Kesjig ............................................................................................................................................. 51 8.3 Militaire uitrusting ........................................................................................................................ 51 8.4 De Mongoolse paarden ................................................................................................................. 53 8.5 Wapens ......................................................................................................................................... 55 8.6 Gevechtsstrategieën ..................................................................................................................... 58 8.7 De jacht als training ...................................................................................................................... 61 8.8 De grootte van het leger ............................................................................................................... 62 9 Het dagelijks leven van de Mongolen ......................................................................................... 64 9.1.1 Eten en kledij ......................................................................................................................... 65 9.1.2 Mannen, vrouwen, en kinderen ............................................................................................ 66 9.1.3 Leven in de veroverde landen ..............................................................................................
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