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Problemi Vostokovedenia N 1 2015.Pmd ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ Ã.Í. Ãàðóñòîâè÷, Â.À. Çëûãîñòåâ ÓÄÊ 904 Ê ÂÎÏÐÎÑÓ Î ÄÐÅÂÍÅÉØÅÌ ÄÎÊÓÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÎÌ ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÅ, ÑÂßÇÀÍÍÎÌ Ñ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÅÉ ÑÐÅÄÍÅÂÅÊÎÂÎÃÎ ÁÀØÊÎÐÒÎÑÒÀÍÀ Àííîòàöèÿ Ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà àíàëèçó ðàííèõ ÷àñòåé áàøêèðñêèõ øåæåðå (ðîäîñëîâíûõ) íà ïðåäìåò ðàññìîòðåíèÿ õàðàêòåðà è ñîöèàëüíîé çíà÷èìîñòè äîëæíîñòè ïëåìåííûõ âîæäåé (áèåâ). Àâòîðû ïðèøëè ê ìíåíèþ î âêëþ÷åíèè â øåæåðå áàøêèð- óñåðãàí ïîäëèííûõ äîêóìåíòîâ 40-õ ãã. XIII â. òàðõàëüíîé è ñóþðãàëüíîé ãðàìîò, âûäàííûõ áèþ Ìóéòåíó âëàñòèòåëåì óëóñà Äæó÷è Áàòó â ïåðèîä ïðàâëåíèÿ â Åêå Ìîíãîë óëóñå (Ìîí- ãîëüñêîé èìïåðèè) êààíà Óãåäåÿ.  òàðõàííîé ãðàìîòå çà ñåìü- åé Ìóéòåíà çàêðåïëÿëèñü âëàñòíûå ïîëíîìî÷èÿ (îñâîáîæäå- íèå îò íàëîãîâ, íåïîäñóäíîñòü ñîïëåìåííèêàìè, ïðàâî íà çåì- ëþ), à â ñóþðãàëüíîì äîêóìåíòå ïîä åãî þðèñäèêöèþ ïåðåäà- âàëèñü íå òîëüêî ïëåìåííûå óãîäüÿ, íî çåìëè è äðóãèõ áàø- êèðñêèõ ïëåìåí (ôàêòè÷åñêè òåððèòîðèÿ âñåãî èñòîðè÷åñêîãî Ã.Í. Ãàðóñòîâè÷ Â.À. Çëûãîñòåâ Áàøêîðòîñòàíà; è â Ïðåäóðàëüå, è â Çàóðàëüå). Ïî âñåé âèäè- ìîñòè, Ìóéòåí-áèé áûë ïðèçíàí çàâîåâàòåëÿìè âåðõîâíûì áèåì áàøêèð. Êîíå÷íî, ïðè âñåõ ñâîèõ ïðèâèëåãèÿõ âëàñòü Ìóé- òåí-áèÿ íå áûëà ñóâåðåííîé, îí è âñå äðóãèå áèè áàøêèð ÿâëÿëèñü âàññàëàìè ìîíãîëüñêèõ õàíîâ. Íà ïðèìåðå øåæåðå äðóãèõ ïëåìåí, ýïîñà è ïðåäàíèé áàøêèðñêîãî íàðîäà ïîêàçàíà ñïåöèôèêà âëàñòíûõ ïîëíîìî÷èé áèåâ â ýïîõó Çîëî- òîé Îðäû è ïîñëåäóþùèå ïåðèîäû èñòîðèè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñðåäíåâåêîâàÿ èñòîðèÿ, ïèñüìåííûå èñòî÷íèêè, Þæíûé Óðàë, òåððèòîðèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî Áàø- êîðòîñòàíà, ýïîõà ìîíãîëüñêîãî íàøåñòâèÿ, ïðåäâîäèòåëè áàøêèðñêèõ ïëåìåí, òàðõàííàÿ ãðàìîòà, ñóþðãàëüíîå âëàäå- íèå, óëóñ Äæó÷è, îòíîøåíèÿ âàññàëèòåòà, óïëàòà íàëîãîâ Gennadi N. Garustovich, Valeri A. Zlygostev ON THE ISSUE OF THE MOST ANCIENT DOCUMENTARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION RELATED TO THE HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL BASHKORTOSTAN Abstract The goal of the article is to analyze the early parts of the Bashkir shezhere (family tree) in order to study the character and social role of the tribal chiefs (beys). The authors conclude that the Usergany, one of the Bashkir tribes, had shezheres which included authentic documents dating from the 1740s, namely tarkhan and suyurgal decrees. Those decrees were given to Muyten bey by Batu Khan, the ruler of Ulus of Jochi, during the rule of _gedei, the Khan of the Yeke Mongol Ulus (the Mongol Empire). The tarkhan jarlig gave Muytens family some rulers privileges such as tax exemption, immunity from jurisdiction for all fellow tribesmen, right to the land. The suyurgal document granted jurisdiction over the tribal lands as well as the lands belonging to the other Bashkir tribes (in fact, the territory of all historical Bashkortostan both in the Western and Eastern slopes of the Urals). Apparently, Muyten bey was recognized by the conquerors as a superior bey of all Bashkirs. Although Muyten bey enjoyed many privileges his power was not sovereign. He was a vassal of the Mongol khans, just like any other Bashkir bey. Exemplified by shezhere of other Bashkir tribes, epos and legends of Bashkir people the authors demonstrated the specific character of the beys authority during the Golden Horde period and the following historical periods. © Ãàðóñòîâè÷ Ã.Í., Çëûãîñòåâ Â.À., 2015 ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÂÎÑÒÎÊÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß. 2015/1 (67) Ê ÂÎÏÐÎÑÓ Î ÄÐÅÂÍÅÉØÅÌ ÄÎÊÓÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÎÌ ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÅ, ÑÂßÇÀÍÍÎÌ Ñ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÅÉ ... 61 Key words: medieval history, manuscripts, Southern Urals, territory of historical Bashkortostan, epoch of the Mongol invasion, Bashkir tribes rulers, tarkhan jarlig, suyurgal possessions, Ulus of Jochi, vassalage relations, taxpaying Îäíîé èç îáúåêòèâíûõ òðóäíîñòåé â èçó÷å- Îíî áóäåò ïåðåäàâàòüñÿ ïî íàñëåäñòâó Ìóéòýíà, íèè èñòîðèè Áàøêîðòîñòàíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷- íî íå äîëæíî ïåðåõîäèòü ê äðóãèì.  êàæäîì íàÿ îáåñïå÷åííîñòü èññëåäîâàòåëåé äîñòîâåðíû- ïîêîëåíèè äîëæåí áûòü èçáðàííûé áèé (çäåñü è ìè èñòîðè÷åñêèìè èñòî÷íèêàìè. Îäèí èç âàæ- äàëåå âûäåëåíî íàìè. Àâò.) èç ðîäà Ìóéòýíà. íûõ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ âíóòðåííèõ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ èñ- Ðîäó ýòîìó áóäóò ïðèíàäëåæàòü ðàçëè÷íûå çå- òî÷íèêîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò øåæåðå (ðîäîñëîâíûå) ìåëüíûå óãîäüÿ, ëåñà, êîòîðûå áûëè èñïðîøåíû ðàçëè÷íûõ ïëåìåí è ðîäîâ áàøêèðñêîãî íàðîäà. Ìóéòýíîì» [6, ñ. 172]. «Äàëåå ïðèâîäèòñÿ îïðå- Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå îöåíêè çíà÷åíèÿ ïóáëèêàöèè äåëåíèå âíåøíèõ ãðàíèö çåìåëü, íà êîòîðûå è àíàëèçà áàøêèðñêèõ øåæåðå [4; 3] â öåëîì Ìóéòåí áèé ïîëó÷èë ãðàìîòó (ÿðëûê).  íåì ñêà- åäèíîäóøíû, õîòÿ ïðîöåññ èçó÷åíèÿ èõ ðàçíîîá- çàíî: «Ñ âåðõîâüåâ Àãèäåëè äî óñòüÿ ñî âñåìè ðàçíûõ àñïåêòîâ âñå åùå î÷åíü äàëåê îò ñâîåãî ìàëûìè è áîëüøèìè ïðèòîêàìè åå, ñ äîëèíàìè ëîãè÷åñêîãî çàâåðøåíèÿ [19, ñ. 3037; è äð.]. è ëåñàìè ïî íèì, âîñòî÷íûå ñêëîíû Óðàëüñêèõ Ìû õîòåëè áû îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå ÷èòàòåëåé ãîð, ïðîòåêàþùèå âáëèçè íèõ ðåêà Èøèì è åå êîíêðåòíî íà òî, ÷òî â òåêñòû áàøêèðñêèõ øå- ïðèòîêè Èðìàí, Èðòûø, âñå ðåêè, âïàäàþùèå ê æåðå áûëè âêëþ÷åíû âûäåðæêè èç ñðåäíåâåêî- íèì, ñî âñåìè ëåñàìè è ïîëÿìè: åùå âåðõîâüÿ âûõ òàðõàííûõ ãðàìîò. Ôàêòè÷åñêè ìû ðàñïîëà- ðåêè ßèê ñ ãîðàìè ßëïû, îáà áåðåãà ðåêè ßèê ãàåì äðåâíèì äîêóìåíòàëüíûì èñòî÷íèêîì, ìåæ- äî ðåêè Òóáûë è ñî âñåìè ïðèòîêàìè ðåêè ßèê, äóíàðîäíûì äîãîâîðîì î ôåîäàëüíûõ òåððèòî- ñ äîëèíàìè, ëåñàìè è ïîëÿìè, ñî âñåìè áîãàò- ðèàëüíûõ è èììóíèòåòíûõ ïðàâàõ. ñòâàìè â íåäðàõ çåìëè, ñî âñåìè ìåñòàìè ëåòî-  øåæåðå ïëåìåíè óñåðãàí ãîâîðèòñÿ î ïîåçä- âîê è çèìîâîê âå÷íî» [12, ñ. 245]. êå èõ ëèäåðà Ìóéòåí-áèÿ ñ ïîäàðêàìè ê ×èí- Î òîì, ÷òî ýòî ñîáûòèå íå áûëî îäíîðàçîâûì ãèñõàíó è î áëàãîæåëàòåëüíîì îòíîøåíèè ìîí- ÿâëåíèåì â áàøêèðñêîé èñòîðèè, ìû òàêæå ìî- ãîëüñêîãî ïðàâèòåëÿ ê ïîñëàííèêó áàøêèð: «23. æåì óçíàòü èç òåêñòîâ øåæåðå. Íàïðèìåð, ñõî- Íàãðóçèâ ïÿòü ïàð âåðáëþäîâ (ïîäàðêàìè),/ 24. æèìè èììóíèòåòíûìè ïðàâàìè áûëè íàäåëåíû Îí åçäèë ê ×èíãèñõàíó. / 25. Õàí îêàçàë åìó «÷åòûðå ïëåìåíè» áàøêèð Çàóðàëüÿ è ïëåìåíà ïî÷åñòè,/ 26. Ïîñàäèâ åãî ðÿäîì ñ ñîáîé./ 27. ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû (áóðçÿí, óñåðãàí, òàìüÿí è Ïîëó÷èë îí ïîõâàëó îò õàíà,/ 28. Âèçèðåì ñäå- ÷àñòü êûïñàêîâ).  øåæåðå íàçâàííûõ ýòíè÷åñ- ëàë åãî (õàí) çà æèçíåðàäîñòíîñòü,/ 29. Âî âñåì êèõ ãðóïï ãîâîðèòñÿ, ÷òî â XVI âåêå îíè «ïðî- óãîæäàë ïàäèøàõó,/ 30. Óêðàøàë åãî îêðóæåíèå,/ ñèëè ìèëîñòèâîãî âåëèêîãî öàðÿ (Èâàíà IV) 31. Îêàçûâàë åìó ìíîãî ïî÷åñòåé è óâàæåíèÿ,/ ðàçäåëèòü ìåæäó ÷åòûðüìÿ ïëåìåíàìè çåìëè, 32. Åñëè (õàí) ãîâîðèë ïîé (îí) ïåë,/ 33. Åñëè âîäû è ëåñà, äîñòàâøèåñÿ [íàì] â íàñëåäñòâî îò ïðîñèë ðàññêàçûâàòü ðàññêàçûâàë./ 34. Êàæäîå íàøèõ äåäîâ, [êîòîðûå], áóäó÷è ïîä ïîêðîâè- æåëàíèå (õàíà) îí èñïîëíÿë./ 35. Âåðíóâøèñü òåëüñòâîì õàíà ×èíãèçà Òåìó÷èíà, [ïîëó÷èëè ýòè îòòóäà, Ìóéòåí áèé/ 36.  ñâîåé ñòðàíå áûë çåìëè] ñ áëàãîñêëîííîãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ âåëèêîãî áèåì...» [4, ñ. 8187]. Òåìó÷èíà õàíà ×èíãèçà» [4, ñ. 79]. Äðóãîé âàðèàíò øåæåðå ýòîé æå ýòíè÷åñêîé Èìåííî òàêèå äîêóìåíòû î ïîæàëîâàíèÿõ è ãðóïïû â èñòîðè÷åñêîì ïëàíå áîëåå íàñûùåí ñâå- íàçûâàþòñÿ «òàðõàííûìè» (ïåðñ. «terkhan» ñâî- äåíèÿìè.  íåì ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ ôàêò òîãî, ÷òî áîäíûé îò íàëîãà; ìîíã. «äàðõàí»). Ïðàâäà, ìû Ìóéòåí-áèé ñ áîãàòûìè äàðàìè åçäèë ê «Ïîòðå- èìååì ëèøü ÷àñòü òàðõàííîé ãðàìîòû, ñ ïåðå- ñàòåëþ âñåëåííîé». «Ïðèäÿ ê íåìó è ïî-ìèðíî- ÷èñëåíèåì çàêðåïëåííûõ ïðàâ, íî áåç óêàçàíèÿ ìó ïðèçíàâàÿ åãî âëàñòü íàä ñîáîé, ãîâîðèòñÿ íåèçáåæíûõ â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îáÿçàííîñòåé. äàëåå, âðó÷èë ×èíãèñõàíó ìíîæåñòâî äîðîãèõ  ïðèâåäåííûõ âûäåðæêàõ áóêâàëüíî ñêàçà- ïîäàðêîâ è ïîëó÷èë îò íåãî ÿðëûê íà âå÷íîå íî î äîáðîâîëüíîì (â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè äîáðî- âëàäåíèå âîäàìè, çåìëÿìè, ëåñàìè, çîëîòîì è ñå- âîëüíî-ïðèíóäèòåëüíîì) èçúÿâëåíèè ïîêîðíîñ- ðåáðîì ïî Óðàëó, ßèêó è Ñàêìàðå» [12, ñ. 245]. òè óñåðãàí ìîíãîëüñêèì õàíàì è âûïëàòå èìè  «òîé áóìàãå áûëî íàïèñàíî: «Ñûíó Òóêõàáû äàíè («äîðîãèõ ïîäàðêîâ»). Çà ýòî âëàäåòåëü Åêå Ìóéòýíó äàðóåòñÿ çâàíèå áèÿ. Ïîñëå åãî ñìåðòè Ìîíãîë Óëóñà óòâåðäèë çà Ìóéòåíîì è åãî ñåìü- çâàíèå äîëæíî ïåðåéòè îäíîìó èç åãî ñûíîâåé. åé íàñëåäñòâåííûå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå è èììó- ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÂÎÑÒÎÊÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß. 2015/1 (67) 62 Ã.Í. Ãàðóñòîâè÷, Â.À. Çëûãîñòåâ íèòåòíûå ïðàâà (åìó «äàðóåòñÿ çâàíèå áèÿ»), à çà ñòîêðàòèè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç îäíîé è òîé æå åãî ïëåìåíåì áûëè çàêðåïëåíû ðîäîâûå çåìåëü- ôàìèëèè, ïî íàñëåäñòâó çàíèìàâøèå äîëæíîñòü íûå óãîäüÿ ïî Óðàëüñêîìó õðåáòó, ðåêàì ßèê è ïðàâèòåëåé îáëàñòåé... Ìåñòíîå óïðàâëåíèå ñî- Ñàêìàðà («ñî âñåìè ìåñòàìè ëåòîâîê è çèìîâîê ñðåäîòî÷èâàëîñü â ðóêàõ îáëàñòíûõ ïðàâèòåëåé, âå÷íî»). Òàê Ìóéòåí-áèé ñòàë íàìåñòíèêîì õàíà òåñíî ñâÿçàííûõ ñ öåíòðàëüíîé àäìèíèñòðàöèåé, (óëóñáåãîì) è åãî íîâîå ïîëîæåíèå áûëî çàê- ïîä÷èíåííîé öåíòðàëüíîìó àïïàðàòó äèâàíó ðåïëåíî äîêóìåíòàëüíî («ïîëó÷èë îò íåãî ÿðëûê»; ñîâåòó ïðè õàíå, ñîñòîÿâøåìó èç ÷åòûðåõ óëóñ- «...ïðèâåç îò âåëèêîãî õàíà äàðñòâåííóþ áóìàãó íûõ ýìèðîâ» [18, ñ. 7071]. Ïðè ýòîì õàíû è áèòè÷, ñêðåïëåííóþ ïå÷àòüþ» [6, ñ. 171172]). áàñêàêè çîðêî ñëåäèëè çà äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ñâîèõ Ñîïëåìåííèêè âûñîêî îöåíèëè ñîäåÿííîå ëèäå- âàññàëîâ, ïðîÿâëÿÿ æåñòêèé òåððîð ïî îòíîøå- ðîì èõ ýòíè÷åñêîé ãðóïïû: «...ïåâöû ñëîæèëè î íèþ ê ìåñòíûì óäåëüíûì êíÿçüÿì, ñòàëêèâàÿ íåì õâàëåáíîå òàëãàó: Ïðàâåäíîñòü åìó óäåë,/ îäíîãî êíÿçÿ ñ äðóãèì [18, ñ. 38]. Ñëàâó âîçíåñåì åìó:/ Îí ñîâåðøèë íåìàëî äåë,/ Îòìåòèì, ÷òî àâòîðû ñêåïòè÷åñêè îòíîñÿòñÿ Íåïîñòèæèìûõ óìó./ ...Ïîòîìó, âåðíóâøèñü, îí/ ê ïîïûòêàì íåêîòîðûõ óôèìñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ ïå- Êàê ãåðîé ïðåâîçíåñåí...» [6, ñ. 170171]. Ýòî è ðåèìåíîâàòü â «õàíà» Ìóéòåí-áèÿ è èíûõ áàø- ïîíÿòíî, âåäü ïëåìåííîé âîæäü ñóìåë ïðåäîòâ- êèðñêèõ áèåâ [13, ñ. 294296, 343355]. Âî-ïåð- ðàòèòü íàøåñòâèå ìîíãîëîâ è íåèçáåæíîå æåñ- âûõ, â øåæåðå îí ÷åòêî è ÿñíî íàçâàí áèåì. òîêîå ðàçîðåíèå. Õîòÿ â íàðîäå âñå ïðåêðàñíî Ïðîèçâîëüíîå ïåðåèíà÷èâàíèå â XXI âåêå ôàê- ïîíèìàëè, ÷òî çàâîåâàòåëè äåéñòâîâàëè â ñîá- òîâ äðåâíåãî èñòî÷íèêà (ñîáûòèÿ â êîòîðîì ïðî- ñòâåííûõ èíòåðåñàõ: «...îäàðèâàÿ èõ âåðõîâîä-
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