How to Find a Job in the Plant Pathology Industry (FAQ's)
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1 Principles of Plant Pathology Path
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY PATH 271 (1+1) Prepared By DR. P. KISHORE VARMA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASWARAOPET 507 301 1 LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PATHOLOGY Why Plant Pathology? Plants are essential for maintenance of life. Plants not only sustain the man and animals, they are also the source of food for multitudes of micro-organisms living in the ecosystem. Thus, while man has been able to subjugate plants and animals for his own use, the competing micro-organisms still defy his efforts and claim a major share of resources which man would like to use for himself. It is in this context that the need for fighting the competing micro-organisms and other agencies that lack loss of productivity has been felt. The attack on plants by these micro-organisms changed the appearance and productivity of the crop and this observed change was called a disease. Plant diseases have been considered as stubborn barriers to the rapid progress of food production. We call a plant healthy only so long as it continues to perform all its normal physiological activities and give the expected yield according to its genetic potentiality. Physiological activities of a healthy plant 1. Normal cell division, differentiation and development. 2. Uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. 3. Synthesis of food from sunlight by photosynthesis. 4. Translocation of water and food to the sites of necessity through xylem and phloem. 5. Metabolism of synthesized material 6. Reproduction A diseased plant fails to perform one or more of these functions. -
Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1
Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1 Fnd E. Erooks 2 Abstract: A survey conducted betweenJune 2000 and May 2002 on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa, recorded filamentous green algae of the order Tren tepohliales (CWorophyta) and their plant hosts. Putative pathogenicity of the parasitic genus Cephaleuros and its lichenized state, Strig;ula, was also inves tigated. Three genera and nine species were identified: Cephaleuros (five spp.), Phycopeltis (two spp.), and Stomatochroon (two spp.). A widely distributed species of Trentepohlia was not classified. These algae occurred on 146 plant species and cultivars in 101 genera and 48 families; 90% of the hosts were dicotyledonous plants. Cephaleuros spp. have aroused worldwide curiosity, confusion, and con cern for over a century. Their hyphaelike filaments, sporangiophores, and as sociated plant damage have led unsuspecting plant pathologists to misidentify them as fungi, and some phycologists question their parasitic ability. Of the five species of Cephaleuros identified, C. virescens was the most prevalent, followed by C. parasiticus. Leaf tissue beneath thalli of Cephaleuros spp. on 124 different hosts was dissected with a scalpel and depth of necrosis evaluated using a four point scale. No injury was observed beneath thalli on 6% of the hosts, but full thickness necrosis occurred on leaves of 43% of hosts. Tissue damage beneath nonlichenized Cephaleuros thalli was equal to or greater than damage beneath lichenized thalli (Strig;ula elegans). In spite of moderate to severe leaf necrosis caused by Cephaleuros spp., damage was usually confined to older leaves near the base of plants. Unhealthy, crowded, poorly maintained plants tended to have the highest percentage of leaf surface area affected by TrentepoWiales. -
THE AGRONOMY GUIDE Precautions on Pesticide Use About the Guide • Use of Restricted Pesticides Requires Certification
2021–2022 THE AGRONOMY GUIDE Precautions on Pesticide Use About the Guide • Use of restricted pesticides requires certification. The Penn State Agronomy Guide is designed for easy reading • Use pesticides only when necessary. and quick reference. • Use pesticides only at the recommended dosages and timing to keep residues on crops and animals within the In Part I: Crop and Soil Management, the sections on specific limits set by law. crops include information about: • Avoid spray or dust drift to other crops and bee yards. • Varieties • Cover food and water containers in livestock areas. • Nutritional Requirements • Read the label and follow safety precautions listed. • Establishment • Maintain a pesticide use record and inventory. Wear • Harvesting protective masks and clothing if so directed on label. • Special Considerations • Avoid inhaling pesticides. • Never eat or smoke while spraying or dusting. In Part II: Pest Management, the sections on pest control for • Avoid spilling spray materials on skin and clothing. If specific crops include information on: spilled, wash off immediately with soap and water. • Weeds • Wash hands and face and change to clean clothing after • Insects spraying or dusting. Wash spray clothing after each day’s • Diseases use. • Store pesticides in original containers and out of reach The College of Agricultural Sciences strongly recommends of children, pets, and livestock, and away from food that you have a soil test made to determine your lime and fer- and feed; keep in a locked storeroom or cabinet marked tilizer needs before using the suggestions presented through- “Pesticides—Keep Out!” out this book. Success is directly related to correct analysis of • Dispose of empty containers so that they are no longer a your soils. -
On the Agronomy and Botany of Salak(Salacca Zalacca)
On the agronomy and botany of Salak (Salacca zalacca) CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0904 4757 Promotoren: Prof. dr. ir. P.C. Struik Hoogleraar ind e gewasfysiologie Prof. dr. ir. M.Flac h Hoogleraar ind etropisch e plantenteelt Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. ir. M.Wesse l (Wageningen Universiteit) Dr. ir. E.W.M. Verheij (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. ir. L.J.G. van der Maesen (Wageningen Universiteit) Dr. ir. J.S.Siemonsm a (Wageningen Universiteit) , >.'J^' ,'-;'j;> On the agronomy and botany of Salak (Salacca zalacca) SumeruAshar i Proefschrift ter verkrijging van degraa dva n doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 2decembe r 2002 des namiddagst e half twee ind e Aula w SumeruAshar i (2002) Onth e agronomy and botany of salak (Salacca zalacca) PhDThesi s Wageningen University - With ref. - With summaries in English,Dutc han d Indonesian ISBN: 90-5808-424-8 Subject heading:agronomy , botany, salak, Salaccazalacca Propositions 1. In East Java, salak has been in cultivation for more than hundred years; it is time that research and extension start to contribute toth e development ofth e crop. This thesis 2. Imperfect pollination is a major cause of low salak yields. The improvement of hand pollination methods shouldtherefor e receive priority. This thesis 3. The pollen source strongly influences the fruit yield of salak, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This thesis 4. Cultural practices in salak production should be improved in such a way that harvesting can be spread more evenly over the year. -
Biological and Practical Importance of Light Microenvironments in a Tree: Participatory Research to Match Teaching and Learning Styles G
Biological and Practical Importance of Light Microenvironments in a Tree: Participatory Research to Match Teaching and Learning Styles G. A. Picchioni,* S. A. Weinbaum, D. L. Daniel, and H. Karaca ABSTRACT usual profit-generating portion of the tree, are driven by the photosynthetic activity of nearby leaves and the importation Productivity and crop quality vary strongly among the diverse light microenvironments within a tree’s canopy. An effective of carbohydrates (Marschner, 1995, p. 131). The level of nat- teaching exercise to convey this biologically and agriculturally ural irradiance within tree canopies is spatially linked to the important principle to plant science students is lacking. We ap- allocation of metabolic resources such as reduced carbon (C) plied a simple participatory learning approach to teach the im- and nitrogen (N) (Flore and Lakso, 1989; Weinbaum et al., portance of light microenvironment in the dense canopy of a ma- 1989). Accordingly, the light microclimate conditions the lo- ture pecan tree [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch ‘Sch- calized availability of C and N and determines in large mea- ley’]. Leaves and nuts were sampled along a steep light flux gra- sure the productivity and quality of the tree’s crop within that dient through the canopy, and specific leaf weight (leaf weight per portion of the canopy. Intracanopy light distribution is thus unit leaf area), was used as a simple, proven, and integrative mea- both physiologically and economically important. sure to quantify the incident light gradient. Simple regression At a given level of management, a tree’s quantity and qual- analysis revealed the importance of specific leaf weight (light ex- ity of yield involve a complex interaction between light in- posure) as a predisposing factor controlling nut quality and ni- tensity, relative light distribution, time, space, and the translo- trogen (N) allocation. -
Classification of Botany and Use of Plants
SECTION 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BOTANY AND USE OF PLANTS 1. Introduction Botany refers to the scientific study of the plant kingdom. As a branch of biology, it mainly accounts for the science of plants or ‘phytobiology’. The main objective of the this section is for participants, having completed their training, to be able to: 1. Identify and classify various types of herbs 2. Choose the appropriate categories and types of herbs for breeding and planting 1 2. Botany 2.1 Branches – Objectives – Usability Botany covers a wide range of scientific sub-disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, morphogenesis, diseases, and evolution of plants. Subsequently, many subordinate fields are to appear, such as: Systematic Botany: its main purpose the classification of plants Plant morphology or phytomorphology, which can be further divided into the distinctive branches of Plant cytology, Plant histology, and Plant and Crop organography Botanical physiology, which examines the functions of the various organs of plants A more modern but equally significant field is Phytogeography, which associates with many complex objects of research and study. Similarly, other branches of applied botany have made their appearance, some of which are Phytopathology, Phytopharmacognosy, Forest Botany, and Agronomy Botany, among others. 2 Like all other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied at different levels, from the molecular, to the genetic and biochemical, through to the study of cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individual plants, populations and communities of plants. At each of these levels a botanist can deal with the classification (taxonomy), structure (anatomy), or function (physiology) of plant life. -
Plant Pathology
Plant Pathology 330-1 Reading / Reference Materials CSU Extension Fact Sheets o Aspen and poplar leaf spots – #2.920 o Backyard orchard: apples and pears [pest management] – #2.800 o Backyard orchard: stone fruits [pest management] – #2.804 o Bacterial wetwood – #2.910 o Cytospora canker – #2.937 o Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Dollar spot disease of turfgrass – #2.933 o Dutch elm disease – #5.506 o Dwarf mistletoe management – #2.925 o Fairy ring in turfgrass – #2.908 o Fire blight – #2.907 o Forest fire – Insects and diseases associated with forest fires – #6.309 o Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Greenhouse plant viruses (TSWV-INSV) – #2.947 o Honeylocust diseases – #2.939 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Leaf spot and melting out diseases – #2.909 o Necrotic ring spot in turfgrass – #2.900 o Non-chemical disease control – #2.903 o Pesticides – Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Pinyon pine insects and diseases – #2.948 o Powdery mildew – #2.902 o Roses – Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Russian olive decline and gummosis – #2.942 o Strawberry diseases – #2.931 o Sycamore anthracnose – #2.930 CSU Extension Publications o Insects and diseases of woody plants of the central Rockies – 506A Curriculum developed by Mary Small, CSU Extension, Jefferson County • Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating. • CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. • No endorsement of products named is intended, nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. -
Etiology,Loss, Symptoms and Control of Diseases
Phytopathology is a branch of Botany that deals with causal organism,etiology,loss, symptoms and control of diseases. ETIOLOGY:-Science of cause of disease. Pathology (Greek word‘Pathos’ and ‘Logos’.) Pathos =Suffering Logos=Study “Study of Plant Sufferings” Or “Study of Plant Diseases”. FATHER OF PLANT PATHOLOGY- ANTON de Bary. Aims of plant pathology } To make a survey of the living as well as non- living causes of the diseases. } To study the different types of mechanisms by which the diseases are developed in plants. } To elucidate the interaction mechanism among plants,pathogen and the environment. } Minimize the loss of useful plants through application of the principles of plant disease prevention. } To prevent plant disease epidemics or to delay their onset until the harvest time is over. DISEASE Disease in a plant involves a number of harmful Physiological processes which leads to a lot of irregularities in the morphology and anatomy of the host. SYMPTOMS The altered and disadvantageous differences of the host from the normal plant are referred to as Symptoms of the disease. 1. Host : An organism that harbours or supports the activities of a parasite . 2.Suscept :An organism that is susceptible or prone to disease. 3.Susceptibility :It is the inability of a plant to resist the effect of a pathogen or any other damaging factor. 4.Parasite :It is an organism or virus existing in an intimate association with another living organism from which it derives an essential part of the materials for its existance. 5.Pathogen :A pathogen is an organism or virus capable of causing disease in a particular host. -
Basic Qualifications Standards
BASIC QUALIFICATIONS STANDARDS GS-454 RANGE MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST GS-5/above Basic Requirements: NOTE: At least 12 semester hours of the 42 must be in upper level courses (300 and 400 level) A. Degree: range management or a related discipline, which includes at least 42 semester hours in a combination of the plant, animal and soil sciences and natural resources management as follows: Range Management. At least 18 semester hours of course work in range management, including courses in such areas as basic principles of range management; range plants; range ecology; range inventories and studies; range improvement; and ranch or rangeland planning. Directly Related Plant, Animal and Soil Sciences. At least 15 semester hours of directly related courses in the plant, animal and soil sciences, including at least one course in each of these three scientific areas, i.e., plant, animal and soil sciences. Courses in such areas as plant taxonomy; plant physiology; plant ecology; animal nutrition; livestock production; and soil morphology or soil classification are acceptable. (NOTE: Of the 15 semester hours, we require at least 3 semester hours must be in each of the three scientific areas noted above) Related Resource Management Studies. At least 9 semester hours of course work in related resource management subject, including courses in such areas as wildlife management; watershed management; natural resource or agricultural economics; forestry; agronomy; forages; and outdoor recreation management. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GS-457 SOIL CONSERVATION GS-5/above Basic Requirements:NOTE: At least 12 semester hours of the 30 must be in upper level courses (300 and 400 level) Course work in the fields noted below should be in the Biological or Physical Sciences (not social sciences) A. -
Agronomy Spotlight Corn Pollination Affected by Heat and Drought
Agronomy Spotlight /////////////////// Corn Pollination Affected by Heat and Drought High Temperature Versus Drought Stress High-temperature damage to corn typically coincides with drought stress. It is difficult to separate the effects of drought and heat stress. However, high temperatures alone are not believed to severely stress corn pollination when there is adequate soil moisture.1 Effects of Heat on Pollen Shed An individual tassel can shed pollen for a week with peak shed occurring on the second or third day.2 Hot temperatures along with dry weather can hasten pollen shed. Each tassel produces millions of pollen grains providing adequate pollen in most Figure 1. Drought stressed plant during conditions.3 Pollen production may be reduced pollination showing rolled leaves. by continuous hot weather occurring a few days before and during pollination as photosynthesis may not be efficient and carbohydrate production Effects of Heat on Silking can be reduced.4 Severe drought stress, as indicated by rolling Pollen shed from anthers is called dehiscence leaves (Figure 1) and wilting of the corn plant, and occurs when there is a drop in humidity affects pollination primarily by its impact on silk as temperatures begin to rise.4 Typically, pollen elongation. Silks begin elongating from the ovules, shed begins in the early to mid-morning when or potential kernels, of the ear shoot about seven temperatures are not as extreme and a second days before silks are visible outside the husk ‘flush’ of pollen shed sometimes occurs in the later tips.3 The silks from the butt of the ear elongate afternoon with cooler temperatures. -
Major Diseases of Horticultural Crops and Their Management
Major Diseases of Horticultural Crops and this Management Dr.G. Thiribhuvanamala, Dr.S.Nakkeeran and Dr. K.Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan Department of Plant Pathology Centre for Plant Protection Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore – 641 003 Introduction: The Horticulture (fruits including nuts, vegetables including potato, tuber crops, mushroom, ornamental plants including cut flowers, spices, plantation crops and medicinal and aromatic plants) has become a key drivers for economic development in many of the states in the country and it contributes 30.4 per cent to GDP of agriculture, which calls for knowledge and technical backstopping. Intensive cultivation of the high valued horticultural crops, resulted in the outbreak of several diseases of National importance. In recent days, stakeholders import planting materials from North American Countries. Introduction of planting materials also impose threat in the introduction of new diseases not known to be present earlier. However, the diseases, if not managed on a war foot, it will result in drrastic yield reduction and quality of the produces. Hence adoption of suitable management measures with low residue levels in the final produces becomes as a need of the hour. In this regard, this paper gives emphasis on the diagnosis of plant diseases and their management. 293 Diseases of Mango and their management 1. Anthracnose :Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Anthracnose symptoms occur on leaves, twigs, petioles, flower clusters (panicles), and fruits. The incidence of this disease can reach almost 100% in fruit produced under wet or very humid conditions. On leaves, lesions start as small, angular, brown to black spots and later enlarge to form extensive dead areas. -
Agronomy and Crop Physiology of Fibre Hemp. a Literature Review HMG Van
•/./• ' Agronomyan dcro pphysiolog yo f fibrehemp .A literatur erevie w H.M.G.va nde rWer f CABORepor t14 2 March199 1 Centerfo rAgrobiologica lResearc h (CABO-DLO) P.O.Bo x 14,670 0A AWageningen ,Th eNetherland s AGRONOMYan dCRO PPHYSIOLOG Yo fFIBR EHEMP ,A LITERATUR EREVIE W H.M.G.va nde rWerf ,Februar y1991 . Contents. 1Objective s ofthi sliteratur e review 2 2Th ehem pplan t 2. 1 Originan d importance 3 2.2 Varieties 4 2. 3 Sexexpressio n 4 2. 4 Anatomy ofth este m 4 2.5 Lengthan ddiamete ro fth e stem 6 3Cultura l practiceso fth ehem pcro p 3. 1 Soilrequirement san dfertilizatio n 7 3. 2 Sowingdat ean ddept h 8 3.3 Sowing rate,plan tdensit yan dro wwidt h 8 3.4 Weeds 9 3.5 Diseasesan dpest s 10 3.6 Harvest timing 10 3.7 Yield componentsan dyiel dleve l 11 4 Discussionan dconclusion s 12 L Objectiveso fthi sliteratur ereview . Withinth eframewor ko fth eNationa l HempResearc hProgramme ,researc h isconducte d toinvestigat e thepotentia l ofhem pa sa sourc eo ffibr e forth epape r industry inth eNetherlands .Thi sprogramm e startedo n January 1,199 0an dshoul d reacha conclusio no nth eeconomi c feasabilityo fhem pfo rfibr eb yth een do f1992 .Majo r subjectso f research inth eprogra mare : -Breeding -Soil-bornedisease s -Cropphysiolog yan dagronom y -Harvesting andconservatio n -Pulpan dpape rtechnolog y -Economyan dlogistic s Researcho ncro pphysiolog y isbein gcarrie d outwithi na researc h projecta tCABO ,researc ho nagronom ywithi na join tLUW-PAG Vproject .