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History of

Pl. Path. 111 (Cr. Hrs. 3+1)

P.N. Sharma Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) Amos (about 750B.C.) was so Ancient times steeped in mysticism while writing the Bible. Romans created two Gods for dreaded Rust – “Robigo and Robigus”. On 25th April – Robigalia - a special holiday (200 B.C.) observed that plant were worse in low spots than on high grounds

Albertus Magnus (1200 A.D.) conceived the idea that is a parasite, the breakthrough should have opened whole new world to be conquered From 1600 - 1800 . Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) –

. John Needham (1749) observed the appearance of organisms– concluded that microorganisms originated from meat.

. Spallanzani boiled beef broth and sealed the flasks- no microbes appeared.

. In 1725, Connecticut - eradicated barberry and protected wheat from rust Micheli (1729) Father of  Nova Plantarum Genera – described many new genera of fungi, their reproductive structures  Observed a second generation of when sown on sterile slices of melon  M. Tillet (1755) – inoculated wheat with dust of smut, grew smutty. Beautiful experiment didn't convince the botanists  Prevost (1807) – Repeated the Tillet’s experiment and proved that bunt of wheat is caused by , studied the of smut spores

and their inhibition by adding CuSo4

Golden era (1800 – 1900)

Devastating epidemic, the Late blight (1845) in

Ireland dramatized the effect of plant on human suffering besides stimulated interest in their cause and control (1 million people died) Plant . Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) In 1853 established that rust and smuts are causes not the results of disease, studied development of many smut and rust fungus. . 1874, Woronin - discovered a new type of parasite on Crucifer & called Molds Later named- Plasmodiophora brassicae . Thomas T.J. Burill (1880) – Fire blight of apple and pear is caused by bacterium.

. Adolf Mayer (1886) – infectious nature of from tobacco mosaic infected , gave term Mosaikrankheit means mosaic . M. W. Beijerinck (1898) – finally gave the term named them as Contagium vivum fluidum (Father of Virology) . Lafont in 1909; associated with Euphorbia plants , later Stahel found flagellate protozoa infecting the of coffee Plant Pathogens  Needham (1743) in England found association of with wheat galls (Anguina tritici)  Doi et. al. (1967) – MLO () with potato witches broom  T. O. Diener (1971) – associated with PSTVd  Windsor and Black, 1972: Rickettsiae  Hoseloff and Symons (1982) – discovered virusoids associated tobacco velvet mosaic disease  Prions were proposed for the first time in 1972 by Prusiner (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997)

Anton de bary (1831 – 1888) – the father of plant pathology, In 1853 he established that rust and smuts are causes not the results of disease, studied development of many smut and rust 1861 Finally proved the cause of blight as infestans by inoculating potato with sporangia In 1865, reported Heteroecism in Uradinales In 1866, He published his Text book – Morphology and Physiology of fungi, Lichens and Myxomycetes In 1886 published Physiology of - sclerotina; rotting of vegetables Debary’s students: Woronin, Brefeld, Millardet, Ward & Farlow, Julius Gotthelf Kuhn. . J. G. Kuhn (1858) published the book – Diseases of Cultivated , their Causes and Control – first book in which fungi were regarded as the causal factors

Pasture (April 7th 1864) – irritated with spontaneous theory performed experiments that ended the arguments for all time . Robert Koch (1875) in 1887:  Koch’s postulates: Proof of pathogenicity . Oscar Brefeld (1875,1883)  Pure culture Technique of Micro-org.  Also studied cereal smuts in detail . Downy mildew of grapes (1878 – 1885) . P. M.A. Millardet (1885) – . E.C. Stakman (1913) – phenomenon of Physiological specialization in rusts

HOST - PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

. William Brown(1912) – Role of enzymes to disintegrate plant . Tanaka (1933) – First to be recognized from A. kikuchiana . Muller and Borger (1940) – coined term “”and the theory in 1941 . Meeham and Murphy (1947) - victorin from H. victoriae . J. C. Walker(1931)– Biochemical basis of disease resistance . Waggoner (1953) – Coined the terms “phytotoxin” and “pathotoxin” .Van Loon (1985) – Isolated first pathogenesis related (PR ) .Ross (1961) – Coined the term SAR, resistance that developed in the untreated portion of TMV inoculated plants

. Robert Hartig (1839-1901) : worked on diseases of forest trees and crowned with title of “Father of ”  In 1874: book Important Diseases of Forest trees  In 1882: Text Book of Diseases

Bacteriology •Thomas T. Burill (1880) – Fire blight of apple and pear is caused by bacterium, Erwin F. Smith (father of bacteriology) • published bulletins – “ Wilt diseases of cotton, and cowpea” ( 1889) • , banana(1910) • E. tracheiphilus and its transmission • P. malvacearum • Crown gall – relationship with human cancer (1907) • Beergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology

Viruses

Seventeenth century – “tulipomania” Adolf Mayer (1886) – for the first time reported the infectious nature of the sap from tobacco mosaic infected plants and he gave the term Mosaikrankheit means mosaic Ivanoviski (1892) – Sap retained infectivity even after filtration through chamberland, doubted toxin produced by bacterium M. W. Beijerinck (1898) – finally gave the term virus named them as Contagium vivum fluidum (Father of Virology)  H. Purdy (1929) – Virus infected plants contained antigenic material, opened new door in plant virology W. M. Stanley (1935) – “Isolation of crystalline protein possessing the properties of TMV” Shared Nobel prize 1946 Bawden and Pirie (1937) – reported the nucleoprotein nature of TMV, Kausche et. al., (1939) – First electron microscope picture of TMV  Fukushi (1940) – Transovarial transmission of rice dwarf virus  Kassanis (1962) – coined the term Satellite virus, associated with TNV  Harrison et.al.,(1970)  Classified the plant into 16 groups (1971)  Coined the term Geminiviruses (1976)

Taylor and Robertson (1970)- transmission Kohler and Milstein (1975) – “ Hybridoma technology” used in monoclonal antibody production– Nobel prize in 1984 Clark and Adams (1977) ELISA in detection; developed DAS-ELISA Symons & Keese (1982) – discovered virusoids Powell-Abel et al (1986) – C.P. mediated resistance in TMV.

Disease Resistance  Biffen (1905) – reported that resistance in two wheat varieties to yellow rust was inherited in Mendelian fashion to its progeny.  Barrus (1911) showed genetic variability with in species i.e. different pathogen races are restricted to certain varieties of a host species.  Later in 1914 Stakman: established this phenomenon in wheat rust and showed that these races can be distinguished by their ability to infect different varieties with in a set of host differential varieties.  Flor (1946) – working with flax rust came with gene-for- gene hypothesis  Gauman (1946) gave the concept of hypersensitivity  Vanderplank (1963) – “vertical and horizontal resistance” ; book in 1963 “Plant Disease: Epidemics and Control” Genetics of the Host and the Pathogen  Albersheim and Anderson (1975) – the first comprehensive model for gene for gene interaction “Surface carbohydrate elicitor receptor model”  Keen (1975) coined the term Elicitor  Keen and Bruegger (1971) “ Elicitor Receptor Model”  Dixon et al (1996) – first cloned the Avr2 gene from tomato ( fulvum) more than 20 Avr genes have been cloned since  Johal and Brigg (1992) – First cloned the resistance Hm1 gene from maize,

Plant disease control . Millardet (1885) – Bordeaux mixture . Reihm (1913) – Uspulum for control of bunt. In 1913, organic mercury compounds; later banned because of their toxicity. . Tisdale and Williams (1934) – Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives ( ferbam, zineb etc.)

. Von-Schmeling and Marshal Kulka (1966) – 1st systemic - carboxin . New & Kerr (1972): 1st biological control of bacterial disease: Crown gall using avirulent strain of radiobacter.

. (Schuster et. al.1990,: Ruess et. al., 1995) Recently developed the Novel fungicides known as “plant activators”. . Rachel Carson (1962) – Silent Spring, . described the dangers of polluting . the environment History of plant pathology in IndiaIndian (Imperial) Agricultural institute at Pusa, Bihar (1905)  E. J. Butler- First Mycologist (Father of Indian Plant Pathology) Book- Fungi and Diseases in Plants Monograph on potato disease, wilt of cotton, rice, sugarcane diseases & cereal rusts  K.C. Mehta (1929) – monographic on annual recurrence of black of wheat  K.R.Kirtikar- 1st Indian to study fungi  Mitra (1931) - Karnal bunt on wheat  Luthra and Sattar (1934) – Solar heat treatment for loose smut  Bengal famine 1942 caused by Brown spot disease of rice  B.B. Mundkar (1948) - Indian Phytopathological society in 1947- Started Journal Indian Phytopathology in 1949; wrote a book -Fungi and Plant diseases

 Dastur (1948) – described two new diseases of potato; rot and tuber rot - Phytophthora parasitica  M. K. Patel (1948) – Established school of plant bacteriology Poona  M. K. Patel, V. P. Bhide and G. Rangaswamy- bacterial diseases  Thirumalachar- Smuts and rust- Aerofungin.  S. N. Dasgupta (1956) – Role of enzymes in pathogenicity  T.S. Sadasivan and his school developed concept of vivotoxins; mechanism of cotton wilt.  S.P. Raychaudhury Virologist

Phytopathological classics

. These are the reprints of outstanding research papers published in non English journals, not available in most of the Libraries of the world  Have been translated in English  15 in Number Phytopathological classics 1. Fabricius – Attempt at a Dissertation on the Disease of plants. Ravn (1774) 2. Fontana – Observation on Rust of Grain 1767. Pirone (1932) 3. Millardet – the discovery of Bordeaux Mixture 1885. Schneiderhan (1933) 4. Woronin – Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of the Cabbage Hernia 1878. Charles Chupp (1934) 5. Tillet – Disseretation on the Cause of the Corruption and Smutting of the Kernels of Wheat in the Head ( and on the means of preventing these untoward circumstances) 1755. Humphrey (1937) 6. Prevost – Memoir on the Immediate Cause of Bunt or Smut of Wheat, and on the Prevention of Bunt 1807. Keitt (1939) 7. Mayer (1886), Ivanowski (1892), Beijerinck (1898) and Baurb (1904) – three early papers on tobacco mosaic and one on infectious variegation. James Johnson (1942) . 8. Berkeley – Observations, Botinical and Physiological, on the Potato Murrain 1846. also includes selections from Berkeley’sv “Vegetable Pathology” made by the Plant Pathology Committee of Britsh Mycological Society.1948 . 9. Targioni Tozzeti – True Nature and Sad Effects of the Rust and Other Maladies of Wheat and of Oats in the Field1767. Tehon (1952) . 10. Bassi – Del Mal del Segno 1835. Yarrow (1958) . 11.De Bary – Investigations of the Brangd Fungi and the Diseases of Plants Caused by Them With Reference to Grain and Other Useful Plants 1853. Arny and Moore (1969) . 12. Harting – Important Diseases of Forest Trees 1874. detailed reporte which established the microbial basis for decay. (Merrill et.al.,(1975) . 13.Fischer/Smith – The Fischer Smith Controversy: Are Their Bacterial Diseases of Plants? 1899. Seven articles depict vthe classic and bitter debate regarding the existence of bacterial diseases of plants. Cambell (1981) . 14. Ando/ Fukushi/ Storey – Viruses In Vectors: Transovarial Passage and Retention. Classic papers on plant viruses and their vectors 1986. . 15. Dutch Disease – Original 11 Articles. That laid the foundation for studying the devastating disease. Research by 7 female Dutch from 1920 - 1935 Scope & Importance of plant diseases Scopes & Importance of Plant Diseases . Plant pathology deals with different aspects of plant diseases and has wide scope than human pathology which only deal with only one aspect . In recent years plant pathologists have begun to specialize in particular aspect. The field in which notable advances have been made are:  Interaction between host and pathogen at chemical, molecular and genetic level  Plant virology, chemistry of fungitoxicity  Disease forecasting . On practical aspects much advances have been made in plant protection chemicals; breeding for disease resistance . Increased population emphasizes the application of all possible means to meet the food requirements  Expansion of crop area  Improved methods of cultivation  Increased use of fertilizers  Improved varieties  Increased irrigation  Crop protection Importance of Plant Diseases

. Late blight of potato-1841-51 (Irish famine) . Coffee rust 1867-1870 (Srilanka) . Downy mildew of grapes (1880s) (France) . Bengal Famine 1942 (India) . Bacterial Blight of Rice 1963 (Bihar) . Southern corn leaf blight -1970 (USA)

Estimated annual losses worldwide

Losses are more in developing world and less in develop world

Diseases 14.1% 10.2% Weeds 12.2% Total av. looses 36.5% Losses caused by Plant Diseases

“The 21st century will prove to be a fort of strength for plant pathology, a fountain head of knowledge where students will drink, and the waters of which will wet the dry lands of the whole world” Acknowledgements

. I gratefully acknowledge the use of some very important photographs given in text book “Plant Pathology” by G N Agrios. . I also acknowledge the scientists who spent valuable time in generating information on various aspects of plant pathology and displayed the same on internet for use by students, teachers and researchers . Lecture dedicated to respected “G N Agrios”