BOOK NOTES of the MISSIONARY RESEARCH LIBRARY 3041 Broadway, New York, New York 10027

March-April 1975 Compiled by M. O. Williams Vol. XXV No.2

AFRICA-ZAMBIA, MOZAMBIQUE AND SOUTH

I. CHRISTIANS, CHRISTIAN ACTION AND THE CHURCH APARTHEID AND THE ARCHBISHOP: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF GEOFFREY CLAYTON. A/an Paton. London: Jonathan Cape. 1973. Illus. xiiV311 pp. £4.50. A deeply understanding biography of this Anglican Church leader, Bishop of Johannesburg 193449; Archbishop of Cape Town 1949-57.Paton writes with real grasp of background and pictures Clayton trying to maintain an open. Christian and judicial attitude and acting in terms of his assessment of what could and could not be done in given situations. An interesting section deals with his relations with Trevor Huddleston (Naught for Your Comfort, 1956) who wanted to see political and world cultural pressure exerted on South Africa. He is pictured as being "unen- thusiastically tolerant" of Michael Scott's campaign, late 1940's,for right and justice. Clayton did express himself on a number of social issues, and in 1956joined in establishing a Treason Trial Defense Fund to assist Africans unjustly accused. In 1957he opposed the Native Laws Amendment Bill on the grounds that the Church could not recognize the right of a secular govern- ment to determine where a church member may worship, and in his letter to the Prime Minister, on behalf of the Bishops of the Province, declared that if the Bill became law, "we should ourselves be unable to obey it." He died a few hours after signing, dispatching it and seeing that the press had a copy.

CATHOLICS, PEASANTS & CHEWA RESISTANCE IN NYASALAND, 1889-1939.Ian Linden with Jane Linden. London: Heinemann. 1974. xiV223 pp. Maps, Illus. £ 6.00. A carefully researched and well documented study, focusing on Roman Catholic missionary activity in Nyasaland, a British colony in which Protestants, the pioneers inspired by Livingstone, arrived first. Political rivalries between British and Portuguese were intense during the nineteenth century, and missions were clearly seen as advancing national interests. The development of Catholic missions under the White Fathers, Montforts and others is depicted with careful attention to social conditions and power struggles of each period. Schools were seen as the "portals of the church," there was wide-spread development of bush schools, and the Church was made up largely of peasants. The resistance of the Chewa people is described, with the place which the nyau societies and dances had as a focus of rural resistance. The fact that Catholics today outnumber Protestants in Malawi is explained by the way the Catholicism which came to Nyasaland "had been filtered through centuries of contact with peasant and pagan societies in Europe," that in spite of many poor adaptations, the authoritarianism, priests, rituals, sanctions had an appeal that did meet needs of the people of Africa.

CHRISTIANITY SOUTH OF THE ZAMBEZI. Edited by Anthony 1. Dachs, Gwe/o, Rhodesia; Mambo Press. 1973. 211 pp. paper. Approx. $6.00. Fifteen scholars contribute a chapter each to this volume, part of a total study involving thirty researchers at the University of Rhodesia on "the social and religious interplay of African systems and the missionary en- terprise in southern Africa." Focus is chiefly on Rhodesia, on European missionary societies, on history (nine chapters) during the 19th century. The remaining chapters, dealing largely with social and religious conditions, are not specifically dated, but deal more with the present and the past fifty years. Here is not the complete picture suggested by the title, but these essays present valuable material in a readable and graphic manner: Many ways in which missionaries ignored or opposed African culture, with efforts by these writers to present positive values in Shona outlook, religion, and customs; discussion of ways in which Shona Independent Churches present Christianity in a typically African guise which rings true to African perceptions and meets real needs of people; ways in which the mission-oriented and the Independent churches have contributed to the development of a middle class; the extreme difficulty of changing the racial and political outlook of European church members in Rhodesia.

THE DIARY OF ERASMUS SMIT: MINISTER TO THE EMIGRANTS. Ed. H. F. Schoon. Trans. by W. G. A. Mears. Cape Town. S. Struik Ltd., 1972. x./189 pp. A vivid, day-by-day account, November 14,1836 to January 31, 1839 of the Voor- trekkers as they traveled from the Cape Colony to Pietermaritzburg. Described as "the only contemporary account of the daily life of the frontiersmen," it is significant in the understanding of the history of South Africa. Events and struggles are depicted, including those springing from rivalries within the group. Attitudes are clearly revealed: Divine right on their side; views on the cruelty and treachery of the Blacks, with the Voortrekkers' own destructiveness seen as necessary; inflated casualty figures for the enemy. Here is also a clear picture of this Dutch Reformed minister as he bears the burdens of his ,people in his frequent pr8:yers,~th his Lord.

PAGET OF RHODESIA. Geoffrey Gibbon. Johannesburg. Africana Book Society. 1973. xii/172 pp. Illus. n.p. A memoir of Edward, 5th Bishop of Mashonaland ~925-56,by a very admiring colleague who knew him over the years following 1937.The picture emerges of a very strong and able leader, concerned to discover and do the right thing in complex situations, "not a brilliant man," but able "to get brilliant ones to work for him." An outstanding experience during his ministry in South Africa, 1914-1925,wasthe reconciling role he played during the strike and violence in Benoni, 1922.Although he did not write to the newspapers or "preach against the government" he is pictured as a person working throughout his ministry for justice and fair play, one who believed "the preaching of the Gospel involved the stirring of the social conscience; one who had a leading part in integrating the African and European work." A TASTE OF POWER. Peter Randall. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1973.224pp. Illus. n.p. Here is the final, co-ordinated Spro- Cas(Study Project on Christianity in Apartheid Society) Report by the Director of that project, covering the period 1969-73. Part I provides themes and directions, an astute analysis of apartheid society, changes and transition, looking towards "The New Society." Part II provides more specifics about Spro-Cas: Chronology, membership, documents and working papers, .futur~ plana.Major themes: The South African social system is in urgent need of "a fundamental redistribution of power and resources"; the "sweeping growth of Black consciousness" means that "the white oligarchy willincreasingly have to respond to black initiatives;" the white power structure responds, on the one hand with intransigence, yet on the other,with "some ac- commodation to the change in the white community. John Reuling, very knowledgeable about South Africa describes this book as "objective and accurate.t' It is highly recommended, together with other Spro-Caspublications listed in this book, not only for those interested in Africa, but also for all interested in Christian strategies of social change.

WIRIYAMU, MY LAI IN MOZAMBIQUE. Adrian Hastings. Maryknoll, N. Y. Orbis Books. 1974. 153pp. maps. paper $3.95 A moving account of the witness by missionary priests to the atrocities committed by Portuguese troops on the village area of Wiriyama in December 1972, resulting in the death of 400-500 innocent people. Fr. Hastings, an experienced Catholic missionary in Africa, visited the areas, conferred with knowledgeable persons and reports the facts he ascertained with names, dates, places. One of the most important phases of his reporting deals with the way that local priests investigated and recorded what happened, approached the police, army and government and then their own ecclesiastical superiors on behalf of the people, with very little results. Fr. Hastings was then the one who brought this matter to world attention through the London Times in July 1973, just a week before Prime Minister Caetano was to visit London. The book closes with a statement of deep spiritually motivated conviction that the individualChristian and the Church "must challenge oppression and enhance the sphere of freedom." This book has deep significance for all of us.

II. HISTORY, CULTURE, POLITICS, SOCIAL CHANGE

A DECADE OF CRISIS: TEN YEARS OF RHODESIAN FRONT RULE. Morn's /. Hirsch. Salisbury: Mardon Printers 1973. x/ 186pp. Tables, Charts. About $8.00. Here is a very careful assessment of the Rhodesian situation through 1972 in which the author, long experienced in the country, attempts to analyze "the attitudes and processes behind the events and actions" - of this "Crowded and turbulant decade." It takes study, he says, to arrive at conclusions in perspective, and such is his pur- pose-so to set forth the facts that both White and Black Rhodesians willhave clearer understanding of where they are and thus. be better. prepared to move to more constructive solutions.After a perceptive statement and analysis of the Rhodesian Front "Credo," he moves into background studies of the Federal experience and the Southern Rhodesian "backlash"; then a helpful sketCh of Ian Smith and a straightforward description of the opposition, both White and Black. The chapter on the "Decade of Constitution Making" with a 16" x 24" fold-out comparison of constitutions is revealing of inner difficulties in the regime. A chapter reporting a sample survey of European opinion in 1971 shows the difficulties of change, yet the beginning of that change. The closing chapter on "Future Portends" is quite insightful and includes this statement on the last page, ''. the fate of Mozambique is crucial."

THE EARLY HISTORY OF MALAWI. Edited by Bridglai Pachai. London: Longman. 1972. Illus. Maps. xxix/454 pp. Twenty- four African, experts, all but five working in Africa, present papers on varied aspects of this history. Archeological and geographical considerations, peoples and various migrations, political organization, trade'; the impact of outside influences, the coming of European rule, land and labor in the colony. Many areas are being newly explored, and there is an attempt to probe for the "heart o~t~e transformatory process." Two chapters deal with history of missions.

AN INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF CENTRAL AFRICA. THIRD EDITION. A. J. Wills. London. Oxford Univ. Press. 1973. x/458 pp. Maps. £4.00. First published to "provide material for students and teachers of history in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland,' this edition has been updated by revision of prehistory and Iron Age in Mashonaland, by a new chapter on Rhodesia and Zambia since 1965, and by minor alterations in other parts of the text. It continues to stand as a valuable in- troduction to background of Rhodesia, Malawi and Zambia.

LABOUR PERSPECTIVES ON SOUTH AFRICA. Edited by Wolfgang H. Thomas. Cape Town: David Philip Publisher. 1974. xV259 pp. Tables. R. 5.40 This book contains the proceedings of a Workshop on Organized Labour in South African Society, held at theUniversity of Cape Town in January 1973. Organized by the Center for Intergroup Studies and the Trade Union Council of South Africa (TUCSA), it was attended by 100 people, including representatives from organized labour, commerce and industry, with some overseas visitors. The purpose was to "promote contact, dialogue and study among people representing different viewpoiqts, and through publication of papers, to promote public consciousness, knowledge and understanding." There was frank presentation of the discriminatory practices against Asians, Coloreds and especially Blacks, with recognition of improvement in non-White position, due, not to labor legislation, but to "shortage of White labor and despite strong defensive attitudes of White workers." This encouraging note from the closing chapter: "The central question was not whether, but how Africans would be incorporated into the labor movement." This comment on the situation: Very few Blacks listed among participants.

MOZAMBIQUE: THE AFRICANIZATION OF A EUROPEAN INSTITUTION, THE ZAMBESI PRAZOS, 1750-1902. Allen F. Isaacman. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1972.xviiV260 pp. Maps. $17.50. A stimulating approach to the history of Mozambique by a careful (first-hand oral and documentary) research into the functioning of the crown estates, prazos de coroa, along the Zambesi. While the head of the estate, the prazero, had dominant political and economic power, the system "led neither to the radical restructuring of the local social, political and economic institutions nor a parallel shift in the values and belief system." On the other hand, "the prazeros tended to be absorbed into the dominant local culture." Documentary study was supplemented by field investigation-visits with interpreters and taped interviews, to twelve of these former estate areas. This book has value, for understanding not only of Mozambique, but also of the process of contact with the West, and of African continuity. MULTISTAN: A WAY OUT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN DILEMMA. Paul N. Malherbe, Cape Town: David Philip Publisher. 1974. xV172 pp. Maps. R. 4.95. The author, with roots in South Africa, dating back to the Huguenot immigration of 1688, proposes in this volume a large-scale experiment: Multistan, where many peoples live together rather than the Bantustans into which Blacks are now being segregated. He states, "Multistan in essence means setting aside a portion of the country in which racial laws are repealed, thus giving South Africa a region within its own borders which resembles other multiracial societies." Much research and thinking have gone into this writing:Analysis of the present society, specific proposals for a Multistan and how such a plan is to be brought about, .anticipated reactions from Blacks and from the three white parties, a "look into the future." Commended by John Reuling as significant writing by a sincerely concerned citizen of South Africa who takes responsibility for study and for proposing a specific plan for serious consideration by Blacks and Whites alike.

RHODESIA: THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. Leonard T. Kapungu. Maryknoll, N. Y. Orbis Books. 1974. xii/174 pp. $5.95. An important book for all interested in liberation today. A member of the Shona people, Dr. Kapungu grew up under several Rhodesian governments and now teaches Political Science at the University of Maryland. Here is history that helps the pieces fit together: The earlier background, struggles under the "liberal" governments of Todd and Whitehead, the victory of the Rhodesian Front and heavier repression under Ian Smith since 1964, the strife between Zimbabwean leaders, and parties, ZANU and ZAPU, and their increasing unity 1972 and on. The last reference is July 1973, and it is hoped some up-dating will soon be forthcoming. Strategies and requirements for effective revolution are set forth, calling for little dependence upon the White people of the world, who the author asserts tacitly connive in the suppression of Black Rhodesians. Bishop Abel Muzorewa's leadership of ANC is recognized, as is support from other church leaders after 1965, but this reader feels his criticism of the church is unduly harsh and that his assertion can be effectively challenged that the Churches did not protest the Government's racial policies until it dawned on them that under such policies "even the Churches might have to suffer."

SOUTH AFRICA: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POLITICAL CHANGE: Edited by Adrian Leftwich. New York: St. Martin s Press. 1974. viii/360 pp. $12.95. With South Africa as the focus of discussion, nine specialists, using different theoretical and conceptual approaches, explore the general theme: "Whether and how economic developments will act to alter prevailing social and political relationships:' For the sake of comparison, two chapters are included showing how experiences in Chile, Sri Lanka and Malaysia bear on this theme. Three of the writers lend support to the view that the traditional perspectives and structures must eventually give way before the "rational color-blind economic imperatives." Others challenge such a view with analysis which give greater place to human will in effecting change. During their discussions some very significant descriptions of South African society emerge with insights helpful to those concerned to understand and to aid in change. Significant theoretical insights are debated, e.g., recognizing that South Africa represents a plural society, is the dominant factor economic class or groupings based on the combination of historic, cultural and ethnic factors.

A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1973. Compiled by Muriel Horrell and Dudley Homer. South African Institute of Race Relations. Johannesburg. 1974.xiV411 pp. paper R 3.00. Another of the excellent annual surveys by this body which "seeks the facts and' makes them known." Material covers a wide spectrum of African life and is carefully documented from newspapers, periodicals, government reports and statistics, other reports and letters. Significant headings are: Political and constitutional development, population, security and control measures, guerrillas and movements-in-exile, group areas and "African Homelands," employment and the economic situation, education, health and social welfare. A chapter is also provided on Southwest Africa (Namibia).

URBAN REVOLT IN SOUTH AFRICA 1960-1964: A CASE STUDY. Edward Feit. Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press. 1971. xxi/365 pp. Map. A carefully prepared case study of "an attempted urban insurgency" whose goal was to "maximize disorder in South Africa" during the early sixties. Attention is given to background, how organized, why initial success was limited, why it failed, with major emphasis on the "foot-soldiers of revolution." The attempt was "nipped in the bud" and the would-be insurgents brought to trial in open court-it is the court records of 10,000 typed pages that provide the most significant source of information, The author, aware of possible slant in the records, still feels that the judiciary attempted to be fair, and he, himself, is careful to seek the real basis of truth in these reports. 193 specific acts of sabotage, August 9, 1% 1- July 6, 1963, are listed and described, yet none was of major importance. The theoretical analysis looks at the "dynamics of failure" and seeks to relate revolutionary theory to actual events and developments.

ZAMBIA: SECURITY AND CONFLICT. Ian Pettman. New York. St. Martin s Press. 1974. 284 pp. Maps. $15.95. A well researched and clearly written study of Zambia during the first nine years of independence, up to the decision to form a one- party state. After a rapid summary of the colonial heritage, the account moves into the struggles for power within Zambia, focusing on the United National Independence Party, UNIP, led by Kenneth Kuanda, whose positions and actions are described insome detail, and the final emergence of a "one-party state with debate and criticism institutionalized within the Party," guided by the "Zambian ideology." Succeeding chapters discuss problems of social unity and economic development, areas of external conflict and the search for support. The difficulties of this small nation with powerful colonial White- dominated neighbors are clearly set forth and the courage displayed in supporting guerrilla activities in these countries recognized. There are 42 pages of biographical sketches, bibliography and index, all adding to the value of this book.