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介绍。本文概述了字谜，拆字对联，离合诗，神智 the world: phonetic (letter) and ideographic (non-letter). 体，合成字，等利用汉字的形体语言文化现象。据指出， Signs of any writing have three plans: writing, reading, 中国文字的表意性导致了特殊语言文化现象的出现。该语 and semantics. However, the way how these three plans relate to each other exactly determines the way of writing. 言文化现象不会出现在表音文字的语言。 Alphabetic writing uses a limited set of characters to rec- 目的。 本文提供了对语言文化现象的完整描述， ord phonemes or syllables, but the letter itself has no 并引起了人们对语言游戏的关注，这些文化现象要求人们 meaning. Chinese writing is the only representative of the 具有特定的利用汉字的结构形体的思维能力。 ideographic writing group nowadays. The units of writing 设计。在留学期间与在中国工作期间一直在收集资 are lines and graphemes that make up the characters. 料。 Chinese characters are not directly connected with pho- 文章分类。本文章是描述性的。 nemes and syllables like letters do, but they write the se- 实用性。在向中国语言学习者介绍汉字时可以应用 mantics of a word or morpheme of the Chinese language 本研究结果。该文章也被视为研究文字对中国文化影响的 and thus acquire the reading of a story or morpheme. Since the character is related directly to the meaning and 第一步。 indirectly to pronunciation, one character can be read 独创性。本文是对所有传统和现代利用汉字的形体 differently in dialects, but it can have the same meaning. 语言文化现象进行系统化的首次描述。 According to the famous researcher Wang Ning, it was 结果发现，该语言文化现象形成了特殊而独特的汉 the indirect connection between the characters and read- 字文化，与整个中国文化有着密切的联系。 ing. Still, semantics and writing's close connection al- 关键词：离合诗，拆字对联，汉字，字谜，表意文 lowed the characters to step through time and dialects (王, 字，合成字，神智体。 2002). The unique nature of writing has led to the emer- Absract gence of unique linguacultural phenomena, which have Introduction. The article is descriptive and presents an nothing familiar with the phenomena that are marked by overview of linguacultural phenomena such as character riddles. distinctive national features, but at the same time existing These antithetical couplets implement the method of splitting in other cultures. They cannot be translated, or the trans- and connection, acrostic poems, poetic charades, monograms, lation cannot fully reflect the particular characteristics of etc. It is stated that the ideographic nature of Chinese writing led the language game since the translation's language is to the emergence of special linguacultural phenomena, which phonetic. This may be one of the reasons for the small have no analog in phonetic writing. number of works by foreign linguistic scholars on linguistic A distinctive feature of such linguacultural phenomena is that the character's form and writing play a leading role. Under- and cultural phenomena of characters. In our opinion, this standing the language game is complicated even for the native- subject is insufficiently studied even in China, compared speakers, not to mention foreigners, and requires a person- to the number of scientific works and textbooks about specific "thinking through characters" ability. characters and calligraphy. Meanwhile, information about It is stated that linguacultural phenomena form a special such linguacultural phenomena invariably arouses inter- and unique Chinese culture of characters, which has a close est in the Chinese language and culture. connection with the Chinese culture. In the “汉字文化与汉字教学” section of “汉字 Objective. The article provides a full description of the lin- 教学中的文字学” 李， guocultural phenomena and draws attention to the language ( 2006), it is stated that the char- game, which requires specific "thinking through characters" ability. acters are not only characters that are written Chinese, Design. The study data has been collecting during but they are special writing that led to the emergence of studying as an exchange student and further work in China. specific cultural phenomena. Nowadays, there are many Article Classification. Descriptive paper. studies of Chinese writing culture (汉字文化学) exists, Practical Application. The results of the study can be which considers characters as a particular cultural phe- applied while introducing hieroglyphic writing to Chinese lan- nomenon and, placing them in the context of the culture guage learners. The research is also regarded as a first step in studying the influence of hieroglyphic writing on Chinese culture. of the Chinese people as a whole, analyzes the interrela- Originality. The paper is the first attempt at a systemized tions of written characters with other cultural phenomena. description of all traditional and modern linguacultural phenome- In 汉字文化学概论 (王， 2009), there is a chapter on an na in which the form and writing of the character play a leading applied culture where written characters are used. This role. section discusses the traditions of carving seals, inscrip- Findings It is stated that linguacultural phenomena form tions on dishes, antithetical couplets, etc. In particular, this special and unique Chinese character culture, which has a close section deals with character riddles, antithetical couplets, connection to the Chinese culture. 非常语言 罗 and monograms. The book ( , 2007), intro- Keywords: acrostic poems, antithetical couplets that im- duces traditional Chinese language games and their us- plement the method of splitting and connection, character, char- age today, but the authors do not distinguish games with acter riddles, ideographic writing, monograms, poetic charades. constituent parts of characters as a separate kind of poet- ry or stylistic technique. On the contrary, in the book 汉字 Introduction and the literature and research 辞研究 (曹, 2006), the generalized view of character sty- overview. It is known that there are two types of writing in listic techniques is presented regardless of the literary

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genres in which they are realized. and ignored the others' opinions or the law. The agricul- However, most of the books studied to write this ar- tural song immediately takes on a sharp political connota- ticle are dedicated to some specific aspects. In particular, tion: there are a lot of dictionaries of character riddles (孙, Dong Zhuo power is great, he had better not be 2002). It is worth mentioning that this genre is the most born. studied one for today. There are books dedicated to anti- Another example is the prediction described in thetical couplets in general (余, 2006; 严&严, 2005). Nev- “后 汉书 • 公孙述 传”. The character whose name ertheless, the full collection of antithetical couplets that was 公孙述 Gong Sunshu saw a dream about an old man implement the method of splitting and connection 离合 who said: "八 公子 糸 ，十二 为期". The first four were found only on web pages 拆字对联大全欣赏, 拆字合 characters are the graphemes forming the surname 公孙 字对联, 拆字联。 (孫). The old man’s phrase becomes a prediction: “The In the thesis “Implementation of stylistic reception term of 公孙 is twelve years.” And Gong Sunshu ruled for 离合 in antithetical couplets” (Жукова, 2019), an attempt twelve years. was made to analyze the general tendencies of stylistic Another prediction described in the same book methods implementation on the material of antithetical concerns the history of the fall of the Qing dynasty: couplets, but we are aware of the need for deeper analy- 鱼羊田升当灭秦 sis on a larger quantity of linguistic material. Fish, sheep, the field will finish with the Qing dyn- Objective. Although there are few scientific papers asty. in China and other countries dedicated to the compre- Adding characters in pairs, we get two composite hensive analysis of linguacultural phenomena, we con- characters 鲜卑 — the name of one of the nationalities in sider acquaintance with them and their generalized anal- ancient China. This nation is considered a branch of the ysis of current interest because they can be found in liter- Hu nationality, and they did away with the Qing dynasty ature and daily life from ancient times to the present day during the reign of its second emperor, the son of Qing and have a great interest for linguists. This work aims to Shihuang, whose name was Hu Hai (胡亥). Another indi- review and describe purely Chinese linguacultural phe- rect statement is connected with the name of this emperor, nomena based on the features of character writing. written, using homonyms: Our paper offers to look at the questions in a gen- 亡秦者，胡也 eralized way: all the literary genres or stylistic techniques Hu did away with the Qing dynasty. discussed below are the product of Chinese character As we see, this sentence can be understood in two culture and are based on the writing ideographic nature. ways: Hu's people caused the fall of the dynasty and that Article Classification. This paper is descriptive the emperor himself caused the fall. And the second op- and uses the methods of description and generalization. tion is not so surprising, taking into account that Hu Hai, An Overview of Linguacultural phenomena caused unlike his famous father, was a weak politician and could by the ideographic nature of Chinese writing the pun and not continue the work of his father and could not preserve homophones have long been used in China, as in other what had been achieved before. countries for a long time to impart the secret meaning. History also knows examples when the emperor There was another special way appropriate only for char- himself came up with such predictions: acter writing besides playing with graphemes that make 宋书 王景文传 up the implied character. This fact was described in « · ». The Given the Chinese's traditional respectful attitude emperor did not trust his dignitaries 王景文 and 张永累, towards their characters, such a game not only adds mys- so he wrote: tery but, oddly enough, gives objectivity to predictions, 一土不可亲，弓长射杀人。 attracts attention, and remains in the memory of those You can not make friends with the soil, bow and ar- who have grasped the secret meaning of the statement rows kill. for a long time. The first two characters of each part define the Of the first “encrypted messages” as considered surnames of the enemies: 王 and 张. was a song of the period of the Eastern Han, the time's Another source describes the case when a person emperor Ling Di (156—189): Dong Chang 董昌 wanted to become emperor and one 千里草，和青青； foreteller told him: 十日卜，不得生。 预知天子名，日从日上生。 At first glance the content of the song is simple and Want to know the name of the ruler, see how the rather harmless: sun rises from the sun. Thousands li is the only green grass, Dong Chang was happy as his name consisted of two Ten days there mustn’t be any life. graphemes ‘sun’ – 日. For the sake of justice, it But if you sum up three characters of the first line, should be noted that he did not become emperor. you get the character 董 (the meaning of the grapheme The stylistic method of splitting and connection 离合, 艹 is “grass”), and the three characters of the second which is used in the songs and poems above, is consid- line, you get 卓. 董卓 (Dong Zhuo) — the name of a per- ered to be one of the most important stylistic methods that son who possessed exclusive political influence at court can only be implemented in Chinese ideographic writing. If the character-components are the first in the sen-

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tence, then the method is called “the connection” 并 字. tion, the fifth characters are divided into the seventh and When breaking (拆字), the composed character first ap- eleventh positions in each line. Thus, the split is matching pears in the sentence, and then the character- to the split, the connection is matching to the characters, components appear. This method is quite often found in and the characters-graphemes are in the same positions: antithetical couplets (对联), basically in the Split couplets 因火为烟若不撇开终是苦; (拆字 对联). In such antithetical couplets, separate char- 舛木成桀全无人道也称王。 acters are used in one sentence, and then, as graphemes, However, there can be cases, when a compound they are included in the compound character. For in- character is hidden or "implied". For example: stance: 少目焉能识文字（省） 此木为柴山山出 欠金安能望功名（钦）。 白水作泉日日昌。 As the compound characters 省 and 钦 are not In this antithetical couplet, the characters 此 and 木 mentioned in the text, we can see only the elements act as different characters, and the graphemes of a com- placed at the beginning of both lines. As 余德泉 Yu pound character 柴 do. Two characters 山 are used sepa- Dechuang mentions, it is very difficult for an inexperi- rately and in a compound character 出. Similarly, in the enced reader to notice stylistic methods in such antithet- ical couplets (Yu, 2006). second part of the answer: 白, and 水 are the separate Note that if two characters can also be joined/ put togeth- 泉 characters, while in the word they act as graphemes. er as graphemes in one compound character, the method The character 昌 consists of two graphemes 日. of the serial connection is implemented. For example: According to a legend, once upon a time lived a 八刀分米粉 scholar. He failed his exams all the time, and after long 千里重金锺 wanderings, he was finally given an official place in a poor In the first line, the characters 八 and 刀 make 分, village. Seeing his poor situation, someone secretly wrote on his door: which in its turn, together with the character 米 makes 粉. The characters 重 and 锺 from the second line are built 此木为柴山山出 There are a lot of trees like this in the same way. the mountains. The antithetical couplets, in which the methods of The scientist saw these words and understood split and connection used, always draw attention because them like: “There are a lot of people like you” and an- their authors, using game elements, should not forget the swered: basic rules of composing such couplets. A game plays the 白水作泉日日昌 My knowledge, like water in a second role in a well-composed antithetical couplet, just stream, will not dry up; on the contrary, it will accumulate stressing the couplet's strong points, not subordinating from day to the day. them. As an example of different use of the method of connec- The stylistic method of split and connection is also tion, we can cite the following antithetical couplet: used in 离合诗 — acrostics. It is also one of the genres of 二人土上坐 traditional Chinese poetry. Its distinctive feature is that the 一月日边明, author writes characters composed of written characters where two graphemes 人 and 土 are joined in the charac- in the poem's text. And these characters should be in a certain place in the poem. ter 坐, and the graphemes 月 and 日 — in the compound It is considered that the first poem like this was character 明. written during the Han Dynasty by poet Kong Rong 孔融 The realization of this stylistic reception in this gen- and included in the book 龙 之 吟 —— 中国 历代 帝王 诗 re requires the author’s great skill. The genre itself de- mands the absolute correspondence of the number of 词. The name of the poem is “农耕好”: characters, methods, location of the constituent charac- 催耕布谷鸣林曲，辰吉相将事力田。 ters, and the characters' graphemes. Let us look at the 井井鳞塍来馌女，子牵童抱绕身边。 next antithetical couplet: The author of the poem presents the following pic- 因火为烟若不撇开终是苦; ture: spring is coming; birds are singing in the forest as if 舛木成桀全无人道也称王。 they are making peasants work in the field. Everybody Each line of this inscription contains 11 charac- works hard in the field, and at noon on the road between ters. It simultaneously uses methods of splitting and con- the fields, we can see women carrying lunch and children nection. First, 因 and 火 become the graphemes of the running around. At the beginning and at the end of each 曲 辰 田 井 女 character 烟, and 舛 and 木 form 桀. This is the method of phrase we see the simple characters: , , , , , connection. Secondly, there is also splitting of a com- 子, which form the compound characters 农, 耕 好, and pound character in each line: 若 is divided into 撇 (down- the name of the poem “农耕好” (農 is an unsimplified ward stroke to the left top-right to bottom-left) and 苦, the character, its simplified version – 农, 畊 is a variant of writ- character 全 — into 人 and 王. The split and connected ing a character 耕). characters are placed in the same positions in both lines: The most famous acrostic is «离合诗赠张监阁老» the first and second positions are the characters that can «Poem to respect official Zhang», by Quan Deyu 权德舆: be split, the compound characters are on the fourth posi- 黄叶从风散，共嗟时节换。

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忽见鬓边霜，勿辞林下觞。 “且介亭杂文”. The first two characters are the incom- 躬行君子道，身负芳名早。 plete spelling of the words "concession". Another example 帐殿汉官仪，巾车塞垣草。 would be the alias of famous Chinese writer Lao Shee 老 交情剧断金，文律每招寻。 舍, whose real name is Shu Qinchun 舒庆春. The writer 始知蓬山下，如见古人心。 left only one grapheme of his name, considering it to be And the answer, written by Zhang Jian 张荐: 舒= 舍+予, and added the usual prefix 老. 移居既同里，多幸陪君子。 The text of the classic novel “The Three Kingdoms” 曹操 弘雅重当朝，弓旌早见招。 describes a situation where Cao Cao writes the 活 阔 门 植根琼林圃，直夜金闺步。 character on the door, thus forming a character ( 活 劝深子玉铭，力竞相如赋。 is a door so that the character written on the door 阔 间阔向春闱，日复想光仪。 makes the character ). The meaning of the character is "chic" and reflects Cao Cao's view of the homes' gardens. 格言信难继，木石強为词。 This stylistic technique is defined as 增 笔 — adding a The first poem consisting of 6 lines, where the first characters of each half-line interact, makes up six graph- stroke and is not similar to 离合. Still, it is also a stylistic emes 田, 心, 弓, 长, 八, forming the phrase “思张公” “I character method and based on the characteristics of the miss dear Zhang”. The answer contains hidden graph- graphemes that make up the character, which have their separate meaning. emes 禾, 厶, 木, 又, 门, 各, which form the sentence "私 In addition to the literary genres discussed above, 权阁 ". Its meaning is close to the message of Chuan. which are entirely based on the split and connection of Both characters 私 and 思 mean “miss, love” and 公 and the character graphemes, the character decomposition 阁 mean a respectful appeal to the officials. method for easier communication unable in everyday life. In the future, the Tang Dynasty era can be consid- For example, the allegorical expression (打) 八刀 is the ered the rise of an acrostic. However, it can also be noted sum up in the character 分 in the sentence: 看是谁打八 that their form became rather simplified. Only the first 刀，跟谁打八刀？ "Let's see who will divorce, who will characters of each half-line participate in the formation of divorce from". the puzzle, which significantly reduced the poem's mys- Another related kind of linguacultural phenomenon tery. Although there were many such poems, from the is poetic charades (神智体) — a special type of game artistic point of view, this genre did not provide real classi- cal examples of poetry. playing with characters' shape and size. The author’s task But the most widespread cultural phenomenon that is to draw a picture using a poem and write a poem using uses the method of split and connection of characters is a drawing, but at the same time to make the reader un- ravel the encrypted message by himself. This genre com- the character riddles 字谜. The distinctive features of such bines poetry, character puzzles, and fine art; everything is puzzles is that they use the structure of the character, but necessary here: the size of the hieroglyph, and how it is the content of the riddle is not related to the answer: written (narrowly or widely, stretched or flattened, whether 又进村来 "again entered the village". The answer all graphemes are depicted correctly, whether the charac- to it will be the character 树 in which the grapheme 又 ter is horizontal, vertical or tilted, etc.). “included” into the character 村. The first rebus of this kind is the poem by Su Shi 苏 鸟坐在山上 "bird sits on a mountain" - the answer 轼 “晚 眺” or “远眺” (“Evening picture” or “Gaze into will be the character 岛 "island" in which the grapheme the distance”). They say that the state ambassador Liao "mountain" is located under the grapheme "bird". boasted of his poetic gift, and Su Shi decided to test him 一人在内 "one person inside" — the answer is 肉 by writing 12 characters of a weird form. The ambassador ‘meat’. could not even read what was written and stopped writing Character riddles can also be found in the literature. poetry at all. One of the examples is the name of a famous piece of classic Chinese literature by 鲁迅 Lu Xin essays written in Garret in the Quasi-concession, in Chinese it is called

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But in fact, there were 28 characters in the poem: It should be noted that the symmetry of the first and 长亭短景无人画，老大横拖瘦竹筇。 second lines, (a special feature of Chinese poetry in gen- 回首断云斜日暮，曲江倒蘸侧山峰。 eral), is preserved in this genre. We can see it not only in There’s no one to draw a long arbor, a short picture, the order of the depicted and non-depicted characters but The old man drags a lying thin bamboo. also in the fact that the order and nature of the two lines' Turn your head – torn clouds, oblique sunset, changes are the same. The sloping top of the mountain plunges into a Even though only three poetic charades are known, winding river. the genre has a recognized position in traditional Chinese The picture is missing the characters: 长 long, 短 literature. That is why the poetry of such a genre was 王显珩 short, 横 horizontal, 瘦 thin, 回 return, 断 torn, 斜 oblique, chosen for the poster (author Wang Xianheng ) with the slogan: “The fact that we despise traditional cul- 曲 winding, 倒 plunge, 侧 sloping. At the same time, all ture and abandon history does not mean that we are bet- the characters related to these words are written in such a ter than our ancestors, but it means that we are superfi- 亭 景 首 way: “arbor” — stretched, “picture” — flattened, cial ignoramuses” (Wang, 2003). The complexity of exe- “head” — reversed, 江 “river” — written crookedly, and so cution contributes to this to a large extent. Still, in our on. Besides, the almost impeccable structure and sym- opinion, the genre itself is a quintessence of traditional metry of the poem grab the reader’s attention. In the poetry and traditional character culture, which penetrates third and sixth characters of each line, only graphemes the Chinese's everyday life. change. They bend, for example, the grapheme “sun” in Another type of character’s game is the combina- the character 暮 “sunset”, the grapheme “mountain” in the tion of several characters into one. This method is called character 峰 “peak”, or disappear, as in character “picture”. 合形 “compound of forms”, in which an entire phrase is To see what happens in the third character of the first line written as one compound character, and the resulting 画, you need to refer to its full spelling — 畫, from the bot- character is called 合成字, or a monogram. Since most tom of which the grapheme “man” (无人) is removed — modern Chinese characters are compound, they are literally: there is no person, i.e., there is no grapheme composed of several graphemes that can be single- “man” in character). All other characters change their po- component characters or at least once were independent. sition or form as a whole. Such a combination of several hieroglyphs, forming a We discovered the most famous examples of the single statement, will not surprise anyone and at first particular genre of Chinese poetry, which is often called glance, seems to be a difficult character. Only by careful “Poems-combinations of form and meaning" 形 意 诗", consideration one can see a phrase, encrypted as a or “riddles poems” “谜 象 诗”. This genre is character- monogram in this unknown character. ized by the fact that only a part of the characters is de- There are few known monograms. They are en- picted, and their shape should indicate which characters crypted wishes of wealth and prosperity: are meant. There are two types of spelling changes: changing the whole character's shape or changing the grapheme.

日进斗金 招财进宝 日日有财 黄金万两 日進鬥金 招財進寶 日日有財 黃金萬兩

Such character-monograms are glued on the win- common monogram and because of its popularity; it is a dows of shops that have just opened, expecting it to bring symbol that is commonly used in posters. Social advertis- profits quickly. ing that opposes bigamy used the “double happiness” Perhaps the most famous is the monogram 囍 sign to show that there could be no triple happiness. "double happiness" "双喜", images of which are tradi- Another poster, made in 1997, when Hong Kong tionally glued wherever the newlyweds would go. It returned to China, wrote the words Hong Kong in the should be noted that "double happiness" is the most shape of the double happiness sign, assuming that the

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reunification of parts of the state is the happiness for both The problems listed above cause little research on Hong Kong and China. these very interesting linguacultural phenomena, which Such character monograms are more related to the form special and unique Chinese culture of characters. field of art than to grammar or literature. On the other They are the written signs that record language but a hand, it is character writing that made possible the emer- special cultural phenomenon with a close cultural connec- gence of such a genre of poetry as "poem-riddles" and tion with the Chinese people. such phenomena as character monograms. Findings. In this paper, we collected linguacultural References phenomena, which emergence is due to the Chinese lan- Жукова К. (2019), Реалізація стилістичного прийому 离 guage ideographic character. The compound characters 合 в парних написах Питання сходознавства в can be used as separate characters, and on the contrary, Україні: Тези доповідей Всеукраїнської науково- simple characters can be part of other compound charac- практичної конференції з міжнародною учас- ters. This feature is widely used in character riddles, anti- тю, Харків. thetic couplets, and acrostics. It should be noted that 曹石珠 (2006), 汉字修辞研究. 长沙: 岳麓书社 nowadays, not all graphemes can be used separately. As 拆 字 对 联 大 全 欣 赏 (2020) Retrieved from a result of the literacy reform in the 20th century, some http://m.ruiwen.com/wenxue/duilian/377312.html 拆字合字对联 graphemes and characters writing has changed. In some (2020) Retrieved from cases, it is even difficult for Chinese people to understand http://www.duiduilian.com/zhishi/jiqiao/ chaizihezi.html them. As for non-native speakers, linguistic and cultural 拆 字 联 (2020) Retrieved from phenomena are not translated, except belles-lettres, https://www.diyifanwen.com/tool/ where comments and explanations may be provided in duiliandaquan/491939.htm the notes. 国 粹 论 坛 Retrieved from http://www.zhgc.com/BBS/ A distinctive feature of such linguacultural phe- dispbbs.asp?boardid=489&ID=368620 nomena is that, although the whole phrase, poem, and 李香平(2006), 汉字教学中的文字学. 北京:语文出版社 antithetic couplets can be spoken and read, each charac- 罗维扬 (2007), 非常语言 桂林: 关系师范大学出版社 ter retains its reading; the very form and writing of the 苏轼(2020), 神 智 体 Retrieved from character play a leading role. Often the semantics of a http://bbs.voc.com.cn/archiver/tid-3994319.html character is not related to the content of the sentence at 孙雍长 (2002), 汉字字谜大典广东: 广东教育出版社 all, but the most refined examples are those expressions 王国伦 (2003), 汉字之光北京: 清华大学出版社出版 where the content remains in the foreground, and the 王继洪 (2009), 汉字文化学概论.上海:学林出版社 language game only emphasizes it. 王宁 (2002), 汉字构形学讲座, 上海:上海教育. All the above-mentioned features complicate the 严恩萱，严考亮 (2005), 轻松学对联广州:暨南大学出版社 understanding of the language game even for the native- 余德泉 (2006), 对联通长沙:湖南大学出版社, speakers, not to mention foreigners. Cao Shizhu ex- 朱承平(2005) 细说字谜 长沙: 岳麓书社最全整理 从古至 pressed the idea that the perception of such linguo- 今的合体字欣赏 Retrieved from cultural phenomena requires a person to have specific https://kknews.cc/zh-my/culture/ezo9r4y.html "thinking through characters".

ISSN: 2709-149X (print) Ukrainian Journal of Sinology Studies