Opfer Des Tatarenjochs Oder Besatzungsgewinner? Die Moskauer Großfürsten Und Die Goldene Horde in Der Darstellung Der Historiographie

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Opfer Des Tatarenjochs Oder Besatzungsgewinner? Die Moskauer Großfürsten Und Die Goldene Horde in Der Darstellung Der Historiographie Opfer des Tatarenjochs oder Besatzungsgewinner? Die Moskauer Großfürsten und die Goldene Horde in der Darstellung der Historiographie Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Bernard NIKOLLA am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: Ass.-Prof. Mag. Dr. phil. Johannes Gießauf Graz, 2021 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Diplomarbeit selbständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken wurden als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese Arbeit wurde in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. 17.05.2021 Datum, Ort Unterschrift Gendererklärung Aus Gründen der besseren Lesbarkeit wird auf die gleichzeitige Verwendung der Sprachformen männlich, weiblich und divers (m/w/d) verzichtet. Sämtliche Personenbezeichnungen gelten gleichermaßen für alle Geschlechter. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................... 7 2 Historischer Abriss der Goldenen Horde .......................................................................... 10 2.1 Tschinggis Khan und der Aufstieg des Mongolischen Reiches ..................................... 10 2.2 Der mongolische Vormarsch nach Europa ..................................................................... 12 2.3 Die Goldene Horde unter Batu Khan ............................................................................. 16 2.4 Mongolische Überlegenheit ............................................................................................ 20 2.5 Die Spaltung des Mongolischen Reiches ....................................................................... 23 2.6 Aufstieg der Moskauer Fürsten ...................................................................................... 27 2.7 Wendepunkt einer Entwicklung ..................................................................................... 29 2.8 Die letzten Atemzüge ..................................................................................................... 32 3 Die ostslawischen Chroniken .............................................................................................. 35 3.1 Terminologie .................................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Chroniken als Quellen .................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Ausgewählte Chroniken ................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1 Nestorchronik ........................................................................................................... 37 3.3.2 Hypatius-Chronik ..................................................................................................... 39 3.3.3 Laurentius-Chronik .................................................................................................. 40 3.3.4 Radziwill-Chronik .................................................................................................... 41 3.3.5 Erste Novgoroder Chroniken ................................................................................... 42 3.3.6 Moskauer Chronistik ................................................................................................ 43 3.4 Problemfelder ................................................................................................................. 45 4 Sergei Soloviev ..................................................................................................................... 47 4.1 Aufstieg Moskaus in A History of Russia From Earliest Times ..................................... 47 4.1.1 Russland im 13. Jahrhundert .................................................................................... 47 4.1.2 Moskau wird zum Großfürstentum .......................................................................... 48 4.1.3 Sieg über die Goldene Horde ................................................................................... 50 4.1.4 Moskau reformiert die Erbfolge ............................................................................... 52 4.1.5 Die Horde hört auf zu bestehen................................................................................ 54 4.2. Diskussion ..................................................................................................................... 55 4.2.1 Einfluss der Horde auf das gesellschaftliche Leben ................................................ 56 4.2.2 ‚Russen‘ und Tataren ............................................................................................... 58 4.2.3 Religion und Kirche ................................................................................................. 60 4.2.4 Fazit .......................................................................................................................... 62 5 Donald Ostrowski ................................................................................................................ 65 5.1 Moskau zur Zeit der Goldenen Horde in Ostrowskis Schriften ..................................... 65 5.1.1 Sarai und Jarlig ........................................................................................................ 65 5.1.2 Duale Administration ............................................................................................... 67 5.1.3 Erbfolge und territoriale Erweiterung ...................................................................... 70 5.2 Diskussion ...................................................................................................................... 74 5.2.1 Duale Administration ............................................................................................... 74 5.2.2 Hof des Khans .......................................................................................................... 75 5.2.3 Bojaren und Kleriker ................................................................................................ 76 5.2.4 Wirtschaft und Handel ............................................................................................. 78 5.2.5 Bedeutung der Schlacht am Kulikovo Pole ............................................................. 78 5.2.6 Fazit .......................................................................................................................... 79 6 George Vernadsky ............................................................................................................... 81 6.2 Ausgewählte historische Ereignisse in der Zeit der Fremdherrschaft in The Mongols and Russia .................................................................................................................................... 82 6.2.1 Die ersten Jahrzehnte unter der Goldenen Horde .................................................... 82 6.2.2 Wiederherstellung der Ordnung im Khanat ............................................................. 84 6.2.3 Moskau und Tver in Konkurrenz ............................................................................. 85 6.2.4 Dmitri Donskois Aufstieg ........................................................................................ 87 6.2.5 Ende des Tatarenjochs ............................................................................................. 89 6.3 Diskussion ...................................................................................................................... 91 6.3.1 Balanceakt ................................................................................................................ 92 6.3.2 Militärwesen ............................................................................................................ 95 6.3.3 Serfdom .................................................................................................................... 97 6.3.4 Ende der Fremdherrschaft, Ostexpansion sowie Selbst- und Fremdbilder ............ 101 6.3.5 Fazit ........................................................................................................................ 104 7 Charles J. Halperin ........................................................................................................... 106 7.1 Die Goldene Horde und ihr Einfluss auf die Rus‘ ........................................................ 106 7.1.1 Einfall der Mongolen ............................................................................................. 106 7.1.2 Aufstieg Moskaus und Sieg gegen die Horde ........................................................ 108 7.1.3 Civil war in Moskau und Ende der Goldenen Horde ............................................. 110 7.2 Diskussion .................................................................................................................... 112 7.2.1 Mediävisten und die traditionelle Historiographie ................................................ 112 7.2.2 Wirtschaftlicher Effekt ........................................................................................... 114 7.2.3 Mongolische Institutionen und Unifikation der nördlichen Rus‘ .......................... 116 7.2.4 Fazit .......................................................................................................................
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