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Oliver Tambo OLIVER TAMBO 1917 –1993 S E V I H C R A E Y U B I Y A M M U E S U M D N A L S I N E B B O R - C W U : T H G I R Y P O C ABOVE LEFT : Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela in their law oDce in the early 1950s. ABOVE RIGHT : Reunited in Sweden in 1990 after 28 years. Oliver Tambo was teacher, political leader, diplomat S and revolutionary. As Deputy President and later M L I F Y T I R Presiden t, he led the African National Congress in A L C F O Y exile for 30 years, while Nelson Mandela and many S E T R U O C others were gaoled in South Africa. / E V I H C R A Under Tambo’s leadership, the ANC’s external mission C C W : T H G grew from a few exiles into an movement with oDces I R Y P O in all the world‘s major capitals. From the mid-1970s C it inspired, and built links with, the mass movement against apartheid inside South Africa. Tambo held the ANC together, seeking consensus, but never afraid to take diDcult decisions. He was a strategic thinker, who endorsed the decision to pursue armed N A M struggle in 1961, and in the 1980s seized the S Å S T A M chance for negotiations with the apartheid regime. : T H G I R Y P O Tambo was respected by world leaders and inspired C hundreds of thousands of people to join the anti- apartheid struggle. This exhibition tells how he crossed ideological and geographical boundaries, building a truly global movement. Y Comrades and friends – TOP RIGHT :Tambo with Trevor Huddleston in 1968. They met as young men when R A R B Huddleston was a priest in Sophiatown. Huddleston was later President of the British Anti-Apartheid I L O Movement. CENTRE RIGHT :Tambo with Olof Palme, former Prime Minister of Sweden, in 1986 . Tambo first T O H met Palme in 1962 and remained a friend until Palme’s assassination in 1986. BOTTOM RIGHT : Tambo P N U with E S Reddy, Secretary of the UN Special Committee Against Apartheid. Reddy later said: ‘He : T H always treated me as a partner in the struggle rather than as a mere friend or supporte r’. Another G I R Y close friend was Canon John Collins. Collins headed the International Defence and Aid Fund, which P O supported political prisoners and their families. IDAF played an indispensable part in the liberation struggle. C OLIVER TAMB O – BUILDING THE GLOBAL ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT Escape from South Africa ‘It may a=ect my future, my practice, my family, but I can’t help it. I’m going with the current’. OLIVER TAMBO S E V I H C R A E Y U B E I V Y I A H M C R M I A R - Y C R O W T U S : I T H H N G I A R C I Y R P F O A C S ’ Y E L I LEFT : Tambo arrives in Dar es Salaam in A B : T April 1960. ABOVE : Meeting Julius Nyerere, H G I R future President of Tanzania. Tambo and Y P O C Nyerere were to become firm friends. Oliver Tambo left South Africa at the end of March 1960 after the Sharpeville massacre. He was sent by the ANC to set up a mission in exile. The following week the ANC was banned. Tambo escaped to Botswana and went on to Dar es Salaam. Via meetings in Tunisia, Ghana and Denmark he reached London, where he was followed by his wife Adelaide and their children. He joined with Yusuf Dadoo from the South African Indian Congress and representatives of the Pan-Africanist Congress and the South West Africa National Union to form the South African United Front. The SAUF’s first success was to help force South Africa out of the Commonwealth in March 1961. S M L I F Y T I R A L C F O Y S E T R U O C / S I B R O C : T H G I R Y P O C TOP : In London Tambo was reunited with his friend Trevor Huddleston. ABOVE : Tambo at a meeting in Westminster, organised by Christian Action, 11 May E V I 1960. RIGHT : South African United Front H C R leaders at the head of a march along A Y R O Oxford Street, London, calling for the T S I expulsion of South Africa from the H N A C I Commonwealth in 1961. L to R: Tambo, R F A S Fanuel Kozonguizi from the South West ’ Y E L Africa National Union, Yusuf Dadoo from I A B : the South African Indian Congress, T H G I Fenner Brockway MP and Nana Mahomo R Y P O from the Pan-Africanist Congress. C OLIVER TAMB O – BUILDING THE GLOBAL ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT ‘Nothing will ever make Africa forget OLIVER TAMBO AT THE OAU HEADS those oppressed Africans’ OF STATE MEETING, 1968 Africa was the first and most important source of support for the South African liberation movements. As the newly independent African countries joined the UN in the early 1960s, they pressed for mandatory sanctions against South Africa. After the formation of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963, its Liberation H S I I F Committee provided material support. O Y S E T R U O C Oliver Tambo made firm friendships with O T O H P African leaders, especially Julius Nyerere in ABOVE : Tambo was reunited with Nelson Mandela in Addis Ababa at a meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa (PAFMECA) in Tanzania, Kenneth Kaunda in Zambia and January 1962. Mandela briefed him on the movement’s decision to organise armed struggle and the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. BELOW : Tambo with Julius Samora Machel in Mozambique. In 1964 he Nyerere of Tanzania and South West Africa People’s Organisation President Sam moved from Dar es Salaam to Lusaka, where Nujoma at a frontline states meeting in Dar es Salaam. the ANC set up its head oGce. After the liberation of Portugal’s colonies in 1975, S South Africa fomented civil war and E V I H C R A launched armed attacks on the frontline E Y U B I Y A states – Angola, Mozambique, Botswana, M M U E S U Zambia and Lesotho, and Zimbabwe after M D N A L S its independence in 1980. Tambo understood I N E B B O the extreme pressure these countries were R - C W U : T under and was sensitive to their constraints. H G I R Y P O C S E V I H C R A E Y U S E B I V Y I A H M C R M A U E E S Y U U M B I D Y A N A M L S M I U N E E S B U B M O R D - C N W A L U : S I T H N G E I B R B Y O P R O - H C S C I I W F U O : T Y S H E G T I R R U Y O P C O C / O P M ABOVE : Tambo arriving with PAIGC E T : T President Amilcar Cabral at the OAU H G I R Y Heads of State meeting in Algiers, 1968. P O C ABOVE RIGHT :The President of Mozambique, Samora Machel, welcomes Tambo to the In January 1981 South African commandos attacked houses in Matola, southern FRELIMO Congress, 1983. RIGHT : Poster Mozambique, killing ANC exiles and Mozambican citizens. Tambo spoke at the for a rally in support of Mozambican funeral of the victims on 8 February 1981.The raid on Matola was one of many independence held in London in 1973. South African attacks on civilians in the frontline states. OLIVER TAMBO – BUILDING THE GLOBAL ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT ‘There is no longer any possibility of liberating South Africa from apartheid with peaceful means’ OLIVER TAMBO, 1964 S E V I H C R A E S Y E U V I B I H Y C A R M A M E Y U E U S B I U Y M A D M N M A U L E S I S U N E M B D B N O A R L - S C I W N U E : B T B H O G I R - R C Y W P U O : C T H G I Umkhonto we Sizwe soldiers in training. In 1967 and 1968 MK units joined with R Y P O Zimbabwean guerilla fighters in an attempt to infiltrate into South Africa through C Zimbabwe. Tambo joined them as they prepared to cross the Zambezi river. S S E E V V I I H H C In 1961 the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto C R R A A E E Y Y U U B B we Sizwe (MK), launched a sabotage I I Y Y A A M M M M U U campaign against the apartheid government. E E S S U U M M D D N In the following years, Oliver Tambo explained N A A L L S S I I N N E E to the world why the ANC decided to embark B B B B O O R R - - C C W W on armed struggle, and sought equipment U U : : T T H H G G I I R R and training for MK.
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