Tree Diseases As a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances
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1 Principles of Plant Pathology Path
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY PATH 271 (1+1) Prepared By DR. P. KISHORE VARMA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASWARAOPET 507 301 1 LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PATHOLOGY Why Plant Pathology? Plants are essential for maintenance of life. Plants not only sustain the man and animals, they are also the source of food for multitudes of micro-organisms living in the ecosystem. Thus, while man has been able to subjugate plants and animals for his own use, the competing micro-organisms still defy his efforts and claim a major share of resources which man would like to use for himself. It is in this context that the need for fighting the competing micro-organisms and other agencies that lack loss of productivity has been felt. The attack on plants by these micro-organisms changed the appearance and productivity of the crop and this observed change was called a disease. Plant diseases have been considered as stubborn barriers to the rapid progress of food production. We call a plant healthy only so long as it continues to perform all its normal physiological activities and give the expected yield according to its genetic potentiality. Physiological activities of a healthy plant 1. Normal cell division, differentiation and development. 2. Uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. 3. Synthesis of food from sunlight by photosynthesis. 4. Translocation of water and food to the sites of necessity through xylem and phloem. 5. Metabolism of synthesized material 6. Reproduction A diseased plant fails to perform one or more of these functions. -
Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1
Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1 Fnd E. Erooks 2 Abstract: A survey conducted betweenJune 2000 and May 2002 on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa, recorded filamentous green algae of the order Tren tepohliales (CWorophyta) and their plant hosts. Putative pathogenicity of the parasitic genus Cephaleuros and its lichenized state, Strig;ula, was also inves tigated. Three genera and nine species were identified: Cephaleuros (five spp.), Phycopeltis (two spp.), and Stomatochroon (two spp.). A widely distributed species of Trentepohlia was not classified. These algae occurred on 146 plant species and cultivars in 101 genera and 48 families; 90% of the hosts were dicotyledonous plants. Cephaleuros spp. have aroused worldwide curiosity, confusion, and con cern for over a century. Their hyphaelike filaments, sporangiophores, and as sociated plant damage have led unsuspecting plant pathologists to misidentify them as fungi, and some phycologists question their parasitic ability. Of the five species of Cephaleuros identified, C. virescens was the most prevalent, followed by C. parasiticus. Leaf tissue beneath thalli of Cephaleuros spp. on 124 different hosts was dissected with a scalpel and depth of necrosis evaluated using a four point scale. No injury was observed beneath thalli on 6% of the hosts, but full thickness necrosis occurred on leaves of 43% of hosts. Tissue damage beneath nonlichenized Cephaleuros thalli was equal to or greater than damage beneath lichenized thalli (Strig;ula elegans). In spite of moderate to severe leaf necrosis caused by Cephaleuros spp., damage was usually confined to older leaves near the base of plants. Unhealthy, crowded, poorly maintained plants tended to have the highest percentage of leaf surface area affected by TrentepoWiales. -
Influence of Coarse Woody Debris on Seedlings and Saplings in A
INFLUENCE OF COARSE WOODY DEBRIS ON SEEDLINGS AND SAPLINGS IN A PINUS PALUSTRIS WOODLAND by ALEXANDRA LOGAN JUSTIN L. HART, COMMITTEE CHAIR MATTHEW C. LAFEVOR ARVIND A.R. BHUTA A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geography in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2020 Copyright Alexandra Logan 2020 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 ABSTRACT Coarse woody debris (CWD) has beneficial effects on plant growth and establishment. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands support relatively low amounts of CWD — 2 to 30 m3 ha-1. In April 2011, an EF3 tornado passed through the Oakmulgee Ranger District of the Talladega National Forest in the Fall Line Hills of Alabama. This disturbance resulted in the large addition of CWD to a longleaf pine woodland, and a rare opportunity to analyze how CWD can influence a managed, pine woodland. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of CWD on woody plant richness, density, and growth rate (quantified by height) in a longleaf pine woodland that experienced a catastrophic wind disturbance. A total of three 1 m2 quadrats were established against either side of a piece of CWD (> 3 m in length and ≥ 10 cm in diameter). Another quadrat was established at least 3 m away from the focal CWD piece. For each plot, the presence and height of every woody plant (< 5 cm dbh) were recorded. Sapling density, oak and hickory density, and organic matter were all found to be significantly higher in quadrats adjacent to CWD than away (all p < 0.05). -
Implementing Sustainable Forest Management Using Six Concepts In
Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 29:79–108, 2010 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1054-9811 print/1540-756X online DOI: 10.1080/10549810903463494 WJSF1054-98111540-756XJournalImplementing of Sustainable Forestry,Forestry Vol. 29, No. 1, January-March 2009: pp. 0–0 Sustainable Forest Management Using Six Concepts in an Adaptive Management Framework ForestB. C. Foster in an etAdaptive al. Management Framework BRYAN C. FOSTER1, DEANE WANG1, WILLIAM S. KEETON1, and MARK S. ASHTON2 1Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA 2School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Certification and principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) describe desired ends for sustainable forest management (SFM) but do not address potential means to achieve those ends. As a result, forest owners and managers participating in certification and employing PCI as tools to achieving SFM may be doing so inefficiently: achiev- ing results by trial-and-error rather than by targeted management practices; dispersing resources away from priority objectives; and passively monitoring outcomes rather than actively establishing quantitative goals. In this literature review, we propose six con- cepts to guide SFM implementation. These concepts include: Best Management Practices (BMPs)/Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), biodiversity conservation, forest protection, multi-scale planning, participatory forestry, and sustained forest production. We place Downloaded By: [Keeton, W. S.] At: 16:17 8 March 2010 these concepts within an iterative decision-making framework of planning, implementation, and assessment, and provide brief definitions of and practices delimited by each concept. A case study describing SFM in the neo-tropics illustrates a potential application of our six concepts. -
Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here. -
DIAGNOSIS of FOREST DISEASES DR. GEORGE H. HEFTING (L
DIAGNOSIS OF FOREST DISEASES BY DR. GEORGE H. HEFTING (l) Diagnosis is well defined by Webster as "the art of recognizing a disease from its symptoms." In animals many diseases can be identified and their course predicted (prognosis) without knowing the cause. Such is the case with cancer, gout, mononucleosis, and many other familiar diseases for which the cause is not known, In the case of plant diseases, none of which are psychosomatic, diagnosis virtually requires determining the cause, Having told you what diagnosis is, I would like to tell you--with respect to forest pathology--one thing that it isn't. It is not, for most of us, a field to which the brave slogan, "Do it yourself" applies. If today's diagnosing physician had to trade places with a forest pathologist here are some of the things that he would discover: 1. Instead of one host species, Homo sapiens, he has to deal with 150 or more species. 2. The patient cannot say where, when or how it hurts. 3. He has no sophisticated techniques such as x-ray, electrocardiogram, blood sugar, and urine analysis, etc., at his disposal. 4. He is expected to cope with everything from awart to a cataract to leukemia. 5, He has over a thousand potential pathogens to consider among the causes of plant disease. Now you see where we are and why we need all the joint effort we can get from each other. Now we will look at how we go about diagnosing plant diseases. The sequence of steps is usually as follows: 1. -
Forest Pathology in the Pacific (FSM, CNMI, Guam and Hawaii), 2015, Trip Report
Forest Pathology in the Pacific (FSM, CNMI, Guam and Hawaii), 2015, Trip Report By Phil Cannon Figure1. A fresh orange and white mycelial weft of the butt-rotting fungus Phellinus noxius advances up the outside of a pengua tree (Macaranga thompsonii) near Ritidian, Guam. During Typhoon Dolphin, the bark of roots was cut by the sharp karst limestone as the strong winds rocked the trees. This made it easier for the fungus to become established. The heavy rains that accompanied the intense 2015 typhoon season were also conducive to high levels of mycelial growth and spore production. Summary In 2013, the author made his first major trip to investigate Phellinus noxius and other forest pathogens in FSM, CNMI and Guam. On that trip, four other forest pathologists joined in for the visits to Guam, Saipan and Pohnpei. Soon thereafter, a trip report and four publications were produced and DNA from isolations made during this trip were sent off for molecular assessment. In the ensuring two years, genetic information gathered from these analyses was generated. Some of these results are presented in the first chapter of this report. Then, from Oct 25th through Nov. 25th, 2015, the author again traveled to the Federated States of Micronesia (Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap), the Commonwealth of Northern Marianas Islands (Saipan), Guam and Hawaii (Oahu and the Island of Hawaii) to work on Forest Pathology issues affecting these states and territories. In FSM, CNMI and Guam, the main disease worked on, again, was Phellinus noxius, a root and butt rotting fungus that speedily kills a very wide range of tropical tree species. -
FOREST ECOLOGY and MANAGEMENT NEWS a Newsletter for Department of Forest Ecology and Management Staff, Students and Alumni
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT NEWS A Newsletter for Department of Forest Ecology and Management Staff, Students and Alumni Vol. 6, No. 1 March 2003 won’t deter them from following a family in Wisconsin. Check out the News from dream or allow them to accept failure. Land Between the Lakes web site at This year’s graduating class is no excep- <http://www.lbl.org/> as you plan your the Chair tion, and most already are immersed in next camping trip. Brian would love to graduate study, work, or travel, both see old (and young) classmates visit home and abroad. It is also a pleasure to him. Tuesday, February 18th ranks as a ‘dou- report that our department successfully ble barreled’kind of day – one that most completed its periodic Society of Kate Wipperman (BS 2002) is working chairs hope they never experience. The American Foresters accreditation review. as a Project Assistant for the Natural day began with a dean’s budget meeting We met all educational requirements and Heritage Land Trust (NHLT) in where I learned just what part of our col- satisfied every standard – a fine tribute Madison. Kate majored in Recreation lective hide we would lose to meet the to the university and our faculty. Resources Management and Botany and state-mandated 2003-04 budget cuts. also received an IES Certificate. In Forest Ecology and Management Please read and enjoy this newsletter. August she landed a position with returned a sum in excess of $10,000, but We like to think we put it together with NHLT, an organization dedicated to the I felt fortunate knowing that other our alumni and friends in mind. -
An Evolutionary Ecology Perspective to Address Forest Pathology Challenges of Today and Tomorrow
Annals of Forest Science DOI 10.1007/s13595-015-0487-4 REVIEW PAPER An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau1,2 & Jaime Aguayo3 & Cyril Dutech1,2 & Katherine J. Hayden4,5 & Claude Husson4,5 & Boris Jakushkin 1,2 & Benoît Marçais4,5 & Dominique Piou1,6 & Cécile Robin1,2 & Corinne Vacher1,2 Received: 26 December 2014 /Accepted: 21 April 2015 # The Authors 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract & Context Forest pathology has historically relied on an eco- & Key message Increasing human impacts on forests, in- logical approach to understand and address the practical man- cluding unintentional movement of pathogens, climate agement of forest diseases. A widening of this perspective to change, and large-scale intensive plantations, are associated include evolutionary considerations has been increasingly de- with an unprecedented rate of new diseases. An evolution- veloped in response to the rising rates of genetic change in ary ecology perspective can help address these challenges both pathogen populations and tree populations due to human and provide direction for sustainable forest management. activities. & Aims Here, five topics for which the evolutionary perspec- tive is especially relevant are highlighted. Handling Editor: Jean-Michel Leban & Results The first relates to the evolutionary diversity of fungi Contribution of the co-authors J. Aguayo, C. Husson, and B. Marçais and fungal-like organisms, with issues linked to the identifi- wrote the first draft of the part dealing with fungal diversity, C. Dutech of cation of species and their ecological niches. The second the part dealing with pathogen evolution, M.-L. -
Plant Pathology
Plant Pathology 330-1 Reading / Reference Materials CSU Extension Fact Sheets o Aspen and poplar leaf spots – #2.920 o Backyard orchard: apples and pears [pest management] – #2.800 o Backyard orchard: stone fruits [pest management] – #2.804 o Bacterial wetwood – #2.910 o Cytospora canker – #2.937 o Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Dollar spot disease of turfgrass – #2.933 o Dutch elm disease – #5.506 o Dwarf mistletoe management – #2.925 o Fairy ring in turfgrass – #2.908 o Fire blight – #2.907 o Forest fire – Insects and diseases associated with forest fires – #6.309 o Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Greenhouse plant viruses (TSWV-INSV) – #2.947 o Honeylocust diseases – #2.939 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Leaf spot and melting out diseases – #2.909 o Necrotic ring spot in turfgrass – #2.900 o Non-chemical disease control – #2.903 o Pesticides – Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Pinyon pine insects and diseases – #2.948 o Powdery mildew – #2.902 o Roses – Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Russian olive decline and gummosis – #2.942 o Strawberry diseases – #2.931 o Sycamore anthracnose – #2.930 CSU Extension Publications o Insects and diseases of woody plants of the central Rockies – 506A Curriculum developed by Mary Small, CSU Extension, Jefferson County • Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating. • CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. • No endorsement of products named is intended, nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. -
Proceedings of the 9Th International Christmas Tree Research & Extension Conference
Proceedings of the 9th International Christmas Tree Research & Extension Conference September 13–18, 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ John Hart, Chal Landgren, and Gary Chastagner (eds.) Title Proceedings of the 9th International Christmas Tree Research & Extension Conference IUFRO Working Unit 2.02.09—Christmas Trees Corvallis, Oregon and Puyallup, Washington, September 13–18, 2009 Held by Oregon State University, Washington State University, and Pacific Northwest Christmas Tree Growers’ Association Editors John Hart Chal Landgren Gary Chastagner Compilation by Teresa Welch, Wild Iris Communications, Corvallis, OR Citation Hart, J., Landgren, C., and Chastagner, G. (eds.). 2010. Proceedings of the 9th International Christmas Tree Research and Extension Conference. Corvallis, OR and Puyallup, WA. Fair use This publication may be reproduced or used in its entirety for noncommercial purposes. Foreword The 9th International Christmas Tree Research and Extension Conference returned to the Pacific Northwest in 2009. OSU and WSU cohosted the conference, which was attended by 42 Christmas tree professionals representing most of the major production areas in North America and Europe. This conference was the most recent in the following sequence: Date Host Location Country October 1987 Washington State University Puyallup, Washington USA August 1989 Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon USA October 1992 Oregon State University Silver Falls, Oregon USA September 1997 -
An Evolutionary Ecology Perspective to Address Forest Pathology Challenges of Today and Tomorrow Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Jaime Aguayo, Cyril Dutech, Katherine J
An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Jaime Aguayo, Cyril Dutech, Katherine J. Hayden, Claude Husson, Boris Jakushkin, Benoit Marçais, Dominique Piou, Cécile Robin, Corinne Vacher To cite this version: Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Jaime Aguayo, Cyril Dutech, Katherine J. Hayden, Claude Husson, et al.. An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2016, 73 (1), pp.45- 67. 10.1007/s13595-015-0487-4. hal-01318717 HAL Id: hal-01318717 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01318717 Submitted on 19 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Annals of Forest Science (2016) 73:45–67 DOI 10.1007/s13595-015-0487-4 REVIEW PAPER An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau1,2 & Jaime Aguayo3 & Cyril Dutech1,2 & Katherine J. Hayden4,5 & Claude Husson4,5 & Boris Jakushkin 1,2 & Benoît Marçais4,5 & Dominique Piou1,6 & Cécile Robin1,2 & Corinne Vacher1,2 Received: 26 December 2014 /Accepted: 21 April 2015 /Published online: 20 May 2015 # The Author(s) 2015.