DOCSLIB.ORG

Handbook of Plant Disease Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Handbook of Plant Disease Management Handbook of Plant Disease Management Series Editors Robert J. McGovern NBD Research Co. Ltd. Lampang, Thailand Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Thailand Wade H. Elmer Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT, USA Our objective for the Handbook of Plant Disease Management series is to provide up-to-date, field-tested information on integrated disease management that will be useful to a diverse technical audience interested in a wide variety of crops. The series will have an international focus and will address these questions: “What is the disease?” and “How can it be managed?” The Handbook of Plant Disease Management series will include: Handbook of Florists’ Crops Diseases, Handbook of Vegetable Diseases, Handbook of Tropical Fruit Diseases, Handbook of Temperate Fruit Diseases. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13570 Robert J. McGovern • Wade H. Elmer Editors Handbook of Florists' Crops Diseases With 522 Figures and 49 Tables Editors Robert J. McGovern Wade H. Elmer NBD Research Co. Ltd. Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology Lampang, Thailand The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Station Chiang Mai University New Haven, CT, USA Chiang Mai, Thailand ISBN 978-3-319-39668-2 ISBN 978-3-319-39670-5 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-39669-9 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39670-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017948983 # Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Florists’ crops production has evolved considerably through new technological advances in irrigation, media, and environmental control, along with the appearance of new centers of large-scale production of plant material. In addition, many florists’ crops have changed their production cycles by shifting the initial production stage to offshore facilities. While this offers new benefits in product quality, quantity, and cost, it removes some opportunities to introduce management strategies to suppress future outbreaks. These changes have necessitated the development of innovative ways of suppressing pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The objec- tive of the Handbook of Florists’ Crops Diseases is to provide research-based information on the diagnosis and management of diseases of cut-flowers and potted flowering plants. We believe that following such an integrated approach will help to minimize nontarget effects of flower production and increase its sustainability. The introduc- tory chapters, “Components of Integrated Disease Management,” present disease management strategies that are applicable to all florists’ crops. The chapters on the individual crops that follow in the “Florists’ Crops Diseases” section are grouped alphabetically within three subsections: “Cut-flowers,”“Potted Flowers,” and “Flowering Geophytes”. The grouping of crops is somewhat arbitrary; some like orchid could fit into more than one subsection: cut-flowers and potted flowers. These chapters present information on the geographic occurrence and impact, symptoms/ signs, biology and epidemiology, and integrated management of major diseases of these plants. While it is not possible to cover the diagnosis and management of all diseases on every florists’ crop, we believe that the extensive cross-referencing and indexing used in the handbook will provide assistance where specific information is lacking. We hope that the global perspective of the handbook and the detailed information provided will make it useful to florists’ crops producers, researchers, extension personnel, and students around the world. This volume is one of a series of Handbooks of Plant Disease Management being published by Springer. v Acknowledgments We thank the many participating authors (over 60 from 11 countries) who freely gave of their time to share their considerable expertise on the management of florists’ crops diseases. We appreciate not only the efforts of these individuals on their own chapters but also their generosity in providing diagnostic images to authors of other chapters. We also thank the many other individuals acknowledged throughout the handbook who provided images of and information on florists’ crops diseases. We are indebted to the Springer editorial team of Sylvia Blago, Simone Giesler, Zuzana Bernhart, and Priya Ponnusamy for their guidance in initiating and shaping the Handbook of Florists’ Crops Diseases. vii Contents Volume 1 1 Florists’ Crops: Global Trends and Disease Impact ............ 1 Robert J. McGovern and Wade H. Elmer Part I Components of Integrated Disease Management ......... 11 2 Fundamentals and Advances in Plant Problem Diagnostics ..... 13 Tim Schubert, Ayyamperumal Jeyaprakash, and Carrie Harmon 3 Nutritional Disorders of Florists’ Crops ..................... 41 Rosa E. Raudales 4 Insect Management for Disease Control in Florists’ Crops ...... 69 Raymond A. Cloyd 5 Breeding for Disease Resistance in Florists’ Crops ............ 87 Zhanao Deng 6 Environment Modification for Disease Management ........... 119 Maria Lodovica Gullino and Angelo Garibaldi 7 Fungicides and Biocontrols for Management of Florists’ Crops Diseases .............................................. 137 Cristi L. Palmer and Ely Vea 8 Soil/Media Disinfestation for Management of Florists’ Crops Diseases .............................................. 167 Erin N. Rosskopf, Nancy Kokalis-Burelle, Steven A. Fennimore, and Cheryl A. Wilen 9 Sanitation for Management of Florists’ Crops Diseases ......... 201 Warren E. Copes 10 Mineral Nutrition and Florists’ Crops Diseases ............... 237 Lawrence E. Datnoff and Wade H. Elmer ix x Contents 11 Postharvest Disease Management .......................... 253 Anastasios I. Darras Part II Florists’ Crops Diseases: Cut Flowers .................. 281 12 Diseases of Anthurium .................................. 283 Anne M. Alvarez 13 Diseases of Carnation ................................... 317 Silvia M. Wolcan, Ismael Malbrán, Cecilia A. Mourelos, Marina N. Sisterna, Mirian del P. González, Adriana M. Alippi, Andrés Nico, and Gladys A. Lori 14 Diseases of Celosia ...................................... 379 Ann B. Gould 15 Diseases of China Aster .................................. 419 Harukuni Horita and Robert J. McGovern 16 Diseases of Chrysanthemum .............................. 439 Jane C. Trolinger, Robert J. McGovern, Wade H. Elmer, Nancy A. Rechcigl, and Christine M. Shoemaker 17 Diseases of Delphinium .................................. 503 Stephen N. Wegulo 18 Diseases of Gerbera ..................................... 533 Elizabeth I. Brisco-McCann and Mary K. Hausbeck 19 Diseases of Gypsophila ................................... 561 Silvia M. Wolcan, Cecilia A. Mourelos, Marina N. Sisterna, Mirian del P. González, Adriana M. Alippi, Andrés Nico, and Gladys A. Lori 20 Diseases of Lisianthus ................................... 583 Robert J. McGovern 21 Diseases of Orchid ...................................... 633 Prasartporn Smitamana and Robert J. McGovern Volume 2 22 Diseases of Peonies ..................................... 663 Andrea R. Garfinkel and Gary A. Chastagner 23 Diseases of Proteaceae ................................... 693 Brett A. Summerell 24 Diseases of Rose ....................................... 713 Jay W. Pscheidt and Tatiana Gomez Rodriguez Contents xi 25 Diseases of Snapdragon .................................. 743 Stephen N. Wegulo and A. R. Chase 26 Diseases of Stock ....................................... 767 Steven T. Koike 27 Diseases of Sunflower ................................... 787 Thomas J. Gulya, Febina Mathew, Robert Harveson, Samuel Markell, and Charles Block 28 Diseases of Zinnia ...................................... 839 Dorota Szopińska Part III Florists’ Crops Diseases: Potted Flowers . ............. 871 29 Diseases of Azalea ...................................... 873 Robert G. Linderman 30 Diseases of Begonia ..................................... 891 Cristina Rosa and Gary W. Moorman 31 Diseases
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Principles of Plant Pathology Path
    PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY PATH 271 (1+1) Prepared By DR. P. KISHORE VARMA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASWARAOPET 507 301 1 LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PATHOLOGY Why Plant Pathology? Plants are essential for maintenance of life. Plants not only sustain the man and animals, they are also the source of food for multitudes of micro-organisms living in the ecosystem. Thus, while man has been able to subjugate plants and animals for his own use, the competing micro-organisms still defy his efforts and claim a major share of resources which man would like to use for himself. It is in this context that the need for fighting the competing micro-organisms and other agencies that lack loss of productivity has been felt. The attack on plants by these micro-organisms changed the appearance and productivity of the crop and this observed change was called a disease. Plant diseases have been considered as stubborn barriers to the rapid progress of food production. We call a plant healthy only so long as it continues to perform all its normal physiological activities and give the expected yield according to its genetic potentiality. Physiological activities of a healthy plant 1. Normal cell division, differentiation and development. 2. Uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. 3. Synthesis of food from sunlight by photosynthesis. 4. Translocation of water and food to the sites of necessity through xylem and phloem. 5. Metabolism of synthesized material 6. Reproduction A diseased plant fails to perform one or more of these functions.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1
    Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1 Fnd E. Erooks 2 Abstract: A survey conducted betweenJune 2000 and May 2002 on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa, recorded filamentous green algae of the order Tren­ tepohliales (CWorophyta) and their plant hosts. Putative pathogenicity of the parasitic genus Cephaleuros and its lichenized state, Strig;ula, was also inves­ tigated. Three genera and nine species were identified: Cephaleuros (five spp.), Phycopeltis (two spp.), and Stomatochroon (two spp.). A widely distributed species of Trentepohlia was not classified. These algae occurred on 146 plant species and cultivars in 101 genera and 48 families; 90% of the hosts were dicotyledonous plants. Cephaleuros spp. have aroused worldwide curiosity, confusion, and con­ cern for over a century. Their hyphaelike filaments, sporangiophores, and as­ sociated plant damage have led unsuspecting plant pathologists to misidentify them as fungi, and some phycologists question their parasitic ability. Of the five species of Cephaleuros identified, C. virescens was the most prevalent, followed by C. parasiticus. Leaf tissue beneath thalli of Cephaleuros spp. on 124 different hosts was dissected with a scalpel and depth of necrosis evaluated using a four­ point scale. No injury was observed beneath thalli on 6% of the hosts, but full­ thickness necrosis occurred on leaves of 43% of hosts. Tissue damage beneath nonlichenized Cephaleuros thalli was equal to or greater than damage beneath lichenized thalli (Strig;ula elegans). In spite of moderate to severe leaf necrosis caused by Cephaleuros spp., damage was usually confined to older leaves near the base of plants. Unhealthy, crowded, poorly maintained plants tended to have the highest percentage of leaf surface area affected by TrentepoWiales.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Pathology
    Plant Pathology 330-1 Reading / Reference Materials CSU Extension Fact Sheets o Aspen and poplar leaf spots – #2.920 o Backyard orchard: apples and pears [pest management] – #2.800 o Backyard orchard: stone fruits [pest management] – #2.804 o Bacterial wetwood – #2.910 o Cytospora canker – #2.937 o Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Dollar spot disease of turfgrass – #2.933 o Dutch elm disease – #5.506 o Dwarf mistletoe management – #2.925 o Fairy ring in turfgrass – #2.908 o Fire blight – #2.907 o Forest fire – Insects and diseases associated with forest fires – #6.309 o Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Greenhouse plant viruses (TSWV-INSV) – #2.947 o Honeylocust diseases – #2.939 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Leaf spot and melting out diseases – #2.909 o Necrotic ring spot in turfgrass – #2.900 o Non-chemical disease control – #2.903 o Pesticides – Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Pinyon pine insects and diseases – #2.948 o Powdery mildew – #2.902 o Roses – Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Russian olive decline and gummosis – #2.942 o Strawberry diseases – #2.931 o Sycamore anthracnose – #2.930 CSU Extension Publications o Insects and diseases of woody plants of the central Rockies – 506A Curriculum developed by Mary Small, CSU Extension, Jefferson County • Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating. • CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. • No endorsement of products named is intended, nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Etiology,Loss, Symptoms and Control of Diseases
    Phytopathology is a branch of Botany that deals with causal organism,etiology,loss, symptoms and control of diseases. ETIOLOGY:-Science of cause of disease. Pathology (Greek word‘Pathos’ and ‘Logos’.) Pathos =Suffering Logos=Study “Study of Plant Sufferings” Or “Study of Plant Diseases”. FATHER OF PLANT PATHOLOGY- ANTON de Bary. Aims of plant pathology } To make a survey of the living as well as non- living causes of the diseases. } To study the different types of mechanisms by which the diseases are developed in plants. } To elucidate the interaction mechanism among plants,pathogen and the environment. } Minimize the loss of useful plants through application of the principles of plant disease prevention. } To prevent plant disease epidemics or to delay their onset until the harvest time is over. DISEASE Disease in a plant involves a number of harmful Physiological processes which leads to a lot of irregularities in the morphology and anatomy of the host. SYMPTOMS The altered and disadvantageous differences of the host from the normal plant are referred to as Symptoms of the disease. 1. Host : An organism that harbours or supports the activities of a parasite . 2.Suscept :An organism that is susceptible or prone to disease. 3.Susceptibility :It is the inability of a plant to resist the effect of a pathogen or any other damaging factor. 4.Parasite :It is an organism or virus existing in an intimate association with another living organism from which it derives an essential part of the materials for its existance. 5.Pathogen :A pathogen is an organism or virus capable of causing disease in a particular host.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Diseases of Horticultural Crops and Their Management
    Major Diseases of Horticultural Crops and this Management Dr.G. Thiribhuvanamala, Dr.S.Nakkeeran and Dr. K.Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan Department of Plant Pathology Centre for Plant Protection Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore – 641 003 Introduction: The Horticulture (fruits including nuts, vegetables including potato, tuber crops, mushroom, ornamental plants including cut flowers, spices, plantation crops and medicinal and aromatic plants) has become a key drivers for economic development in many of the states in the country and it contributes 30.4 per cent to GDP of agriculture, which calls for knowledge and technical backstopping. Intensive cultivation of the high valued horticultural crops, resulted in the outbreak of several diseases of National importance. In recent days, stakeholders import planting materials from North American Countries. Introduction of planting materials also impose threat in the introduction of new diseases not known to be present earlier. However, the diseases, if not managed on a war foot, it will result in drrastic yield reduction and quality of the produces. Hence adoption of suitable management measures with low residue levels in the final produces becomes as a need of the hour. In this regard, this paper gives emphasis on the diagnosis of plant diseases and their management. 293 Diseases of Mango and their management 1. Anthracnose :Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Anthracnose symptoms occur on leaves, twigs, petioles, flower clusters (panicles), and fruits. The incidence of this disease can reach almost 100% in fruit produced under wet or very humid conditions. On leaves, lesions start as small, angular, brown to black spots and later enlarge to form extensive dead areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Education in Plant Pathology Present Status and Future Challenges James Macdonald University of California, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 12-2009 Education in Plant Pathology Present Status and Future Challenges James MacDonald University of California, [email protected] Caitilyn Allen University of Wisconsin David Gadoury Cornell University William Jacobi Colorado State University Segenet Kelemu International Livestock Research Institute See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Other Plant Sciences Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons MacDonald, James; Allen, Caitilyn; Gadoury, David; Jacobi, William; Kelemu, Segenet; Moyer, James; Murray, Tim; Ong, Kevin; Pearson, Charles; Sherwood, John; and Vidaver, Ann, "Education in Plant Pathology Present Status and Future Challenges" (2009). Papers in Plant Pathology. 322. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/322 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors James MacDonald, Caitilyn Allen, David Gadoury, William Jacobi, Segenet Kelemu, James Moyer, Tim Murray, Kevin Ong, Charles Pearson, John Sherwood, and Ann Vidaver This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/322
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Plant Pathology
    PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Pl. Path. 111 (Cr. Hrs. 3+1) P.N. Sharma Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) An introduction to Plant Pathology What is Plant Pathology? Objectives of Plant Pathology Disease & Disorder Plant Pathogens Classification of diseases Terminology What is Plant Pathology? Phytopathology (Phyton : plant) Greek - Pathos (suffering) + Logos (study) = The study of the suffering plant Plant pathology is that branch of agricultural, botanical or biological sciences which deals with the study of: cause of the disease Resulting losses and Control of plant diseases Objectives of Plant pathology 1. Study of origin, causes or reasons. Study of living, non- living and other causes of disease or disorder in plants- Etiology: 2. Study of mechanism of disease development i.e. processes of infection and colonization of the host by the pathogen. This phase involves complex host-pathogen interactions- Pathogenesis 3. study the interaction between the causal agent and the diseased plants in relation to environmental conditions. Generally at the population level- Epidemiology 4. Development of management systems of the diseases land reduction of losses caused by them- Control/ Management. What is health? The ability to carry out normal physiological functions at a acceptable level consistent to genetic potential. Normal physiological functions include: – Normal call division, differentiation, and development, – Absorption of water and minerals from the soil and translocation; – Photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates; – Utilization and storage of photosynthates; – Metabolism of metabolites and synthates; – Reproduction; – Storage of reserves for overwintering or reproduction. Plant pathology is both science (of Learning and understanding the nature of disease ) and Art (of diagnosing and controlling the disease) The Concept of Disease in Plants plant is healthy, or normal, when it can carry out its physiological functions to the best of its genetic potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology
    disease. Additional projects pertain projects involve soil-borne diseases Department of Graduate to biocontrol of plant diseases and of cereals, the genetic basis for Programs biocontrol of weeds using plant disease resistance in fi eld crops, Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology pathogens and/or their toxins. cereal leaf spots, virus diseases Master of Science Degrees of cereals and potatoes, bacterial Unique, hands-on study programs for students interested in landscape design, and the biology, genetics and biochemistry of plants Plant Sciences Option Doctor of diseases and the biochemistry and The department conducts research Philosophy Degrees molecular genetics of plant disease. programs in: cereal quality; Plant Sciences - Plant Additional current research projects cropping systems/specialty crops; Pathology Option pertain to the biocontrol of plant and molecular and conventional Many research projects are problem- diseases and the biocontrol of approaches to plant improvement. oriented and pertain to major weeds using plant pathogens and/or Faculty have expertise in plant pathological problems in the their toxins. Department research molecular genetics, plant breeding state. Currently active research projects employ modern molecular and genetics, cereal quality, biological and biotechnological cytogenetics, biochemistry, plant The department conducts techniques as well as traditional physiology and agronomy. research programs in: cereal plant pathology techniques. quality; cropping systems/ Plant Pathology Option specialty crops; molecular and Plant Sciences - Plant Most research projects in this option conventional approaches to Genetics Option are problem-oriented and pertain to plant improvement. Faculty The department offers advanced major plant pathological problems in have expertise in molecular study leading to a Ph.D. degree the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Health 2021 Online Preview: a Conversation with Plenary Speaker Professor Liying Sun
    www.apsnet.org July 2021 Volume 55 • Number 7 Plant Health 2021 Online Preview: A Conversation with Plenary Speaker Professor Liying Sun Jim Bradeen, APS Internal Communications Officer “In research, these discoveries may prompt us to recon- to pursue graduate research at China Agri- keep an open sider the traditional host-based concept of cultural University and Okayama Univer- mind and never plant and fungal viruses.” sity (Japan), focusing on plant and fungal limit your imagi- Liying will discuss her exciting research virology. She stresses the importance of nation.” Prof. during a plenary lecture at Plant Health good mentorship and credits her graduate Liying Sun offers 2021 Online on Tuesday, August 3. Her mentors, Prof. Han Chenggui and Prof. this advice for talk is titled “Cross-Kingdom Virus Infec- Nobuhiro Suzuki (Okayama University), students and other tion: Mycoviruses Pave the Way for Spread whose “guidance, great support, and kind early-career plant into Multiple Fungal Hosts,” and it prom- advice further grew my interest and passion pathologists. And, ises to change the way we think about for plant pathology.” Today, Liying is herself when it comes to viruses and virus transmission. (After the a professor of virology at the Northwest her own research, past 16 months or so, that is saying some- A&F University, China. she practices what she preaches! Liying is thing!) In an email exchange, I recently asked an expert on fungal viruses and is driven to Liying grew up in a small village in the Liying her perspective on the Seismic understand the origin of fungal viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Disease Basics B
    START FARMING for new farmers Plant Disease Basics B. Gugino WHAT Is A PLANT DISEASE? Bacteria are single-celled organisms with no A plant disease is a dynamic process where a living or nucleus. Most bacteria associated with plants are nonliving entity interferes with the normal functions of saprophytic (feed on dead organic debris) and do no a plant over a period of time. Things that happen just harm to plants. But a few—around 100 species—can once, like lawnmower blight or lightning strikes, are not cause plant diseases (Jackson 2009). Under favorable considered diseases, but rather injuries. Plant diseases conditions, they reproduce very quickly, some doubling result in visible symptoms that can help diagnose the their population in just 9.8 minutes (Eagon 1972). disease or disorder. Think of the pink goo that grows on rice left in the refrigerator for too long. These are bacteria. Bacteria WHY ARE PLANT DISEASES IMPORTANT? can cause blights, leaf spots, fruit rots, vascular wilts, Usually, farmers are worried about the financial losses and galls. They typically enter the plant through natural that plant diseases can cause because of reduced openings, such as hydathodes and lenticels, or wounds quantity and/or quality of the product. For example, created by wind-swept sand, hail, heavy rain, and/or in 1970 U.S. farmers lost $1 billion to an epidemic of mechanical damage. They can be spread by infected southern corn leaf blight. Disease epidemics can also seed or from plant to plant by water splashing, insects, threaten entire plant species. Historical examples of and humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Diseases As a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances
    Review Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances Richard C. Cobb 1,* and Margaret R. Metz 2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2 Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, 0615 S.W. Palatine Hill Road MSC 53, Portland, OR 97219, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-530-754-9894 Academic Editors: Matteo Garbelotto and Paolo Gonthier Received: 15 March 2017; Accepted: 27 April 2017; Published: 28 April 2017 Abstract: The disease triangle is a basic and highly flexible tool used extensively in forest pathology. By linking host, pathogen, and environmental factors, the model provides etiological insights into disease emergence. Landscape ecology, as a field, focuses on spatially heterogeneous environments and is most often employed to understand the dynamics of relatively large areas such as those including multiple ecosystems (a landscape) or regions (multiple landscapes). Landscape ecology is increasingly focused on the role of co-occurring, overlapping, or interacting disturbances in shaping spatial heterogeneity as well as understanding how disturbance interactions mediate ecological impacts. Forest diseases can result in severe landscape-level mortality which could influence a range of other landscape-level disturbances including fire, wind impacts, and land use among others. However, apart from a few important exceptions, these disturbance-disease interactions are not well studied. We unite aspects of forest pathology with landscape ecology by applying the disease-triangle approach from the perspective of a spatially heterogeneous environment. At the landscape-scale, disturbances such as fire, insect outbreak, wind, and other events can be components of the environmental ‘arm’ of the disease triangle, meaning that a rich base of forest pathology can be leveraged to understand how disturbances are likely to impact diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Roles of the Plant Cell Wall in Powdery Mildew Disease
    Roles of the plant cell wall in powdery mildew disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana: PMR5 (POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 5) affects the acetylation of cell wall pectin By Candice Cherk Lim A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Shauna Somerville, Chair Professor Patricia Zambryski Associate Professor Mary Wildermuth Professor James Berger Spring 2013 Abstract Roles of the plant cell wall in powdery mildew disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana: PMR5 (POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 5) affects the acetylation of cell wall pectin by Candice Cherk Lim Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Shauna Somerville, Chair The pmr5 (powdery mildew resistant 5) mutant was found in a screen for genes involved in susceptibility to Golovinomyces cichoracearum, a biotrophic pathogen that infects Arabidopsis. PMR5 is a member of the TBL (TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE LIKE) family, which is composed of 46 functionally uncharacterized plant-specific proteins. Initial characterization of this mutant showed that pmr5-mediated disease resistance acts independently of the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signal transduction pathways, and that there are changes in the pmr5 cell wall that may be linked to the gain of resistance in the mutant. Specifically, PMR5 may be affecting cell wall pectin by acetylation. Characterization of the pmr5 cell wall has revealed changes in pectin composition and a decrease in acetylation. This is corroborated by the ability of heterologously expressed PMR5 protein to bind to pectin, with decreased binding affinity to acetylated pectin.
    [Show full text]