Handbook of Plant Disease Management

Series Editors Robert J. McGovern NBD Research Co. Ltd. Lampang, Thailand Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Thailand Wade H. Elmer Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT, USA Our objective for the Handbook of Plant Disease Management series is to provide up-to-date, ﬁeld-tested information on integrated disease management that will be useful to a diverse technical audience interested in a wide variety of crops. The series will have an international focus and will address these questions: “What is the disease?” and “How can it be managed?” The Handbook of Plant Disease Management series will include: Handbook of Florists’ Crops Diseases, Handbook of Vegetable Diseases, Handbook of Tropical Fruit Diseases, Handbook of Temperate Fruit Diseases.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13570 Robert J. McGovern • Wade H. Elmer Editors

Handbook of Florists' Crops Diseases

With 522 Figures and 49 Tables Editors Robert J. McGovern Wade H. Elmer NBD Research Co. Ltd. Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology Lampang, Thailand The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Station Chiang Mai University New Haven, CT, USA Chiang Mai, Thailand

ISBN 978-3-319-39668-2 ISBN 978-3-319-39670-5 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-39669-9 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39670-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017948983

# Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

Florists’ crops production has evolved considerably through new technological advances in irrigation, media, and environmental control, along with the appearance of new centers of large-scale production of plant material. In addition, many florists’ crops have changed their production cycles by shifting the initial production stage to offshore facilities. While this offers new benefits in product quality, quantity, and cost, it removes some opportunities to introduce management strategies to suppress future outbreaks. These changes have necessitated the development of innovative ways of suppressing pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The objective of the Handbook of Florists’ Crops Diseases is to provide research-based information on the diagnosis and management of diseases of cut-flowers and potted flowering plants. We believe that following such an integrated approach will help to minimize nontarget effects of flower production and increase its sustainability. The introduc- tory chapters, “Components of Integrated Disease Management,” present disease management strategies that are applicable to all florists’ crops. The chapters on the individual crops that follow in the “Florists’ Crops Diseases” section are grouped alphabetically within three subsections: “Cut-flowers,”“Potted Flowers,” and “Flowering Geophytes”. The grouping of crops is somewhat arbitrary; some like orchid could fit into more than one subsection: cut-flowers and potted flowers. These chapters present information on the geographic occurrence and impact, symptoms/ signs, biology and epidemiology, and integrated management of major diseases of these plants. While it is not possible to cover the diagnosis and management of all diseases on every florists’ crop, we believe that the extensive cross-referencing and indexing used in the handbook will provide assistance where specific information is lacking. We hope that the global perspective of the handbook and the detailed information provided will make it useful to florists’ crops producers, researchers, extension personnel, and students around the world. This volume is one of a series of Handbooks of Plant Disease Management being published by Springer.

v Acknowledgments

We thank the many participating authors (over 60 from 11 countries) who freely gave of their time to share their considerable expertise on the management of ﬂorists’ crops diseases. We appreciate not only the efforts of these individuals on their own chapters but also their generosity in providing diagnostic images to authors of other chapters. We also thank the many other individuals acknowledged throughout the handbook who provided images of and information on ﬂorists’ crops diseases. We are indebted to the Springer editorial team of Sylvia Blago, Simone Giesler, Zuzana Bernhart, and Priya Ponnusamy for their guidance in initiating and shaping the Handbook of Florists’ Crops Diseases.

vii Contents

Volume 1

1 Florists’ Crops: Global Trends and Disease Impact ...... 1 Robert J. McGovern and Wade H. Elmer

Part I Components of Integrated Disease Management ...... 11

2 Fundamentals and Advances in Plant Problem Diagnostics ..... 13 Tim Schubert, Ayyamperumal Jeyaprakash, and Carrie Harmon 3 Nutritional Disorders of Florists’ Crops ...... 41 Rosa E. Raudales 4 Insect Management for Disease Control in Florists’ Crops ...... 69 Raymond A. Cloyd 5 Breeding for Disease Resistance in Florists’ Crops ...... 87 Zhanao Deng 6 Environment Modiﬁcation for Disease Management ...... 119 Maria Lodovica Gullino and Angelo Garibaldi 7 Fungicides and Biocontrols for Management of Florists’ Crops Diseases ...... 137 Cristi L. Palmer and Ely Vea 8 Soil/Media Disinfestation for Management of Florists’ Crops Diseases ...... 167 Erin N. Rosskopf, Nancy Kokalis-Burelle, Steven A. Fennimore, and Cheryl A. Wilen 9 Sanitation for Management of Florists’ Crops Diseases ...... 201 Warren E. Copes 10 Mineral Nutrition and Florists’ Crops Diseases ...... 237 Lawrence E. Datnoff and Wade H. Elmer

ix x Contents

11 Postharvest Disease Management ...... 253 Anastasios I. Darras

Part II Florists’ Crops Diseases: Cut Flowers ...... 281

12 Diseases of Anthurium ...... 283 Anne M. Alvarez 13 Diseases of Carnation ...... 317 Silvia M. Wolcan, Ismael Malbrán, Cecilia A. Mourelos, Marina N. Sisterna, Mirian del P. González, Adriana M. Alippi, Andrés Nico, and Gladys A. Lori 14 Diseases of Celosia ...... 379 Ann B. Gould 15 Diseases of China Aster ...... 419 Harukuni Horita and Robert J. McGovern 16 Diseases of Chrysanthemum ...... 439 Jane C. Trolinger, Robert J. McGovern, Wade H. Elmer, Nancy A. Rechcigl, and Christine M. Shoemaker 17 Diseases of Delphinium ...... 503 Stephen N. Wegulo 18 Diseases of Gerbera ...... 533 Elizabeth I. Brisco-McCann and Mary K. Hausbeck 19 Diseases of Gypsophila ...... 561 Silvia M. Wolcan, Cecilia A. Mourelos, Marina N. Sisterna, Mirian del P. González, Adriana M. Alippi, Andrés Nico, and Gladys A. Lori 20 Diseases of Lisianthus ...... 583 Robert J. McGovern 21 Diseases of Orchid ...... 633 Prasartporn Smitamana and Robert J. McGovern

Volume 2

22 Diseases of Peonies ...... 663 Andrea R. Garﬁnkel and Gary A. Chastagner 23 Diseases of Proteaceae ...... 693 Brett A. Summerell 24 Diseases of Rose ...... 713 Jay W. Pscheidt and Tatiana Gomez Rodriguez Contents xi

25 Diseases of Snapdragon ...... 743 Stephen N. Wegulo and A. R. Chase 26 Diseases of Stock ...... 767 Steven T. Koike 27 Diseases of Sunﬂower ...... 787 Thomas J. Gulya, Febina Mathew, Robert Harveson, Samuel Markell, and Charles Block 28 Diseases of Zinnia ...... 839 Dorota Szopińska

Part III Florists’ Crops Diseases: Potted Flowers ...... 871

29 Diseases of Azalea ...... 873 Robert G. Linderman 30 Diseases of Begonia ...... 891 Cristina Rosa and Gary W. Moorman 31 Diseases of Coleus ...... 911 Blair R. Harlan and Mary K. Hausbeck 32 Diseases of Gardenia ...... 927 A. J. Palmateer and A. R. Chase 33 Diseases of Geranium ...... 941 Cristina Rosa and Gary W. Moorman 34 Diseases of Holiday Cacti: Schlumbergera and Hatiora ...... 975 Robert L. Wick 35 Diseases of Hydrangea ...... 987 Yonghao Li, Margaret T. Mmbaga, Boru Zhou, Jacqueline Joshua, Emily Rotich, and Lipi Parikh 36 Diseases of Kalanchoe ...... 1007 Robert L. Wick 37 Diseases of Poinsettia ...... 1021 Margery L. Daughtrey and A. R. Chase

Part IV Florists’ Crops Diseases: Flowering Geophytes ...... 1071

38 Diseases of Caladium ...... 1073 H. M. Bowman, J. E. Polston, and Robert J. McGovern 39 Diseases of Cyclamen ...... 1099 Wade H. Elmer and Margery L. Daughtrey xii Contents

40 Diseases of Daffodil (Narcissus) ...... 1129 Gordon R. Hanks and Gary A. Chastagner 41 Diseases of Lily ...... 1229 Gary A. Chastagner, Jaap M. van Tuyl, Martin Verbeek, William B. Miller, and Becky B. Westerdahl 42 Diseases of Gladiolus ...... 1289 Wade H. Elmer and Kathryn K. Kamo 43 Diseases of Tulip ...... 1313 Robert J. McGovern and Wade H. Elmer Index ...... 1339 About the Editors

Prof. Dr. Robert J. McGovern received his M.S. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) in Plant Pathology from Cornell University. He joined Flower Time/Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc., the largest garden center chain in the USA, in 1985 and served first as its plant pathol- ogist/academic liaison, and then as director of the Hor- ticulture and Diagnostics Department. He joined the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Department of Plant Pathology in 1990. Dr. McGovern served as an assistant professor with extension, research, and teaching responsibilities for integrated disease management in vegetables and citrus (Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 1990–1995) and as an associate professor focused on management of ornamental and vegetable diseases (Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, 1995–2002). He was promoted to full professor in 2002 and moved to the UF-IFAS main campus to become director of the Plant Medicine Program, which he led from 2002 to 2011. During this period, Dr. McGovern also helped to establish a number of other plant medicine/plant health programs in Asia and the USA, and served as co-director/director of the Southern Plant Diagnostic Network, a component of the USDA-coordinated National Plant Diagnostic Network. He retired from UF-IFAS in 2011 and is a professor emeritus of its Department of Plant Pathology. Currently, Dr. McGovern is a senior consultant with the NBD Research Co., Ltd., Lampang, Thailand, and an adjunct professor in the Chiang Mai University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Chiang Mai, Thailand. His research and teaching interests include integrated plant disease management, scientific writing and editing, and multidisciplinary training. Dr. McGovern is the author of over 150 scientific publications.

xiii xiv About the Editors

Dr. Wade H. Elmer is the chief scientist of the Depart- ment of Plant Pathology and Ecology at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven, CT, USA. He received his Ph.D. from Michigan State Uni- versity in 1985 and began his career at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in 1987. He specializes in soil-borne diseases of ornamentals and vegetables. Dr. Elmer has devoted much attention to the epidemiology and suppression of diseases caused by fungal path- ogens in the genus Fusarium. Understanding the mechanisms of disease suppression through mineral nutrition has been his long- term goal. Dr. Elmer is currently investigating the inﬂuence of nanoparticles of metal oxide composites on plant health and root disease. In 2008, Dr. Elmer coedited a book entitled Mineral Nutrition and Plant Disease (APS Press) which was awarded the CHOICE Award for Best Outstanding Academic Title and has been a best seller for 8 years. Throughout his career, Dr. Elmer has traveled widely and presented invited lectures and presentations in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colom- bia, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Italy, Thailand, The Netherlands, and Peru. Dr. Elmer has authored or coauthored over 95 peer-reviewed research papers, two books, 16 book chapters, and over 100 articles for trade magazines, symposia, fact sheets, and bulletins. Contributors

Adriana M. Alippi Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI–UNLP– CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Comisión de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Anne M. Alvarez Department of Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA Charles Block Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA H. M. Bowman Bioﬁre Defense LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Elizabeth I. Brisco-McCann Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA A. R. Chase Chase Agricultural Consulting LLC, Cottonwood, AZ, USA Gary A. Chastagner Department of Plant Pathology, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, USA Raymond A. Cloyd Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA Warren E. Copes USDA ARS Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural Laboratory, Poplarville, MS, USA Anastasios I. Darras Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Edu- cational Institute (TEI) of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Messinia, Greece Lawrence E. Datnoff Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Lou- isiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Margery L. Daughtrey Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY, USA Mirian del P. González Cátedra de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina

xv xvi Contributors

Zhanao Deng Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA Wade H. Elmer Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA Steven A. Fennimore Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA Andrea R. Garfinkel Department of Plant Pathology, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, USA Angelo Garibaldi Centre of Competence Agroinnova, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy Tatiana Gomez Rodriguez GR Chia SAS, Centro Empresarial Centro Chia Oficina 304 Chia, Cundinamarca, Bogotá, Colombia Ann B. Gould Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Bio- logical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Maria Lodovica Gullino Centre of Competence Agroinnova, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy DISAFA, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy Thomas J. Gulya USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Fargo, ND, USA Gordon R. Hanks Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, UK Blair R. Harlan Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Carrie Harmon Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Robert Harveson Department of Plant Pathology, Panhandle Research and Exten- sion Center, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE, USA Mary K. Hausbeck Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Harukuni Horita Department of Plant Development, Hokkaido Central Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization, Naganuma, Hokkaido, Japan Ayyamperumal Jeyaprakash Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, Gainesville, FL, USA Contributors xvii

Jacqueline Joshua Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ten- nessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA Kathryn K. Kamo USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA Steven T. Koike University of California Cooperative Extension, Monterey County, Salinas, CA, USA Nancy Kokalis-Burelle USDA Horticultural Research Lab, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA Yonghao Li Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agri- cultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA Robert G. Linderman Plant Health, LLC, Corvallis, OR, USA Gladys A. Lori Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI–UNLP– CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Ismael Malbrán Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI–UNLP– CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Samuel Markell Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA Febina Mathew Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA Robert J. McGovern NBD Research Co. Ltd., Lampang, Thailand Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand William B. Miller School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Margaret T. Mmbaga Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA Gary W. Moorman Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbi- ology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Cecilia A. Mourelos Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI–UNLP– CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina xviii Contributors

Andrés Nico Cátedra de Horticulture and Floriculture, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina A. J. Palmateer Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA Cristi L. Palmer IR-4 Project, Rutgers University, Princeton, NJ, USA Lipi Parikh Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA J. E. Polston Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Jay W. Pscheidt Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State Uni- versity, Corvallis, OR, USA Rosa E. Raudales Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Nancy A. Rechcigl Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA Cristina Rosa Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Erin N. Rosskopf USDA Horticultural Research Lab, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA Emily Rotich Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA Tim Schubert Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, Gainesville, FL, USA Christine M. Shoemaker Syngenta Flowers, LLC, Gilroy, CA, USA Marina N. Sisterna Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI–UNLP– CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Comisión de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Prasartporn Smitamana Agricultural and Industrial Clinic Co. Ltd., Chiang Mai, Thailand Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Brett A. Summerell Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, Australia Dorota Szopińska Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland Contributors xix

Jane C. Trolinger Syngenta Flowers, LLC, Gilroy, CA, USA Jaap M. van Tuyl Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Ely Vea IR-4 Project, Rutgers University, Princeton, NJ, USA Martin Verbeek Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Stephen N. Wegulo Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lin- coln, Lincoln, NE, USA Becky B. Westerdahl Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Robert L. Wick Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Cheryl A. Wilen UC IPM, San Diego, CA, USA Silvia M. Wolcan Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI–UNLP– CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Comisión de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Boru Zhou Department of Forest Protection, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China