Ostracoda from the Java Sea, West of Bawean Island, Indonesia Kresna Tri Dewi University of Wollongong

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1993 Ostracoda from the Java Sea, West of Bawean Island, Indonesia Kresna Tri Dewi University of Wollongong

Recommended Citation Dewi, Kresna Tri, Ostracoda from the Java Sea, West of Bawean Island, Indonesia, Master of Science (Hons.) thesis, Department of Geology, University of Wollongong, 1993. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2832

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OSTRACODA FROM THE JAVA SEA, WEST OF BAWEAN ISLAND, INDONESIA

A thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (HONOURS)

from

THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG

by

KRESNA TRI DEWI

(B.Sc, Dra., Gadjah Mada University) Yogyakarta, Republic of Indonesia

Department of Geology

1993 Except where otherwise acknowledged in the text, the contents of this thesis are the result of original research by the author. The work has not previously been submitted for a degree to any other university or similar institution.

Kresna Tri Dewi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF SPECIES viii

LIST OF APPENDICES xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. General 1

1.2. Previous studies on marine ostracods on Indonesian and adjacent areas 2

1.3. Purpose of study 5

1.4. Study area 6

1.4. Material and methods 7

1.4.1 Studied material 7

1.4.2 Methods 9

CHAPTER 2 REGIONAL SETTING OF JAVA SEA

2.1. Physiography 15

2.2. Environmental conditions 20

2.3. Paleogeomorphology of Java Sea 20 2.4. Quaternary Geology

CHAPTER 3 SEDEVIENTOLOGY

3.1. Introduction 29

3.2. Surficial sediment distribution 30

3.2.1. Surficial sediment distribution 34

3.2.2. Sediment distribution in cores

samples 39

3.3. Carbonate content in sediments 44

3.4. Phosphorus in sediments 47

3.5. Total organic matter in sediments 47

3.6. Trace elements 50

3.7. X-Ray Diffraction analysis 52

3.8. Discussion 61

CHAPTER 4 OSTRACOD FAUNAS

4.1. Introduction 63

4.2. Distribution of ostracods from surface sediments 63

4.2.1. Ostracod species diversity 63

4.2.2. Ostracod assemblages 72

4.2.3. Biogeography 77

4.3. Ostracod faunas from core samples 81

4.3.1. Ostracod faunas in core 10 82

4.3.2. Ostracod faunas in core 18 84

4.3.3. Ostracod faunas in core 44 86

4.4. Discussion CHAPTER 5 OSTRACOD SYSTEMATICS

5.1. Introduction 91

5.2. Summary 92

5.3. Systematic descriptions 101

CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 153

REFERENCES 157 i

ABSTRACT

Ostracod faunas from surface and core sediment samples from west of Bawean

Island, Java Sea, Indonesia have been studied- quantitatively. A total of 113 species including seven new species, 1 new subspecies and 16 species which remain in open nomenclature were recorded. The following new species and subspecies were erected: Polycope baweaniensis sp. nov., Cytherella javaseaense sp. nov., lAglaiocypris susilohadii sp. nov., Loxoconcha wrighti sp. nov.,

Loxoconcha ismailusnai sp. nov., Keijia tjokrosapoetroi sp. nov., Keijella carriei sp. nov. and Foveoleberis cypraeoides baweani ssp. nov.

Based on Q-mode cluster analysis, three faunal assemblages were recognised:

(i) the shallow southern area close to the islands of Java and Bawean assemblage dominated by Pistocythereis cribriformis and Phlyctenophora orientalis;

(ii) the elongate area between shallow and deeper assemblages dominated by

Cytherella semitalis, Cytherelloidea cingulata, Hemikrithe orientalis,

Neomonoceratina bataviana; and

(iii) the deeper northern assemblage with a predominance of Borneocythere paucipunctata, Neocytheretta vandijki, Alataconcha pterogona, Foveoleberis cypraeoides and Actinocythereis scutigera.

The species spectra of the study area show a close biogeographical relationship with other assemblages from the Malacca Strait and the southern part of South

China Sea. A moderate affinity with eastern part of Indonesia including Gulf of

Carpentaria, the Solomon Islands and Arafura Sea is probably due to the presence of shelf break in the Banda Sea which has more than 5000 m depth. ii

Changes in ostracod diversity and density from core samples of the study area were documented. The ostracod faunas on the upper part (at interval 0-60 cm) were more abundant and diverse than on the lower parts. This change and also variation in sedimentoiogical and geochemical data (such as texrural changes, abundance of calcareous ooliths, very low phosphorus and organic contents in some intervals of the cores), it is inferred that a stadia! period occurred in the study area. In certain areas during this period, this was indicated by the present of a oligohaline and less agitated environment On the basis of radiocarbon data from surrounding areas, it is suggested that this period was at about 10 ka ago. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a pleasure to record my thanks throughout this study to the following persons and institutions:

Associate Prof. A.J. Wright for his supervision and guidance and as Head of

Department of Geology for making available the factiities of Geology Department, the University of Wollongong;

Prof. A.C. Cook, former Head of the Department of Geology, University of

Wollongong, who encouraged me to undertake this study;

Dr. Iradj Yassini for giving me prompt help at every stage of this study on

Ostracoda and for critically reading the early draft of this thesis;

Associate Prof. B.G. Jones for supervision and guidance on the sedimentological studies;

Prof. R.C. Whatley (University College of Wales, UK), Dr. Nasser

Mostafawi (Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut und Museum, Kiel, Germany) who gave invaluable discussions on South East Asian ostracods;

Mr. I. Usna M.Sc, Mr. S. Tjokrosapoetro M.Sc, and Mr. B. Dwiyanto

M.Sc. (Marine Geological Institute) for their support and encouragement, and permission to use the research material;

The scientists, the captain and crews of RV Geomarin I of the Marine

Geological Institute of Indonesia for their cooperation;

AIDAB (Australian International Development Assistance Bureau) for providing the scholarship and several Liaison officers of AIDAB who monitored my research progress;

D. Carrie and M. Perkins (SEM work); J. Paterson and G. Martin (XRF-

XRD work), Mrs. R. Varga and Mrs. B. McGoldrick for their assistance in many iv ways; A. Galih and Sabam on grain size analysis (Marine Geological Institute);

My postgraduate colleagues, Surono, A. Hamedi, Ghobadi, H. Kurnio and

Susilohadi for their discussions on sedimentological matters; and

Last but not least, my husband, Susilohadi, and my parents Nanan and

Suparto Yudhoprawiro for giving personal support during my study. Without their valuable support during moments of unsteadiness, this thesis would never have seen its completion. LIST OF FIGURES page Figure 1.1. Locations of previous marine ostracod studies in Indonesia and adjacent areas 3

Figure 1.2. Study area and sampling locations 8

Figure 1.3. Separation of core samples for sedimentological, geochemical, and ostracod faunal analysis 10

Figure 2.1. Generalised bathymetric map of western Indonesia 16

Figure 2.2. Inland geologic map and bathymetry of study area 17

Figure 2.3. Generalised surficial sediment distribution on Sunda Shelf 19

Figure 2.4. Drowned Sunda River system interpreted based on sounding data from Snellius I expedition 23

Figure 3.1. Surficial sediment distribution on the study area 31

Figure 3.2. End member relationship diagram for all samples 32

Figure 3.3. Contour map of surficial sediment standard deviations 33

Figure 3.4. Dendrogram from R-mode cluster analysis of sediment in the study area 35

Figure 3.5. Dendrogram from Q-mode cluster analysis of sediment in the study area 36

Figure 3.6. Spatial distribution of grouped-samples based on Q-mode cluster analysis 37

Figure 3.7. End member relationship diagram of sediment types I, JJ, IH, and IV 38

Figure 3.8. Vertical variation of gravel, sand, silt, and clay in selected cores 40

Figure 3.9. Photomicrograph of ooliths found in core 44 41

Figure 3.10. Vertical variation of carbonates in selected cores 45

Figure 3.11. Vertical variation of organic matters in selected cores 49

Figure 3.12. X-ray diffractograms of samples taken from core 10 54 VI

Figure 3.13. X-ray diffractograms of samples taken from core 18 55

Figure 3.14. X-ray diffractograms of samples taken from core 44 56

Figure 3.15. Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of clays from core 10 58

Figure 3.16. Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of clays from core 44 59

Figure 3.17. Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of clays from core 44 60

Figure 4.1. Distribution of Borneocythere paucipunctata 65

Figure 4.2. Distribution of Foveoleberis cypraeoides 66

Figure 4.3. Distribution of Actinocythereis scutigera 67

Figure 4.4. Distribution of Cytherelloidea cingulata 68

Figure 4.5. Distribution of Neomonoceratina bataviana 69

Figure 4.6. Values of diversity index (Shannon-Weaver index) of surficial sediments in the study area 71

Figure 4.7. Dendrogram from R-mode cluster analysis of 47 ostracod species 73

Figure 4.8. Dendrogram from Q-mode cluster analysis of 47 ostracod species 74

Figure 4.9. Distribution of biotopes I, II and III in the study area 76

Figure 4.10. Distribution of ostracod from core 10 in relation to the sediment distribution 83

Figure 4.11. Distribution of ostracod from core 18 in relation to the sediment distribution 85

Figure 4.12. Distribution of ostracod from core 18 in relation to the sediment distribution 87 vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Mean values of environmental parameters 21

Table 2.2. Data of radiocarbon-dated samples from Java Sea 27

Table 3.1. Total phosphorus for selected cores 48

Table 3.2. Trace element concentration for selected cores 51

Table 3.3. Trace element data from Ungaran Volcanic Complex, Central Java 52

Table 4.1. Ostracod faunas from the study area and adjacent 79 Vlll

LIST OF SPECIES

1. Poly cope baweaniensis sp. nov. 101 2. Cytherella javaseaense sp. nov. Jy3 3. Cytherella cf. C. hemipuncta Swanson, 1969 104 4. Cytherella incohota Zhao & Whatley, 1989 104 5. Cytherella koegleri Mostafawi, 1992 105 6. Cytherella aff. C. toa Brady, 1880 105 7. Cytherella semitalis Brady, 1868 105 8. Cytherella cf. C /ewyi Kingma, 1948 106 9. Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis Keij, 1964 106 10. Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady, 1869) 107 11. Cytherelloidea excavata Mostafawi, 1992 108 12. Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, 1954 107 13. Cytherelloidea mallacaensis Whatley & Zhao, 1987 108 14. Bairdopillata paracratericola Titterton & Whatley, 1988 108 15. Bairdopillata paraalcyonicola Titterton & Whatley, 1988 109 16. Paranesidea sp. 109 17. Macrocypris decora (Brady, 1866) 109 18. Paracypris cf. P. nuda Mostafawi, 1992 110 19. Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady, 1868) 110 20. lAglaiocypris susilohadii sp. nov. Ill 21. Argilloecia cf. A. lunata Frydl, 1866 112 22. Argilloecia cf. A. hanaii Ishizaki, in Zhao et al, 1985 112 23. Pontocypria sp. 114 24. Propontocypris rostrata Mostafawi, 1992 113 25. Pontocypris cf. P. attenuata (Brady, 1868) 113 26. Neomonoceratina bataviana (Brady, 1868) 114 27. Neomonoceratina delicata Ishizaki & Kato, 1976 115 28. Neomonoceratina cf. N. entomon Brady, 1890 115 29. Neomonoceratina indonesiana Whatley & Zhao, 1987 116 30. Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady, 1868 116 31. Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma, 1948 116 32. Spinoceratina spinosa (Whatley & Zhao, 1989) 117 33. Bythoceratina bicornis Mostafawi, 1992 117 34. Bythoceratina hastata Mostafawi, 1992 118 35 Bythoceratina multiplex Whatley & Zhao, 1987 118 36. Bythoceratina nelae Mostafawi, 1992 118 37. Bythoceratina paiki Whatley & Zhao, 1987 119 38. Bythoceratina pauciornata Mostafawi, 1992 119 39. Bythecytheropteron alatum Whatley & Zhao, 1987 119 40. Baltraella hanaii Keij. 1979 120 41. Baltraella minor Keij, 1968 120 42. Baltraella cf. B. minor Keij, 1968 121 43. Paijenborchella cf. P. iocosa Kingma, 1948 121 44. Copytus posterosulcus Wang, 1985 122 45. Parakrithella pseudadonta (Hanai, 1959) 122 IX

46. Parakrithella sp. 123 47. Pseudosammocythere cf. P. reniformis (Brady, 1868) 123 48. Cytheropteron miurense Hanai, 1957 123 49. Cytheropteron parasinense Whatley & Zhao, 1987 124 50. Cytheropteron pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli & Pugliese, 1976 124 51. Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley & Zhao, 1987 125 52. Cytheropteron sp. 125 53. Cytheropteron cf. C. wilmablomae Yassini & Jones, 1993 125 54. Eucytherura sp. 126 55. Semicytherura indonesiana Whatley & Zhao, 1987 126 56. Loxoconcha sp. 1 126 57. Loxoconcha paiki Whatley & Zhao, 1987 127 58. Loxoconcha wrighti sp. nov. 127 59. Loxoconcha ismailusnai sp. nov. 128 60. Loxoconcha sp. 2 129 61. Phlyctocythere fennerae Mostafawi, 1992 129 62. Alataconcha pterogona (Zhao), in Zhao et al., 1985 129 63. Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma, 1948 130 64. Hemicytheridea cf. H. reticulata Kingma, 1948 131 65. Hemicytheridea ornata Mostafawi, 1992 130 66. Caudites sp. 1 131 67. Caudites sp. 2 131 68. Caudites sp. 3 132 69. Keijia tjokrosapoetroi sp. nov. 132 70. Keijia labyrinthica Whatley & Zhao, 1988 133 71. Callistocythere sp. 131 72. Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948 133 73. Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady, 1868) 134 74. Henryhowella keutapangensis (Kingma, 1948) 134 75. Malaycythereis trachodes Zhao & Whatley, 1988 135 76. Stigmatocythere bona Chen, 1982 135 77. Stigmatocythere indica (Jain, 1977) 135 78. Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma, 1948) 136 79. Stigmatocythere rugosa (Kingma, 1948) 136 80. Stigmatocythere kingmai Whatley & Zhao, 1988 137 81. Stigmatocythere parakingmai Whatley & Zhao, 1989 137 82. Keijella kloempritensis (Kingma, 1948) 137 83. Keijella multisulcus Whadey & Zhao, 1988 138 84. Keijella carriei sp. nov. 138 85. Keijella reticulata Whatley & Zhao, 1988 139 86. Venericythere papuensis (Brady, 1880) 139 87. Venericythere darwini (Brady, 1868) 140 88. Borneocythere paucipunctata (Whatley & Zhao, 1988) 140 89. Ruggieria indopacifica Whatley & Zhao, 1988 141 90. Lankacythere multifora Mostafawi, 1992 141 91. Lankacythere sp. 142 92. Pistocythereis bradyi (Ishizaki, 1968) 142 93. Pistocythereis bradyiformis Mostafawi, 1992 143 94. Pistocythereis cribriformis (Brady, 1865) 143 95. Pistocythereis euplectella (Brady, 1869) 144 96. Bosquetina sp. 1 142 x

97. Bosquetina sp. 2 l4^ 98. Neocytheretta adunca (Brady, 1880) I46 99. Alocopocythere goujoni (Brady, 1868) I44 100. Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma, 1948) 144 101.. Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao & Whatley, 1989 I4? 102. Neocytheretta novella Mostafawi, 1992 I47 103. Neocytheretta snelli (Kingma, 1948) i46 104. Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady, 1870) i45 105. Neocytheretta vandijki (Kingma, 1948) i45 106. Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, 1948 I47 107. Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold, 1950 l4^ 108. Hemikrithe peterseni Jain, 1978 I4** 109. Xestoleberis malaysiana Zhao & Whatley, 1989 149 110. Foveoleberis cypraeoides (Brady, 1868) & Foveoleberis cypraeoides baweani subsp. nov 149 111. Paradoxostoma sp. 150 112. Xiphichilus lanceaeformis Mostafawi, 1992 151 113. lOrnatolenberis sp. 151 xi

APPENDICES

1. Positions of samples studied 3.A. Data of carbonate content from the study area 3.B. Data of organic matter from the study area 4.A. Distribution of ostracods from surficial sediments 4.B. Distribution ostracod from core 10 4.C. Distribution of ostracod from core 18 4.D. Distribution of ostracod from core 44 5. Figures 1-230 (113 species of ostracods, one subspecies, one undetermined species and genus, one undetermined forms) CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL

Ostracods, with an average size of 1 mm, are mainly benthic microcrustaceans, and live in a wide range of aquatic habitats from Cambrian to the present day (Moore,

1961; Benson, 1961). Presently, they can be found in lakes, rivers and temporary ponds, down to the deep ocean floors of the world.

In marine environments, distribution and diversity of ostracods are mostly controlled by salinity, substrate, temperature and depth (Benson, 1961; Brasier,

1981). The other controlling factors are hydrogen ion concentration, transparency, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and organic carbon content in sediments (Puri, 1971;

Yassini & Jones, in prep.). According to Puri (1971), bottom and ocean currents also play an important role in the distribution of marine ostracods.

The diversity of ostracods in open-sea environments is higher than in fresh and brackish water environments (Whatley, 1988). In marine shallow-shelf environments, ostracods are abundant and highly diverse, the diversity generally increasing from pole to equator (Whatley, 1983).

The present study concentrates on the distribution, ecology and taxonomy of ostracods from a small part of the Sunda Shelf along the northern coast of East

Java (Fig. 1.1).

1 1.2. Previous studies on marine ostracod of Indonesia and adjacent areas.

In the past 100 years, Recent and Cainozoic ostracods from the Indonesian region have been the subject of several investigations. In 1980, Hanai et al reviewed the existing literature and discussed the distribution of marine ostracods from South

East Asia. In this compilation, the results of many expeditions since the last century, such as "Us Fonds de la Mer", "Gazelle", "Challenger", "Valdivia",

"Siboga", "Albatross", "Dana", "Snellius I", and "Galathea" were analysed and discussed. Figure 1.1 shows locations of marine ostracod taxonomic studies from shallow and deep-water environments of Indonesia and adjacent areas.

Historically, Indonesian ostracods from the north coast of Java were first described by Brady in the late ninetieth century (Hanai et al, 1980). He reported nine species of myodocopid from Aru and Kai Islands in the eastern part of Indonesia.

From the same area, another 18 new species from a total of 55 species found have been described by Muller in the early twentieth century (Hanai et al, 1980). Keij

(1953) reported that the number of specimens and diversity of ostracods in these eastern seas were relatively low.

Poulsen (1962, 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977) proposed 22 new genera from eastern

Indonesia, off Bali, Sunda Strait and surrounding Sumatra.

Le Roy (1941) described two species of Cytherelloidea from the east coast of

Kalimantan and later in the same area Keij (1954) described the new genus

Omatoleberis. Close to this area, Carbonel & Moyes (1987) and Carbonel (1988) concentrated on ostracods from the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan.

2 • I\( CO ' *—1 cCnO *-H a I -CO fc ¥*) o-j•» - » c—. cri \ "* / —- Ol Bl. w—i LT1 «—< f— e-— Uei • fc cn *. c-- CO f— *-H 0"» cn CO CO iO «-H -^Hfc cr, cn •- 19*1 at *—• •—i >•/ VO «—1 —_- cu U3 • ea - ~_~ cr* •• •-3 »-i u-i -a t-5. <=». • . VJ3 *. cn -< -—. oa "•*< f-H kO a o cr> CO 10 •r—*1. t— - o ra Ol *—i cn •- cn ui jca *—I • •-I CS •»-CD« «—1 • • 4-> t-a CS . «. •vs •CO VB C-3 CO ra cn - , - CO <=> •• cn - CO 3= T3 cn "-4• VJO cr. cfc*.n r»i *-n •a cn a ^1 CO *—I .-H IX* —- CO. •et ra *—* *-H • cn «—< - >*-j — i. - •H C>3. - Qj • A3 rafc • CJ. CJ. Be. • ae E-H. • b«3 M CUi CO . - M -4-1 ad. oa. •—*• • es >s . •-a cn •^Hfc CO • •», CU« .r a i—H^ at •. -d B •i-H to eu >>fc• fcB X ra -—4 - >-c» .c n. . OJ M -i-l B) eu cu «=3 t«~i cu - ca B3 O f—t >-H «*-ra! -r—( •o •—1 etan •»—1 p-H CU •^a>H J=> 4-> 4-> us ra .—i a •^ S3 t-J •« l-J ra ra *-u> ua l-l "=3 •-H CU O r » rd ra ja -a o m ad b< M cu ad ea CJ at * as- trtM <0 D « CO X rr m (0 N

T-

3 From the west coast of Kalimantan, Keij (1954) introduced two new species,

Ornatoleberis pustusulus and Saida herrigi. In a series of publications (1964,

1966, 1978) Keij also studied intensively species of Recent ostracods, Baltraella,

Cytherelloidea and Paijenborchella from off Brunei, South China Sea.

From the south Sunda Shelf between southwest Kalimantan and South Malaysia,

Mostafawi (1992) described 116 species of Recent ostracods of which 23 were reported as new species. - He also described four new genera: Spinoceratina,

Borneocythere, Venericythere and Heinzmalzina.

From Malacca Strait, between Malaysia and Sumatra, Whatley and Zhao (1988,

1989) described 129 species of ostracods (including 22 new species) in 18 samples collected from depths up to 100 m.

From the area east of Sumatra, from off Mentawai Island, Muller (1906, in Hanai et al., 1980) described 27 species of myodocopid ostracods, from water depths of

520 to 2400 m. McKenzie & Keij (1977) described a new genus Pterobairdia from the same area and Flores Sea. From the west coast of Sumatra, a new genus

Hemikrithe and 44 species, have been described by Van den Bold in 1950 (Hanai et al, 1980).

In the Java Sea proper, Recent marine ostracods have been investigated by several workers. Brady (1868, in Hanai et al, 1980) described species of Bicornucythere,

Callistocythere, Macrocypris, Neomonoceratina and Neonesidea from Jakarta Bay,

Panarukan and Pemalang in the north coast of Java. Kingma (1948) described eighteen species of podocopids and two species of platycopids from three samples

4 collected in the eastern Java Sea. Keij (1953) found 4 valves of Neomonoceratina columbiformis Kingma from 40 km off the northern coast of Madura Island (6°28'

South latitude and 113°7' East longitude) close to the present study area. Keij

(1953) also reported Pajenborchella iocosa Kingma from the northeastern Java

Sea at 70 m water depth.

Hadiwisastra (1978) applied cluster analysis to Recent ostracods from off Cimanuk

Delta, Java Sea. Dewi (1988), in her introductory study, illustrated 35 species of

Recent ostracods from the same area. She reported a slight increase in both the numbers of specimens and species diversity away from the delta environment toward open sea. Whatley and Watson (1988) studied ostracods from coral reef environments, some 25 km north of Jakarta. They provided a list of 49 genera that included 141 unnamed species of podocopid and platycopid ostracods. A detailed taxonomic study of this area was being undertaken by Watson (in prep.).

This' area was previously studied by Keij (1974, 1975) who described the new species Ornatoleberis morkhoveni and Triebelina pustulata.

Further to the southeast in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Yassini et al. (1993, in press) in a preliminary investigation described 82 species including 6 new species and 2 subspecies. They also reported a high diversity but rich fauna of subtropical affinities.

1.3. Purpose of study

The Java Sea is a transoceanic gateway between the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific ocean to the East. It is a privileged location where the migratory

5 pathway of ostracods from these two distinct biogeographical regions can be investigated. Investigation of Recent ostracod communities in Java Sea will provide more information on the ostracod migration pathway, ostracod regional radiation, speciation and evolution during Cenozoic. The study would be expected to show the contribution of the Java Sea ostracod stock to the continental shelf along the eastern and western coast of Australia in particular.

The Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia has initiated studies since 1985 on

Java Sea sediments on a systematic basis. Up to the present, sediment faunal contents have been very little studied. Fig. 1.1 shows ostracod studies were widespread and few areas were studied in detail, particularly Java Sea.

The present investigation is a detailed study of the distribution of ostracod faunas from Java Sea. Although limited to a local scale, this study focuses on the following objectives:

1. To describe the ostracod composition and distribution pattern from the

Recent and sub-Recent sediments.

2. To explore some of the possible relationships of Recent ostracod faunas in the area studied and neighbouring biogeographical provinces.

3. To provide detailed analysis of Holocene sedimentation and to contribute a better understanding of the geological history of the study area during the

Holocene.

1.4. Study area

The study area is part of the Sunda continental shelf, i.e., on the southeastern part

6 of Sunda shelf between Kalimantan (formerly called Borneo) and northeastern Java

(4°50'-6°45' South latitude and 100°55'-112°45' East longitude). Bawean Island, some 135 km north of Java (5°52' South latitude and 111°40' East longitude) is located at the eastern boundary of the study area. As with other parts of the

Sunda shelf, this area is shallow with water depths ranging from 14 to 67 m

(Figure 1.2).

According to Titterton & Whatley (1988) and Witte (1993) based on the degree of endemism of Recent shallow ostracods, the studied area is part of a tropical Indo-

West Pacific region and a centre where benthic ostracods originated since the late

Paleogene.

1.4. Material and methods

1.4.1. Studied materials

Sediment samples used in this study were collected during two research cruises from late November 1990 to mid January 1991, the time of the west monsoon with prevailing westerly winds, by R/V Geomarin I from the Marine Geological

Institute of Indonesia. Fifty-seven sediment core samples were collected using a gravity core sampler. The core is 7 cm in diameter and from 87.5 cm to 100 cm long. Appendix LA lists the coordinates of these 57 core samples (also Fig. 1.2).

Cores 10, 14, 18, 24, 44, 49, 50, 57 were used in sedimentological and ostracod faunal studies. Only three selected cores (Core 10, 45 km from the east coast;

Core 18, 60 km from the west coast; and Core 21, about 150 km from the central coast of East Java) were used for ostracod faunal analysis. The top 2.5 cm of

7 Figure 1.2. Study area and sampling locations: • samples used for areal grain size analysis, O samples used for areal ostracod analysis, D samples used for geochemical analysis, ~~1 samples used for temporal ostracod analysis

8 these cores and other 37 top portion cores were used for areal ostracod analysis.

The top portion of these cores and also core 10, 14, 18, 44, and 50 were subject to areal grain size analysis. For the purpose of geochemical analyses the following cores: 10, 18, 24, 44, 49, and 57 were analysed.

1.4.2. Methods

1.4.2.1. Core treatment

The cores were split longitudinally with a circular saw. One half of each core was stored for archival purposes and the other half was analysed in this study. The top

2.5 cm of all cores and six half cores were used in this study. The eight selected cores were then sampled at 2.5 cm depth intervals and divided into two parts

(Figure 1.3). A small portion was dried at 80°C for 24 hours, and then were crushed to clay-sized size for geochemical purposes including calcium carbonate, organic content, trace elements and clay mineral analyses. The remaining portion of the samples was used for grain size and faunal analyses.

1.4.3.2. Grain size analysis

The 57 surface samples and 150 samples from 3 core samples were subjected to grain size analysis at the laboratory of the Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia in Bandung using standardised procedures (Folk, 1974). The sand fraction was sieved and the mud fraction was analysed using the pipette method. In all grain size analysis, biogenic calcium carbonate was included. In addition to mechanical grain size analysis, results from microscopic examination of samples (e.g., heavy

9 10 minerals) are included in the sedimentological interpretation.

1.4.3. Faunal analysis

Thirty-seven selected surface sediment samples consisting of one hundred and eleven samples were subjected to ostracod faunal analysis, based on dead and adult valves only; carapaces were counted as two valves. The faunal analysis includes counting of the number of adult valves, calculating the species diversity index and predominant species in sample. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index, was used in this study:

H' = - pt log ft

A computer program revised from the Bakus' program (1990) was used for calculating a species richness index. Species similarity, calculated using Q-mode cluster analysis, was studied in surficial samples only.

The detailed structures of surface sculpture and hingement structure were observed by using SEM micrography. Most species were photographed using the SEM

Hitachi S-450 at the University of Wollongong and only a few were taken using

SEM JEOL JSM-840 at Biological Sciences, Macquarie University.

The marginal zone structure and distribution pattern of pore canals of new taxa were investigated and photographed using a transmitted light microscope at

Department of Geology, the University of Wollongong. The species identification was based on carapace morphology by comparing with illustrations and descriptions from various publications.

11 1.4.4. Total carbonate content analysis

Total carbonate content was determined from weight loss of sediments before and after digestion in diluted HC1. Five grams of dried powdered sediments was added with 25 ml of 10% HC1 and left overnight to digest the calcium carbonate. The samples were then rinsed with distilled water, and the residues were dried in the oven overnight at 80°C. The samples were reweighed to determine the sediment weight loss, the difference in weight being the weight of carbonate content.

This carbonate-free residue were later used for organic content.

1.4.5. Total organic content analysis

Organic content of samples was determined by loss on ignition (Dean, 1974). The carbonate-free samples were weighed in porcelain crucibles and heated for three hours at 470°C. The combusted samples were placed in a desiccator to reach room temperature and reweighed. The organic content was then calculated using the following equation:

V."inif " **carb/ " "final Organic matter(%) = x 100 W

1.4.6. Phosphorus in sediment analysis

The phosphorus content of the sediment was determined in 38 selected samples using method described by Rand (1985). The following are the steps of the analysis:

12 1. One gram of 105°C dried and finely crushed sediment was digested in 1 ml of

H2S04, 5 ml of HN03 and 35 ml of distilled water. This mixture was boiled for 20 minutes; upon cooling, distilled water was added to adjust to 40 ml.

2. The 40 ml digested sample was filtered in a 150 ml erlenmeyer filter. To this filtered sample, one or two drops (0.05 ml) of phenolphthalein was added and neutralised with IN NaOH until a pink colour appeared. Distilled water was then poured until 100 ml volume was reached.

3. Drops of strong acid solution were added to the sample until the pink colour disappeared. To this neutralised sample, 4 ml of ammonium molybdate and 10 drops of stannous chloride reagent 1 were added until a azure blue colour appeared. Ten to twelve minutes after colour development, the colour intensity at wave length 690 nm was measured using a Hitachi 2000 spectrometer at

Wollongong City Council Laboratory.

1.4.7. Trace element analysis

Five grams of powdered and dried sediment was mixed with 6 to 8 drops of polyvinyl alcohol. This mixture was then pressed at 2900 psi by using a hydraulic power unit to produce a homogeneous pellet of a standard size. The pellets were then oven dried at 65°C and analysed by X-ray Fluorescence (Tracor Northern TN-

2000 and Spectrace 4200) at the Department of Geology, the University of

Wollongong for Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Sr, Rb, Zr, Y, Nb and Th content.

1.4.8. Clay mineral analysis

Clay mineral analysis was carried out using the method described by Hardy and

13 Tucker (1988). Fifteen selected samples from three cores were used for this analysis. A suspension of fine sediment was precipitated on a porous ceramic tile under vacuum. The ceramic tile was then air-dried and stored in a silica gel desiccator. All 17 samples were then scanned from 2° to 35° 20 range using an X-

Ray Diffractometer (Phillips PW 1130/1190) at Department of Geology, the

University of Wollongong.

To confirm the clay mineral content, three selected samples have undergone a further treatment. These samples were glycolated and scanned from 2° to 16° 20.

The samples were then heated to 375°C for thirty minutes and again to 600°C in a

SUNVIC Muffle furnace before scanned for 20 from 2° to 16°.

1.4.9. Carbon dating

Mollusc shells from four selected core samples have been submitted for dating by the 14C dating method at the Australian National University. These samples were from core 10 (92.5-95 cm), core 18 (40-42.5 cm); core 44 (47.5-50 cm) and core

50 (50-52.5 cm). At the time of writing this thesis, no results were available.

14 CHAPTER 2: REGIONAL SETTING OF JAVA SEA

2.1. Physiography

The Java Sea lies on the southern part of the great Sunda Shelf, and comprises the sea between Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan. As part of a continental shelf, the water depth in the Java Sea varies between 30 to 90 m (Emery, 1969).

Figure 2.1 shows the generalised bathymetry and radiocarbon-dated locations in

Java Sea. In the east Java Sea, the continental shelf break is located between 90-

100 m and in the shallower areas, there are many islands surrounded by a group of small coral reefs. Numerous groups of small islands are located from east to west in the Java Sea, such as Kangean, Bawean, Karimunjawa and Seribu

(Thousand) island group.

The detailed bathymetry of Java Sea, particularly the southern part, has been mapped by the Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia since 1984. Figure 2.2 shows the bathymetry and geology of the study area mapped by Indriastomo et al. (1991) and Silitonga et al. (1991). In the studied area, water depth gradually increases toward the centre and forms a broad northwest-southeast trending deep zone with the minimum depth of 14 m and maximum depth of 67 m. The island of Bawean, on the eastern boundary of the studied area, has risen to above sea level as the result of Quaternary volcanic activity (van Bemmelen, 1949).

In the Java Sea muddy sediments cover approximately 58% of the sea floor

(Emery et al, 1972). Figure 2.3 shows the generalised sediment map of Java

Sea. As can be seen from the map, sand, gravel, coral and even rock bottom

15 H- c I-I CD to

r-> 5C— Q to O M fl> OOHl 3 •JO (0 (D '• O •-« >"t CD •< fll fl> CD CD H- CD CJ cu a. cu cu t— 3 H- • D" H- O - OJ Q. O r+ l_i.fl) H * 3* W O* cr> 3 OTCu O U3 (D 3 3 — r+ r-( fl) Qi H- - fl) CQ Ci r+ ft H* CDfl> 3 tO Qi r-« 0) tO 01 13 O OT —' 0) H- O • 3 3 r-»> 13 O. r-1 H- ^ CD O CD OT fl) OT —• (0 CD HC! H O 1-3 OT O 3"OH H-fl) 3 rtftQ ft) H- O 2J O 3 ft) 3 (D *• OT OT H- O fl)

16 LEQENO A CD " L*£*j Quotsrnory volcanic product* Plioctn* lim«sfon«s E Plioctnt maris s Miocsno lim««ton«j octn* sandstones, marls a limtstsnss

Figure 2.2 Inland geologic map and bathymetry of the study area (modified from Geological Survey of Indonesia, 1963; Indriastomo et al., 1991; Silitonga et al., 1991).

17 cover only a narrow part in the east Java Sea, off South Kalimantan; and around

Bangka, Belitung and Kalimantan Islands. The east monsoon current is responsible for deposition of fine sand in these areas (van Baren & Kiel, 1950).

The coarser sand mostly on the outer shelf is probably relict from the latest glacial epoch (Ben-Avraham & Emery, 1973).

The climate of the Java Sea, typically tropical as in other equatorial areas, is characterised by two main seasons: dry and rainy. In tropical waters, the surface temperature generally does not change much throughout the year; changes in rainfall and shift in precipitation patterns will probably have insignificant impact on surface layer temperature regime (Tjia, 1989). Long term surface water temperature recording by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) has also confirmed this (Table 2.1). The average surface water temperature in January

1981 was 27.61°C and in August 1981 was 29.14°C.

Surface winds and currents in the Java Sea and adjacent continental shelf follow the monsoonal season. The southeast monsoon condition prevails from April to

November and the northwest monsoon season extends during the rest of year.

The northwest monsoon season is characterised by strong wind and heavy rainfall. During the southern hemisphere summer, currents flow from South

China Sea to the Banda Sea; it reverses during southern hemisphere winter period. The current speed in the Java Sea is more than 1.5 km/hour during the dry season (Emery, et al, 1972; Russel and Coupe, 1989).

18 •P (G TJ O C C.H (0 OTJ >H • tC — a +J rH an 43 CO O o 3rH •H W X +j CO ra -l-H 3 +J O ra S ra i-H •H • (0 u +J fcO +J nj ficn C -P OJ rH CD xi E E O -H * C 3 TJ • O 2 • rH CO 0) C 0c0d •H CD CTM» O >< r+HJ •H ^ <4H 3 m CD o Qi u e RJ O H 3 W ra TJ *H q> r-t ra« CD •CHN J3 rCDH CQ (r0H U3 «J <0D> TJ •CH C © 3 O CO

19 2.2. Environmental conditions

The physical and chemical parameters in seven subareas of Java Sea were investigated by the Oceanographical Research and Development Centre of the

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) during period 1979 to 1981 (Hutagalung and Razak, 1981). Subareas 6 and 7 in Figure 2.3 include the southeastern (off

Surabaya) and southwestern parts (off Lasem) of the study area. There is little variation between surface and bottom layer water quality. Table 2.1 shows the average values of bottom temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, phosphate, nitrate and silicate in January and August 1981 in the seven subareas of Java

Sea (Muchtar and Arief, 1981; Muchtar and Liasaputra, 1981).

Hutagalung and Razak (1981) investigated heavy metal concentration in the Java

Sea water column. On the basis of samples collected in December 1979, they pointed out that the concentration of Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and As is generally lower than the level stipulated by World Health Organisation (WHO) standards.

However, in a few localities, such as off Lasem and off Surabaya where large petrochemical industries are located, a slightly higher concentration of mercury was reported. Recent investigations by Pikir (1993) in two estuaries in Surabaya indicate much greater concentration of Cd (2.012ppm), Hg (1.782ppm) and Pb

(3.8ppm). According to Pikir, industrial activity in the Surabaya area is probably responsible for the concentration of heavy metals.

2.3. Paleogeomorphology of Java Sea

Results from sea bottom profiling of Java Sea during the first Snellius

20 K § is. g> *lt 8 S CO CO o> 3 <* o O (O is! < 8 3 O fc tn CO JO. IO 3 58 ? *- is. u. C ou_ CM 8 •«• o O "* CO ^ffl> Is +J 2 8 IO i- o 1 3 TO TO Is. CO rfl 2 •<* O O IO CO UJ < 8 8 4H 5 com CD a ? a O) CO TO u ' •H 3 a a 3CN l-i o II : u < < CD Ol 1 (0 s +W-J H +J UJ CS O) io CO x> fc 8 l-CDl to O IL 3 s s CO CM CT I 1 U- C i^ i- * o IO . CO e CO CM TO o ° 1 1 o~ 3 <0 CVH 1 Is i- TO CO fO 3 TO O 3 8 S° 8 H I •cr o T- JI 00 00 < < si 8 (0 (0 8 o +CJJ CJ 1 IL. cs i- co CD TO T- 8 2 8 S S (0 3 (sl CM 1 O -* o O CO IS. CJ tfl U 1 ° «= CM CO 0 1 J1 fCO 4J +* u lIL (0 < a<* fco T - 0) CO CD 8 8 CJ CD to S 3 CD XJ (0 Q 2 * 7- +J Z cs » CO IO Ol iJ < TO CD CO T- 8 m -O -3 UL C3 N CM § ci O TO is. o CM TO o CJ CJ CO •* o CO 0> CO IO M 3 CO CO 8 8 T~ 1 to ro CQ CO CM •as- $o * T- CO 1— CD E 13 CM TO +J • < P O XJ — CS 3 CM o> CO rH +J O r-i 3 8) CM CO T- 8 (0 +J 3 CO It C »; oi co o O "* is. > O o -cjo CM CO So .^ Si CO 18 S CO C V 3 8 R N 8 C(N0 (0 < C3 D g> oi CO O CO TO 5« CD CD m < Ol TO CD z r£H M UJ o fs. CO i- CO to X) (- 3 o *• CO i- 8 !S m C CO CM co o d «* CO (0 z co CM CO EH < -i U s=« (ug/l ) (%„ ) BAREA S e (ug/l ) en e (ml/ 0 t e 1 phat e (u g 3 D> CO CO 1 8 alinil y emperatur e ( X #2 .ti •= 1 h- CO O 0. Z CO ex

21 Expedition in 1930 (Kuenen, 1950) suggested that a large fluvial drainage system existed on the Sunda Shelf before the last sea-level rise (Fig. 2.4). This branching paleofluvial channel was named the Sunda River by Kuenen. He reconstructed a river flowing north between Sumatra and Kalimantan and another river is indicated, flowing eastward between Kalimantan and Java. It extends to a depth about of about 100 m and about 50 to 80 m in the surrounding shelf.

Shallow seismic profiling of the sea bed by the Marine Geological Institute of

Indonesia in 1990 and 1991 also shows similar features (Indriastomo et al,

1991; Silitonga et al, 1991). In the area of channels where the sedimentation rate is low and high bottom currents are prevalent, part of the old drainage system is still exposed. Kuenen (1950) pointed out that, in the southern part of the South China Sea, a series of long valleys originating from the mouths of major river systems is still displayed on the sea floor. This channel can be traced as far north as Natuna Islands, where the steep slope of the China Sea begins.

2.4 Quaternary geology

The regional geological investigation of Bawean Island and bordering land of

East Java was first carried out in the late nineteenth century by Dutch geologists and continued by Indonesian geologists from the Oil and Gas Institute (see Fig.

2.2 for geological map). Recently, oil exploration activities have extended to offshore areas of both islands.

On the Sunda Shelf, pre-Tertiary rocks are not exposed on Bawean Island. In

22 23 this island, only late Tertiary and Quaternary alkaline eruptive rocks and some

Tertiary sediments are exposed. The Tertiary sedimentary sequences include early to middle Miocene sediments; these are sandstones intercalated with lignite, marine marls, and limestones which contain Lepidocyclina, Cycloclypeus,

Alveolina bontangensis Rutten and Trillina howchini Schlumb.

These marine sequences are mainly exposed as steeply dipping sequences in the northern and southern parts of Bawean Island, and mostly at 200-300 m above sea level. According to van Bemmelen (1949) Bawean Island is an unstable part of the Sunda Shelf, possibly a marginal area of the shelf which has been subjected to vertical oscillations during the Neogene and Quaternary. It was further confirmed by Indriastomo et al (1991) and Silitonga et al. (1991). Their information, obtained from some seismic sections suggests that some growth faults and folds between Java and Bawean formed during the Tertiary and

Quaternary.

In Bawean Island, the alkaline volcanic activity commenced in the late Tertiary.

Van Bemmelen (1949) reported that, in Bawean Island, the alkaline volcanic deposits are younger than the middle Miocene sedimentary sequences.

Furthermore, he pointed out that the mineralogy and geochemistry of these volcanic rocks are different from the alkaline volcanic rocks of the northern coast of Java.

In the northern coast of Java, there are two alkaline volcanic complexes, Muriah and Lasem. Based on the relatively higher content of nephelinite, van Bemmelen

(1949) suspected that, on the Muriah and Lasem volcanic complexes, magma has

24 intruded into limestone-rich Neogene strata.

The Late Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary sequences are exposed on the east-west directed hilly district of northern Java. This hilly district is a part of the east-west trending Rembang anticlinorium. Near Tuban, the Rembang anticlinorium forms a flat-topped ridge consisting of Pliocene reef limestones.

Westward, older Pliocene sedimentary sequences such as marls are exposed.

Pleistocene sediments are exposed in few localities on the northern part of Java.

During the Pleistocene, deposition of reef limestone was still continuing in northeastern section of east Java, while marls and clays were deposited elsewhere

(Lemigas & BEICIP, 1969).

During the late Quaternary period, particularly on the offshore area, sediment deposition was highly influenced by sea level fluctuation. Investigations by

Emery et al (1972) and Indriastomo et al. (1991) found that sea bottom sediments up to 50 m depth are formed by fluvial deposits and channel fill.

Remnants of the last lowstand surface of Java Sea was reported at about 51 m off the Karimunjawa Islands (Hardjawidjaksana, 1990). This is similar to the result of Geyh et al (1979) and has partly explained an archaeological problem concerning the southward racial migration from Asia (Smith, 1989). The sea level since then has been quickly rising. A study by Tjia (1989) along the coast of Malay-Thai Peninsula, which is considered tectonically stable, found that sea level risen a peak of about 4 to 5 m above present sea level in some 5000 to

6000 years ago. Pirazzoli (1991) quoted the result of the research carried out by

Thommeret (1978) in Jepara, north coast of Central Java (Fig. 2.1.), who showed

25 that the sea level had been rising between 1.3 to 2.5 m between 5000 and 3600 years BP. From these results combined with other data, Tjia (1989, 1990) suspected that there is a slight difference in vertical movement between the northern and south-eastern parts of Sundaland. Table 2.2 shows the data of radiocarbon-dated beach ridges and terraces in western Indonesia.

Java Sea is currently receiving sediments delivered mainly by rivers of Java and

Kalimantan. The rate of Holocene sedimentation in Indonesian seas, particularly eastern Indonesia, was calculated by Kuenen and Neeb (1943). Ash of the volcanic eruptions of Tambora volcano (in Sumbawa Island, eastern most part of

Java Sea) deposited on the eastern part of Java Sea has provided a good time marker for the calculation of sedimentation rate. The Tambora volcano erupted in

1838. On a 23 cm length of core sample taken from easternmost Java Sea, the bottom half consists of volcanic ash from Tambora volcano, the rest being terrigenous mud and lime sediments. The calculated sedimentation rate is about

0.15 cm per year of terrigenous and lime sediments. Tjia (1992, personal communication) said that the sedimentation rate of Holocene sediments in Java

Sea is less variable. The sedimentation rate of Java Sea can also be calculated using the result of radiocarbon-dated wood (10,370 years BP) of

Hardjawidjaksana (1990). This wood was found a depth of 56 cm in a core sediment sample from off Karimunjawa Island, Java Sea (Table 2.2); therefore it can be estimated that the sedimentation rate of this area is 0.054 mm per year, much lower than eastern part of Java Sea. Local sedimentation rate has also been calculated by Hoekstra (1993) from the river mouths of Solo River (southern part of the study area). He estimated that these rates vary from 20 cm per year to more than 100 cm per year.

26 Locality Height Character Ige Description Sources

Kangean Island, + 2.00i Molluscs on ca. 250 yflP 1t dating Tjia et al eastern Java Sea + 5.00i reef terrace nderns" ditto (1974, 1975) 06'59'S 1 U5'26fK

Jepara, northcOoast of + 2.47i Caididae 3,650i 80 yBP 1t age of a Thoneret k Central Java + 2.37i Hadreporia 3,780+ 80 yBP stratigraphic flnwret 06,32'S k llOHO'I + 2.17i ditto 3,985+ 80 yBP of larine sedi (1978) + 1.95i ditto 4,460+ 80 yBP containing dea + 1.671 ditto 4,350+ 80 yBp •ollnscs + 1.30i Cerithiu 3,690+ 80 yBP f 1.30i Cardim 4,645+ 80 yBp f 1.271 Coral 4,950+ 80 yBp larimnjaia Islands, -53.581 nod in a core 10,370+160 yBP 1t age of Hardjaiidjaksana central Java Sea sediient offshore (1990) 06'02'S 4 110-32*8 sediients

Belitung Island, northiest Java Sea 1 0ri4.5'S 1108,04,5'E + 3.3i Dead algae in 3,850+100 yBP tage Tjia el al groffth position (1983/84) 02'33.5'S & 107*39.5'K + 2.65i Dead oyster in 1,930+105 yBP ditto ibid. growth position 03*13.S' k W'ZWl + 2.0i ditto 2,260+ 85 yBP ditto ibid.

Bangka Island, northwest Java Sea 03'0.5'S 4 106'6.5'E + 1.6l ditto 2,730+ 90 yBP ditto ibid. 01'51'S 4 106'09'B + 2.01 ditto 1,490+ 80 yBP ditto ibid. + 2.6i ditto 3,270+ 90 yBP ditto ibid. f 3.35i ditto 4,820+100 yBP ditto ibid. 01'32'S 4 105'42'B cal.Oi ditto 200+ 75 yBP ditto ibid.

Table 2.2. Data of radiocarbon-dated samples from Java Sea (Yoshikawa, 1987; Hardjawidjaksana, 1990).

27 The page is left as blank CHAPTER 3: SEDIMENTOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

The sedimentological study aims to delineate the depositional environment and provenance of sediments within the study area. The study is concerned with the surficial distribution of grain size, carbonate and organic matter content, sediment metal and clay mineral composition.

3.2. Sediment distribution

The surficial sediment distribution pattern was based on results of sieve analysis of gravel, sand, silt and clay fractions. The following sediment classes were considered in the grain size analysis. The grains coarser than 2 mm were considered gravel; from 2 mm to 0.0625 mm was considered sand, from 0,0039 -

0.0625 mm as silt; and finer than 0.0039 mm as clay. As only few samples contain gravel-sized fragments, and as this fraction never exceeded 2% of the total sediment, the gravel-sized fraction was not considered in our study. All samples were then classified using the triangular diagram of Folk (1974) on the basis of percentage of sand, silt and clay. A Q-mode cluster analysis using percentage values of gravel, sand, silt and clay has also been performed. This analysis is an alternative to using Folk's classification and indicates sample relationships.

29 3.2.1. Surficial sediment distribution

To delineate the surface sediment distribution, gravel, sand, silt and clay were quantified. Five samples only contain more than 1% gravel; in all the other samples the proportion of gravel was below 1%. The gravel-sized materials are mainly shell or shell fragments. Figure 3.1 shows the surface sediment distribution on the basis of the end member relationship diagram (Figure 3.2) and classification of Folk (1974).

The silt/clay ratio in all samples was more than 2:1. Accordingly all points fall on the silt side of Folk's triangular diagram. Four major textural classes were assigned on the basis of sand content: silt (when sand contain varied from 0 to 10% sand), sandy silt (with 10 to 50% sand content), silty sand (with 50 to 90% sand) and sand (with 90 to 100% sand content). Standard deviation values of different grain sizes have been used to measure the sediment sorting levels (Figure 3.3).

According to Folk and Ward (1957), values between 1.0 and 2.0 are considered as poorly sorted and values between 2.0 and 4.0 as very poorly sorted.

Distribution of these classes apparently correlates with the bathymetry of the research area. Silts predominate over all studied area and are mostly distributed in the deeper part (with water depth exceeding 55 m). On the northern part of the study area is an accumulation of poorly sorted sandy-silt sediment. Sandy-silt sediments are localised in two major parts; the northern and southern parts of the study area, between 45 to 60 m depth.

On the southern part, sandy silt and silty sand sediments are deposited on an

30 LEGEND i zc Sand o o Sandy silt x o - o

Silty sand Silt n •:•'•£>:

Figure 3.1. Surficial sediment distribution on the study area, classified texturally according to Folk (1974). 31 SAND

SILT CLAY

Figure 3.2. End member relationship diagram for all samples, classified according to Folk (1974).

32 111° 30' 112° 30' 1 -J

Figure 3.3. Contour map of surficial sediment standard deviations.

33 elongated southeast-northwest oriented zone. Due to high clay content, their sorting is very poor. Sand type sediment was only found in sample 42 at 63 m depth.

Q-mode cluster analysis of the sediments, using a data matrix of sample number and the percentage of gravel, sand, silt and clay fractions, reveals the inter-sample relationship. Before similarities between samples were calculated, each variable was standardised to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. Measurement of similarities was calculated by using the product moment method. An R-mode cluster analysis has also been carried out to reveal the inter-variable relationship.

Figure 3.4 shows the dendrogram of the R-mode cluster analysis. The dendrogram indicates that, at a similarity level 0.138, gravel occurrence is closely related to sand, while the other two variables silt and clay are negatively correlated with sand and gravel or between them. Thus is likely that gravel in the study area has a similar mode of deposition to sand. Clay, however, its occurrence is more closely related to both sand and gravel than silt, which may indicate that there was an involvement of turbiditic current.

Dendrogram of Q-mode cluster analysis is shown on figure 3.5. This analysis has provided more information about the relationship between samples. At a similarity level of 0.45, four main groups can be defined; namely sediment types I, II, UI and IV. Spatial distribution of these samples is shown on figure 3.6; they also show a correlation with the bathymetry of the study area. These four types are characterised by distinct sediment compositions as shown on Folk's triangular diagram figure 3.7.

34 Coefficient of correlation -0.41 -0.32 -0.22 -0.13 -0.03 0.06 0.16 I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 j %Gravel ' %Sand

— I %Clay I , , %Silt

I I I I I l ''''»'• -0.37 -0.27 -0.17 -0.08 0.02 0.11

Fig. 3.4. Dendrogram from R-mode cluster analysis of sediment in the study area.

Sediment type I is characterised by low gravel and sand content, and significantly high silt fraction (ranging from 76.9 to 88.4%). The clay content varies from 11.4 to 22.2%. Although the content of suspended materials is significantly high, the area where the sediment type I deposited was not the deepest part of the study area, however the energy level was possibly low enough for the suspended materials to be deposited.

The Sediment type n are characterised by more than 90% silt and very low gravel, sand and clay content. Twenty-two samples are classified as type II sediment.

Additionally they also have lower mean grain size values and better sorting than the type I. These sediments are distributed in the area which has more than 60 m deep and they may represent a uniform bottom current.

Sediment type HI is dominated by high sand and silt and low clay content. On the other hand, sediment type IV is characterised by high content of sand and silt- sized material, but the clay fraction is rather high (between 11.7 to 18.6%).

35 Coefficient of correlation -0.39 -0.15 0.09 0.33 0-57 0.81 1.05 T^ I T T X ~l 1 Sample no. 31 20 rE 22 56 3 27 13 39 8 Type 29 I 11 4 36 12 7 6 57 38 37 16 15 E 54 55 51 Type 10 II 48 5 18 52 17 46 42 Type 14 III 19 53 1 26 9 2 44 24 21 35 30 28 40 Type 50 IV 34 E 23 32 49 _I_ L -l_ _l_ _I_ _l_ J 25 -0.39 -0.15 0.09 0.33 0.57 0.81 1.05 43 41 47 33 45 Fig. 3.5. Dendrogram from Q-mode cluster analysis of sediment in the study area.

36 111° 30J 112° SO" • •*•••• • •»••••

oo ° oo ° oo ° o o °o° °o° °o° °o° . . . o°o o°o o°o o°o o o o o . ° oo ° oo ° oo ° oo ° oo ° oo ° oo ° _o o o o o o •.o °~° ° - ° O _ O O _ O O _ O O _ O «J. -.-.-»-^ «-..-__ O O 0 0 0 o °«00^°o"oo":oo_oo 0«00„°0„0000000°0 •• so' O O O O O '1"^ -J _ o o „ ° ° . oo " oo z. * <>,'• • * ° o ° ° o ° ° o ° ° o ° ° o ° ° S' •'• • ' >.w OO OO . OO . 00 ° O C)/' o°oo°oo°o o°oo°o o°o/.:::::: oo - oo - oo oo oo oo ° oo ° oo° oo/::;::::: o_o o_o o_o o o o_o o_oo o O OO Oi ^ ° ^_J-Vfc.° |0O ° OO ° OO ° OO ° OO ° OO ° OO ° OO ° oo ° i o o o o o o o o o , „ o o.o o„o oo o o o„oooo„oo„oo\. : ^.0_ oPy.6'i0^y.:::::\ooo „ oo _ oo _ oo " oo " OO OO " OO " OO V /J -^o O"* o0 0oo ooo ooo o^:...... :.:.:o!fo ^° « ° ° X °° X °° A ° O ~ OO T* 00 Z. OO " OO O O -V .»- ° O O © < .?^2?^9Sgsii:i:;;rr..-^••-o_ O O O O , „O . O O O ©•"-.••••••••••^-O O •. r.^T»iV-.o .00,00 C-wrt„1 J> 00 OO 0o0 O o o~--_—^Ao -o o o o o o o o — — -tt — — — »-- -*• *-j-fc--,— — , _" —__ ^^ ^n o _Q o o .Q o o.oo.oo^oo^ooft u Q O O, • • ;~.-i-a ooooooooo o o o o o oo o oo c :::T:<^^^^-^0:^:::::::::::::: 00 00 0 00 00 0 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::*r>,o.-£.<> o o oono°o„oo o„o° o°o °o° o°- °~ c° ::::::::: ^-ci^.O'O^AO.^A:::::::::...r.-r.Q^J:\o ) o o°o oo oo°o• oo °o oo o°o ooq ...... T-r-.---- i , Oo O ^OOOOOOo o o O • Jj.T^.'--.:::::::::::^;.^M:Mio^r7^::::::' : ...... J 0° °o~ —° -»"°o, °„o _°o °»o _ «o_ :: :::>rvV:< S 0 0 G&'y&y-*-"* ' '••'-'•'•*> ° a° ° o ° o ° -**•"- -V-i'o oo°oo oo°o ".^-5 °o° °0° °« V oooooooooooooooo-ooo o " oo , 00"00 e 00 N'•'*•:00 '•••{")'•00 O' ^/O'O.'CJ-'^V • • o o° °o° o o° °o° °o° -vAV°o o * '^~^'f\fy.'rr ^J: % , o°o o' , _. -«oo"oo- : 0oooo_oo„oo_oo"oo**o- °o o ««•-, • --^ ^^r^'.'0.\J'-'o <\ Ci)^> SCA.u u U M t . (O . -.£*. . : -L.O.VNJ > \ vl w r\v« ° OO^O 00"o ,O O_00_O O_0 0 0•J >.'T>^O» 30* ^ ^ ...... • ^ ) . , " • iv 'uiW^—0 • • ts' ...... # . /.fc>>>*. ••••••• - / ,VA.-«..^.IS-0A , : o/7.^ -.Cv-o00' •:°oA-o -^ °oo foo°oo°o 0 iN / I...... ^'^' .\J Q >-* .* ' °.^J'- O oiV ...... o#,o°o/,o°o .\.0o fjm" •T »': * ... / I ^-V • •'.'•r'rTv-i'v^^^••JVV-Ks - VJt.r^•::K^p.><^o.at>v...N . >*4:£Z:-\f.\ / V \^;A-Di\'A-t; -"-co

Tuban 7*

LEGEND Sediment type o O Sediment type II £&

Figure 3.6. Spatial distribution of grouped-samples based on Q-mode cluster analysis.

37 38 Both types in and IV are poorly sorted and on the sediment distribution map they are drawn as a single unit. These sediments are localised on the north of the studied area between 55 to 60 m depth and on the south, between 30 and 55 m depth, they are deposited in a southeast-northwest directed bodies. They have possibly been deposited as a result of a stronger bottom current than type n.

3.2.2. Sediment distribution in core samples

Five core samples (core 10, 14, 18, 44 and 50) have been selected on a random basis, representing various positions and not on the basis of previous sedimentological analysis. Cores 10, 14, and 18 represent the nearshore environment and cores 44 and 50 represent the open marine environment. Results of grain size analysis are shown on figure 3.8.

Core 10 and core 14 are similar. They were taken at about 50 m depth, and are characterised by monotonous greenish grey silty-sand to sandy-silt and a small amount of gravel content as well as rich foram contents, with some small burrow structures. In core 14, clay content slightly increases downward.

Core 18 was taken from 55 m depth; it consists of mainly greenish grey silty and sandy sediment with no distinct structure. Some small pockets of grey fine sand mainly composed of feldspathic grains, forams and shell fragments are found in this core. Grain size analysis shows that the top 20 cm is dominated by sand-size material. Downward, sand gradually becomes less important. Clay is only significant at 35 and 57.5 cm depth.

39 Core 10

on*"> < o i

Core 14

to »o

Core 18

Core 44

Core 50

3 Gravel E38J Sand Bilt I 1 Clay

Figure 3.8. Vertical variation of gravel, sand, silt, and clay in selected cores.

40 Core 44, taken from 63 m depth, is dominated by greenish silty sand and sandy silt intercalated with coarse to gravelly sand rich in shell fragments. At about 40 cm depth a large gastropod was preserved. Along the core length, the lithology remains monotonous, except for an abrupt change to massive brownish grey silty sand at 72.5 cm depth from the top. This interval contains calcareous brownish ooliths with an average diameter of 200 [im.

Core 50 was taken from 60 m depth. The top 20 cm of the core consists of greenish-grey silt, below which clay content increases. A sandy-silt interval was observed between 40 to 60 cm depth. As in core 18, some small pockets of sandy material rich in forams and shell fragments were also observed in this core.

The abundance of oolith grains at the bottom of core 44 is a good indicator that there was a different environment of deposition than the present. These ooliths are about 200 |a.m in size, some are reaching 400 njn. They are characterised by radial fabric of probably aragonite and lack of tangential fabric. Nuclei are mainly of small carbonate fragments (Fig. 3.9). Thickness of individual layers cannot be defined under polarised light. The number of ooliths gradually increases from interval 72.5 cm depth to the bottom of the core (at interval 82.5-855 cm) where it constitutes of about 60% of sediment fraction.

A study by Rusnak (1960) and Freeman (1962) on Laguna Madre, Texas, found that oolith formation is associated with hypersalinity and wave exposed shorelines.

Such an area is characterised by low rates terrigenous sedimentation, high summer temperature and active carbonate deposition. However, in the Caspian Sea, a 20 cm thick layer of greenish-grey ooliths 300-500 |im in diameter was deposited at the

41 Figure 3.9. (A) Photomicrograph of ooliths found in core 44 (70.0-87.5 cm depth) under polarised light. (B) Close view of oolith x.

42 the base of the Novocaspian period (13,000 years BP). The deposition environment of these oolites was oligohaline, but in a high wave energy environment (Yassini,

1993, personal communication). More recent study in the Persian Gulf by Loreau

& Purser (1973) noted that radial or random orientation of aragonite crystals is common in low-energy settings, while in more agitated environments the crystals become flattened and broken into a tangential orientation. This study has been confirmed by Land et al. (1979) on their study in Baffin Bay, Texas.

Such an environment is not found on the area where core 44 was taken. Moreover, the ooliths were found in association with Ammonia beccarii, Operculina sp. which are typical forams from brackish water (oligohaline) to nearshore marine environments. It is suspected that the formation of these ooliths was different from that of ooliths from Laguna Madre, Texas.

The brackish water and less agitated environment in the study area may have been present during the last stadial. Bloom et al. (191 A) based on their study in Huon

Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, estimated that the low sea level maxima occurred at about 18 ka ago; while Torgersen et al. (1988) found that in the Carpentaria basin,

Australia, the first marine invasion was dated at about 12 ka ago. Based on radiocarbon-dated wood fossil from Karimunjawa waters (Java Sea, 300 km west of the study area), Hardjawidjaksana (1990, personal communication) outlined that the some parts of the Java Sea floor were probably still emergent at about 10 ka ago. It can be concluded that the brackish water environment in the study area occurred at about 10 ka ago.

In other cores, obvious indication of sea level lowstand as on core 44 is not

43 developed. However, on these cores, some significant textural changes which may relate to changes in environmental deposition are found. These textural changes are mainly the changes in composition of sand, silt and clay-sized fragment. In core 10 is at 62.5-65 cm depth, core 14 at 57.5-60 cm depth and core 18 at 17.5-20 cm depth. Core 50 is probably taken entirely from the exposed Holocene bedrock.

3.3. Carbonate content in sediments

The carbonate content analysis has been carried out on core 10, 14, 18, 24, 44, 49 and 57. The analysis aims to measure the weight of carbonate to the total weight of sediment analysed, and it was not carried out on a particular size of sediment fraction. Fig. 3.10 shows the vertical distribution of carbonate from 260 samples of the cores. Approximately 49% of the samples contain 20-30% of carbonate, 38% of them less than 20% of carbonate and the remaining 13% show higher concentrations ranging from 30.17 to 38.12%. Generally the carbonate content positively correlates with the sand and silt-sized fraction. This indicates that the calcareous particles are concentrated in the sand and silt-sized fractions.

Carbonate content in core 10 ranges from 10 to 38%. It is apparently comparable with the proportion of sand and silt in this core, except for the 25 cm bottommost part. A prominent peak at 62.5 cm depth (37.5%) relates to the increasing proportion of sand-sized fraction which mainly composed of shell fragments.

The carbonate content in core 14 is relatively high in the upper portion of the core and ranges up to 38%, decreasing to less than 15% at 65 cm depth. It is less fluctuating than in core 10 and uncorrelated with the variation in sand size

44 Core IO /^ ; g x=^z^ ^- ^ A ./ = ES ^.-** s z • 10 20 JO to 30 fO 70 to JO C «• I

Core 14 _ 40- s: s=z: ^ . A = ^ 10' ^^

0 10 20 SO 40 90 (0 70 80 »0 ( CB )

Core 18 zszfs: °r ^ ->2 ^

10 20 JO 40 SO «0 70 00 to I «• I

Core 24

• JO r so' v/'^y "\/^-v ^^/"\,-^~ 10' 0 10 20 30 40 SO (0 70 00 tO

Core 44 -40: • at'- ^^ /" s. 10' 0 10 20 JO 40 so to 70 fO DO ( «» )

Core 49

Core 57

Figure 3.10. Vertical variation of carbonates in selected cores.

45 fraction, except at 32.5 cm depth where the sediment is shelly and fossiliferous.

Below from 65 cm depth, carbonate content gradually increases.

In core 18, carbonate is relatively low in the interval 25 to 47.5 cm, also in the lowest 20 cm. This was probably because the sediments are less fossiliferous and less shelly. A slight increase at 35 cm depth correlates with the high clay content; carbonate may have precipitated chemically. In core 44 there is a gradual decrease in the sand-sized fraction content from top to the bottom, which is reflected in decline of carbonate content.

A correlation between carbonate content and grain size variation analysis for core

24 and 57 cannot be established, as grain size analysis was not performed on these cores. The carbonate content in these cores is highly variable, from 9% to 29%.

Due to the inadequate quantity of sample from core 50, the carbonate analysis was performed on core 49 which was very close to the location of core 50. In core 49, it can be shown that the top 37.5 cm of the core, the carbonate content correlates with the variation in silt fraction. It is suspected that microfossil tests have contributed significantly. Downward as gravel content increases, there is no change in carbonate content. This indicates that, in these cores, calcareous fragments are not the main component in gravel sized fraction.

Calcium carbonate content is mainly from three possible sources: organic debris, reworked limestones, and chemical precipitation (Niino and Emery, 1961). In these seven cores, reworked limestones were not indicated during visual examination.

Chemical precipitation may not also be significant as there is no obvious

46 relationship between clay-sized material and carbonate. In the clay-sized fraction, carbonate is expected to be in the form of chemical precipitation. In the study area, a direct organic origin, in the form of microfossil tests and shell fragments, is probably the main source and this is commonly in sand and silt-sized form.

3.4. Phosphorus in sediments

Phosphorus has been analysed on selected intervals of core 10, 18, 44 and 49; the results are tabulated in Table 3.1. The phosphorus content is generally low, mostly less than 100 ug/g (0.01%). There is a tendency for it to correlate with the sand-sized fraction and carbonate content The low concentration at the bottom part of core 44 (4.87 (ig/g) indicates an anomaly which might result from the under-saturated phosphorus content of sea water. Visual examination of this core found that this part of core 44 consists mostly of ooliths, indicating a hypersaline environment.

According to Riley & Chester (1971), phosphorus in the sea occurs in dissolved and particulate forms. Organic phosphorus constitutes a significant portion of the dissolved phosphorus present in the upper layer of the ocean, being mostly the product of decomposition and excretion of marine organisms. Particulate phosphorus has been postulated to be present as the result of phosphorus super­ saturated sea water. On the sediment analysed, phosphorus in particulate forms was not seen, so it is probably from organic substances.

47 3.5. Total organic matter in sediments

Total organic content of sediments was quantified in cores 10, 18, 44, 49. The data for five selected core samples are presented in Fig. 3.11. Organic matter in cores

10, 49 and 57 varies between 2.0 and 10.0%, particularly on the top three-fourths of the cores. Significantly low values were observed in core 10 between 80 and

82.5 cm. Significant variation is also found on the bottom part of core 49.

No. Sample Concentration of phosphorus ( g/g)

interval (cm) St. 10 St. 18 St. 44 St. 49 1 0.0- 2.5 73.24 112.70 79.14 67 .71 2 10.0-12.5 62.38 114.50 76.89 84.80 3 20.0-22.5 62.76 31.27 76.28 88.92 4 27.5-30.0 119.90 5 30.0-32.5 85.79 80.57 6 32.5-35.0 76.12 7 40.0-42.5 55.23 70.84 68.15 130.10 8 50.0-52.5 63.75 63.56 34.24 128.80 9 60.0-62.5 71.39 60.24 43.42 114.30 10 70.0-72.5 59.85 112.49 45.23 92.99 11 80.0-82.5 97.06 140.90 4.67 89.72 12 90.0-92.5 67.65 13 95.0-97.5 62.10

Table 3.1. Total phosphorus (|ig/g) for selected cores.

In core 18, most samples show lower organic matter than the other cores, and are

less varied in between 1.0 to 5.0% on the top most 80 cm. Higher concentrations,

up to 7.0% occur in the bottom part of the core.

In core 44, the concentration of organic material is relatively constant in the top

half and becomes highly varied on the bottom half. Very low concentrations are

found at 42 cm and in the bottom 10 cm where visual examination showed a

significant change in lithologic character. In this last interval, greenish silty sand

48 Core IO

_ 14-

sz •"-». — >*'v_ - _z_ ^ 50 X: (e» )

Core 18 * 1 u . •: ^ v /^ ^-»^\ 1 -^ \— If .d Lj—~- *• " n • • n • • • a • •',«•• • n • 1 • a • • • n • • • w '———w— "w "

Core 44

i •: *^r- . 4' =^z :s/, ,v U 40 •o to ( C. )

Core 49

_ u-

^^^n^*\^ . 4' •^>- ^ I.: Sz

Core 57

S •: •s,-.^- 's/\

10 40 ( CB )

Figure 3.11. Vertical variation of organic matters in selected cores.

49 and sandy silt abruptly change to oolite-bearing massive brownish grey silty sand.

The low organic content in the bottom of core 44 is strongly suspected as the

result of very low river discharge, but could result from low oxidation levels.

Two main sources of organic matter are from terrestrial organic compounds or

marine organisms. Its distribution is a function of season, depth and geographical

condition (Riley and Chester, 1971). The primary production of organic matter in

the ocean is by phytoplankton (Romankevich, 1984). A study by Keller and

Richards (1967) on sediments of Malacca Strait suggests that low organic matter is

normally associated with coarser sediments. However, in the study area, the data

show no obvious relationship with the results from grain size and carbonate

analysis. Further studies by Niino & Emery (1961) and Keller & Richards (1967)

in Malacca Strait and South China Sea show that high organic matter reflects an

influence of river discharge, particularly on the area close to the coastal margin.

3.6. Trace elements

Concentration of ten elements has been determined by the X-ray fluorescence

method. Samples from cores 10, 18, 44 and 49 were analysed for their Pb, Zn,

Cu, Ni, Rb, Sr, Zr, Y, Nb and Th content. Results are presented on Table 3.2.

In the samples analysed, the relationship between concentration of the trace element and textural characters of the sediment is not obvious. However, it seems high concentrations of some of these elements to be found in association with finer sediments, particularly for Pb, Zn, Ni and Sr.

According to Riley and Chester (1971), run-off from land is probably the principle

50 pathway by which trace elements reach the sea. Furthermore, trace elements are present not only in solution from stream waters, but also occur adsorbed on finely suspended material. Two alkaline volcanoes in Bawean and the north coast of Java are probably the main sources of these elements, but they may also be supplied by the ealc-alkaline volcanoes along the central belt of Java through big rivers such the Solo River.

Sample Concentration of trace element s (ppm) interval (cm) Pb Zn Cu Ni Rb Sr Zr Y Nb Th Core 10 10.0 - 12.5 25.03 39.40 0.00 104.92 85.66 423.49 247.67 20.61 9.11 0.00 27.5 - 30.0 28.94 54.90 0.00 84.97 91.39 425.17 140.88 17.69 11.64 18.61 47.5 - 50.0 39.96 49.16 0.00 98.80 83.07 406.31 406.31 19.37 13.03 12.13 70.0 - 72.5 24.38 48.95 0.00 97.87 99.89 370.18 370.18 20.23 8.53 0.00 90.0 - 62.5 39.03 48.87 0.00 53.06 87.27 363.88 363.88 20.29 8.31 0.00 Core 18 10.0 -12.5 46.73 31.81 0.00 6.07 62.93 684.32 228.01 22.01 11.27 0.00 30.0 - 32.5 42.22 0.00 0.00 52.60 72.72 495.33 185.01 26.35 9.27 6.60 50.0 - 52.5 92.23 33.60 0.00 67.34 78.38 431.91 199.95 20.56 6.85 0.00 70.0 - 72.5 32.79 0.00 0.00 21.30 40.93 332.02 243.11 13.00 8.67 0.00 90.0 - 92.5 63.03 47.16 0.00 89.28 63.44 172.12 277.19 21.14 13.94 5.76 Core 44 10.0 - 12.5 23.82 27.01 0.00 24.09 51.46 620.43 205.60 19.55 6.02 0.00 20.0 - 22.5 18.09 26.37 0.00 6.52 53.75 633.46 192.95 13.84 11.31 11.21 40.0 - 42.5 14.51 14.22 0.00 34.24 48.28 633.14 191.80 13.97 7.68 0.00 60.0 - 62.5 23.12 31.06 0.00 39.36 57.79 384.54 250.87 18.19 5.03 11.26 80.0 - 82.5 39.13 31.62 23.46 51.26 74.45 160.73 306.20 25.30 16.91 14.85 Core' 49 10.0 - 12.5 20.36 39.30 40.12 42.85 43.38 493.97 262.98 20.37 7.71 9.92 30.0 - 32.5 22.54 66.34 66.34 20.97 54.30 454.76 225.43 17.72 8.37 9.80 50.0 - 52.5 49.56 37.23 16.78 22.68 35.86 371.79 222.54 16.67 4.64 0.00 70.0 -72.5 60.00 57.97 64.33 27.12 31.82 327.83 260.06 14.08 5.50 0.00 82.5 - 85.0 30.85 45.63 30.09 66.87 40.49 244.59 331.76 12.05 7.17 0.00

Table 3.2. Trace element concentrations (in ppm) for selected cores.

Claproth (1989 has studied the calc-alkaline Ungaran Volcano (Central Java), which is the one of 28 calc-alkaline volcanoes in Java. Table 3.3 shows the result of trace elements analysis from the Ungaran Volcano. These results could represent the typical trace element content of volcanoes of Java. Metal content of recent Java

Sea sediments is comparable to the Ungaran Volcano, except for Pb and Zr which are higher and Zn which is much lower.

51 Ele­ Shoshonitic Shoshonitic High-K calc- High-K calc- High-K calc- ments basalt basaltic alkaline alk.basaltic alkaline andesite basalt andesite andesite

Pb 18.4 18.1 20.4 18 19.3 Zn 120.6 118.3 121.3 111.1 Rb 60.2 74.7 41 65 86.1 Sr 513 535.4 473.5 511 453 Zr 141 135.5 140 149 165 Y 30.1 28.4 24 27.5 27 .8 Nb 11.2 11.1 12.3 11.7 12 .9 Th 10.2 9.9 7.4 11.8 14.05

Table 3.3. Trace element data (ppm) from Ungaran Volcanic Complex, Central Java (Claproth, 1989).

The Sr content in subrecent sediments of the Java Sea varies from 160 to 684 ppm, these values are comparable with the Sr content of calc-alkaline volcanoes in

Java. Interestingly, Sr content gradually decreases with depth in all cores. The most significant are on cores 18 and 44. This feature is independent from textural variation in these four cores. It may indicate that Java Island is becoming a more important source of sediment for the Java Sea. A significant feature is shown by

Cu which is only detected in core 49 and in the bottom part of core 44. It is suspected that the significant amount of Cu has been contributed by hydrothermal activities in Bawean Island.

3.7. X-ray Diffraction Analysis

X-ray diffraction (Copper Ka radiation) analysis was carried out particularly to determine the clay minerals and some other common minerals which might occur in the sediments of the study area. Clay minerals are known to be little altered during transportation. In the marine environment, clay mineralogy is largely a reflection of climate and weathering pattern of the source areas on adjacent land

52 masses (Hardy and Tucker, 1988). Thus this study is basically aimed at determining the provenance of sediments within the study area.

The X-ray diffraction analysis was done on selected samples from core 10, 18, 44 and 49. The equipment was set to provide 20 2° to 35° coverage for bulk sediment analysis (Fig. 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14) and 20 2° to 16° coverage for clay mineral analysis (Fig. 3.15, 3.16 and 3.17). Determination was qualitative using the mineral's characteristic X-ray diffraction peaks, particularly the two theta angle and the intensity. For the samples from core 44 (7.5 and 82.5 cm depth) and core 10

(27.5 cm depth), ethylene glycol and heating treatment have been applied to confirm the correctness of previously determined clay minerals.

In the overall samples, quartz and calcite are common. The primary peaks of quartz (hkl = 101) and calcite (hkl = 104) are prominent as narrow and very sharp at 20 26.68° and 29.42° respectively. The second peak of quartz (100) is also shown at 20 20.85° with intensity 70% less than its primary intensity. Hematite, although its intensity is low, is also a common mineral, except at the top of core

10. At the bottom of core 18 (Figure 3.13), dolomite is present; this possibly originated from Pliocene limestone which crops out on the northern part of Java.

Three main clay minerals: smectite, illite and kaolinite - are observed; chlorite and mixed layer clay are absent. Kaolinite is common in all samples; its primary

(001) and third (002) peaks at 20 12.38° and 24.89° respectively are easily identifiable by their high peaks. On samples taken from core 49 (70 and 82.5 cm depth), its peak is significantly decreased which suggests a lower concentration of kaolinite. On core 10 (27.5 cm depth) and core 44 (7.5 and 82.5 cm depth) this

53 Quartz Calcito

Smoctito Kaolinit*

1:1 Quar,z Kaolinif. 11 it.) H Smcctit* y (A3 ^ ;, ¥W ^

•« w(B)n ^W^^WWt* M

CC> 'Wi s^A^w^SA^^ V%! (D) rt,, \w i/>V 'iW^v W ^ *w*j.*#.

(E) St ill .tit l •V HWV'W* rf WW %w w

~I i i i i i i 10° 20° 30° Two Th«ta Figure 3.12. X-ray diffractograms of samples taken from core 10. (A) 10.0 cm depth. (B) 27.5 cm depth. (C) 47.5 cm depth. (D) 70 cm depth. (E) 90.0 cm depth.

54 Quartz

Calcite

Smectite Quartz Kaolinite Kaolini ta Smectite 1 Hematite VV(A) I ^ %*#*WW -W */^ *tt '•WW ty*ri

A¥*V%^ •w

(C) t iii W^#«/^4# V IVl ^

v*(D) » 'W\%Mt^%,

V* Plagioclasa (E) 111 1 Dolomite

-i 1 1 r T 1 i "i r 20° 30° I0« Two Thata Figure 3.13. X-ray diffractograms of samples taken from core 18. (A) 10.0 cm depth. (B) 30.0 cm depth. (C) 50.0 cm depth. (D) 70.0 cm depth. (E) 90.0 cm depth.

55 Kaolinite Quartz

lllite Calcite

i&H Quartz Kaolinite <11 M m I, Wtl ! (A) A 4

I i\ S*hW\^U/vr' V *JUW v

^^vv^v I^ sJ uj^

\ K / ^•" ^'W l f\Jv 'H^i-^jiU fcV'JWV''4wJ rf ^V ' ' WJ w, •*vJ,>

H.^ vy^V** V, (E) ^^' , 'V^W/V«N*«IAVA,^/>«J '% W' ''J' W *-_A -1 r I I I I i 20° 30° Two Theta Figure 3.14. X-ray diffractograms of samples taken from core 49. (A) 10.0 cm depth. (B) 30.0 cm depth. (C) 50 cm depth. (D) 70.0 cm depth. (E) 82.5 cm depth.

56 interpreted kaolinite has been confirmed. Treatment using ethylene glycol resulted in no effect on the basal spacing of kaolinite. Amorphous form occurred when samples were heated to 550°C (Fig. 3.15, 3.16 and 3.17).

Illite which has 20 8.84° (002), is also a common mineral but not in samples taken from the bottom of core 18 (Fig. 3.13), 44 (Fig. 3.17) and 49 (Fig. 3.14).

The illite peak at 17.72° (001) is not present, indicating that the source has a low

Al/Fe+Mg ratio which is common in unmetamorphosed sediment (Hardy and

Tucker, 1988). The ethylene glycol treatment on illite from core 44 (7.5 cm depth) and core 10 (27.5 cm depth) gives no effect on the basal spacing (Fig. 3.16 and

3.15); however, on core 10, the treatment has reduced the peak intensity. Heating treatment also reduces the intensity.

Smectite is common in all cores, except in a sample taken from the top of core 49 which may have been obscured by background signals. In almost all samples, smectite is characterised by a broad spectrum peaked at 20 5.88° (001). The ethylene glycol and heating treatment on cores 10 (27.5 cm depth) and 44 (7.5 and

82.5 cm depth) did not provide obvious results due to high background, except on core 44 (82.5 cm depth) where the glycolation has shifted the peak to 20 5.19°

(Fig. 3.17). On this last sample, the interpretation of smectite is true.

These X-ray diffraction analysis results have suggested that kaolinite, quartz and calcite are the common mineral in sediments within the study area. Keller and

Richards (1967) also reported that kaolinite is common in sediments collected relatively close to land in the Malacca Strait. Its occurrence also bears a close relationship to the bathymetry (kaolinite decreases as water depth increases). Hardy

57 Smectite wm|iiLfliU H Kaolinite mwvi Illite Untreated 14 f\ \ Mil 1 1 1 -*"Nj " "" ^WM

WI

Glycolated k l i J Kaolinite

X% ,

vt, *!i Heated Wl *y,jvn V*1#»^ rU', -I— -1 I I i 4° 6° 8° IOa 12° 14° Two Th»*a

Figure 3.15. Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of clays from core 10, 27.5 cm depth.

58 K

i Kaolinite Smectite pPrfy Illite Untreated Uf # HW' %MU t II Kaolinite

Illite Glycolated ' wW1 %y*

f\

Heated %||*n! •WWAUe^yif iVWiW'^^WIWW v

T- I -i— 4° 8° 10° 12° 14" Two Theto Figure 3.16. Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of clays from core 44, 7.5 cm depth.

59 Kaolinite

Smectite ,41 tn lllitet?) Htom « IMML n nj 11 Untreated Mn ^VMfi

\ ! Kaolinite J\ Smectite % i Wh ,'..1 kh.«Ht\!t Glycotated Via w WW*

PHv i

Heated s ''*V^Vvvu W^W^^Vj,,!^^^'

-1— -I— I I 14° 4° 6° 8° 10° 12° Two Theto Figure 3.17. Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of clays from core 44, 82.5 cm depth.

60 and Tucker (1988) stated that kaolinite is most common in tropical areas where leaching is intensive. It is noticeably formed in weathered granitic rocks but also commonly formed in weathered basic rocks (Velde, 1977). Kaolinite, smectite and illite in the study area possibly originated from the weathered intermediate volcanic rocks in Java Island. Rivers in Java mostly flow northward and discharge their load into the Java Sea, mostly draining highly weathered volcanic rocks.

3.8. Discussion

Java Sea is a part of the Sunda Shelf which is believed to have been drowned by the last interglacial. As for other parts of the drowned Sunda Shelf in which their sediment is largely derived from the adjacent land provinces, the Java Sea sediments are mostly silt from Java Island. The content of trace elements and clay minerals indicate a close relationship with the volcanogenic sediments of Java. In the study area, the sediments are deposited on a northeast gently dipping shelf area. Textural variation approximately reflects the bathymetry.

Kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral found in the study area. The abundance of kaolinite is typical of acid tropical areas where leaching is very intensive

(Hardy and Tucker, 1988), but it may be a weathering product of intermediate volcanic rocks (Velde, 1977).

Evidence of the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic changes have been seen in some cores, mostly being indicated by the textural changes. In Malacca Strait such evidence is exhibited by the two distinct sediment layers within some half metre length cores (Keller and Richards, 1967). The upper part is a dirty sand composed of authigenic minerals and shell debris. This is underlain by silty clay with minor

61 amounts of shell fragments. In the study area, these characters are not so obvious except in cores 50 and 44.

62 CHAPTER 4: OSTRACOD FAUNAS

4.1. Introduction

The faunal study aims to delineate ostracod composition, diversity,population and distribution patterns in the west of Bawean Island, Java Sea. The study emphasises the areal distribution of ostracods in relation to the provenance of sediments and depositional environment within the study area.

4.2. Ostracod faunas from surface sediments

A total of 37 selected surface sediment samples from the present study were used for ostracod faunal analysis. In addition, the top portions of three core samples were used.

4.2.1. Ostracod species diversity

113 species including one undetermined species and one subspecies were identified from more than 10,824 mature and submature specimens picked from 40 sediment samples. The ostracod faunal list is given in Appendix 4.A.

Among these 113 species recognised here, four species show a population level of more than 5% of the total specimens, and 23 species have 1-5% frequencies.

The remaining species obtained from the study area have frequencies less than 1%.

The common (>5%) species are Borneocythere paucipunctata, Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Actinocythereis scutigera, Cytherelloidea cingulata and

63 Neomonoceratina bataviana. These species are widespread throughout the study area.

Figure 4.1 shows the surface distribution of Borneocythere paucipunctata, which was found throughout the study area. It seems that the abundance of this species increases from the nearshore to the open sea. This species is also distributed dominantly in the Strait of Malacca and the Singapore platform. It was not found in the Malay Peninsula and eastern part of Indonesia.

Figure 4.2. shows the surficial distribution of Foveoleberis cypraeoides. A high percentage of this species occurs in the middle part of the study area from the east to the west. It is also widespread from South China Sea, Singapore platform,

Malacca Strait to Gulf of Carpentaria.

Actinocythereis scutigera occurs abundantly in the centre to the eastern part of the study area (Fig. 4.3).

Figure 4.4 shows the distribution of Cytherelloidea cingulata in the study area.

This species is concentrated in southern part of the study area, being restricted to shallow water environments. Neomonoceratina bataviana is also distributed in the southern part of the study area (Fig. 4.5).

The value of simple species diversity is the total number of species per station

(Whatley and Zhao, 1987b). This value in the study area ranges from 11 to 65.

The highest species diversity (65 species) in the study area is at St.15 (06°16'04"

South and 111°27'01" East), at a depth of 48 m. In east Asia, the highest values of simple species diversity was in Malacca Strait (65 species) at latitude 50°17'

64 Ill" 30' I12*» 30' —1— 1

Figure 4.1. Distribution of Borneocythere paucipunctata (as percentage of the total population).

65 Figure 4.2. Distribution of Foveoleberis cypraeoides (as percentage of the total population).

66 IIIs 30' 112* 30' 1

Figure 4.3. Distribution of Actinocythereis scutigera (as percentage of the total population).

67 Figure 4.4. Distribution of Cytherelloidea cingulata (as percentage of the total population).

68 Figure 4.5. Distribution of Neomonoceratina bataviana (as percentage of the total population)

69 North and longitude 98°20' East; it decreases northward to South China Sea (63 species), East China Sea (49 species) and 31 species in the Pacific coast of Japan

(Whatley & Zhao, 1987). This value probably tends to decrease southwards as latitude increases to the pole.

The total number of specimens per station ranges from 23 to 1690. The lowest number of specimens is at station 50 in the open sea where the water depth is 60 m. The highest number of specimens is at station 5 in the shallow southern part of the study area. The latter station is the only station where the frequency of specimens exceeds 10%; it lies in 35 m depth with gravelly mud substrate, and the abundant fauna may reflect a highly nutritious environment. According to

Carbonel (1988), the highly productive environment requires some degree of turbulence to resupply oxygen which is vital to ostracods.

The species diversity values were calculated using the Shannon-Weaver function and the areal distribution of the diversity indices is shown in Fig. 4.6 which range from 1.9 to 3.6. The distribution pattern of the diversity indices correlates with the pattern of sediment distribution. The lowest value of diversity (1.9) is at St.

42 where the substrate is gravelly sand with little carbonate debris. Up to 65% of the surficial samples have index values between 2.1 and 2.9; such stations are distributed from the inner shelf zone to the open sea. Stations are having index values of 3.0 or more are distributed in the northern part of the study area extending from the east to the west, and in the southwest of the study area.

70 111° 30' 112° SO' LuUM i 1

3.0 46 23 23 2.5 • • • • 2.9 • • 9*

3.5 3.1 3.1 • • •

2.5 1.9 2.8 • # 3.0 • • 2.8 30'- • 2.6 • 2.1 2.7 • •

32 • 2.7 2.7 2.6 jLeAJ • • • 2.5 • e°- 2.8 2.7 • • 3.6 2.9 • • 3.0 3.4 • • 3.4 2.8 • • 3.1 2.1 • • 2.9 2.7 • / \ 2.3 2.6 • 3or- • 3.3 • 2.5 0 ' I8IMI Nfc. s • 3.0 •

w\ \ KAUMAMTAfA J

JAVA _ „ . J A V A' • "-—""""^ >^j j Tubon i 7- l\

Figure 4.6. Values of diversity index (Shannon-Weaver index) of surficial sediments in the study area.

71 4.2.2. Ostracod assemblages

R and Q mode cluster analysis was used to recognise both composition and distribution of ostracod assemblages from the study area. In order to eliminate rare species, 47 species which are represented by more than 42 individuals were selected for Q mode analysis. Q-mode cluster analysis of ostracod faunas, performed using a data matrix of sample number and the number of ostracod specimens, reveals the inter-sample relationship. The analysis is performed by calculating the similarity matrix based on the relative species abundance for each station. The measurement of these similarities was calculated by using the cosine theta. An R-mode cluster analysis has also been carried out to reveal the species associations between the 47 ostracod species.

Figure 4.7 shows the dendrogram resulting from Q-mode cluster analysis. This indicates clearly that the study area can be subdivided into three zones or biotopes at a low similarity level. These zones are interpreted as being related to the type of substrate and geographical features (nearshore and open sea) in the study area

(Fig. 4.8).

Biotope I: This covers an elongate area extending from the southeast to the west in the middle part is recognised as this biotope. Stations in this biotope are characterised by substrates of high silt; gravel and sand content are low. Eleven shallow water sediment samples are grouped in this biotope, and range in depth up to 63 m. The characteristic species are Cytherella semitalis, Cytherelloidea cingulata, Neomonoceratina bataviana and Hemikrithe orientalis.

Biotope II: This biotope occurs close to the land areas of Java and Bawean.

72 0.00 0.25 0.50 0,75 _J Sample number

1 16 46 13 15 = 5 • 22 0 8 .2 OD 31 27 29 18 20 3 37

42 6 a 23 a o 36 o 50 a 25 17 55

10 14 32 38 39 54 34 a 41 o 44 <~ o 57 o 47 51 48 56 o!oo 0125 0!50 o:75' 0.0334 0.1694 0.3054 0.4415 0.5775 0.7135

Figure 4.7. Dendrogram from Q-mode cluster analysis of 47 ostracod species.

73 1 lit- BO' SO .. i

BIOTOPE III

&?

BIOTOPE II e»- BIOTOPE

„ BIOTOPE III --/ *-* \ \ • \ BIOTOPE II \ N N

Tuban

LEGEND

| Biotope I Biotope Jt Biotope 111

Figure 4.8. Distribution of biotopes I, II and III in the study area, classified according to the result of cluster analysis.

74 Eleven stations of this biotope are mostly distributed in the southern part of the study area and west of Bawean Island. Almost all of this stations are characterised by silt except for sand on station 42 and sandy silt at stations 50 and

55 in the open sea. This biotope has relatively low species diversity and excludes the species Macrocypris decora and Neocytheretta murilineata.

Biotope EOT: Fourteen samples are clustered in this biotope. They are located mainly in the open sea in the northern part of the study area, at depths of more than 63 m, and by a substrate of sandy silt and silt. This biotope is dominated by

Actinocythereis scutigera, Borneocythere paucipunctata, Neocytheretta vandijki,

Alatoconcha pterogona and Foveoleberis cypraeoides. The latter two species are indicators of warm, open sea conditions.

A dendrogram of R-mode cluster analysis is shown on figure 4.9. The analysis has provided more information about the relationship between species of ostracods.

Based on the clustering pattern, two biofacies (Groups I and U) can be distinguished at zero level of correlation coefficient (r=0).

Group I: This biofacies is composed of 19 species which are mainly distributed in the open sea. Dominant elements based on their relative abundance are

Actinocythereis scutigera, Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Neocytheretta novella,

Alataconcha pterogona, Borneocythere paucipunctata and Phlyctenophora orientalis. This group can be further subdivided into two subgroups:

Subgroup IA: This subgroup, which consists of 10 species, is characterised by Pontocypris rostrata, Neocytheretta novella, Bythoceratina pauciornata and Bairdoppilata paraalcyanicola, which are distributed in the outer

75 .00 0.25 ,50 0.75 1.00 1 L i _JJ Species

Actinocythereis scutigera Foveoleberis cypraeoides baweani Pontocypris rostrata Foveoleberis cypraeoides a Bythoceratina nelae 3 Bairdopillata • paraalcyanicola o neocytheretta novella o n Cythrelloideazi. C. lata 3 Bythoceratina pauciornata in Pistocytheries cribriformis — a. Alataconcha pterogona — O neocytheretta spongiosa oe (9 neocytheretta vandijki Keijella reticulata - Borneocythere paucipunctata j Bythocytheropteron alatum \ Hacrocypris decora * Phlyctenophora orientalis Bythoceratina hastata — Alocopocythere kendengensis — Cytherella incohota Cytherelloidea leroyi neocytheretta murilineata Henryhotfella keutapangensis Venericythere papuensis Atjehella semiplicata Hemycytheridea ornata " neomonoceratina delicata Pistocythereis bradyi Cytherella semitalis ' Keijia labyrinthica neomonoceratina bataviana Loxoconcha paiki 0. =) Pistocythereis euplectella O Cytherelloidea cingulata a Hemycytheridea reticulata — a Argilloecia cf. A. lunata 3 Hemikrithe orientalis 2

Figure 4.9. Dendrogram from R-mode cluster analysis of 47 ostracod species.

76 part of the study area.

Subgroup IB: This subgroup is contains 9 species distributed from the nearly southern part to the northern part of the study area. The dominant species are Borneocythere paucipunctata, Alatoconcha pterogona, Neocytheretta vandijki and Phlyctenophora orientalis.

Group II: This group, representing the nearshore assemblage, occurring on the shallow part of the study area. It is composed of 28 species, and characterised by the dominance of Cytherelloidea leroyi, Neomonoceratina bataviana, Cytherella semitalis and Cytherelloidea malaccaensis. This group can also be subdivided into three subgroups.

Subgroup IIA: The area near the shoreline is characterised by 17 species which inhabit the shallow southern part of the study area. Among them Neomonoceratina bataviana, Cytherella semitalis, Cytherella incohota, Cytherelloidea leroyi, Neocytheretta murilineata and Hemicytheridea ornata are represented by common individuals.

Subgroup ITB: Dominant elements of this subgroup include

Cytheropteron miurence, Neomonoceratina indonesiana, ?Argilloecia susilohadii and Keijia tjokrosapoetroi, which are the most characteristic species in the central part of the study area.

Subgroup IIC: This subgroup contains Argilloecia cf. A. lunata,

Hemikrithe orientalis, Phlyctocythere fennerae and Xestoleberis malaysiana.

A.l.'b. Biogeography

A biogeographical province is a biotic community separated from others by

77 geographical features (Witte, 1993). Titterton and Whatley (1988) introduced 13 zoo/biogeographical provinces based on the shallow water Indo-Pacific marine ostracod faunas, based on the geographic distribution of species and their degree of endemism. Such studies are important for comparisons of ostracod faunas from the study area and, on a larger scale, shed light on the origins and migrations of the ostracods from the East Asia.

According to the recognised biogeography, the ostracod faunas from the study area belong to the East Indian province. This extends from West Papua to the Malacca

Straits and the South China Sea. Briggs (1970) assigned the study area to the

Indo-West Pacific Tropical Province.

During the last 50 years, the ostracod faunas from the Indo-West Pacific have been the subject of many studies (Keij, 1954, 1964, 1979a, 1979b; DeDeckker and

Jones, 1978; Bathia and Kumar, 1979; Whatley and Zhao, 1987, 1988; Titterton and Whatley, 1988b; Whatley and Watson, 1988; Whatley and Keeler, 1989; Howe and McKenzie, 1989; Zhao and Whatley, 1989; Mostafawi, 1992; Yassini and

Jones, in press). These studies facilitate comparison of faunas from the study area.

Table 4.1 compares ostracod faunas from the study area with the adjacent areas.

These adjacent areas are: (1) to the East, including Banda Sea, Papua New Guinea,

Solomon Island, Gulf of Carpentaria; (2), to the Northwest, represented by Malacca

Strait and northern coast of Indian Ocean including the Andaman Sea to the

Persian Gulf; and (3), to the North, including Sedili River and Jason Bay (Malay

Peninsula); Singapore platform; Borneo shelf, off China, Japan.

78 Continued. Ostracod species from Location Ostracod species from | Looatlon No the study area 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 Me the study area 2 3 4 6 0 7 8 t Borneocythere paunclpunctata X X 88 Keijella Uoempritensla LXi 2 Foveoleberis cypraeoides X X X X 60 Bythoceratina blcornla X 3 Actlnocytherela scutigera X X X X X 80 Paracyprls cf. nuda X 4 Cytherelloidea cingulata X X X X X 61 Cytherella koeglerl X 5 Neomonoceratina bataviana X X X X X 62 Pistocythereis bradylformls X X X 8 Hemikrithe orlentalla X X X X 88 Hemikrithe Petersen! X X 7 . Neocytheretta vandl/kl X X X 64 Loxoconcha wrlghtl 8 Cytherella semitalis X X X X X 85 .P^ammmocythere cf. P. renifoi 6 Pistocytheries cribriformis X X X X X X 68 Cytheropteron quadracostatum X X 10 Phlyctenophora orientalis X X X X 67 Hemicytheridea cf. reticulata X 11 Cytherelloidea leroyi X X 68 Xlphlchllus lanoeaeformls X X 12 BythocYtheropteron alatum X X 80 Copytua posterosulous X X X X IS Alataconcha pterogona X X X 70 Semlcytherura Indonesiansls X X 14 Hemycytheridea ornata 71 Rugglerla Indopaclflca X 16 Argilloecia cf. A lunata X 72 Bythoceratina pauolornata X ie Neocytheretta novella X 73 Cytherella lavaseaense 17 Plstocytherela euplectella X X X 74 Neomonoceratina macropora X X X 19 Cytheropteron sp. 7B Loxochoncha lamallusnal 19 Pontocypris rostrate X X 76 Paljenborchella cf. P. locosa X X 20 Cytherella Incohota X X 77 Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis X 21 Alocopocythere kendengensls X X X X 78 Pontocypris sp. 22 Cytheropteron mlurense X 70 Paranesldea sp. 23 Parakrithella pseudadonta X X X X 80 Keijella multlsulcus X X X 24 Neomonoceratina Indonesians X X X 81 Parakrithella sp. 25 Venericythere papuensis X X X X X 82 Stigmatocythere klngmal X X X 29 Keijia tjokroaapootrol X X X SS Loxoconcha sp. 1 zrNeocytheretta sponglosa X X X 84 Malaccacytherela trachodea X 28 Xestoleberis malayslana X X X 88 Calllstocythere sp. X 28 Pistocythereis bradyl X X X X 88 Stigmatocythere roesmanl X X X X 30 Cytherella cf. C. leroyi 67 Rugglera darwlnl X X X 31 I ?Aqlalocypris susilohadi! 88 Baltraella hanai X 32 Bythoceratina nelae X 80 Stigmatocythere Indlca X 33 Neomonoceratina dellcata X X X X 00 Baltraella minor X 34 Keijia labyrinthica X X 04 ?BosQuetlna sp. 2 36 Neocytheretta murillneata X X 02 Caudites sp. 1 38 Henryhowella keutapangensis X X 03 Bythoceratina multiplex X 37 Loxoconcha palM X X X 04 ! Cytheropteron i parasinae 38 Bairdopillata paraalcyanlcolaX X 05 Lankacythere sp 30 Stigmatocythere rugosa X X X 08 Polycope baweanlensls X X 40 Phlyctocythere fennerae X 07 Neomonoceratina cf. N. entom 41 Bythoceratina hastata X 08 Caudites sp. 3 42 Cytherella aft. C. lata 00 Stigmatocythere panklngmal X 43 Hemycytheridea reticulata X X too Tanella gracilis X X X X X 44 Cytherella hemlpuncta X 101 Bythoceratina palkl X 45 fitjehalla semiplicata X X X X 102 Eucytherura sp. 48 Macrocyprls decora X X X 103 Lankacythere multtfora X 47 Keijella reticulata X 104 Splnoceratina spinosa X 48 Cytherelloidea excavata X 108 Baltraella sp. minor 48 Cythrelloidea malaccaensis X X 106 Cytheropteron sp. SO Neomonoceratina Inlqua X X 107 Pontocypris cf attenuate X SI SUgmatlcythere bona X X 108 Cytheropteron pulolnella X 62 Neocytheretta snellll X X X 100 Caudites sp.2 S3 Alocopocythere guojonl X X X 110 Paradoxoatoma sp. X 54 Cytheropteron cf. wllmablomae 111 Bairdopillata paracraterlcola X X OS Argilloecia cf. A hanai X 112 JBosquetina sp. 1 56 Neocytheretta adunca X X X X 11) TOrnatoloberla 67 Keijella carriei Number of species 93 40 51 28 1 3 13 6

1. Malacca Strait including North Indian Ocean (Whatley & Zhao & Wang, 1985). Zhao, 1987, 1988); Bhatia & Kumar (1978) 5. Philippines (Keij, 1954) 2. Jason Bay, Malay Peninsula (Zhao 4 Whatley, 1989) 6. Banda Sea, Papua New-Guinea, Solomon Island (Zhao & 3. Singapore platform (Mostafawi, 1992) 1989; Whatley, 1991, pers. communication) 4. Japan, South China Sea, Borneo Shelf (Zhao & 7. Gulf of Carpentaria (Yassini et al, 1903). Whatley, 1989; Keij, 1964, 1979a; Wang et al., 1985; 8. Java Sea (Kingma, 1948).

Table 4.1. Ostracod faunas f the study area and adjacent.

79 The ostracod faunas from the study area reveal very close relationships with those of the northwest and north areas compared with that of the east area.

Northwest area: To this direction, there are 60 (53%) species common to Malacca

Strait (including the Northern coast of Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea and the Persian

Gulf), and the study area. Abundant species common to these areas are:

Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Actinocythereis scutigera, Phlyctenophora orientalis,

Alocopocythere guojoni and Hemikrithe peterseni. The latter species shows affinities with the Persian Gulf, the west coast of India, Malacca Strait and Jason

Bay, this single faunal unit possibly being carried by the South Equatorial Current from the northern Indian Ocean through the Malacca Straits to the study area, giving an indication of its migration route.

North area: The ostracod faunas from the study area have 45% similarity to faunas from the Singapore platform and Malay Peninsula (65%). Twenty-five species are common to both these areas. Of these the most abundant are:

Actinocythereis scutigera, Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Cytherelloidea cingulata,

Neomonoceratina bataviana and Hemikrithe orientalis.

To the north, 28 species are common with Borneo shelf, South and east China

Sea, Japan. The most abundant and typical of these areas are: Alataconcha pterogona, Pistocythereis euplectella, Cytheropteron miurence and Cytherelloidea leroyi. The first two species are abundant in the South China Sea and off Japan.

To the east, twenty species are common to various eastern areas including Banda

Sea, Solomon Islands and Gulf of Carpentaria. The most abundant are: Cytherella

80 semitalis, Venericythere papuensis, Alocopocythere guojoni, Neomonoceratina bataviana, Neocytheretta adunca and Neocytheretta spongiosa.

Seven species have a wide distribution from the Gulf of Carpentaria in the east, to

Malacca Strait in the west and South China Sea/Japan in the north. These species are: Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Tanella gracilis, Venericythere papuensis,

Neocytheretta spongiosa, Neocytheretta adunca, Pistocythereis cribriformis and

Neomonoceratina bataviana.

Hartmann (1988) recorded 23 ostracod species common to the Indo-West Pacific area and the Pacific Islands. Among these are only two species, Foveoleberis cypraeoides and Alocopocythere guojoni, are found in the study area. It seems that the latter became transoceanic, having a distribution from India (Pliocene-

Pleistocene), Malacca Strait, South China Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and the Pacific

Islands. The former species is believed to be a typical Indo-Malayan ostracod

(Whatley and Zhao, 1988), having migrated to the Pacific through the South China

Sea via the Kuroshio Current.

4.3. Ostracod faunas from core samples

Three selected core samples (cores 10. 18 and 44) were used for ostracod faunal analysis in the present study. Each core was studied at every 2.5 cm interval (core sub-samples) in relation to the vertical distribution of sediment grain size and geochemical analysis.

81 4.3.1. Ostracod faunas in core 10

Core 10 was taken from the southeastern part of the study area at about 50 m depth. The sediment sample of core 10 is 97.5 cm long, and is divided into 38 core-subsamples (2.5 cm intervals). The distribution of ostracods from this core is tabulated in Appendix 4.B. 56 species were identified, 14 of these exceeding 5% frequencies. The abundant species (>10%) are:- Actinocythereis scutigera,

Phlyctenophora orientalis. Pistocythereis cribriformis, Borneocythere paucipunctata, Neomonoceratina bataviana, Cytherelloidea cingulata,

Bythocytheropteron alatum and Alocopocythere vandijki. The three former species are distributed commonly throughout the core.

Figure 4.10 shows species diversity, density and distribution of four dominant species in relation to sediment distribution in core 10. The values of simple species diversity in core 10 range from 12 to 30, the highest values being between

0 and 2.5 cm. The density of ostracods correlates with the proportion of sand and silt in this core. The lowest species diversity (12 species) is at intervals 10-12.5 cm and 75-77.5 cm where gravel-sized fraction occurs.

The total number of ostracod specimens is from 46 to 350. The lowest number is between 7.5-10 cm and the prominent peak at 70 cm depth (350 specimens) relates to the proportion of sand-sized fraction and high carbonate content. Dominant species in this interval are Borneocythere paucipunctata, Actinocythereis scutigera and Phlyctenophora orientalis. The high number of Pistocythereis cribriformis occurs at 30-32.5 cm. Generally, the diversities and densities of these dominant taxa are monotonous from the upper part and the lower part, correlating with the

82 (A) 30 ra l\* z u s 9 iii I^Il^gilgCTJliraJ^i^lllll afff m iO JO 40 SO a 70 OafXi(Cm) (B) SO

z s. m 3 a to 20 JO 40 so to ?o so m DapO(Cm) (C) too - o SO ° fc IS 40 3 O ;3 WEP-H _ R] Hp j 0H PJraPJ ral f : El El _ F3 M pj _ ». H ra ™ PJ ra z"! 20 0 I0 20X4OSOSO7080S0 Depti(Cm) (D) fc «w

§!} 40 - 5 •» 0 * rOM3010S060?0-80S47 327 O

47 50 Dep*i(Cm{

&m arml gS%3 stud Zfifa «llt • ««T "~|

Figure 4.10. Core 10 vertical variations of: (A) Pistocythereis cribriformis, (B) Phlyctenophora orientalis, (C) Actinocythereis scutigera, (D) Borneocythere paucipunctata, (E) total number of species, (F) total number of specimens, (G) sedimentological texture.

83 distribution of silty sand to sandy silt, and a small amount of gravel.

4.3.2. Ostracod faunas in core 18

Core 18 was taken from the middle of the western part of the study area at 55 m water depth. The core collected from station 18 is 95 cm long, and is divided into

38 subsamples with 2.5 cm interval. The distribution of ostracod species at each interval is shown in Appendix 4.C.

Sixty-five ostracod species were identified from core 18 and 59 of these species have percentages less than 5% of the total specimens of the samples. There is only one species, Foveoleberis cypraeoides, which is found abundantly (13%). The number of specimens of this species include those of the new subspecies,

Foveoleberis cypraeoides baweani. The common species (5-10%) occurs throughout core 18 are Borneocythere paucipunctata, Actinocythereis scutigera,

Pistocythereis euplectella, Neomonoceratina bataviana, Alocopocythere kendengensis and Neocytheretta spongiosa.

Figure 4.11 shows the total number of individuals, species diversity, distribution of dominant species in relation to the distribution of sediment in this core. The diversity at each interval ranges from 11 to 34 species. The lowest value is at depth interval 80-82.5 cm and the highest number is at 37.5-40 cm. The distribution pattern of ostracod species in this core can be divided into two parts.

The first part is from the upper part to the nearly middle part (40-42.5 cm), where the value is more than 26 species. This value tends to decrease downward in the remaining part of the core. It is correlated with the distribution of sand-sized

84 (A) 40

\\aAi IS* I tEflBEln,, IMTOJ 40 50 70 00 30 Deplh(Cm) (B) i ».» - z< /O - fc] * illlflllla, •.m. .a. ,ia$„ .&. B,H,H » 40 SO SO ^ 47 JW D«p*i

°\30 \%20 \\» E3rci-... E3ra O I i M.iMl.l.l.l0, .—^.1 PJ-ra a. /» ra •P 5)7 V 30 40 Dep*i(CmSO) SO (D) «»

SO 1?« is ilMi^li^iI W — B m , ,-Rlf It i» SO 70 80 X » Cwpti(Cm)

0 JO 40 50 70 SO SO Deplh(Cm)

E351 ar«r«l 68883 Sand ^3 Silt I I Cl«f

Figure 4.11. Core 18 vertical variations of: (A) Borneocythere paucipunctata, (B) Actinocythereis scutigera, (C) Neocytheretta spongiosa, (D) Foveoleberis cypraeoides, (E) total number of species, (F) total number of specimens, (G) sedimentological texture.

85 fraction

The specimen number (abundance) at each interval varies from 15 to 52 individuals. The lowest abundance is in the lower part of core at interval 80-82.5 cm where the diversity is also low. The highest abundance is at interval 30-35 cm, where dominant species are Borneocythere paucipunctata, Foveoleberis cypraeoides and Neocytheretta vandijki. This upper part (at interval 0-42.5 cm) has more than 110 individuals. The remaining part of this core has a low number of specimens, less than 103 individuals; however, there is a peak in the total number of specimens between 70-75 cm, being correlated with gravel-sandy silt; this part is dominated by Phlyctenophora orientalis and Neocytheretta vandijki. Generally, the abundance and species diversity of ostracods in core 18 correlate with the distribution of sediments which decrease downward in grain size.

4.3.3. Ostracod faunas in Core 44

Core 44 was taken in the open sea at 63 m water depth. Only 85 cm of sediment sample has been collected from this core and it is divided into 34 core subsamples. The distribution of ostracod faunas from this core was listed in appendix 4.D. Seventy-three species were identified from this core; 68 of these species are rare (less than 5%). Two species, Borneocythere paucipunctata and

Phlyctenophora orientalis, are abundant and three others {Foveoleberis cypraeoides,

Neocytheretta vandijki and Pistocythereis bradyi) have percentages of 1-5% of the total number of specimens in the sample.

Figure 4.12 shows the total number of specimens, species diversity, distribution of

86 (A) so 49 - 8ra i^o-i o maHH»wwwlllligllHwlEilawlL alia J» 47 tO 20 30 40 SO SO 70 Dapti(Cm) (B) 250 fc , 20O oJJ si zoo £3

mra ra M M m 13ra i n ,-. rai 10 20 30 40 SO SO 70 SO Oopti(Qn)

(C) /^7

4) SO D«p*i(Cm)

(E) 340

v ,, ,, /^ A 1 • ^^ ' \— \ ^ XwiA. i 6 75 ^ \ _/\ .^^,^\- ' ' \^\/ x _"" J^ n in |7 /tf 37 40 50 *0 •27 90 Dapti(On)

(F) E 4*7 . «37 »«» ^ «p s: 777 rs:3 1 • 300 I3Z sz: • 200 37 47 37 SO cz70 Daph(Cm)

C3S3 ar«»«l 68883 »««

Figure 4.12. Core 44 vertical variations of: (A) Neocytheretta vandijki, (B) Phlyctenophora orientalis, C) Foveoleberis cypraeoides, (D) Borneocythere paucipunctata, (E) total number of species, (F) total number of specimens, (G) sedimentological texture.

87 dominant species, and sediment texture in core 44. The species diversity varies between 9 and 43. The lowest value is in the bottom part of the core between

67.5 and 70 cm and the highest value occurs in the middle part of core at interval

32.5-35 cm. Based on the species diversity, core 44 can also divided into two parts: an upper part (0-45 cm) and the bottom part (45-85 cm). The species diversity in the upper part is high, decreasing downward (except for the 75-77.5 cm. interval). The decrease in the diversity of this species is related to the euryhalinity of the water (Carbonel, 1988).

The number of specimens in core 44 ranges from 35 to 627 individuals. The lowest abundances are in the intervals 67.5-70 cm and 80-85 cm. These intervals, particularly in the lowest part of the core, are characterised by dominant ooliths, but low phosphorus and organic content. The highest abundance is in the interval

30-32.5 in the upper part of core 44. Generally, the abundance 'from the top three quarters of this core is higher than the bottom quarter. The dominant species in the core demonstrate the sharp change in number of specimens between the upper and lower part.

4.4. Discussion

Ostracod faunas from the study area are diverse and abundant. Several ostracod faunas are widespread in the study area laterally and vertically. These include the endemic species Borneocythere paucipunctata, Foveoleberis cypraeoides,

Cytherelloidea cingulata, Neomonoceratina bataviana and Actinocythereis scutigera, as well as species of Neocytheretta, Cytherelloidea and Keijella. The first species is typical of the Indo-Malayan region, not being found in the South China Sea and

88 eastern areas of Indonesia. The other species, typical of warm water faunas areas, include Pistocythereis euplectella, Neocytheretta vandijki and Cytheropteron miurence are also abundant in the study area.

On the basis of Q-mode and R-mode cluster analyses, three biotopes and two biofacies have been recognized. It seems that the distribution pattern of ostracods in the study area is largely affected by type of substrates and geographic locations: nearshore, transition between nearshore and open sea, and open sea.

The dominant species in the study area are Borneocythere paucipunctata,

Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Cytherelloidea cingulata and Actinocythereis scutigera.

Ostracods from area studied show strongest affinity with that of the Strait of

Malacca (60 species) and southern part of South China Sea. This study adds the information of the ostracod study by Whatley & Zhao (1987, 1988). They recorded that only 27 species of ostracods from the Malacca Strait were common with other eastern areas (Indonesia, Papua new Guinea and the Solomon Islands).

This may be due to the lack of detailed study of ostracods from Indonesian waters.

The less affinity between ostracods from the study area and various eastern areas may be due to the presence of the shelf break in the Banda Sea which has more than 5000 m depth. This may cause the low migration degree between western part of Indonesia (Sunda shelf) and eastern part of Indonesia, including Gulf of

Carpentaria, Papua New Guinea.

Titterton and Whatley (1988) distinguished two provinces with the Gulf of

Carpentaria as part of the Australian Province, and Papua-New Guinea and the

89 Solomon Islands as part of the Southern and Southwestern Pacific Province.

Therefore, these provinces have less affinity with the East Indian Province

(including the study area) because of latitude and deep oceanic barriers.

Further in the East Indian province, two subprovinces with different ostracod communities are proposed: shelf (Malacca Strait, southern part of China Sea and

Java Sea) and deep sea. These divisions are known from physical barriers of the deep sea (>5000 m) in Banda (east Indonesia). In the deep sea, Keij (1953) found only a few species, and Dewi (1988) found few species of ostracods from

Sumbawa, Flores Sea which are different from those of Java Sea. The ostracod faunas from deep water of the Gulf of Bone, Sulawesi also show a low affinity with those from the Java Sea (Dewi, in press).

Ostracods from three core samples show variation in their diversities and abundances. The upper part of these cores are more diverse and abundant than the lower parts, particularly in the bottom part of core 44. Although Carbonel (1988) considered that fluctuating salinity was reflected in changes in abundance and diversity, the ostracod faunas indicate fully marine salinities throughout. Lowered abundances and diversities might be alternatively explained by bioturbation or high rates of sedimentation, but the latter cannot be quantified without radiometric dating. If water depth were a controlling factor, shallow water assemblages should occur in intervals representing low sea levels; these are not evident

The dominant species in these cores are Borneocythere paucipunctata,

Actinocythereis scutigera, Phlyctenophora orientalis, Foveoleberis cypraeoides and

Neocytheretta spongiosa.

90 CHAPTER 5: OSTRACOD SYSTEMATICS

5.1. Introduction

Analysis of ostracod faunas from the west of Bawean Island, Java Sea is based on

Recent and sub-Recent faunal assemblages. One hundred and thirteen species, one subspecies and two undetermined immature forms are identified and illustrated; only new taxa are described.

All measurements are given in millimetres and the following abbreviation are used in the descriptions: CA = carapace; ARV = adult right valve, ALV = adult left valve; J = juvenile.

In the descriptions, the following convention is applied for the size of specimens: large (length more than 0.7 mm), moderate (0.7-5 mm), small (less than 0.5 mm).

Abundance is expressed as a percentage occurrence per sample: abundant (20-

10%), common (10-5%), and rare (less than 5%).

All the types of specimens are deposited in the Geological Museum of Indonesia at Bandung (IOC= Indonesian Ostracod Collection). Other specimens (other than those which are unique) are also deposited at the Australian Museum and the

Department of Geology, the University of Wollongong.

91 5.2. Summary

Recent and sub-Recent ostracod faunas from west of Bawean Island, Java Sea have

been identified and illustrated.

One hundred and thirteen species including one subspecies and one undetermined

species are identified. They are belong to 53 genera. Seven new species are

proposed: Polycope baweaniensis Dewi sp. nov.

Cytherella javaseaense Dewi sp. nov.

Loxoconcha wrighti Dewi sp. nov.

Loxoconcha ismailusnai Dewi sp. nov.

lAglaiocypris susilohadii Dewi sp . nov.

Keijella carriei Dewi sp. nov.

Keijia tjokrosapoetroi Dewi sp.nov.

New species and genus

Distribution data are shown in Table 4.2, and Appendices 4.A, 4.B, 4.C and 4.D.

A systematic arrangement of the ostracod faunas from west of Bawean Island, Java

Sea can be summarized as follows:

Phylum CRUSTACEA Pennant, 1777

Class OSTRACODA Latreille, 1806

Order CLADOCOPIDA Sars, 1866

Suborder CLADOCOPINA Sars, 1866

Family POLYCOPIDAE Sars, 1866

Genus Polycope Sars, 1866

1. Polycope baweaniensis sp. nov

92 Order PODOCOPIDA Muller, 1894

Suborder PLATYCOPINA Sars, 1866

Family CYTHERELLIDAE Sars, 1866

Genus Cytherella Jones, 1845

2. Cytherella javaseaense sp. nov.

3. Cytherella cf. C. hemipuncta Swanson, 1969

4. Cytherella incohota Zhao and Whatley, 1989

5. Cytherella koegleri Mostafawi, 1992

6. Cytherella aff. lata Brady, 1880

7. Cytherella semitalis Brady, 1868

8. Cytherella cf. C. leroyi Kingma, 1948

Genus Cytherelloidea Alexander, 1929

9. Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis Keij, 1964

10. Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady, 1869)

11. Cytherelloidea excavata Mostafawi, 1992

12. Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, 1954

13. Cytherelloidea mallacaensis Whatley and Zhao, 1987

Suborder PODOCOPINA Sars, 1866

Superfamily BAIRDIACEA Sars, 1866

Family BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1866

Subfamily BAIRDIINAE Sars, 1888

Genus Bairdopillata Coryell, Sample and Jennings, 1935

14. Bairdopillata paracratericola Titterton and Whatley, 1988

15. Bairdopillata paraalcyonicola Titterton and Whatley, 1988

Genus Paranesidea Maddocks, 1969

93 16. Paranesidea sp.

Family MACROCYPRIDIDAE Muller, 1912

Genus Macrocypris Brady, 1867

17. Macrocypris decora (Brady, 1866)

Superfamily CYPRJDACEA Baird, 1845

Family PARACYPRIDIDAE Sars, 1923

Genus Paracypris Sars, 1866

18. Paracypris cf. P. nuda Mostafawi, 1992

Genus Phlyctenophora Brady, 1880

19. Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady, 1868)

Genus Aglaiocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1946

20. lAglaiocypris susilohadii sp. nov.

Family PONTOCYPRIDIDAE Muller, 1894

Genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866

21. Argilloecia cf. A. lunata Frydl, 1866

22. Argilloecia cf. A. hanai Ishizaki, in Zhao et al, 1985

Genus Pontocypria Muller, 1894

23. Pontocypria sp.

Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

24. Propontocypris rostrata Mostafawi, 1992

Genus Pontocypris Sars, 1866

25. Pontocypris cf. P. attenuata (Brady, 1868)

94 Superfamily CYTHERACEA Baird, 1850

Family SCHIZOCYTHERIDAE Mandelstam, 1960

Subfamily SCHIZOCYTHERINAE Mandelstam, 1960

Genus Neomonoceratina Kingma, 1948

26. Neomonoceratina bataviana (Brady, 1868)

27. Neomonoceratina delicata Ishizaki and Kato, 1976

28. Neomonoceratina cf. N. entomon Brady, 1890

29. Neomonoceratina indonesiana Whatley and Zhao, 1987

30. Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady, 1868

31. Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma, 1948

Genus Spinoceratina Mostafawi, 1992

32. Spinoceratina spinosa (Whatley and Zhao, 1989)

Family BYTHOCYTHERIDAE Hornibrook, 1953

Genus Bythoceratina Hornibrook, 1953

33. Bythoceratina bicornis Mostafawi, 1992

34. Bythoceratina hastata Mostafawi, 1992

35. Bythoceratina multiplex Whatley and Zhao, 1987

36. Bythoceratina nelae Mostafawi, 1992

37. Bythoceratina paiki Whatley and Zhao, 1987

38. Bythoceratina pauciornata Mostafawi, 1992

Genus Bythocytheropteron Whatley and Zhao, 1987

39. Bythecytheropteron alatum Whatley and Zhao, 1987

Subfamily PSEUDOCYTHERINAE Schneider, 1960

Genus Baltraella Pokorny, 1968

40. Baltraella hanaii Keij. 1979

95 41. Baltraella minor Keij, 1968

42. Baltraella cf. B. minor Keij, 1968

Subfamily CYTHERURINAE Muller, 1894

Genus Paijenborchella Kingma, 1948

43. Paijenborchella cf. P. iocosa Kingma, 1948

Family NEOGYTHERIDE1DAE Puri, 1957

Genus Copytus Skogsberg, 1939

44. Copytus posterosulcus Wang, 1985

Family KRITHHDAE Mandelstam, 1960

Genus Parakrithella Hanai, 1961

45. Parakrithella pseudadonta (Hanai, 1959)

46. Parakrithella sp.

Genus Pseudopsammocythere Carbonel, 1965

47. Pseudosammocythere cf. P. reniformis (Brady, 1868)

Family CYTHEROPTERONIDAE Muller, 1894

Genus Cytheropteron Sars, 1866

48. Cytheropteron miurense Hanai, 1957

49. Cytheropteron parasinense Whatley and Zhao, 1987

50. Cytheropteron pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese, 1976

51. Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley and Zhao, 1987

52. Cytheropteron sp.

53. Cytheropteron cf. C. wilmablomaensis Yassini and Jones, 1993

Genus Eucytherura MUller, 1894

96 54. Eucytherura sp.

Genus Semicytherura Wagner, 1957

55. Semicytherura indonesiana Whatley and Zhao, 1987

Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925

Genus Loxoconcha Sars, 1866

56. Loxoconcha sp. 1

57. Loxoconcha paiki Whatley and Zhao, 1987

58. Loxoconcha wrighti sp. nov.

59. Loxoconcha ismailusnai sp. nov.

60. Loxoconcha sp. 2

Genus Phlyctocythere Keij, 1958

61. Phlyctocythere fennerae Mostafawi, 1992

Genus Alataconcha Whatley and Zhao, 1987

62. Alataconcha pterogona (Zhao), in Zhao et al., 1985

Family HEMICYTHERTDAE Puri, 1953

Subfamily HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953

Genus Hemicytheridea Kingma, 1948

63. Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma, 1948

64. Hemicytheridea cf. reticulata Kingma, 1948

65. Hemicytheridea ornata Mostafawi, 1992

Genus Caudites Coryell and Fields, 1937

66. Caudites sp. 1

67. Caudites sp. 2

68. Caudites sp. 3

97 Family PECTOCYTHEREIDAE Hanai, 1957

Genus Keijia Teeter, 1975

69. Keijia tjokrosapoetroi sp. nov.

70. Keijia labyrinthica Whatley and Zhao, 1987

Family LEPTOCYTHEREIDAE Hanai, 1957

Genus Callistocythere Ruggieri, 1853

71. Callistocythere sp.

Genus Tanella Kingma, 1948

72. Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948

Family TRACHYLEBERIDIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Subfamily TRACHYLEBERIDINAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Genus Actinocythereis Puri, 1953

73. Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady, 1868)

Genus Henryhowella Puri, 1957

74. Henryhowella keutapangensis (Kingma, 1948)

Genus Malaycythereis Zhao and Whatley, 1988

75. Malaycythereis trachodes Zhao and Whatley, 1988

Genus Stigmatocythere Siddiqui, 1971

76. Stigmatocythere bona Chen, 1982

77. Stigmatocythere indica (Jain, 1977)

78. Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma, 1948)

79. Stigmatocythere rugosa (Kingma, 1948)

80. Stigmatocythere kingmai Whatley and Zhao, 1988

98 81. Stigmatocythere parakingmai Whatley and Zhao, 1989

Subfamily PTERYGOCYTHERINAE Puri, 1957

Genus Keijella Ruggeri, 1967

82. Keijella kloempritensis (Kingma, 1948)

83. Keijella multisulcus Whatley and Zhao, 1988

84. Keijella carriei sp. nov.

85. Keijella reticulata Whatley and Zhao, 1988

Genus Venericythere Mostafawi, 1992

86. Venericythere papuensis (Brady, 1880)

87. Venericythere darwini (Brady, 1868)

Genus Borneocythere Mostafawi, 1992

88. Borneocythere paucipunctata (Whatley and Zhao, 1988)

Genus Ruggiera Keij, 1957

89. Ruggieria indopacifica Whatley and Zhao, 1988

Genus Lanckacythere Bhatia and Kumar, 1979

90. Lankacythere multifora Mostafawi, 1992

91. Lankacythere sp.

Genus Pistocythereis Gou, 1983

92. Pistocythereis bradyi (Ishizaki, 1968)

93. Pistocythereis bradyiformis Mostafawi, 1992

94. Pistocythereis cribriformis (Brady, 1865)

95. Pistocythereis euplectella (Brady, 1869)

99 Family BRACHYCYTHERIDAE Puri, 1954

Genus Bosquetina Keij, 1857

96. Bosquetina sp. 1

97. Bosquetina sp. 2

Subfamily CYTHERETTINAE, 1952

Genus Alocopocythere Siddiqui, 1971

98. Alocopocythere adunca (Brady, 1880)

99. Alocopocythere goujoni (Brady, 1868)

100. Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma, 1948)

Genus Neocytheretta van Morkhoven, 1963

101. Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao and Whatley, 1989

102. Neocytheretta novella Mostafawi, 1992

103. Neocytheretta snelli (Kingma, 1948)

104. Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady, 1870)

105. Neocytheretta vandijki (Kingma, 1948)

Subfamily ARCULACYTHERINAE Hartmann, 1981

Genus Atjehella Kingma, 1948

106. Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, 1948

Genus Hemikrithe van den Bold, 1950

107. Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold, 1950

108. Hemikrithe peterseni Jain, 1978

100 Family XESTOLEBERIDAE Sars, 1928

Genus Xestoleberis Sars, 1928

109. Xestoleberis malaysiana Zhao and Whatley, 1989

Genus Foveoleberis Malz, 1980

110. Foveoleberis cypraoeides (Brady, 1868)

Foveoleberis cypraoides baweani subsp. nov

Family PARADOXOSTOMATIDAE Brady and Norman, 1889

Genus Paradoxostoma Fischer, 1855

111. Paradoxostoma sp.

Genus Xiphichilus Brady, 1870

112. Xiphichilus lanceaeformis Mostafawi, 1992

Genus Ornatoleberis Keij, 1975

113. 1 Ornatoleberis sp.

5.3. Systematic Descriptions

Phylum CRUSTACEA Pennant, 1777

Class OSTRACODA Latreille, 1806

Order CLADOCOPIDA Sars, 1866

Suborder CLADOCOPINA Sars, 1866

Family POLYCOPIDAE Sars, 1866

Polycope Sars, 1866

Polycope baweaniensis Dewi, sp. nov. Figs 1-3

101 1987 Polycope sp. cf. P. reticulata Muller (1894); Whatley and Zhao, p. 333, pi.

1, fig. 1.

1992 Polycope sp. 2. Mostafawi, p. 133. pi. 1,fig. 3 .

Etymology: From the type locality of the Bawean Island.

Holotype : Fig. 1, IOC 01

Paratype : Fig. 3, IOC 02

Type locality: St. 8, water depth 62 m, muddy sediment.

Diagnosis: A species of Polycope characterized by its strong polygonal reticulation.

Description: Carapace small, nearly circular in lateral view. A marked angle in

the anterior outline and an obtuse cardinal angle in dorsal margin, posterior

straight, ventrum more convex than dorsum. Carapace thinly calcified and surface

ornamentation of heavy reticulation. The hinge-line is very short and straight. Inner

lamella is very narrow and normal pores numerous.

Remarks: This species is very similar to Polycope reticulata Muller from the

Gulf of Nepal and Bou-Ismail Bay, Algeria in having type of reticulation and

convex dorsally (Mostafawi, 1992). The present species is slightly broader

posteriorly, lacks anterior marginal denticules (Whatley and Zhao, 1987) and has

heavy reticulation.

Materials: 15 adult valves.

Measurements:

Length Height Locations

Holotype ARV 0.42 0.37 St. 8 Paratype ALV 0.30 0.27 St. 8

Occurrences: In the present study it occurs only at the southern two stations 8

and 13, and cores 10 and 44.

Distribution: This species has been recorded rarely both from Malacca Strait and

102 the central part of Sunda Shelf between Sumatra and Kalimantan.

Order PODOCOPIDA Miiller, 1894

Suborder PLATYCOPINA Sars, 1866

Family CYTHERELLIDAE Sars, 1866

Cytherella Jones, 1849

Cytherella javaseaense Dewi, sp. nov. Figs 4, 5

Etymology: With reference to the geographical location of the type locality.

Holotype : Fig. 4, IOC 03.

Paratype : Fig. 4, IOC 04.

Type locality: Station 5, approximately 50 km from the Java coast. Water depth

31 m and substrate gravelly mud. This station was dominated by genus Cytherella and Cytherelloidea.

Diagnosis: A species of Cytherella characterized by its smooth anteromedian and posteromedian areas.

Description: Cytherella with elongate carapace, medium size, both dorsum and ventrum are slightly median concave, anterior and posterior ends are not equally rounded but posterodorsal and anterodorsal are slightly high. Surface ornamented with pits except for smooth areas posteromedially and anteromedially. Wedge- shaped in dorsal view, both anterior and posterior are compressed with slight median concavity. Internally, inner margin is very narrow.

Remarks: This species is very similar to the Cytherella lismorensis McKenzie,

1984 from South Gundurimba, near Lismore, N.S.W., 13-14 m, but the present species is not subtruncate posteriorly.

103 Materials: IC, 14 RV. 6LV from surface sediments.

Measurements:

Length Height Width Locations Holotype, ARV 0.52" 0.27 St. 5 Paratype, ARV 0.55 0.27 St. 5 Paratype, ALV 0.53 0.27 St. 5 Paratype, CA 0.:.5 0.30 0.10 St. 5

Occurrences: Common at station 5 and rarely at station 10.

Cytherella hemipuncta Swanson, 1969 Fig. 6

1969 Cytherella hemipuncta Swanson, p. 37, p.l, figs 4-6.

1987 Cytherella hemipuncta Swanson; Whatley and Zhao, p. 333. pi. 1, figs 2-4.

Occurrences: Common at St. 5 and 20; rare at 6 other surface samples, cores 10 and 18.

Distribution: New Zealand, rare in the northern part of Malacca Strait, rare in the

Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula).

Cytherella incohota Zhao and Whatley, 1989 Figs 7-8

1989 Cytherella incohota Zhao and Whatley, p. 172, pi. 1, figs 1-4.

1992 Cytherella incohota Zhao and Whatley; Mostafawi, p. 133, pi. 1, fig. 6.

Occurrences: Abundant at St. 5 and rare n 12 other surface samples. One specimen was found in the bottom part of core 18.

Distribution: Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula) and Singapore platform.

104 Cytherella koegleri Mostafawi, 1992 Fig. 9

1992 Cytherella koegleri Mostafawi, p. 134, pi. 1, figs 7-8.

Occurrences: Rare in 12 surface sediment samples; few in the bottom part of core

10; few in the middle part of core 44; it occurs throughout (nearly 75%) core 18.

Distribution: Singapore platform at 36-84 m water depth.

Cytherella aff. C. lata Brady, 1880 Fig. 10

aff. 1880 Cytherella lata Brady, p. 173, pi. 44, figs 5a-b. aff. 1976 Cytherella lata Brady; Puri and Huling, pi, 24, figs 17, 18. aff. 1993 Cytherella lata Brady; Yassini and Jones, p. 32, pi. 1, figs 18, 21-

24.

Occurrences: Few at St. 51 and rare in 5 other surface samples, cores 10 and 18.

Distribution: It was reported from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans

(Whatley and Zhao, 1987); it is common in the eastern part of Bass Strait and

Bermagui shelf at water depth below 80 m (Yassini and Jones, in prep.).

Cytherella semitalis Brady, 1868 Figs 11-13

1880 Cytherella semitalis BradyBrady , p. 175, pi. 44, figs 2a-e.

1948 Cytherella semitalis Brady Kingma, p. 63, pi. 6, tigs 6a, b.

1987 Cytherella semitalis Brady Whatley and Zhao, p. 334, pi. 1, tigs 7-10.

1989 Cytherella semitalis Brady Howe and McKenzie, fig. 37.

1992 Cytherella semitalis Brady Mostafawi, p. 133, pi. 1, tig. 4.

105 Occurrences: Abundant at St. 5 and 13; common at St. 7, 10, 15, and 20; rare in

9 other surface samples, throughout cores 10 and 18 and in the middle part of core

44.

Distribution: Timor and Sumatra (Pliocene); Papua New Guinea, India (Whatley and Zhao, 1987); Darwin, Australia (Howe and McKenzie, 1989); southern part of

Malacca Strait; Jason Bay (Malay Peninsula); Singapore platform; Gulf of

Carpentaria (Yassini, )et al.

Cytherella cf. C. leroyi Kingma, 1948 Figs 12-13

cf. 1948 Cytherella leroyi Kingma, p. 62, pi. 6, fig. 3.

Ocurrences: St. 5 (abundant); St. 15 (common); St. 7 (few); rare at St. 10, cores

10 and 18.

Distribution: Aceh, North Sumatra (Miocene); Sangiran and Kloemprit, East Java

(Kingma, 1948).

Cytherelloidea Alexander, 1929

Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis Keij, 1964 Fig. 14

1964 Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis Keij, p. 418, pi. 1, figs 9-11.

1992 Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis Keij; Mostafawi, p. 135, pi. 1, fig. 14.

Occurrences: Rare at 6 stations in the open sea, northern part of the study area, rare in core 44.

Distribution: Off Sabah and Brunei at depths of more than 40 m; Singapore platform.

106 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, 1964 Fig. 15

1964 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, p. 420, pi. 2, figs 1-4.

1987 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij; Whatley and Zhao, p. 334, pi. 1, figs 15-18.

1985 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij; Zhao et al., pi. 19, fig. 1.

1992 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij; Mostafawi, p. 135, pi. 1, fig. 12.

Occcurences: St. 5 (abundant); St. 22, 46 and 48 (few); rare in 4 other surface sample (including the part of core 44). It is not found in all core subsamples.

Distribution: Offshore Brunei and Sabah; abundant in South China Sea; Malacca

Strait in all samples; Jason Bay, southeastern Malay peninsula; Singapore platform.

Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady, 1869) Figs 16-17

1869 Cytherelloidea cungulata Brady, in Whatley and Zhao (1987), p. 159, pi. 16, figs 24, 25.

1880 Cytherelloidea cingulata Brady; Brady, p. 177, 178, pi. 43, figs la-g, 2a-d.

1948 Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady); Kingma, p. 65, pi. 6, figs 10a, b.

1964 Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady); Keij, pp. 419, 450, pi. 1, figs 4-8.

1987 Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 58, pi. 4, fig. 1.

1992 Cytherella cingulata (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 135, pi. 1, fig. 13.

Occurrences: Abundant at St. 5, 13 and 18; rare to common at 30 other stations.

It is found in nearly all subsamples of cores 10 and 18 and some subsamples of core 44.

Distribution: Andaman Island (Miocene); South China Sea; Malacca Strait; Jason

Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula); Singapore platform.

107 Cytherelloidea excavata Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 18, 19

1992 Cytherelloidea excavata Mostafawi, p. 135, pi. 1,figs 9-11 .

Occurrences: Common at St 5; rare in 4 other stations. Rare in cores 10 and 18 and none in core 44.

Distribution: Singapore platform.

Cytherelloidea malaccaensis Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 20, 21.

1987 Cytherelloidea malaccaensis Whatley and Zhao, p. 335, pi. 1, figs 19-21.

Occurrences: Common at St. 5, rare in 4 other surface samples. It does not occur in all subsamples of cores 10, 14 and 44, except at interval 0-2.5 cm of core 10.

Distribution: Northwestern part of Malacca Strait; Jason Bay (southeastern Malay

Peninsula).

Suborder PODOCOPINA Sars, 1866

Superfamily BAIRDIACEA Sars, 1888

Family BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1888

Subfamily BAIRDHNAE Sars, 1888

Bairdopillata Coryell, Sample and Jennings, 1935

Bairdopillata paracratericola Titterton and Whatley, 1988 Figs 22, 23

1988 Bairdopillata paracratericola Titterton and Whatley, p. 114, pi. 1, figs 9-16.

Occurrences: Only one specimen was found in the study area at interval 2.5-5.0

108 cm of core 18.

Distribution: Solomon Islands.

Bairdopillata paraalcyonicola Titterton and Whatley, 1988. Figs 24-25

1988 Bairdopillata paraalcyonicola Titterton and Whatley, p. 113, pi. 1, figs 1-8.

Occurrences: Rare in St. 14; 11 subsamples of core 44 contain this species.

Distribution: Solomon Islands.

Paranesidea Maddocks, 1969

Paranesidea sp. Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 26-27

1987 Paranesidea sp. Whatley and Zhao, p. 336, pi. 1, fig. 24.

Occurrences: Rare at St. 15, 16 and 17. It does not occur in all subsamples of cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Malacca Strait.

Family MACROCYPRIDIDAE Muller, 1912

Macrocypris Brady, 1867

Macrocypris decora (Brady, 1866) Fig. 28

1866 Cytherideis (Cytherideis) decora Brady, p. 366, pi. 52, figs 13a-c.

1880 Macrocypris decora (Brady); Brady, p. 44, pi. 1, figs 3a-d; pi. 6, figs 8a-b.

1978 Macrocypris decora (Brady); De Deckker and Jones, p. 132.

1984 Macrocypris sp., (Brady); McKenzie and Pickett, fig. 3G.

1985 Macrocypris decora (Brady); Wang and Zhao, pi. 6, fig. 6.

109 1987 Macrocypris cf. M. decora (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 336, pi. 1, figs

27, 28.

1992 Macrocypris cf. M. decora (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 163, pi. 8, fig. 171.

Occurrences: Rare in 9 surface samples, rare at interval 15-20 cm of core 18 and in the middle part (interval 25 -42.5 cm) of core 44.

Distribution: This species has a wide distribution: Australia; Indonesia; East China

Sea; Indian Ocean; South Atlantic Ocean; Malacca Strait and Singapore platform

(Recent); India, Australia, China (Miocene); Richmond River valley, N.S.W. (Late

Pleistocene).

Superfamily CYPRIDACEA Baird, 1845

Family PARACYPRIDIDAE Sars, 1923

Paracypris Sars, 1866

Paracypris cf. nuda Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 29-30

1987 Paracypris sp. Whatley and Zhao, p. 336, pi. 2, figs 1, 2. cf. 1992 Paracypris nuda Mostafawi, p. 163, pi. 8, figs 172-174.

Occurrences: Rare at 12 surface samples; rare in core 10 and 18; few in core 44.

Distribution: Malacca Strait and Singapore platform.

Phlyctenophora Brady, 1880

Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady, 1868) Figs 31, 32

1868 Macrocypris orientalis Brady, cit. Whatley and Zhao (1987), p. 61, 62, pi. 7, figs 1-3.

1880 Phlyctenophora zealandica Brady; Brady, p. 33, pi. 3, figs la-m.

110 1948 Paracypris zealandica (Brady); Kingma, p. 67, pi. 6, figs 181a-c.

1954 Paracypris zealandica (Brady); Keij, p. 352, pi. 1, fig. 6.

1987 Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 336, 337, pi. 2, figs

3, 4.

1992 Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 163, pi. 8, fig. 175.

Occurrences: 75% of the surface samples contain this species, ranging from rare to common. It occurs from rare to abundant in nearly all subsamples (97%) of cores 10, 18 and 44. -

Distribution: This species is known from Papua New Guinea, Australia, New

Zealand, India, South China Sea, Malacca Strait, Jason Bay (southeastern Malay

Peninsula), Singapore platform, Port Hedland (Western Australia). Late Pleistocene of Richmond River valley (NSW, Australia).

Aglaiocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1946 ?Aglaiocypris susilohadii , sp. nov. Figs 33-34

Etymology: For Susilohadi, my husband and a postgraduate student at the

Department of Geology, the University of Wollongong for his valuable support in sedimentology.

Holotype: Fig. 33, IOC 05

Paratype: Fig. 34, IOC 06

Type locality: St 18, water depth: 55 m: type of sediment: gravelly sandy mud.

Diagnosis: A species of Aglaiocypris characterized by slight convexity in the antero-median area.

Description: Carapace medium, elongate subelliptical, valve uncompressed, anterior and posterior ends are well rounded with highest anteriorly. Dorsum slightly more

111 convex than ventrum. Inner lamella broadest anteriorly and muscle scar area forms a rosette group. Surface smooth and opaque.

Remarks: This species is similar to Aglaiocypris (Aglaia) pulchella Brady, 1868

(in Moore, 1961) but the latter species has an inner lamella moderate in width and its shape is highest medially. It has a very narrow posterior inner lamella and the dorsum is slightly convex. This species differs from ^.Aglaiocypris gambiensis

Witte, 1993 from West Africa in its shape, and the size and development of the inner lamella. The latter species has greater shape in posterior one third, length size more than 1 mm and posterior inner lamella is very narrow.

Material: 27 valves: 12 ALV, 15 ARV, 1 CA.

Measurements:

Length Height Locations Holotype, ALV 0.72 0.29 St. 18 Paratype, ALV 0.73 0.31 St. 18

Occurrences: 91 specimens were collected from 18 surface sediments.

Family PONTOCYPRIDIDAE Muller, 1894

Argilloecia Sars, 1866 Argilloecia cf. A. lunata Frydl, 1982 Figs 35-36.

1992 Argilloecia cf. A. lunata Frydl; Mostafawi, p. 166, pi. 8, fig. 187.

Occurrences: This species was found rarely to commonly at 72% of surface samples.

Distribution: Common on the Singapore platform.

Argilloecia cf. A. hanai Ishizaki, in Zhao et al, 1985 Figs 230-231.

112 cf. 1985 Argilloecia hanai Ishizaki; Zhao et al., pi. 19, fig. 5. cf. 1985 Argilloecia hanai Ishizaki; Wang et al., pi. 8, fig. 7.

Occurrences: It was found rarely in the northern part of study area.

Distribution: East and South China Sea, Recent.

Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

Subgenus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

P. (Propontocypris) rostrata Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 39, 41

1987 Propontocypris {Propontocypris) sp. 1. Whatley and Zhao, p. 337-338, pi. 2, figs 10, 11.

1992 Propontocypris rostrata Mostafawi, p. 163, pi. 8, figs 179-181.

Occurrences: The species occurs rarely to commonly at 25 surface samples. It wasfound from the middle to bottom parts of core 10; in the upper part of core

18; and in the middle part of core 44.

Distribution: Rare in Malacca Strait at water depth 25-100 m (Whatley and Zhao,

1987); common in the middle part of the Singapore platform (Mostafwi, 1992).

Pontocypris Sars, 1866

Pontocypris cf. P. attenuata (Brady, 1868) Figs 40-42

1992 Pontocypris cf. P. attenuata Brady; Mostafawi, p. 163, pi. 8, fig. 177.

Occurrences: Only two specimens were found in the study area at St. 5.

Distribution: Rare on Singapore platform.

Pontocypria Muller, 1894

113 Pontocypria sp. Fig. 43

1987 Propontocypris {Propontocypris) sp. 4, Whatley and Zhao, p. 338, pi. 2, figs

15, 16.

1992 Pontocypria sp. Mostafawi, p. 163, pi. 8, fig. 176.

Occurrences: Only four specimens were found in the study area at st. 15.

Distribution: Malacca Strai; Singapore platform.

Family SCHIZOCYTHERIDAE Howe, 1961

Subfamily SCHIZOCYTHERINAE Mandeltam, 1960

Neomonoceratina Kingma, 1948

Neomonoceratina bataviana (Brady, 1868) Figs 44-46

1868 Cytherura bataviana Brady, in Whatley and Zhao (1987), p. 65, pi. 8, figs

7-9.

1953 Neomonoceratina columbiformis Kingma; Keij, p. 166, pi. 1, fig. 11.

1954 Paijenborchella (Neomonoceratina) entomon Kingma; Keij, p. 358, pi. 3, figs

10, 11.

1987 Neomonoceratina bataviana (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 338, 339, pi. 2, fig. 20.

1992 Neomonoceratina bataviana (Brady), Mostafawi, p. 138, pi. 1, figs 19, 20.

Occurrences: 85% of surface samples contain this species and it was abundant at

St. 5. Nearly all subsamples (95%) of cores 10, 18, and 44 contain this species, from rare to common.

Distribution: Northern coast of Java; Manila Bay; Malacca Strait; Jason Bay

114 (southeastern Malay Peninsula); Singapore platform; the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Neomonoceratina delicata Ishizaki and Kato, 1976 Fig. 47

1979 Neomonoceratina cf. N. delicata Ishizaki and Kato; Bhatia and Kumar, p.

171, pi. 1, fig. 7.

1987 Neomonoceratina delicata Ishizaki and Kato; Whatley and Zhao, p. 339, pi.

2, fig. 20.

1992 Neomonoceratina delicata Ishizaki and Kato; Mostafawi, p. 138, pi. 1, fig.

22.

Occurrences: It was found rarely to commonly at 16 surface samples. It occurs from the top to middle parts of core 18 and in nearly throughout of cores 10 and

44.

Distribution: Pliocene to Recent of China and Japan; West coast of India; Malacca

Strait; Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula), Singapore platform.

Neomonoceratina cf. N. entomon (Brady, 1890) Figs 48-50

cf. 1890 Cytherura entomon (Brady), p. 509, pi. 3, figs 26, 27. cf. 1954 Neomonoceratina entomon (Brady); Keij, p. 358, pi. 3, figs 10, 11. cf. 1988 Neomonoceratina entomon (Brady); Zhao and Whatley, p. 571, pi. 2, fig. 16.

Occurrences: It was found as one carapace (St. 15) and one valve (St. 5).

Distribution: Philippines; New Caledonia; Fiji Island (Keij, 1954)

115 Neomonoceratina indonesiana Whatley and Zhao, 1987Figs 51-53.

1987 Neomonoceratina indonesiana Whatley and Zhao, p. 340, pi. 2, figs 23-26.

1992 Neomonoceratina indonesiana Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 138, pi. 1, fig. 25.

Occurrences: Abundant at St. 13 and 15; rare in 14 of the surface samples. It occurs rarely in the three cores studied.

Distribution: Malacca Strait; Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula); Singapore platform.

Neomonoceratina iniqua (Brady, 1868) Figs 54, 55

1987 Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady, Whatley and Zhao, p. 339, pi. 2, fig. 21.

1988 Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady, Zhao and Whatley, p. 566, pi. 2, fig. 7-12.

1992 Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady, Mostafawi, p. 76, pi. 20, figs 1-8.

Occurrences: Common at St. 5 and rare at St. 4, 19, 22, 31, and 44. Rare in some subsamples of cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Northern coast of Java and found widespread in coastal areas of Asia from Persian Gulf to China, ranging from Pliocene to Recent (Whatley and Zhao,

1987); Malacca Strait; abundant in Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula);

Singapore platform.

Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma, 1948 Figs 56-59

1948 Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma, p. 95, pi. 10, figs 9a, b.

1987 Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma; Whatley and Zhao, p. 340, pi. 2, fig.

116 22.

1989 Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma; Zhao and Whatley, p. 234, pi. 1, figs

11-12.

1992 Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma; Mostafawi, p. 138, pi. 1, figs 23, 24.

Occurrences: Rare at St. 15, 17, 22; few at St. 1 and 16. It does not occur in the three cores studied.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene); Malacca Strait; Jason Bay (southeastern Malay

Peninsula); in the eastern and western parts of the Singapore platform, Recent.

Spinoceratina Mostafawi, 1992

Spinoceratina spinosa (Zhao and Whatley, 1988) Figs 60-61

1988 Neomonoceratina spinosa Zhao and Whatley, p. 572, pi. 2, figs 14, 15.

1992 Spinoceratina spinosa (Zhao and Whatley); Mostafawi, p. 139, pi. 2, figs 30-

32.

Occurrences: Only 2 specimens were found in the study area at St. 5.

Distribution: Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula) and Singapore platform at

22-54 m water depth.

Family BYTHOCERATINA Hornibrook, 1953

Bythoceratina Hornibrook, 1953

Bythoceratina bicornis Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 62-64

1992 Bythoceratina bicornis Mostafawi, p. 158, pi. 7, figs 145-147.

Occurrences: 35% of surface samples contain rare members of this species, and

117 47% of the subsamples from three cores contain it rarely.

Distribution: This species was found on the Singapore platform in the middle part at 37-78 m water depth (Mostafawi, 1992).

Bythoceratina hastata Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 65-67

1992 Bythoceratina hastata Mostafawi, p. 159, pi. 7, figs 148-150.

Occurrences: Rare at 21 surface samples. It was found rarely in the upper part of core 18 and nearly throughout cores 10 and 44.

Distribution: This species commonly occurs on the Singapore platform.

Bythoceratina multiplex Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 68, 69

1987 Bythoceratina multiplex Whatley and Zhao, p. 342, pi. 3, figs 6-10.

1992 Bythoceratina multiplex Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 158, pi. 7, fig.

140.

Occurrences: One specimen was found at St. 15, 16, 46 and 47. Six specimens were found in core 18 and 2 specimens in core 44.

Distribution: This small species occurs rarely in Malacca Strait and Singapore platform.

Bythoceratina nelae Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 70, 71

1992 Bythoceratina nelae Mostafawi, p. 159, pi. 7, figs 151-153.

Occurrences: This species was found rarely at 21 surface samples. It was found in the upper part of core 18 and from middle to nearly bottom parts of cores 10

118 and 44.

Distribution: Singapore platform at 32-60 m water depth.

Bythoceratina paiki Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 72-73

1987 Bythoceratina paiki Whatley and Zhao, p. 342, pi. 3, figs 11-15.

Occurrences: Rare at St. 5; two specimens were found in core 10 at interval 30-

32.5 cm.

Distribution: This species was described first from the Persian and Oman Gulfs

(Whatley and Zhao, 1988); Malacca Strait.

Bythoceratina pauciornata Mostafawi, 1992 Fig. 74

1992 Bythoceratina pauciornata Mostafawi, p. 158, pi. 7, figs 142-144.

Occurrences: Ten surface samples contain this species rarely and two specimens were in cores 18 and 44.

Distribution: This species was common on the Singapore platform.

Bythocytheropteron Whatley and Zhao, 1987

Bythocytheropteron alatum Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 75-79

1987 Bythocytheropteron alatum Whatley and Zhao, p. 344, pi. 3, figs 23-28.

1992 Bythocytheropteron alatum Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 160, pi. 7, fig.

161.

Occurrences: It was found rarely in 60% of surface samples, particularly in the northern part of study area. It was found rarely from the upper to middle parts of

119 cores 18 and nearly throughout the cores 10 and 44.

Distribution: This species was found abundantly in the northwestern part of

Malacca Strait and commonly in Singapore platform.

Remarks: Some of these specimens were firstly identified as Bythocytheropteron carinatum Mostafawi, 1992, but it has been suggested that all of these are male individuals of Bythocytheropteron alatum Whatley and Zhao, 1987 (Yassini, personal communication, 1993).

Subfamily PSEUDOCYTHERENAE Schneider, 1960

Baltraella Pokorny, 1968

Baltraella hanaii Keij, 1979 Figs 80, 82-83

1979 Baltraella hanaii Keij, p. 40, pi. 1, figs 1-4.

1992 Baltraella hanaii Keij; Mostafawi, p. 162, pi. 8, fig. 165.

Occurrences: Rare at St. 1, 34, 38, 51, 54 and in core 44 (62.5-65 cm).

Distribution: This species was recorded from the west of Kalimantan, South China

Sea; Common in the middle part of the Singapore platform (Mostafawi, 1992).

Baltraella minor Keij, 1968 Figs 81, 84

1979 Baltraella minor Keij, pp. 42, 43, pi. 2, fig. 12.

1987 Baltraella minor Keij; Whatley and Zhao, p.345, pi. 4, fig. 1.

Occurrences: One specimen was found at St. 1, 27, 34 and two specimens was found at St. 38. Rare in core 10 and 44.

Distribution: Holocene of the Persian Gulf (Keij, 1979).

120 Baltraella cf. B. minor Keij, 1968 Figs 85-87

cf. 1987 Baltraella sp. Whatley and Zhao, p. 345, pi. 4, figs 2, 3.

Description: This specimen is similar to Baltraella minor Keij, but the latter species has a smooth surface and the present material has a striate surface.

Occurrences: This species was found rarely at SL 47; core 10 at 57.5-60 cm; core

44 intervals 22.5-25 cm and 65-67.5 cm.

Distribution: Rare in the Malacca Strait.

Paijenborchella Kingma, 1948

Paijenborchella cf. P. iocosa Kingma Figs 88-91

cf. 1948 Paijenborchella iocosa Kingma, p. 86, pi. 8, fig. 12. cf. 1953 Paijenborchella iocosaKIngma.; Keij, p. 166, pi. 2, fig. 6. cf. 1966 Paijenborchella iocosa Kingma; Keij, p. 347, pi. 1, figs 1-16 and pi.

2, figs 4-10. cf. 1985 Paijenborchella iocosa Kingma; Wang et al., p. 338, pi. 6, fig. 9.

Remarks: This species is similar to Paijenborchella iocosa, but does not have a bridge in the median sulcus as seen in the latter species (Whatley, 1991, personal communication).

Occurrences: 14 specimens were collected from 9 surface samples and 4 specimens from the bottom part of core 10.

Distribution: Paijenborchella iocosa was firstly described from East Java (Miocene to Pleistocene); eastern Indonesia (Banda Sea, Makassar Strait); Brunei-Sabah shelf.

The similar present species was found from off the northcoast of Guadalcanal,

Solomon Island (Quaternary) (Whatley, 1991, personal communication).

121 Family NEOCYTHERIDEIDAE Puri, 1957

Copytus Skogsberg, 1939

Copytus posterosulcus Wang, 1985 Figs 92-93

1985 Copytus posterosulcus Wang, in Zhao et al., p. 211, pi. 21, figs 9-13.

1987 Copytus posterosulcus Wang; Whatley and Zhao, p. 345, 346, pi. 4, figs 6-

8.

1992 Copytus posterosulcus Wang; Mostafawi, p. 142, pi. 3, fig. 52.

Occurrences: Only 9 surface samples contain this species rarely. It does not occur in three cores studied.

Distribution: This species is found abundantly in the limited area with water depth of 20-50 m of South China Sea, Honiara Bay (Solomon Island), rare in southern part of Malacca Strait.

Family KRITHHDAE Mandelstam, 1960

Parakrithella Hanai, 1961

Parakrithella pseudadonta (Hanai, 1959) Figs 94-95

1987 Parakrithella pseudadonta (Hanai), Whatley and Zhao, p. 346, pi. 4, figs 11,

12.

1992 Parakrithella pseudadonta (Hanai); Mostafawi, p. 142, pi. 2, fig. 48.

Occurrences: Rare, few or common in 40% of surface samples. Common in core 18 from 7.5-10 cm and rare from 47.5-50 cm; rare in upper to middle parts and bottom parts of core 44.

122 Distribution: West coast of the North Pacific; rare in Malacca Strait; common in the Singapore platform.

Parakrithella sp. Figs 37-38

Occurrences: 11 surface samples contain this species rarely.

Distribution: Malacca Strait.

Pseudopsammocythere Carbonel, 1965

Pseudopsammocythere cf. reniformis (Brady, 1868) Figs 96-97

1965 Pseudopsammocythere cf. reniformis (Brady); Howe and McKenzie, p.26, fig.

27.

1992 Parakrithe placida Mostafawi, p. 142, pi. 3, fig. 49-91

1993 Pseudopsammocythere cf. reniformis (Brady), Yassini et al., p. 16, pi. 3, fig.

A-C.

Occurrences: Rare at St. 1, 5 and 20. It does not occur in three cores studied.

Distribution: Singapore platform (depth range: 22-80 m); the Gulf of Carpentaria

(Yassini et al. in press).

Family CYTHEROPTERON Muller, 1894

Cytheropteron Sars, 1866

Cytheropteron miurense Hanai, 1957 Figs 98-99

1957 Cytheropteron miurense Hanai, p. 29, pi. 4, figs la-b.

1985 Cytheropteron miurense Hanai; Wang and Zhao, p. 79, fig. 9; pi. 8, fig. 12M.

123 1987 Cytheropteron miurense Hanai; Whatley and Zhao, p. 347, pi. 4, figs 19, 20.

1992 Cytheropteron sp. 1, Mostafawi, p. 154, pi. 6, fig. 121.

Occurrences: Abundant (St. 1, 13); few (St, 15, 16); rare (St. 5, 8, 23, 27, 29, 31 and 57). It does not occur in cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Dominant species in China and Japan (Pliocene to Recent); common in the two stations of northwestern part of Malacca Strait; rare in nearly all samples of Singapore platform.

Cytheropteron parasinense Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Fig. 100

1987 Cytheropteron parasinense Whatley and Zhao, p. 349, pi. 4, figs 26-28.

Occurrences: Only found at St. 48.

Distribution: Malacca Strait.

Cytheropteron pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese, 1976 Figs 101-102

1976 Cytheropteron pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese, p. 398, pi. 10, figd.

1-6.

1987 Cytheropteron pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese; Whatley and Zhao, p. 347, 348, pi. 4, fig. 18.

Occurrences: Only two specimens were found at St. 8 and a single specimen in core 44 (30-32.5 cm).

Distribution: Red Sea; only one specimen in Malacca Strait.

124 Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Fig. 103

1987 Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley and Zhao, p. 348, pi. 4, figs 23-

25.

1992 Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 154, pi.

6, fig. 124.

Occurrences: It was found rarely at 25% of surface samples and in the upper part of core 44.

Distribution: Rare, only at one station in Malacca Strait (Whatley and Zhao,

1987); common in the middle part of the Singapore platform (Mostafawi, 1992).

Cytheropteron sp. Figs 104-106

Remarks: This species differs with other species of Cytheropteron by having wide alar prolongation.

Occurrences: One specimen was found at each of St. 15 and 17.

Cytheropteron cf. C. wilmablomae Yassini and Jones, 1993 Figs 107-109.

cf. 1993 Cytheropteron wilmablomae Yassini and Jones, p. 80, figs 525-527,

529.

Occurrences: Rare at 11 surface samples and is absent from three cores studied.

Distribution: Bass Strait.

Eucytherura Muller, 1894

Eucytherura sp. 1. Figs 110-111

125 1987 Eucytherura sp. 1. Whatley and Zhao, p. 349, 350, pi. 5, figs 5, 6.

1989 Eucytherura orientalis Kingma; Zhao and Whatley, p. 236, pi. 2, fig. 8.

Remarks: This species differs from Eucytherura orientalis in having less denser of reticulation.

Occurrences: Only two specimens were found at St. 5 and it was not found in subsamples of cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene); rare in Malacca Strait.

Semicytherura Wagner, 1957 '

Semicytherura indonesiana Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 112-113

1987 Semicytherura indonesiana Whatley and Zhao, p. 350, pi. 5, figs 9-11.

1992 Semicytherura indonesiana Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 152, pi. 5, fig.

113.

Occurrences: Common at St. 1; rare at st. 15, 16, 20, 52. It occurs rarely in the upper part of core 44.

Distribution: Rare in Malacca Strait (depth range: 25-45 m); Singapore platform

(depth range: 22-60 m).

Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925

Loxoconcha Sars, 1866

Loxoconcha sp. 1. Figs 114-115

Remarks: This species differs from Loxoconcha tumida Brady, 1869 in having less lateral extensions in the postero-ventral half of the valve.

Occurrences: One specimen was collected from at St. 15 and 3 specimens were found at St. 16. It was not found in cores 10, 18 and 44.

126 found at St. 16. It was not found in cores 10, 18 and 44.

Loxoconcha paiki Whatley and Zhao, 1987 Figs 116-117

1987 Loxoconcha paiki Whatley and Zhao, p. 351, pi. 5, figs 14-16.

1992 Loxoconcha paiki Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 151, pi. 5, fig. 105.

Occurrences: Common at St, 5; few at St. 15, 16; rare at 10 other surface samples. Rare in cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Persian and Oman Gulfs, rare in Malacca Strait (depth range: 25-45 m), common in Singapore platform.

Loxoconcha wrighti sp. nov. Figs 118-120

Etymology: For Ass. Prof. A.J. Wright, my supervisor and Head of Geology

Department, the University of Wollongong.

Holotype: Fig. 118, IOC 07.

Paratypes: Figs 119, 120, IOC 08

Type locality: St. 22; water depth 63 m; substrate gravelly mud.

Diagnosis: A female species of Loxoconcha characterized by granulose sculpture.

Description: Carapace rhomboidal, ovate, the length slightly longer than the width; anterior end broadly rounded, posterior end upwardly rounded, postero to midventral rounded. Carapace convex in dorsal view. Granulose reticulation covered the surface, being nearly concentric in ventral part. Inner lamella is the same width both anteriorly and posteriorly; hinge amphidont. Eye spot is present.

Remarks: This species is similar to Loxoconcha propunctata Hornibrook from

New Zealand, but the latter species has fine reticulation.

127 Measurements:

Length Height Width Stations Holotype, ARV 0.41 0.26 22 Paratype, ARV 0.38 0.25 22 Paratype, CA 0.42 0.27 0.30 22

Occurrences: Rare at St. 5 and common at St. 22.

Loxoconcha ismailusnai sp. nov. Figs 121-123

Etymology: For Mr. Ismail Usna MSc, the Director of Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia for his encouragement and permission to use the material studied.

Holotype: Fig. 122, IOC 09.

Paratypes: Figs 121, 123, IOC 10.

Diagnosis: A species of Loxoconcha characterized by elongate shape and granulose ornamentation.

Description: Carapace small, elongate in lateral view and less wide; anterior end widely rounded, posterior end upwardly rounded; convex in dorsal view; dorsum straight. Surface covered by granulose ornamentation; slightly less concentric rows of pits in ventral half of the valve; smooth in the posterior part; eye spot present; inner lamella less wide both anteriorly and posteriorly. Hinge amphidont.

Remarks: This species differs from the species number 118 (Loxoconcha wrighti sp. nov.) in being more elongate and less wide. This shape is similar to that of

Loxoconcha lacunensis Omatsola (Witte, 1993) but the species differs in its ornamentation.

128 Measurements:

Length Height Width Stations Holotype, ARV 0.44 0.24 22 Paratype, ALV 0.45 0.25 22 Paratype, CA 0.44 0.24 0.22 22

Occurrences: Rare at St. 1, 3 and 22. It was found rarely in core 44 from 75-

77.5 cm.

Loxoconcha sp. 2. Fig. 126

Remarks: This species is characterized by coarsely pitted.

Occurrences: Only one specimen was found in the study area at interval 2.5-5cm in core 44

Phlyctocythere Keij, 1958

Phlyctocythere fennerae Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 124-125

1992 Phlyctocythere fennerae Mostafawi, p. 151, pi. 5, figs 107-110.

Occurrences: Rare in nearly 50% of surface samples and in the interval 47.5-50 cm of core 18.

Distribution: East China Sea, Pacific coast of Japan, rare in Malacca Strait, few in

Singapore platform.

Alataconha Whatley and Zhao, 1987

Alataconcha pterogona (Zhao, 1985) Figs 127-129

1985 Loxoconcha pterogona Zhao in Zhao et al, pi. 22, fig. 10-14, 16, 17.

1987 Alataconcha pterogona (Zhao); Whatley and Zhao, p. 352, pi. 5, figs 21-26.

129 1992 Alataconcha pterogona (Zhao); Mostafawi, p. 151, pi. 5, fig. 106.

Occurrences: 70% of surface samples contain this species. It was found throughout the cores 18 and 44; some subsamples of core 19 contain this species.

Distribution: Dominant species in the northern part of South China Sea (depth range 50-200 m); rare in Malacca Strait (depth range 25-100 m); common in

Singapore platform (depth range: 51-84 m).

Family HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953

Subfamily HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953

Hemicytheridea Kingma, 1948

Hemicytheridea ornata Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 130-131

1992 Hemicytheridea ornata Mostafawi, p. 139, pi. 2, figs 33-36.

Occurrences: Rare to common at 15 surface samples; rare in cores 10 and 18;it does not occur in core 44.

Distribution: Singapore platform at 22-84 m water depth.

Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma, 1948 Figs 132-133

1948 Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma, p. 71, pi. 7, fig. 7.

1979 Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma; Keij, p. 59, pi. 2, figs 1-4.

1989 Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma; Zhao and Whatley, p. 185, pi. 4, fig. 15.

Occurrences: Rare in 15 surface samples; rare in the middle part of core 10; rare in the upper part of core 18; rare in nearly throughout core 44.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene), Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula).

130 Hemicytheridea cf. H. reticulata Kingma, 1948 Figs 134-135 cf. 1989 Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma; Zhao and Whatley, p. 185, pi. 4, fig. 15.

Remarks: The present species differs from Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma, the type species of genus, in being longer and having a very narrow inner lamella. The specimens may be females of Hemicytheridea reticulata.

Occurrences: 14 specimens were found in 9 surface samples and 9 specimens occur in core 18.

Callistocythere Ruggieri, 1953

Callistocythere sp. Figs 136-137

Remarks: This species differs from other species of Callistocythere in being slightly broader anteriorly.

Occurrences: Nine specimens were found at four surface samples: St. 1; 5; 15 and

16.

Caudites Coryell and Fields, 1978

Caudites sp. 1. Fig. 142

Occurrences: 4 specimens were found at St. 1 and a single specimen at St. 16. It does not occur in core subsamples.

Caudites sp. 2. Fig. 143

Occurrences: Only one specimen was found in the study area at St. 46.

131 ?Caudites sp. 3. Fig. 144

Occurrences: Only two specimens were found in the study area, at St. 5 and 3.

Family PECTOCYTHEREIDAE Hanai, 1957

Keijia Teeter, 1975

Keijia tjokrosapoetroi sp. nov. Figs 138-139

Etymology: For Mr. Soebardjio Tjokrosapoetroi MSC, former Chief of Geology

Division, marine Geological Institute of Indonesia.

Holotype: Fig. 138, IOC 11.

Paratype: Fig. 139, IOC 12.

Type locality: St. 5; water depth 25 m; substrate gravelly mud.

Diagnosis: A species of Keijia which characterized by slightly broader anteriorly and the dorsum and ventrum bearly parallel.

Description: Carapace small, subrectangular in lateral view dorsal margin and ventral margin nearly parallel; anterior wider than posterior part; anterior end rounded and posterior end slightly rounded. Surface with coarse reticulation.

Inner lamella broad anteriorly and narrow posteriorly.

Remarks: The present species differs from Keijia labyrinthica Whatley and Zhao,

1988 in being slightly bigger and having broad posterior pits.

Measurements:

Length Width Stations

Holotype, ALV 0.42 0.18 St. 5 Paratype, ALV 0.40 0.18 St. 5

Occurrences: Rare at 12 surface samples; rare in cores 18 and 44.

132 Keijia labyrinthica Whatley and Zhao, 1988 Figs 140-141

1988 Keijia labyrinthica Whatley and Zhao, p. 5, pi. 6, figs 1-3.

1992 Keijia labyrinthica Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 142, pi. 2, fig. 46.

Occurrences: Rare in 12 surface samples; rare in cores 18 and 44.

Distribution: Malacca Strait at 25-30 m water depth, and in the east and west part of the Singapore platform.

Family LEPTOCYTHERIDAE Hanai, 1957

Tanella Kingma, 1948

Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948 Fig. 147

1948 Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948, p. 87, pi. 10, figs 7a- d.

1979 Tanella gracilis Kingma; Keij, p. 61, 62, pi. 1, figs 108-113. l979bTanella gracilis Kingma; Keij, p. 61-62, pi. 1, figs 7-8.

1988 Tanella sp. cf. T. gracilis Kingma; Whatley and Zhao, p. 6, pi. 6, figs 5, 6.

1992 Tanella gracilis Kingma; Mostafawi, p. 139, pi. 2, fig. 40.

1993 Tanella gracilis Kingma; Witte, p. 31, pi 4, figs 13-15.

Occurrences: Only one carapace was found in the study area at St. 14.

Distribution: Aceh (Pliocene), Persian Gulf, west coast of India (Whatley and

Zhao, 1989), Australia, rare in the Malacca Strait, common in the eastern and western parts of the Singapore platform (Mostafawi, 1992), the Gulf of Carpentaria

(Yassini et al, in press)

133 Family TRACHYLEBERIDIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Subfamily TRACHYLEBERIDINAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Actinocythereis Puri, 1953

Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady, 1868) Figs 145-146

1868 Cythere scutigera Brady, p.70, pi. 8, figs 15, 16.

1880 Cythere scutigera Brady; Brady, p. 109, pi. 22, figs 5a-b.

1948 Cythereis scutigera Brady; Kingma, p. 83, pi. 9, figs 6a, b.

1954 Trachyleberis scutigera (Brady); Keij, p 356, pi. 3, fig. 2.

1985 Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady); Zhao et al, pi. 19, fig. 12.

1987 Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 7, pi. 6, fig. 14.

1992 Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 143, pi. 3, fig. 61.

Occurrences: It was found rarely to commonly in 87% of surface samples and nearly all subsamples (97%) contain this species.

Distribution: Aceh, North Sumatra (Lower Pliocene), East Java (Pliocene-

Pleistocene), Java Sea, west coast of India, rare in Malacca Strait and abundant throughout Singapore platform.

Henryhowella Puri, 1957

Henryhowella keutapangensis (Kingma, 1948) Figs 148-149

1948 Henryhowella keutapangensis Kingma, p. 81, pi. 10, figs la-b.

1988 Henryhowella keutapangensis Kingma; Whatley and Zhao, p. 8, pi. 6, figs

15-18.

Occurrences: Rare in the surface samples and core-subsamples of the study area.

134 Distribution: North Sumatra (Miocene to Pliocene); East China (Pleistocene to

Recent); Persian and Oman Gulfs, Malacca Strait, Java Sea.

Malaycythereis Zhao and Whatley, 1988

Malaycythereis trachodes Zhao and Whatley, 1988 Fig. 150

1988 Malaycythereis trachodes Zhao and Whatley, p. 181, pi. 3, figs 17-19 and pi. 4, figs 1-3.

Occurrences: Nine specimens were found in 4 surface samples; it does not occur in core subsamples.

Distribution: Jason Bay of Malay Peninsula as live and dead specimens.

Stigmatocythere Siddiqui, 1971

Stigmatocythere bona Chen, 1982 Figs 153-154

1988 Stigmatocythere bona Chen; Whatley and Zhao, p. 9, pi. 6, fig. 19.

Occurrences: It was found rarely in the southern part of the study area; two specimens occur in core 18 (32.5-35 cm) and a single specimen in core 44 (7.5-

10 cm).

Distribution: East China (Pliocene and Quaternary), rare in Malacca Strait.

Stigmatocythere indica (Jain, 1977) Figs 151-152, 156

1988 Stigmatocythere indica (Jain), Whatley and Zhao, p. 9, pi. 6, figs 20, 21.

Occurrences: 6 specimens were found in 3 surface samples and one specimen in core 18 (62.5-65 cm).

Distribution: Persian and Oman Gulfs, west coast of India, rare in Malacca Strait.

135 Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma, 1948) Fig. 155

1948 Cythere roesmani Kingma, p. 82, 83, pi. 9, figs la, b.

1981 Neohenryhowella sp. McKenzie and Sudijono, p. 39, pi. 4, figs 1-2.

1988 Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma); Whatley and Zhao, p. 9, 10, pi. 6, fig.

23.

1989 Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma); Zhao and Whatley, p. 242, pi. 3, figs

16, 17; pi. 4, fig. 1.

1992 Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma); Mostafawi, p. 143, pi. 3, fig. 60.

Occurrences: It occurs in the southern part of study area and the bottom part of core 44.

Distribution: East Java (Upper Pliocene), Malacca Strait, Jason Bay (southeastern

Malay Peninsula) and Singapore platform.

Stigmatocythere rugosa (Kingma, 1948) Fig. 157

1948 Cythereis roesmani var. rugosa Kingma, p. 83, pi. 10, figs 3a, b.

1988 Stigmatocythere rugosa (Kingma); Whatley and Zhao, p. 10, pi. 6, fig. 22.

1989 Stigmatocythere rugosa (Kingma); Zhao and Whatley, p. 242, pi. 3, fig. 18; pi. 4, fig. 2.

Occurrences: It was distributed in the middle part of the study area, also being rare in core 10 (37.5-40 cm); some subsamples of cores 18 and 44 contain of this species rarely.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene to Pleistocene); China, (Pliocene to Recent);

Malacca Strait and Jason Bay (southeastern Malay Peninsula).

136 Stigmatocythere kingmai Whatley and Zhao, 1988 Figs 158-159

1988 Stigmatocythere kingmai Whatley and Zhao, p. 10, 11, pi. 6, figs 24-28.

1992 Carinocythereis kingmai (Whatley and Zhao); Mostafawi, p. 143, pi. 3, fig.

59.

Occurrences: 11 specimens were found at three surface samples; it does not occur in core subsamples.

Distribution: Sumatra (Lower Pliocene), Persian Gulf, west coast of India (Bathia

& Kumar, 1976), rare in Malacca Strait, few to rare in the Jason Bay (southeastern

Malay Peninsula) and Singapore platform.

Stigmatocythere parakingmai Whatley and Zhao, 1988 Fig. 160

1988 Stigmatocythere parakingmai Whatley and Zhao, p. 11, 12, pi. 7, figs 1-6.

Occurrences: Only a single carapace was found in the study area at St. 5.

Distribution: Restricted in the northwestern part of the Malacca Strait.

Subfamily PTERYGOCYTHERINAE Puri, 1957

Keijella Ruggeri, 1967

Keijella kloempritensis (Kingma, 1948) Fig. 161

1948 Cythere kloempritensis Kingma, p. 69, 70, pi. 7, figs 5a, b.

1981 Thalmannia cf. T. hodgii (Brady); McKenzie and Sudijono, p. 38, pi. 3, fig.

6.

1989 Keijella kloempritensis (Kingma); Whatley and Zhao, p. 13, pi. 7, figs 13,

14.

137 Occurrences: It was found rarely in the southern part of the study area; one specimen was found in core 10 (47.5-50 cm); from upper to middle parts of core

18; from middle to three quarters depth in core 44.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene to Pleistocene), East China (Pleistocene to

Recent), Malacca Strait, Singapore platform.

Keijella multisulcus Whatley and Zhao, 1988 Figs 162-165

1988 Keijella multisulcus Whatley and Zhao, p. 13, 14, pi. 7, figs 24-28.

1988 Keijella multisulcus Whatley and Zhao; Zhao and Whatley, p. 186.

1992 Keijella multisulcus Whatley and Zhao; Mostafawi, p. 144, pi. 3, fig. 63.

Occurrences: Rare in the southern part of the study area; it occurs rarely in the upper part of core 18 and from the middle to bottom parts of core 44.

Distribution: This species was first found in Malacca Strait and subsequently recorded from the Jason Bay (Malay Peninsula) and the Singapore platform.

Keijella carriei Dewi, sp. nov. Figs 166-167

Etymology: For Mr. David Carrie for his technical assistance with the SEM at the University of Wollongong.

Holotype: Fig. 166, IOC 13.

Paratype: Fig. 167, IOC 14.

Type locality: St.4; water depth 25 m; substrate gravelly mud.

Diagnosis: A species of Keijella characterized by granular-reticulate sculpture over nearly all its surface.

Description: Medium size, subovate to rectangular in lateral view; anterior margin broadly rounded with few rod-shaped denticules; posterior margin rounded without

138 denticules. Dorsal margin slightly curved, ventral margin overreached by ventro­ lateral inflation; nearly all surface with granular-reticulate sculpture, except for anterior part with rare, almost smooth reticulation.

There is a small spine in the posteroventral area. Inner lamella with very narrow both anterior and posterior parts. Adductor muscle scars a vertical row of 4 scars.

Remarks: In overall shape and internal part, the present species is closest to

Keijella multisulcus, but the latter has overall granular-reticulate sculpture.

Occurrences: 30 specimens were collected from 4 surface samples (St. 3, 4, 5 and

22) in the southern part of study area. It does not occur in subsurface samples.

Materials: 14 ARV, 10 ALV

Measurements:

Length Width Stations Holotype, ALV 0.72 0.38 St. 5 Paratype, ALV 0.73 0.39 St. 5

Keijella reticulata Whatley and Zhao, 1988 Figs 168-169

1988 Keijella reticulata Whatley and Zhao, p. 15, pi. 7, figs 19-23.

Occurrences: It was distributed in the southern part of the study area, but was not found in subsamples of cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Malacca Strait.

Venericythere Mostafawi, 1992

Venericythere papuensis (Brady, 1880) Figs 170-171

139 1880 Cythere papuensis Brady, p. 95, p. 25,figs 5a-d.

1948 Cythereis papuensis (Brady); Kingma, p. 81-82, pi. 10, figs 2a-b.

1976 Cythere papuensis Brady; Puri and Huling, p. 283, pi. 16, figs 7, 11-18.

1989 Keijella papuensis (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 13, pi. 8, figs 1, 2.

1992 Venericythere papuensis (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 4, figs 71, 72.

Occurrences: 139 specimens were found at 8 stations in the southern part of study area; it was distributed in the upper part of cores 10 and 18, and in the bottom part of core 44.

Distribution: Papua New Guinea, Persian Gulf, the west coast of India, Sumatra

(Pliocene), Malacca Strait from southeast to northwest parts, rare in Singapore platform.

Venericythere darwini (Brady, 1868) Figs 174-175

1868 Ruggiera darwini Brady.

1989 Ruggieria darwini (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 16, pi. 8, fig. 10-13.

1992 Venericythere darwini (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 4, figs 69-70.

Occurrences: 7 specimens from 5 surface samples; rare in the upper part of core

10 and the middle part of core 19; upper and bottom parts of core 44.

Distribution: Java Sea, Persian Gulf, Andaman Sea, west coast of India, Malacca

Strait, Singapore platform.

Borneocythere Mostafawi, 1992

Borneocythere paucipunctata (Whatley and Zhao, 1988) Figs 172-173

1988 Keijella paucipunctata Whatley and Zhao, 1988, p. 14, 15, pi. 8, figs 5-9.

140 1992 Borneocythere paucipunctata (Whatley and Zhao); Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 3, figs 64-68.

Occurrences: It was distributed from the middle to the north of the study area; nearly all subsamples of cores 10, 18 and 44 contain this species.

Distribution: It occurs at three stations in the northwestern part of Malacca Strait, and occurs nearly throughout of the Singapore platform.

Ruggieria Keij, 1957,

Ruggieria indopacifica Whatley and Zhao, 1988 Figs 176-177

1988 Ruggieria indopacifica Whatley and Zhao, p. 16, 17, pi. 8, figs 14-18.

Occurrences: It was distributed in the northern part of the study area.

Distribution: Persian and Oman Gulfs, northwestern part of the Malacca Strait.

Lanckacythere Bhatia and Kumar, 1979

Lanckacythere multifora Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 178-179

1989 Lanckacythere coralloides (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 17, pi. 8, figs 19-

22.

1992 Lanckacythere multifora Mostafawi, 1992, p. 148, 150, pi. 4, figs 85-88.

Occurrences: Rare in St. 38 and 54; it was rare in the middle part of cores 18 and 44.

Distribution: Common and rare in the Malacca Strait, few in the western part of the Singapore platform.

141 Lankacythere sp. Figs 180-182

Remarks: This species is distinguished from Lankacythere elaborata Whatley and

Zhao, 1989 from the Malacca Strait in having four strong ribs and a very narrow inner lamella, and in general outline. Due to the small number of specimens, open nomenclature is used instead of naming this new species.

Occurrences: Rare in the study area, only at stations 37, 30.

Superfamily Cytheracea Baird, 1850

Family Brachycytheridae Puri, 1954

Bosquetina Keij, 1857

1 Bosquetina sp. 1. Fig. 183

Occurrences: Only two specimens were found in the study area at St. 5.

Wosquetina sp. 2 Figs 184-185

Occurrences: Only two specimens were found in the study area at St. 15 and 56.

Pistocythereis Gou, 1983

Pistocythereis bradyi Ishizaki, 1880 Fig. 186

1880 Cythere darwini Brady, p. 97, pi. 25, figs 2a-g.

1985 Echinocythereis? bradyi (Ishizaki); Zhao et al, pi. 20, fig. 2.

1988 Pistocythereis bradyi (Ishizaki); Whatley and Zhao, p. 19, pi. 9, figs 3-5.

1992 Pistocythereis bradyi (Ishizaki); Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 4, fig. 75.

142 Occurrences: Rare in 11 surface samples; rare in the upper part of core 10; rare in middle part of core 18; rare throughout core 44.

Distribution: China and Japan (Pliocene to Recent), Malacca Strait, Singapore platform.

Pistocythereis bradyiformis (Ishizaki, 1968) Figs 187-188

1985 Echinocythereis? bradyiformis (Ishizaki); Zhao et al, pi. 8, fig. 3.

1985 Echinocythereis ? bradyiformis (Ishizaki); Zhao et al, pi. 20, fig. 3.

1992 Pistocythereis bradyiformis (Ishizaki); Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 4, fig. 76.

Occurrences: It was distributed rarely in southern part of the study area and throughout cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Huanghai (Yellow) Sea, South China Sea, Singapore platform.

Pistocythereis cribriformis (Brady, 1865) Fig. 189

1865 Cythere cribriformis Brady, p. 379, pi. 61, figs 6a-d.

1880 Cythere cribriformis Brady; Brady, p. 96, pi. 19, figs 3a-d.

1948 Cythere cribriformis Brady; Kingma, p. 78-79, pi. 9, figs a-b.

1988 Pistocythereis cribriformis (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 19-20, pi. 9, figs

6-7.

1992 Pistocythereis cribriformis (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 4, fig. 73.

Occurrences: This species was distributed nearly throughout the study area; in nearly all of cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: Mediterranean, South China Sea, Malacca Strait, abundant on

Singapore platform, the Gulf of Carpentaria.

143 Pistocythereis euplectella (Brady, 1869) Figs 190-193

1869 Cythere euplectella (Brady), p. 157, 158, pi. 16, figs 5-7.

1985 Bicornucythere euplectella (Brady); Zhao et al, pi. 19, fig. 18.

1988 ?Lankacythere euplectella (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 18, pi. 9, figs 1, 2.

1992 Pistocythereis euplectella (Brady), Mostafawi, p. 146, pi. 4, fig. 74.

Occurrences: It was found in nearly all surface samples and nearly all of cores

10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: South and East China Sea, Malacca Strait, Singapore platform.

Subfamily CYTHERETTINAE Triebel, 1952

Alocopocythere Siddiqui, 1971

Alocopocythere goujoni (Brady, 1868) Figs 194-195

1880 Cythere goujoni Brady; Brady, p. 96, pi. 25, figs 7a-g.

1954 Trachyleberis guojoni (Brady); Keij, p. 456, pi. 3, figs 3-6.

1988 Alocopocythere goujoni (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 20, 21, pi. 9, figs 11,

12.

Occurrences: In the southern part of the study area; upper part of core 10, from upper to middle parts of core 18, and from middle to bottom parts of core 44.

Distribution: India (Pliocene-Pleistocene), South China and Timor (Pliocene);

South China Sea; Malacca Strait; Gulf of Carpentaria (Yassini et al, in press).

Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma, 1948) Figs 196-197

1948 Cythere kendengensis Kingma, p. 80, pi. 9, figs 16a-b.

144 1980 Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma); Malz, p. 56, pi. 2, figs 6-7.

1985 Alocopocythere profusa Guan; Wang and Zhao, pi. 18, fig. 2.

1988 Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma); Whatley and Zhao, p. 21, pi. 9, figs

13, 14.

1992 Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma); Mostafawi, p. 147, pi. 4, fig. 77.

Occurrences: In 23 surface samples; in the upper part of core 10; along core 18; from middle to bottom parts of core 44.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene); Malacca Strait; Singapore platform.

Genus Neocytheretta van Morkhoven, 1963

Neocytheretta vandijki (Kingma, 1948) Figs 198-199, 202

1948 Cythere vandijki (Kingma), p. 83, 84, pi. 9, fig. 13.

1979 Alocopocythere reticulata Hartmann; Bhatia and Kumar, p. 179; pi. 1, fig. 6.

1989 Alocopocythere sp 2., Whatley and Zhao, p. 22, pi. 9, fig. 17.

1992 Neocytheretta vandijki (Kingma); Mostafawi, p. 150, pi. 5, fig. 99.

Occurrences: It occurs rarely in most surface samples and nearly all of cores 10,

18 and 44.

Distribution: Aceh, North Sumatra (Pliocene); East Java (Pleistocene); west coast of Java; Brunei Bay (North Kalimantan); rare in Malacca Strait and common in

Singapore platform.

Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady, 1870) Figs 201, 203

1870 Cythere spongiosa (Brady), p. 194, pi. 30, figs 1, 2.

1989 Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 22, 23, pi. 9, figs

145 20-22.

1992 Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 150, pi. 5, fig. 97.

Occurrences: More than half the surface samples contain this species rarely, particularly in the northern part of study area; rare in several subsurface samples of core 10; nearly all of cores 18 and 44.

Distribution: Malacca Strait, Singapore platform, the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma, 1948) Fig. 204

1948 Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma), p. 77, pi. 7, figs 14a-c.

1979 Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma); Keij, p. 60, pi. 1, figs 5-6.

1989 Neocytheretta snelli (Kingma); Whatley and Zhao, p. 22, pi. 9, figs 18-19.

1992 Neocytheretta snelli (Kingma); Mostafawi, p. 150, pi. 5, fig. 96.

Occurrences: It occurs in 25% of surface samples; rare in core 10, and is distributed rarely in the upper to middle parts of cores 18 and 44.

Distribution: East Java (Pliocene), North Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Malacca

Strait, Singapore platform.

Neocytheretta adunca (Brady), 1868 Figs 205, 209-212

1868 Cythere cerebralis (Brady), p. 63, pi. 7, figs 12-14.

1988 Neocytheretta adunca (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 22, pi. 9, figs 23-28.

Occurrences: Rare in the southern and northern parts of study area; rare in the upper part of core 10 and 18; rare in the middle part of core 44.

Distribution: Hongkong, Malacca Strait, Singapore platform, the Gulf of

Carpentaria.

146 Neocytheretta novella Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 200, 207-208

1992 Neocytheretta novella Mostafawi, p. 150, pi. 5,figs 93-95.

Occurrences: It was distributed rarely in the northern part of the study area; in the middle part of core 10; from upper to middle part of core 18; nearly all of core 44.

Distribution: It was described firstly from Singapore platform and is was found throughout this area (Mostafawi, 1992).

Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao and Whatley, 1989 Figs 206, 213-214

1989 Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao and Whatley, p. 181, pi. 3, figs 11-15.

1992 Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao and Whatley; Mostafawi, p. 150, pi. 5, fig.

98.

Occurrences: Rare in the study area both laterally and vertically.

Distribution: This species was found as live and dead specimens from Jason Bay,

Malay Peninsula; rare in Singapore platform.

Subfamily ARCULACYTHERINAE Hartmann, 1981

Atjehella Kingma, 1948

Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, 1948 Figs 215-217

1948 Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, p. 76, pi. 8, figs la-e.

1979 Atjehella semiplicata Kingma; Keij, p. 452, pi. 1, figs 1-6.

1989 Atjehella semiplicata Kingma; Whatley and Zhao, p. 24, pi. 10,fig. 5 .

147 Occurrences: Rare in surface samples; several subsurface samples of cores 10 and

18 contain this species; rare in the upper and bottom parts of core 44.

Distribution: Aceh, North Sumatra (Lower Pliocene) and East Java (Pliocene),

Philippines, Red Sea, Singapore, Persian and Oman Gulfs, East Africa, Malacca

Strait.

Hemikrithe van den Bold, 1950

Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold, 1950 Figs 218-219

1985 Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold; Zhao et al, p. 200, pi. 19, fig. 17.

1989 Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold; Whatley and Zhao, p. 24, pi. 10, fig. 6.

1992 Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold; Mostafawi, p. 150, 151, pi. 5, fig. 100.

Occurrences: Nearly all surface samples contain this species; it was distributed rarely in cores 10, 18 and 44.

Distribution: West Sumatra, rare in Malacca Strait (10-100 m), rare in Jason Bay

(Malay Peninsula), common in the Singapore platform.

Hemikrithe peterseni Jain, 1978 Figs 220-221

1989 Hemikrithe peterseni Jain; Whatley and Zhao, p. 24, 25, pi. 10, figs 8-12.

Occurrences: Rare in surface sediments; only one specimen was found in core 44

(77.5-80 cm).

Distribution: Previous records are from the Persian and Oman Gulfs and the west coast of India (Whatley and Zhao, 1989); rare in the Malacca Strait (water depth:

28-45 m), and also rare at two stations of Jason Bay (water depth: 0-4 m).

148 Family XESTOLEBERIDAE Sars, 1928

Xestoleberis Sars, 1866

Xestoleberis malaysiana Zhao and Whatley, 1989 Figs 222, 223

1989 Xestoleberis malaysiana Zhao and Whatley, p. 182, pi. 2, figs 15-19.

1992 Xestoleberis malaysiana Zhao and Whatley; Mostafawi, p. 155, pi 6, fig.

134.

Occurrences: It was distributed in more than 50% of surface samples; one specimen was collected from core 18 (47.5-50 cm); 26 specimens were found along core 44.

Distribution: Common in the deeper water of Jason Bay (Malay Peninsula),

Singapore platform up to 84 m water depth.

Genus Foveoleberis Malz, 1980

Foveoleberis cypraeoides (Brady, 1868) Figs 224, 226-227, 229

1868 Cythere cypraeoides Brady, p. 72, pi. 8, figs 21, 22.

1880 Xestoleberis foveolata Brady, p. 130, pi. 30, figs la-g.

1948 Xestoleberis foveolata Brady; Kingma, p. 98, pi. 8, fig. 10.

1985 Uroleberis foveolata (Brady); Zhao et al, p. 200, fig. 24, pi. 20, fig s. 26-

29.

1989 Foveoleberis cypraeoides (Brady); Whatley and Zhao, p. 26, pi. 10, figs 18,

19.

1992 Foveoleberis cypraeoides (Brady); Mostafawi, p. 158, pi. 6, figs 139.

Occurrences: Rare in the northern part of study area; rare in core 10; it was

149 distributed rarely along cores 18 and 44.

Distribution: Sangiran, East Java (Pliocene), Java Sea (Kingma, 1948); China Sea.

This is the dominant species from southern part of Malacca Strait and Singapore platform but rare in the Jason Bay (Malay Peninsula).

Foveleberis cypraeoides baweani ssp. nov. Figs 225, 228

Etymology: For the type locality.

Holotype: Fig. 225, IOC 15,

Paratype: Fig. 228, IOC 16.

Diagnosis: A subspecies of Foveoleberis cypraeoides with punctate sculpture and a convex carapace in dorsal view.

Description: Carapace small size, subovate with strongly arched dorsal outline; the shape between midanterior and anteroventral is slightly convex, and the posterior end is well rounded. Ventral region is very plump or convex in the dorsal view.

Surface of the valves punctate. Inner lamella very narrow, hinge short.

Remarks: This subspecies is somewhat similar in shape to Foveoleberis cypraeoides, but the latter is more densely punctate, and is convex midposteroventrally. The carapace is smaller than the nominate subspecies.

Measurements: Length Height Width Stations Holotype, ALV 0.37 0.27 27 Paratype, CA 0.36 0.21 27

Occurrences: Its distribution follows that of Foveoleberis cypraeoides.

Family PARADOXOSTOMATTDAE Brady and Norman, 1889

Paradoxostoma Fisher, 1855

150 Paradoxostoma sp. Fig. 232

1989 Paradoxostoma sp.; Whatley and Zhao, p. 27, pi. 10, figs 24, 25.

Occurrences: Only one specimen was found in the study area at St. 44,

Distribution: Rare in Malacca Strait.

Xiphichilus Brady, 1870

Xiphichilus lanceaeformis Mostafawi, 1992 Figs 233-234

1992 Xiphichilus lanceaeformis Mostafawi, p. 162, pi. 8, figs 168, 169.

Occurrences: Rare in the the northern part of study area; rare in cores 10, 18 and

44.

Distribution: Rare in one station in the northwestern part of Malacca Strait; in the middle part of the Singapore platform.

Ornatoleberis Keij, 1975

Wrnatoleberis sp. Fig. 235

Occurrences: Only one specimen was found in the study area at St. 57.

Undetermined immature forms. Figs 236-237

Remarks: This species is difficult to examine due to the availability of only immature forms, and because no muscle scar area can be seen (Mostafawi, 1993, personal communication). This material was not listed as a species.

Occurrences: This type of indeterminate specimen was found commonly in nearly all stations of the area studied and core-subsamples.

151 Undetermined mature new species and genus Figs 238-240

Remarks: This new species and genus is characterised by:- a small posterior spine; the inner lamella has only a few normal pore canals; and a thin carapace (Yassini,

1992, personal communication). This species has a loxoconchid hinge, but its shape and carapace are similar to Hemikrithe orientalis (Whatley, 1993, personal communication).

Occurrences: Rare at St, 38,, 55, 53 and core 14 (2.5-5 cm).

152 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

One hundred and thirteen species of ostracods including six new species, one new subspecies and one undetermined species from the west Bawean Island, Java Sea have been studied.

These studies contribute new data on the relationships among neighbouring areas.

Sixty species have close biogeographical relationships with ostracods from Malacca

Strait and 45 species with the Singapore platform. Whatley & Zhao (1987, 1988) found only 30 species common to both Indonesian waters and Malacca Strait.

Kingma (1948) found only 19 species from three samples in the Java Sea. Dewi

(1988) documented 35 species from off the Cimanuk Delta, Java Sea. These preliminary results were probably limited due to the small number of samples representing a large area. Therefore, intensive ostracod study in a small area is needed to clarify the affinities among adjacent areas.

Ostracod faunas from the study area also show moderate affinities with ostracods from the eastern part of Indonesia, as well as Gulf of Carpentaria, Arafura Sea,

Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. These lesser affinities are probably due to the presence of a shelf break in the Banda Sea which is more than 5000 m deep. Future detailed studies on ostracods from eastern part of Indonesia would clarify the presence of any boundary between the eastern and western subprovinces of Indo-Malayan region (East Indies province)

Although this study reported more a hundred ostracod species, only nine species

153 were found formerly in Bojonegoro well, East Java (Miocene-early Pleistocene).

Kingma (1948) concluded that many Recent ostracods from the Java Sea migrated from the Indian Ocean after the drowning of the Sunda platform and after the formation of the Sunda Strait. In the species studied herein, only a few species are shown to be common to faunas from the northern part of the Indian Ocean and

Andaman Sea, such as Hemikrithe peterseni. Most ostracods from area studied originated from the Indo-Malayan region, such as Borneocythere paucipunctata, which apparently originated from the Java Sea; this species was not found in the eastern part of Indonesia and the South China Sea.

There are also several ostracod assemblages widespread in the study area both laterally and vertically. These assemblages are dominated by Actinocythereis scutigera, Foveoleberis cypraeoides, Neomonoceratina bataviana and Cytherelloidea cingulata.

Ostracod faunas from surface sediments in the study area show that there are three faunal assemblages:

(i) the shallow southern area close to the islands of Java and Bawean assemblage dominated by Pistocythereis cribriformis and Phylectinophora orientalis',

(ii) the elongate area between shallow and deeper assemblages dominated by

Cytherella semitalis, Cytherelloidea cingulata, Hemikrithe orientalis and

Neomonoceratina bataviana; and

(iii) the deeper northern assemblage with a predominance of Borneocythere paucipunctata, Alocopocythere vandijki, Alataconcha pterogona, Foveoleberis cypraeoides and Actinocythereis scutigera.

154 Ostracod faunas from three core sediments show vertical changes in diversity and density. The ostracod faunas on the upper part of these cores are more abundant and diverse than those from the lower parts. The bottom part of core 44, in the open sea, is dominated by calcareous ooliths, very low phosphorus and organic content; it is not clear why only this core shows these features. Textural variation in some intervals in core samples also gives an indication of environmental changes. It seems that a stadial period occurred in the study area, in places indicated during this period by the presence of an oligohaline and less agitated environment. Based on radiocarbon data from surrounding areas, this period is inferred to have been about 10 ka ago.

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165 Appendix 1. Positions of samples studied

Core locations, water depths and sediment types. M = mud; sM = sandy mud; (g)M = gravelly mud; (g)S = gravelly sand; (g)sM = gravelly sandy mud

St. Latitude Longitude Water Sediment No. (S) (E) depth (m) type 1 06°20'15" 110°59'35" 23 M 2 06°22'35" 111°07'40" 14 M 3 06°32'49" 111°18'44" 17 M 4 06033'07" 111°32'09" 37 (9)M 5 06°38'52" 111°50'46" 31 (9)M 6 06°42'06" 112°09'21" 25 (9)M 7 06°43'03" 112°29'03" 46 M 8 06°23'41" 112°31'09" 62 M 9 06°27'48" 112°18'17" 55 (9)M 10 06°29'49" 111°30'02" 42-53 sM 11 06°33'34" 112°01'59" 42 M 12 06°33'38" 111°59'29" 62 M 13 06°22'21" 111°48'37" 55 (g)M 14 06029'59" 111°29'59" 45-50 sM 15 06°16'04" 111°27'01" 48 (g)sM 16 06°10'05" 111°16'05" 55 (g)sM 17 06°06'33" 111°00'06" 55 (g)sM 18 05°55'06" 110°57'55" 55 (g)sM 19 05°54'47" 111°10'25" 53 (9)sM 20 06°10'38" 111°40'24" 48 M 21 06°05'47" 112°02'02" 63 M 22 06O17'5O" 112°12'28" 63 (g)M 23 06°04'12" 112°21'03" 65 (g)M 24 05°55'18" 112°27'02" 63 M 25 05°51'48" 112°26'13" 65 M 26 05055'21" 112°11'04" 65 M 27 05°50'20" 111°57'00" 69 M 28 05°55'01" 111°49'50" 64 (g)M 29 05°50'08" 111°30'12" 65 M 30 05053'57" 111°30'12" 60 M 31 05°49'47" 111°00'38" 55 (g)M 32 05°39'58" 111°07'23" 65 (g)M 33 05039'24" 111°17'59" 64 (g)sM 34 05038'51•, 111°27'56" 64 (g)M 35 05^40'14" 112°01'50" 63 M 36 05°40'24" 112°22'08" 62 M 37 05°34'33" 112°35'02" 60 M 38 05°20'03" 112°19'49" 65 M 39 05°30'34" 112°16'27" 63 M 40 05°29'48" 111°55'08" 63 M 41 05°25'08" 111°40'24" 59 (g)M 42 05°25'12" 111°40'24" 67 (g)s 43 05°09'49" 111°41'54" 59 M 44 05°20'12" 111°48'31" 63 M 45 05°19'41" 112°04'45" 61 (g)M 46 05°10'18" 111°57'45" 63 (g)sM 47 05°15'18" 112°11'43" 65 (g)M 48 04°59'49" 112°27'19" 64 (g)sM 49 04054'56" 112°34'47" 63 (g)M 50 04°54'56" 112°20'02" 60 M 51 04°59'58" 112°06'38" 57 (g)M 52 05°09'57" 112°34'53" 55 (g)sM 53 04°54'58" 111°59'46" 58 (g)M 54 04°59'58" 111°51'06" 57 (g)M 55 04°54'56" 111°40'12" 56 (g)sM 56 04°55'12" 111°20'36" 53 (g)M 57 04°54'19" 110°57'11" 62 (g)M Appendix 3.A. Data of carbonate content from the study area

Sample Percentage of calcium carbonate Core 49 Core 57 | interval (cm) JCor e 10 Core 14 Core 18 Core 24 Core 44

26.25 28.79 0.00- 2.50 27.49 34.03 23.51 16.33 29.71 2.50- 5.00 24.37 27.41 25.80 16.45 26.46 28.52 27.99 5.00- 7.50 18.89 22.85 27.01 18.21 29.68 26.75 25.15 7.50-10.00 29.23 31.06 26.37 18.67 32.44 26.22 21.14 10.00-12.50 22.68 18.46 29.98 17.65 30.48 28.78 29.47 12.50-15.00 22.91 19.40 25.01 20.66 30.49 27.23 28.34 15.00-17.50 25.78 18.48 32.73 21.80 29.81 27.41 27.71 17.50-20.00 9.80 18.80 25.04 10.64 33.24 30.98 25.49 20.00 - 22.50 24.44 19.85 25.76 27.52 34.25 18.10 21.35 22.50 - 25.00 29.87 21.20 27.64 23.93 30.40 22.27 27.26 25.00 - 27.50 29.21 16.10 18.87 29.05 35.30 20.45 22.51 27.50 - 30.00 19.08 16.75 16.20 22.08 33.16 24.98 24.29 30.00 - 32.50 22.74 16.51 17.94 12.07 27.90 23.45 24.05 32.50 - 35.00 29.26 37.21 17.35 26.00 37.40 18.36 25.14 35.00 - 37.50 23.56 16.55 22.24 24.14 21.73 22.57 22.77 37.50 - 40.00 24.65 15.07 14.67 24.64 28.34 12.98 8.41 40.00 - 42.50 20.43 15.88 15.41 14.06 33.31 18.63 13.24 42.50 - 45.00 21.27 17.64 14.37 21.00 29.60 21.49 11.90 45.00 - 47.50 27.18 15.40 14.80 26.79 23.44 18.08 15.42 47.50 - 50.00 27.80 17.35 18.33 22.24 23.83 19.04 28.10 50.00 - 52.50 30.39 16.80 28.27 18.27 22.74 20.65 14.48 52.50 - 55.00 29.17 16.69 33.16 21.38 18.29 19.56 16.10 55.00 - 57.50 29.74 16.24 29.52 10.19 20.05 18.48 8.73 57.50 - 60.00 23.65 17.10 27.90 21.23 18.62 18.09 16.93 60.00 - 62.50 25.21 18.68 32.75 18.00 21.29 18.84 20.16 62.50 - 65.00 37.65 18.68 32.66 16.16 25.13 14.37 17.72 65.00 - 67.50 23.99 22.37 26.79 23.44 20.35 15.86 20.53 67.50 - 70.00 24.68 11.99 21.33 17.42 17.72 10.70 19.91 70.00 - 72.50 24.13 23.11 28.38 14.50 18.68 16.11 21.41 72.50 - 75.00 21.45 14.36 15.78 26.08 21.21 15.38 21.69 75.00 - 77.50 37.18 28.16 20.20 26.68 16.06 15.52 22.67 77.50 - 80.00 36.15 29.92 17.72 12.44 24.76 12.49 23.45 80.00 - 82.50 37.33 21.55 15.64 18.86 17.84 10.38 26.12 82.50 - 85.00 36.80 30.59 16.02 16.71 14.76 18.60 19.38 85.00 - 87.50 36.51 29.41 20.68 18.13 14.38 87.50 - 90.00 36.83 31.77 22.34 22.53 27.74 90.00 - 92.50 37.02 26.53 20.28 19.29 14.44 92.50 - 95.00 36.63 36.26 18.04 25.90 15.63 95.00 - 97.50| 36.53 30.17 97.50-100.00 I Appendix 3.B. Data of organic matter from the study area

Sample Percentage3 of organic matter interval (cm) Core 10 Core 18 Core 44 Core 49 Core 57

0.00 - 2.50 7.54 3.56 3.35 5.33 5.37 2.50-5.00 6.29 3.13 3.57 3.30 6.14 5.00- 7.50 8.37 3.49 3.52 4.67 6.15 7.50-10.00 6.52 4.65 3.78 5.28 6.29 10.00-12.50 7.40 2.58 2.67 3.90 5.02 12.50-15.00 5.94 3.25 4.10 4.00 5.08 15.00-17.50 7.11 2.51 3.89 3.61 5 on 17.50-20.00 8.15 4.21 3.72 3.35 5.51 20.00 - 22.50 6.21 4.19 4.06 4.95 6.93 22.50 - 25.00 6.26 3.21 4.09 4.08 4.42 25.00 - 27.50 5.91 4.49 4.81 6.28 5.26 27.50 - 30.00 7.71 3.76 4.22 4.46 5.50 30.00 - 32.50 7.08 4.86 5.82 5.83 5.35 32.50 - 35.00 5.02 1.90 4.38 5.85 5.43 35.00 - 37.50 5.05 2.25 5.63 5.67 5.47 37.50 - 40.00 4.27 2.18 5.00 5.33 6.95 40.00 - 42.50 5.61 1.21 4.01 5.51 6.99 42.50 - 45.00 6.13 3.55 1.04 3.75 7.07 45.00 - 47.50 3.71 1.97 4.60 4.87 6.22 47.50 - 50.00 4.55 2.95 5.00 4.23 5.46 50.00 - 52.50 6.98 2.68 4.46 3.42 4.69 52.50 - 55.00 5.48 2.60 3.78 3.52 4.83 55.00 - 57.50 5.19 3.17 2.19 5.55 5.76 57.50 - 60.00 5.88 2.75 2.91 4.71 3.44 60.00 - 62.50 8.77 2.82 5.39 3.52 5.34 62.50 - 65.00 4.35 3.80 6.73 4.36 6.29 65.00 - 67.50 6.80 3.84 3.98 4.15 6.12 67.50 - 70.00 5.88 2.64 2.48 10.07 5.89 70.00 - 72.50 7.02 5.03 0.90 3.51 5.30 72.50 - 75.00 5.14 3.08 2.04 2.09 5.97 75.00 - 77.50 4.96 3.82 2.43 6.53 5.31 77.50 - 80.00 5.77 4.06 0.01 5.53 5.52 80.00 - 82.50 0.86 1.39 2.97 7.04 5.14 82.50 - 85.00 0.94 7.21 3.06 2.89 6.72 85.00 - 87.50 3.89 5.96 0.00 0.00 8.34 87.50 - 90.00 4.67 5.02 0.00 6.19 90.00 - 92.50 4.37 3.33 0.00 4.04 92.50 - 95.00 5.47 5.52 0.00 6.74 95.00 - 97.50 3.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 97.50-100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SAM0L£ Nukuben 11N0.0 No SPECIES 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 18 17 18 20 22 23 25 27 29 31 32 34 36 37 36 39 41 42 4<1 46 47 411 50 5 54 55 51 1 Borneocythere paunclpunctata II a 6 14 5 20 1 3 33 2 16 1 48 so 14 10 23 13 24 31 33 es 12 Si 17 28 ae 3 12S 81 16 « " 40 |( 000 2 Foveoleberis cypraeoides II 9 a 21 16 23 3 61 a 10 3 40 21 13 10 16 3 4 143 21 4E s X at 3 1 4« 62 17 44 41 1 888 3 Actlnocytherals scutigera II 3 1 23 7 6 0 80 6 27 3 32 8 26 17 12 12 7 8 20 23 9 21 48 29 28 1 41 11 IS at 2E 48 9 40 14 087 4 Cytherafloldaa cingulata s 142 3 8 18 4 IS 170 6 40 18 144 28 13 2 1 a 14 a 1 2 7 2 1 5 5 s 1 1 2 1 s 2 064 5 Neomonoceratina bataviana 8 2 4 106 2 8 16 3 8 40 8 00 16 2 23 18 6 a 1 1 38 1 1 1 2 10 2 17 7 0 6 3 7 8 460 6 Hemikrithe orientalis 8 4 3 33 4 26 3 1 34 1 52 21 3 1 6 1 4 17 16 37 18 1 2 2 42 22 4 14 11 3 12 12 6 10 16 469 7 Neocytheretta vandijki 2 1 4 5 1 4 a 1 8 1 21 12 1 3 8 3 0 14 18 3 6 13 7 28 34 7 2S 14 3 47 11 1 25 21 380 8 Cytherella semitalis 6 2 141 18 1 1 32 64 1 28 a 1 8 21 3 4 1 6 a 1 6 1 3 1C 2 360 9 Plstocytherles cribriformis 11 1 0 6 8 3 1 14 11 a 18 27 10 5 4 5 5 e 4 3 1 18 2 a 14 5 23 7 5 4 2 1) 2! 11 12 27 338 10 Phlyctenophora orientalis 1 2 17 1 12 1 S3 28 10 3 2 12 2 1 2 1 8 6 3 16 10 8 16 14 1 44 14 17 1 3 286 tt 11 Cytheretfokfea leroyi 2 216 16 1 10 12 2 4 3 284 12 Bythocytheropteron alatum 11 1 6 4 1 3 1 5 2 15 3 7 6 2 7 6 S 4 14 1 12 7 10 17 28 18 2 9 26 230 13 Alataconcha pterogona 1 1 3 1 3 18 2 1 8 1 a 12 11 8 13 1 1 5 8 16 14 0 21 9 16 0 8 7 20 230 14 Hemicytheridea ornata 8 20 06 3 1 6 73 17 3 1 33 1 2 10 232 15 Argilloecia ct. A lunata 2 2 16 7 2 18 2 10 3 1 9 3 8 17 17 2 2 4 42 16 10 a 11 1 12 2 6 8 1 2 237 16 Neocytheretta novella 20 a 0 14 11 2 1 3 2 0 7 1 7 15 7 14 6 7 12 13 13 10 a» 17 Pistocythereis euplectella 36 1 1 1 17 11 7 1 23 10 2 2 14 5 2 4 1 2 2 3 e 12 5 8 9 8 10 196 18 Fovea, cypraeoides baweanl 1 2 4 28 11 1 3 2 81 8 1 1 7 10 24 4 6 3 e 2 f 8 18 101 19 Pontocypria rostrata 2 2 6 e 1 0 1 2 4 3 2 3 2 8 ie 12 2 1 7 17 17 22 IB 1 0 173 20 Cytherella incohota 1 127 4 8 3 8 4 2 2 3 1 4 1 106 21 Alocopocythen kendengensis 8 60 1 17 2 3 3 16 4 10 2 S E 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 156 22 Cytheropteron miurense aa 3 3 67 28 18 1 6 2 2 4 147 23 Parakrfttiella pseudadonta 22 10 12 28 10 2 10 3 4 1 11 10 2 1 4 1 143 24 Neomonocaratfna Indonesiana 0 1 1 30 S5 11 1 1 1 3 3 3 11 1 1 2 140 25 Venericythere papuensis 8 7a 8 8 1 6 8 24 138 1 26 Kelfla llokroaapoetrol 11 0 18 2 30 12 2 12 0 18 10 1 128 n Neocytheretta spongiosa 6 1 3 4 5 11 4 1 1 3 2 8 3 5 23 3 17 4 3 8 0 118 [f| 28l Xestoleberis malaysiana 2 7 1 21 23 3 1 2 3 1 3 0 4 4 2 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 90 29 Pistocythereis bradyi 31 18 3 1 4 13 15 1 3 1 1 1 02 30 Cytherella cf. C. leroyi 07 8 1 15 91 31 7Aglaiocypris susllohadli 1 4 4 a 2 6 2 3 1 0 1 1 4 21 12 2 2 1 14 96 32 Bythoceratina nelae 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 0 1 8 5 3 5 a 10 6 5 8 2 8 62 33 Neomonoceratina delicata 6 1 8 10 3 2 7 6 4 a 3 7 6 1 2 2 80 34 Keifta labyrinthica 7 10 2 13 14 6 1 7 8 2 1 1 79 35 Neocytherotta murilineata 44 S 5 6 1 1 1 as 36 Henryhowella keutapangensla 43 1 1 3 4 1 7 1 2 1 04 37 Loxoconcha pelkt 1 7 2 20 1 10 12 6 1 1 1 1 2 84 38 Bairdopillata pawalcyanlcola 5 3 4 8 1 1 1 6 10 12 4 6 2 2 64 39 Stigmatocythere rugosa 0 2 2 17 2 t 1 3 6 0 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 03 40 Phlyctocythere fenerrae 1 2 1 12 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 14 1 3 2 3 2 4 60 41 Bythoceratina hastata * 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 4 0 1 1 3 1 5 e 2 6 2 1 2 II 67 42 Cytherella cf. C. lata 37 1 2 1 1 11 M i 52 i 43 Hemtcythorldea reticulata 1 1 12 17 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 4 Ii 1 44 CyttrereHa of. C. hemipuncta 20 1 1 2 2 20 1 1 « 45 Atjehella semiplicata 1 1 1 ie a 4 1 7 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 4. 46 Macrocypris decora 7 3 6 8 1 2 10 2 a 42 47 Keijella reticulata 1 5 26 8 2 1 42 48 Cytherelloidea excavata 32 2 2 1 2 39 49 Cythrallokiea malaccaensis 1 32 1 3 1 30 50 Neomonoceratina Iniqua 4 26 4 1 1 1 38 51 Hemicytheridea cf. H. reticulata 3 3 4 24 1 1 1 1 38 52 stlgmaticythere bona S 20 3 1 3 a 2 38 53 Neocytheretta snellii 8 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 0 2 34 | 54 Alocopocythere guojoni 2 1 1 20 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 34 55 ! Cytheropteron cf. C. wllmablomt 2 10 2 1 2 1 2 1 9 3 1 3 32 | 56 Argilloecia ct. A. hanaii 3 6 4 1 3 3 2 4 ? 2 30 5? Neocytheretta adunca 3 7 5 7 1 I 1 1 1 1 9 30 S B Keijella carriel 7 1 17 6 30 | 59 I Keijella kloempritensis 3 1 13 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 29 60 Bythoceratina blcomfs 2 1 2 3 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 4 1 » 61 Paracypris nuda 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 3 2 2 0 » 62 Cytherella koegleri 7 1 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 2. 63 Pistocythereis bradyiformis 10 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 38 Hemikrithe peterseni 64 1 4 4 10 0 28 65 Loxoconcha wrighti a 23 ao 66 Cytheropteron cuadracostatum 3 4 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 3 S£ Xiphichilus lanceaeformis 67 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 2 4 1 4 23 Copytus posterosulcus 68 5 1 2 1 8 2 3 1 1 U 22 6i> tlmlcytherura Indoneslensls 12 2 6 1 1 70 Ruggieria Indopacflca 1 6 4 1 2 1 3 E I 2"2 71 Bythoceratina pauciornata 2 > 1 3 3 2 6 2 1 1 1 \ 22 72 Cytherella Javaseaense 1S 2 1 21 TJ 73 Neomonoceratina macropora e 1 8 1 1 T 1 1 5 1 2 1 2 80 Parakrithella posterorotunda 1 a 2 II ' 81 Stigmatocythere kingmai a 1 B" o 82 Undetermined apaclem 2 2 01 83 Atalaccacytharala trachodes 1 3 4 1 ft -I 84 Callistocythere sp. 5 2 1 1 e Q> 94 Loxoconcha sp. 2. 1 3 • O 05 Lankacythere sp. 2 1 2 i o 96 Potycope bmvaanlanals 2 2 o. 97 Neomonocaratfna ct. entomon If 1 2 -f 98 Caudltessp.3 1 ? w-* 99 Stigmatocythere parakingmai I 2 o 100 Tanalta gracUa 2 — 101 Bythoceratina palkl j! J 2 w 102 Eueyttrerure sp.1 11 1 1 109 Lankacythere muhllora 2 c-1 104 Spinoceratina tplnosa 2 105 Baltraella cf. B. minor || o 2 1106 Cytheropteron sp. 1 1 5" ROT Pontocypria ct. P. attenuata 2 (ft 108 Cytheropteron pulcinella 2 — (0 Caudftaa ap.2 109 2 Q. 110 Cythanptarm paraslrme 1 3 111 Paradoxostoma sp. 1 112 Bairdopillata paracratericola j! 1 S» l dU uus SI fro1 UIIm 1 coru Ul*e ! 101U.. NUMBER OP «(>_<-IMEK UN con= 102.5 1 Nn SPECIES No. of 8 y 1U 11 12 13 14 1b lb 1/ 18 19 1 Cytherella javaseaense 1 S> Cytherella ct. C. leroyi 1 S3 Neomonoceratina indonesiana 1 54 Cytherella hemipuncta 1 Cythrelloidea malaccaensis 1 56 Keijella reticulata 1 TTT •sr 2B5 1st T33 ?2l "ism 125 100 77 163 103 152 221 5551 AL SPECIMENS Ii/ "93 "46 •86- •SB w T88w -IU3 T23"W B195 TT7 TB7 "248 w -w "22- 18 15 18 18 16 16 23 18 17 mA L SPECIES 30 14 23 14 ir 73" 16 21 20 18 21 24 is 20 21 12" ivr TOT Appendix 4.C. Distributio!•>•<>l l IUI UInI oU f1 1ostracodJS > let Vi. IU4s > 1fro IO mII UcorO re 18IB. NUIres tT5 ? BSS IHTE No SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 w No. of J 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 i Foveoleberis cypraeoides 62 53 85 51 33 19 >p«e. 1 42 50 43 66 45 45 21 21 17 25 40 32 20 20 8 6 1 11 5 3 2 5 3 1 11 6 2 6 3 1 3 853 1 2 Neocytheretta sponqtosa 42 36 45 32 20 46 33 31 32 30 34 14 26 16 22 21 21 10 5 3 1 5 16 2 1 3 2 6 2 5 10 5 2 1 1 8 6 5 600 | a Actlnocytftorals acutlqera 25 38 38 18 23 30 38 51 42 20 31 20 24 16 23 24 18 11 4 3 5 7 5 10 1 4 1 9 3 1 1 2 2 6 8 7 568 8 4 Borneocythere pauncipunctata 33 25 35 23 9 39 30 25 29 27 23 10 31 17 20 19 15 6 7 6 4 2 2 8 3 7 3 7 4 3 5 5 3 4 3 492 5 Pistocythereis euplectella 28 20 37 15 17 30 20 26 31 14 27 8 15 14 8 16 14 3 a 2 12 2 9 2 1 3 6 6 6 2 3 398 8 Neomonoceratina bataviana 23 17 36 21 8 24 20 16 14 14 m R 14 2? 7 Alocopocythere kendengensis 16 14 25 11 4 19 22 22 25 22 16 13 14 7 12 17 11 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 5 2 3 7 4 5 2 4 10 2 333 8 Platocvtharies cribriformis 12 21 16 12 20 19 22 34 23 16 10 8 12 12 18 12 e 1 1 4 4 6 4 1 3 2 4 2 3 1 5 1 7 327 8 Alocopocythere vandijki 12 16 11 11 14 26 23 Ls 17 9 9 18 7 14 9 8 11 6 6 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 8 2 2 3 4 3 1 3 9 5 279 Cytherelloidea cingulata 14 11 16 19 7 17 19 12 17 11 22 13 6 10 6 11 11 7 2 6 3 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 263 l Phlyctenophora orientalis' 12 10 13 10 9 20 16 8 12 14 9 7 6 5 1 13 10 3 1 1 4 4 1 1 8 2 1 1 4 3 2 7 10 22 255 Cytherella semitalis a 10 15 4 3 8 4 9 15 9 10 9 7 5 6 3 5 4 3 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 151 ts Alataconcha pterogona 8 19 12 9 4 8 6 8 1 4 4 2 1 4 6 6 12 2 3 1 1 1 5 2 5 2 1 2 3 142 14 Alocopocythere qoujonl 8 4 9 4 2 10 3 5 9 3 7 5 5 5 5 7 6 2 1 3 1 1 ? 7 S 1 1 3 3 4 126 16 Neocytheretta novella 12 3 12 4 5 10 5 10 5 12 4 2 2 4 3 5 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 108 Pistocythereis bradyiformis 6 10 1 4 4 6 3 5 5 6 4 5 11 3 2 1 10 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 6 105 3 101 18 Cytherella koegleri 2 7 3 1 6 9 4 3 9 14 6 5 1 4 6 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 100 10 I 2 3 87 20 Pistocythereis bradyi 3 1 5 3 15 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 40/ 21 Keijella kloempritensis 2 2 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 3 I 45 77 Argilloecia sp. A lunata ? 1 ? 8 ? 23 Venericythere papuensis 3 1 4 6 3 3 3 2 2 2 10 1 1 1 1 | 43 24 Bythocytheropteron sp. 8 2 4 3 2 4 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 J 42 25 Neomonoceratina delicate 3 2 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 37 as Pseudope. ol. P. reniformis 36 3 I ^ 27 Keijella multisulcus 2 4 2 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 32 z» Bythoceratina nelae 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 18 20 Neomonoceratina Iniqua 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 14 30 Propontocypris rostrata 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 14 31 Hemikrithe orientalis 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 13 32 Bythoceratina hastata 5 2 1 1 1 1 12 33 Neocytheretta murilineata 11 11 34 Henryhowella keutapangensis 3 7 10 35 Hemicytheridea ornata 1 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 13 36 Loxoconcha paiki 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 37 Neomonoceratina Indonesiana 1 1 2 2 2 8 3a Stigmatocythere rugosa 2 2 1 ? 7 30 Parakrithella pseudadonta 7 7 40 Xiphichilus lanceaeformis 3 1 1 1 1 7 41 Bythoceratina bicornis 3 1 2 6 42 Bythoceratina multiplex 1 1 2 1 1 6 43 Lankacythere multifora 2 2 2 6 44 Neocytheretta adunca 2 1 2 1 8 45 Mjehella semiplicata 1 2 2 5 40 Cytherella hemipuncta 2 2 1 5 47 Bytheropteron miurense 4 * I" Ruggiera darwini 1 1 1 1 4 40 Keijia labyrinthica 4 " SO Phtydlnophora fennerae 3 3 61 Keijia tjokrosapoetroi 3 3 62 Hemicytheridea reticulata 1 1 1 3 63 Cytherella ct. C. lata 1 2 3 64 Argilloecia ot. A hanaii 1 2 3 56 Pontocypris sp. 2 2 se StJgmatlcythere bona 2 2 2 57 Macrocypris decora 1 1 58 Paracypris cf. nuda 1 1 2 SO Lankacythere sp. 2 2 K) Xestoleberis malaysiana 1 01 Cytherelloidea ct. C. reticulata 1 62 Stlgmatocythre Indica 1 1 1 03 Cytherella Incohota - 64 Bythoceratina pauciornata "Tj !n.jf.'«j«:..=.- , MMT-•—• " U M »""»''•» " ii.ua>." an 111 II.JI: an lai ••••:» in ••»«• ii aa. w » ». •• •>» •• a»'lB'iaria.u • TOTAL SPECIES l32|2Bl32l32l26]2al36l32130l23l26l Z7.L 21 ,l 28 |t 2BJ 27 1 34 | 20 | 18 1 27 | 14 1 14 1 20 | 11 I 14 | 10 | 17 ) 14 ] 17 | 17 I 20 I 22 | 11 ) 12 ) 13 I 15 ( |8 1 20B J Appendix 4.D. Distribution of ostracods from core 44. NUMBEI OK OSTTUCOIJ UMLUIMENS AT 2.5 tiM INIbMVAL "~" Mo SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 26 20 SO 31 32 33 34 Number 1 Borneocythere paunci punctata 40 &• 2ft 45 22 00 1 54 11 42 20 72 130 127 174 101 188 118 02 40 04 M 35 102 42 oe Oft 13 • 24 10 n 3 1925 Phlyctenophora orientalis 4 6 2 10 3 8 7 5 2 1ft 22 20 75 60 2& 34 27 1ft 11 26 26 38 AS 23 03 too 2ft is 77 207 77 43 ft1 0 1220 3 Foveoleberis cypraeoides as 10 20 7 24 24 ft3f t 24 21 30 IB 74 10ft 1ft 3ft 25 1ft 19 23 30 10 21 7 0 21 2 4 4 6 21 0 1 714 4 Neocytheretta vandifk! 34 4 12 11 0 4 ft A 4 10 as !• 43 40 13 24 as a ft2 2 10 1ft 12 0 21 21 3 i 13 22 10 10 1 s 488 5 Pistocythereis bradyi 0 8 7 ft 2 2 7 5 S 14 3 2ft 19 7 10 ii a 4 12 18 18 23 14 10 48 10 0 a 45 31 12 2 1 440 0 Neomonoceratina bataviana 17 7 7 1 2 5 t ft ft2 3 12 10 20 a 12 4 a 2 0 22 13 22 21 11 12 10 31 54 » 7 1 410 7 Actinocythereis scutigera 41 1 • 7 S 3 13 3 13 14 20 4ft 49 10 38 17 4 T 13 2 a ft 4 11 8 4 1 2 0 fl 2 390 • Pistocythereis cribriformis 23 4 2 4 2 6 14 11 a 31 20 11 12 7 0 ft1 0 B 0 17 0 14 21 ft 4 12 41 7 11 4 e 360 • Bythocytheropteron alatum 12 12 9 0 3 3 8 10 ie 10 34 3S 13 21 21 7 4 10 fti i 27 3 17 17 2 4 B 1 343 10 Pistocythereis euplectella 12 1 4 3 7 5 6 4 0 3 10 13 e 0 2 2 ft S • 11 7 14 1ft 4 4 10 3 1 192 11 Alataconcha pterogona 14 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 a 0 17 10 i 5 1ft 5 2 10 2 0 7 ft 1 3 1 1 153 12 Neocytheretta spongiosa 3 1 2 4 2 i 3 i s IB 10 3 2 1 3 10 10 9 0 10 1 0 8 4 1 2 10 4 4 3 isa 13 Hemicytheridea reticulata 1 2 1 a 5 8 2 ft 3 3 1 4 a 2 4 4 6 a 1 10 44 10 2 151 14 Bythoceratina nelae 5 1 1 t ft 7 ft 2 2 4 1 1 a B 0 0 11 1ft 5 ft1 9 13 138 IS Hemikrithe orientalis 14 3 2 4 a 2 13 1 24 1 a 7 10 2 7 12 4 134 10 Alocopocythere kendengensis 2 2 i 1 3 5 ft 3 2 5 3 1 3 7 s 4 & 3 ft1 0 3 0 20 13 S 1 132 17 Pistocythereis bradyiformis 1 2 10 2 ft f a 7 4 ft 1 0 3 10 11 3 2 4 as 11 2 131 18 Parakrithella pseudadonta 2 2 1 2 4 1 5 2 10 i 2 14 2 i SI 7 1 101 19 Neomonoceratina delicata 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 3 2 2 2 ft 1 2 4 7 3 0 22 10 1 98 20 Neocytheretta novella 15 2 1 1 2 4 11 1 3 2 1 5 1 e 1 ft 3 1 7 4 1 83 21 Neocytheretta snellii 2 10 7 3 3 6 6 0 4 15 2 1 4 2 82 22 Bythoceratina hastata 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 ft 4 5 2 3 2 ft a 12 1 8 78 23 Ruggiera darwini 1_j 1 1 3 s 3 7 ft 4 ft 6 a 1 1 1 7 2 1 70 24 Atjehella semiplicata 1 1 1 1 3 S 2 1 1 1 3 10 10 48 25 Argilloecia sp. Alunata a 4 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 4 1 i 2 2 4 1 1 44 2B Cytherelloidea cingulata 5 2 1 4 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 41 27 Propontocypris rostrata 1 3 3 2 2 4 ft 4 S 1 1 i S 2 1 4 38 29 Stigmatocythere rugosa 3 ft 2 1 3 1 7 1 1 2 1 1 32 29 Alocopocythere guojoni It 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 7 1 1 27 30 Xestoleberis malaysiana \\ 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 28 31 Keifeiia kloempritensis Ij 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 a 1 2 1 2 2 2 25 0 32 Cytherella koegleri \\ 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 a 4 1 23 33 Cytherella semitalis t 1 2 t 2 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 19 | 34 Macrocypris decora 4 2 3 4 1 3 1 18 35 Keilia labyrinthica 1 1 4 6 6 0 B 1 18 30 Paracypris ct P. nuda 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 15 37 Loxoconcha paiki 1 1 1 2 i 1 c 2 14 1 M Neocytheretta murilineata 1 3 3 4 3 14 I 40 Keijella muHisulcus 1 1 1 i 3 2 2 1 1 13 fl 41 Stigmatocythere roesmani B t 2 2 2 ll 13 il 12 42 Xiphichilus lanceaeformis 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 43 Bythocytheropteron miurense 1 2 2 a 3 1 1 12 1 44 Loxoconcha wrighti 1 7 1 1 1 11 46 Keilia tfokrosapoetrol 1 1 1 1 0 1 ft n 40 Semicytherura Indonesiana 1 2 a 3 1 1 11 47 Neomonoceratina iniqua II i 1 3 1 2 1 1 10 41) Cytherelloidea leroyi II to 10 4S Bythoceratina bicornis J] i 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 10

50 Bairdopillata parmacyanicoia B i 1 1 4 1 •• 1 10 5f Baltraella minor 1 1 2 1 3 2 9 a 1 52 Argilloecia ct. A hanaii |j a 2 »-. 4 8 53 Polycope baweaniensis ' 1 1 1 1 t 64 Neomonoceratina indonesiana 2 2 2 1 8 8 5S Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis S 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 a 1 7 5 M Cytheropteron quadratocostatu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 I 4 , 1 1 3 1 1 Ii 2 B3 Bythoceratina multiplex 1 1 2 J 64 Propontocypris sp. 1 m Loxoconcha sp. 2 1 oc 1 1 1 I 1 Ml Cytherella aff. C. lata , 09 1 ij 1 1 ll 1 Baltraella ct. & minor 1 72 Baltraella hanaii 1 73 CythereHoidea malaccaensis 1 1 74 Bythoceratina malaysiana 1 « ! 287 100 TO AL SPECIMENS 330 S3 150 110 121 120 B3 100 143 220 202 I S27 731 441 310 122 278 1 244 223 371 100 334 4&a 116 41 238 570 301 225 73 35 1 8588 ?fi an 30 29 127 32 49 35 S4 35 10 25 1 30 28 Appendix 5.

Figures 1-230 (113 species of ostracods, one subspecies, one undetermined species and genus, one undetermined form) Figs 1-3. Polycope baweniensis sp. nov. 1. ALV, external lateral view, x 110 2. ALV, internal lateral view, x 110 3. ALV, external lateral view, x 95

Figs 4-5. Cytherella javaseaense sp. nov. 4. ALV, external lateral view, x 90 5. ALV, internal lateral view, x 90

CytherellaFig. 6. hemipuncta Swanson, 1969 6. ALV, external lateral view, x 94

CytherellaFigs 7-8 incohota Zhao & Whatley, 1989 7. ARV, external lateral view, x 100 8. ARV, internal lateral view, x 100

CytherellaFig. 9. koegleri Mostafawi, 1992 9. ARV, external lateral view, x 83

CytherellaFig. 10. aff. C. lata Kingma, 1948 10. ALV, external lateral view, x 104

CytherellaFigs 11. semitalis Brady, 1868 11. ARV, external lateral view, x 101

Figs 12-13. Cytherella cf. C. leroyi Kingma, 1948 12. ALV, external dorsal view, x 121 13. ALV, external dorsal view, x 127

Fig. 14. Cytherelloidea bonanzaensis Keij, 1964 14. ARV, external lateral view, x 84

Fig. 15. Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, 1964 15. ARV, external lateral view, x 89

Figs 16-17. Cytherelloidea cingulata (Brady, 1869) 16, ARV, external lateral view, x 94 17. ARV, internal lteral view, x 94

Figs 18-19. Cytherelloidea excavata Mostafawi, 1992 18. ALV, external lateral view, x 106 19. ALV, internal lateral view, x 97

Figs 20-21. Cytherelloidea malaccaensis Whatley & Zhao, 1988 20. ARV, external lateral view, x 101 21. ALV, internal lateral view, x 94

Figs 22-23. Bairdopillata paracratericola Titterton & Whatley, 1988 22. ARV, external lateral view, x 73 23. ARV, internal lateral view, x 70

Figs 24-25. Bairdopillata paraalcyonicola Titterton & Whatley, 1988 18. ARV, external lateral view, x 48 19. ARV, internal lateral view, x 52

Figs 26-27. Paranesidea sp. 26. ALV, external lateral view, x 66 27. ALV, internal lateral view, x 66

Fig. 28. Macrocypris decora (Brady, 1866) 28. ARV, external lateral view, x 55

Figs 29-30. Paracypris cf. P. nuda Mostafawi, 1992 29. ARV, external lateral view, x 70 30. ALV, internal lateral view, x 71

Figs 31-32. Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady, 1868) 31. ARV, external lateral view, x 66 32. ARV, internal lateral view, x 55

Figs 33-34. lAglaiocypris susilohadii sp. nov. 33. ALV, external lateral view, x 72 34. ALV, internal lateral view, x 72

Figs 35-36. Argilloecia cf. A. lunata Frydl, 1982 35. ALV, external lateral view, x 79 36. ALV, internal lateral view, x 93

Figs 37-38. Parakrithella sp. 37. ARV, external lateral view, x 138 38. ARV, internal lateral view, x 138

Figs 39, 41. Propontocypris rostrata Mostafawi, 1992 39. ALV, external lateral view, x 88 41. ALV, internal lateral view, x 88

Figs 40, 42. Pontocypris cf. P. attenuata (Brady, 1868) 40. ALV, external lateral view, x 94 42. ALV, internal lateral view, x 104

Fig. 43. Pontocypria sp. 43. ALV, external lateral view, X 98

Figs 44-46. Neomonoceratina bataviana (Brady, 1868) 44. ARV, external lateral view, x 83 45. ARV, internal lateral view, x 83 46. AC, dorsal view, x 83

Figs 47. Neomonoceratina delicata Ishizaki & Kato, 1976 ALV, external lateral view, x 136

Figs 48-50. Neomonoceratina cf. N. entomon (Brady, 1880) 48. ALV, external lateral view, x 121 49. ARV, internal lateral view, x 112 50. AC, dorsal view, x 121

Figs 51-53. Neomonoceratina indonesiana, Whatley & Zhao, 1987 51. ALV, external lateral view, x 120 52. ARV, internal lateral view, x 125 53. AC, dorsal view, x 116

Fig. 54, 55. Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady 1868 54. ALV, external view, x 114 55. ARV, external lateral view, x 106

Figs 56-59. Neomonoceratina macropora Kingma, 1948 56. ARV, external lateral view, x 121 57. ALV, internal lateral view, x 115 58. AC, dorsal view, x 120 59. ALV, externl dorsal view, x 130

Figs 60-61. Spinoceratina spinosa (Zhao & Whatley), 1988 60. ARV, external lateral view, x 127 61. ARV, internal lateral view, x 127

Figs 62-64. Bythoceratina bicornis Mostafawi, 1992 62. ALV, internal lateral view, x 88 63. ARV, external lateral view, x 88 64. ALV, dorsal view, x 88

Figs 65-67. Bythoceratina hastata Mostafawi, 1992 65. ALV, external lateral view, x 77 66. ARV, internal lateral view, x 77 67. ALV, dorsal view, x 90

Figs 68-69. Bythoceratina multiplex Whatley & Zhao, 1987 68. ARV, external lateral view, x 121 69. ALV, internal lateral view, x 121

Figs 70-71. Bythoceratina nelae Mostafawi, 1992 70. ALV, dorsal view, x 72 71. ALV, external lateral view, x 90

Figs 72-73. Bythoceratina paiki Whatley & Zhao, 1987 72. ARV, external lateral view, x 110 73. ARV, internal lateral view, x 99

Fig. 74. Bythoceratina pauciornata Mostafawi, 1992 74. ARV, external lateral view, x 107

Figs 75-79. Bythocytheropteron alatum Whatley & Zhao, 1987 75. ALV, female, external lateral view, x 88 76. ARV, female, internal lateral view, x 83 77. ARV, dorsal view, x 83 78. ARV, male, external lateral view, x 70 79. ARV, male, internal lateral view, x 72

Figs 80, 82, Baltraella hanaii Keij, 1979 83 . 80. ARV, external lateral view, x 83 82. ALV, internal lateral view, x 83 83. ARV, internal lateral view, x 83

Figs 81, 84. Baltraella minor Keij, 1968 81. ALV, external lateral view, x 83 84. ARV, internal lateral view, x 94

Figs 85-87. Baltraella cf. B. minor Keij, 1968 85. ARV, external lateral view, x 83 86. ARV, internal lateral view, x 96 87. ARV, onamentation view, x 330

Figs 88-91. Paijenborchella cf. P. iocosa Kingma, 1948 88. ARV, external lateral view, x 121 89. ARV, internal lateral view, x 123 90. AC, dorsal view, x 127 91. ARV, internal lateral view, x 121

Figs 92-93. Copytus posterosulcus Wang, 1985 92. ARV, external lateral view, x 133 93. ARV, internal lateral view, x 134

Figs 94-95. Parakrithella pseudadonta (Hanai, 1959) 94. ALV, external lateral view, x 149 95. ALV, internal lateral view, x 149

Figs 96-97. Pseudopsammocythere cf. P. reniformis (Brady, 1868) 96. ARV, external lateral view, x 105 97. ALV, internal lateral view, x 105

Figs 98-99. Cytheropteron miurense Hanai, 1957 98. ALV, external lateral view, x 132 99. ARV, external lateral view, x 132

Figs 100. Cytheropteron parasinae Whatley & Zhao, 1988 100. ALV, external lateral view, x 66

Figs 101-102. Cytheropteron pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli & Pugliese, 1976 101. ALV, internal lateral view, x 91 102. ALV, external lateral view, x 91

Fig. 103. Cytheropteron quadratocostata Whatley & Zhao, 1987. 103. ALV, external lateral view, x 151

Figs 104-106. Cytheropteron sp. 104. ALV, external lateral view, x 99 105. ALV, dorsal view, x 107 106. ALV, internal lateral view, x 84

Figs 107. Cytheropteron cf. C. wilmablomae Yassini & Jones, 1993 107. ALV, internal lateral view, x 121

Figs 108-109. Cytheropteron cf. C. wilmablomae Yassini & Jones, 1993 108. ALV, internal lateral view, x 121 109. ALV, dorsal view, x 127

Figs 110-111. Eucytherura sp. 110. ARV, external lateral view, x 183 111. ALV, internal lateral view, x 197

Figs 112-113. Semicytherura indonesiana Whatley & Zhao, 1987 112. ARV, external lateral view, x 160 113. ARV, internal lateral view, x 160

Fig. 114-115. Loxoconcha sp. 1 114. ARV, external lateral view, x 121 115. ARV, internal lateral view, x 95

Figs 116-117. Loxoconcha paiki Whatley & Zhao, 1987 116. ARV, external lateral view, x 116 117. ALV, internal lateral view, x 116

Figs 118-120. Loxoconcha wrighti sp. nov. 118. ARV, external lateral view, x 121 119. ARV, internal lateral view x 116 120. AC, dorsal view, x 116

Figs 121-123. Loxoconcha ismailusnai sp. nov. 121. AC, dorsal view, x 116 122. ALV, external lateral view, x 116 123. ARV, internal lateral view, x 116

Figs 124-125. Phlyctocythere fennerae Mostafawi, 1992 124. ARV, external lateral view, x 147 125. ALV, internal lateral view, x 135

Fig. 126. Loxoconcha sp. 2 126. ARV, external lateral view, x 71

Figs 127-129. Alataconcha pterogona (Zhao), 1985. 127. ALV, external lateral view, x 132 128. AC, dorsal view, x 132 129. ARV, internal lateral view, x 132

Figs 130, 131. Hemicytheridea ornata Mostafawi, 1992 130. ALV, external lateral view, x 94 131. ARV, internal lateral view, x 94

Figs 132-133. Hemicytheridea reticulata Kingma, 1948 132. ALV, external lateral view, x 66 133. ARV, internal lateral view, x 66

Figs 134-135. Hemicytheridea cf. H. reticulata Kingma, 1948 134. ALV, external lateral view, x 77 135. ARV, internal lateral view, x 77

Figs 136-137. Callistocythere sp. 137. ARV, external lateral view, x 149 138. ARV, internal alteral view, x 132

Figs 138-139. Keijia tjokrosapoetroi sp. nov. 138. ARV, external lateral view, x 121 139. ALV, internal lateral view, x 121

Figs 140-141. Keijia labyrinthica Whatley & Zhao, 1988. 140. ARV, external lateral view, x 116 141. ARV, internal lateral view, x 116

Fig. 142. ' Caudites sp. 1. 142. ALV, external lateral view, x 98

Fig. 143. Caudites sp. 2. 143. ARV, external lateral view, x 94

Fig. 144. Caudites sp. 3. 144. ARV, external lateral view, x 106

Figs 145-146. Actinocythereis scutigera (Brady, 1868) 145. ARV, external lateral view, x 39 146. ALV, internal lateral view, x 46

Fig. 147. Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948 147. ALV, external lateral view, x 122

Figs 148-149. Henryhowella keutapangensis (Kingma, 1948) 148. ARV, external lateral view, x 66 149. ARV, internal lateral view, x 66

Fig. 150. . Malaycythereis trachodes Zhao & Whatley, 1989 150. ARV, external lateral view, x 130

Figs 151-152. Stigmatocythere indica (Jain, 1977) 153. ALV, external lateral view, x 88 154. ALV, internal lateral view, x 88

Figs 153-154. Stigmatocythere bona Chen, 1982 153. ALV, external lateral view, x 98 154. ALV, internal lateral view, x 98

Figs 155. Stigmatocythere roesmani (Kingma, 1948) 155. ALV, external lateral view, x 143

Fig. 156. Stigmatocythre indica (Jain, 1977) 156. AC, dorsal view, x 88

Fig. 157. Stigmatocythere rugosa (Kingma, 1948) 157. ARV, external lateral view, x 143

Figs 158-159. Stigmatocythere kingmai Whatley & Zhao, 1989. 158. ARV, external lateral view, x 94 159. ALV, internal lateral view, x 94

Fig. 160. Stigmatocythere parakingmai Whatley & Zhao, 1988. 160. ALV, external lateral view, x 110

Fig. 161. Keijella kloempritensis (Kingma, 1948) 161. ALV, external lateral view, x 118

Figs 162-165. Keijella multisulcus Whatley & Zhao, 1988 162. ARV, external lateral view, x 66 163. ALV, internal lateral view, x 66 164. AC, dorsal view, x 66 164. muscle scars area, x 592

Figs 166-167. Keijella carriei sp. nov. 166. ALV, external lateral view, x 68 167. ALV, internal lateral view, x 68

Figs 168-169. Keijella reticulata Whatley & Zhao, 1988 168. ARV, external lateral view, x 68 169. ARV, internal lateral view, x 68

Figs 170-171. Venericythere papuensis (Brady, 1880) 170. ALV, external lateral view, x 72 171. ALV, internal lateral view, x 70

Figs 172-173. Borneocythere pauncipunctata (Whatley & Zhao, 1988) 173. ALV, external lateral viex, x 68 174. ALV, internal lateral view, x 76

Figs 174-175. Venericythere darwini (Brady, 1968) 174. ALV, external lateral view, x 83 175. ARV, internal lateral view, x 88

Figs 176-177. Ruggieria indopacifica Whatley & Zhao, 1988. 176. ARV, external lateral view, x 83 177. ARV, internal lateral view, x 83

Figs 178-179. Lankacythere multifora Mostafawi, 1992 178. ARV, external lateral view, x 94 179. ALV, internal lateral view, x 88

Figs 180-182. Lankacythere sp. 180. ALV, external lateral view, x 94 181. ARV,.internal lateral view, x 110 182. ornamentation, x 825

Figs 183. ^.Bosquetina sp. 1. 183. JRV, external lateral view, x 116

Figs 184-185 Wosquetina sp. 2. 184. JRV, internal lateral view, x 105 185. spine x 660

Figs 186. Pistocythereis bradyi Ishizaki, 1968 160, ALV, external lateral view, x 94

Figs 187-188. Pistocythereis bradyiformis (Ishizaki, 1968) 187. ARV, external lateral view, x 77 188. ARV, internal lateral view, x 77

Fig. 189. Pistocythereis cribriformis (Brady, 1865) 189. ALV, external lateral view, x 82

Figs 190-193. Pistocythereis euplectella (Brady, 1869) 190. ARV, dorsal view, x 83 191. ARV, external lateral view, x 80 192. ARV, internal lateral view, x 83 193. ALV, external lateral view, x 83

Figs 194-195. Alocopocythere guojoni (Brady, 1868) 194. ARV, external lateral view, x 94 195. ALV, internal lateral view, x 94

Figs 196. Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma, 1948) 196. ALV, external lateral view, x 85

Figs 197. Alocopocythere kendengensis (Kingma, 1948) 197. ALV, external lateral view, x 85

Figs 198-199, Neocyheretta vandijki (Kingma, 1948) 202. 198. ALV, external lateral view, x 61 199. AC, dorsal view, x 61 202. ALV, internal lateral view, x 61

Figs 201-203. Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady, 1870) 201. ALV, external lateral view, x 94 203. ALV, .internal lateral view, x 94

Fig. 204. Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma, 1948) 204. ARV, external lateral view, x 72

Figs 200, 207, Neocytheretta novella Mostafawi, 1992 208 200. AC, dorsal view, x 83 207. ARV, external lateral view, x 83 208. ARV, internal lateral view, x 83

Figs 205, 209- Neocytheretta adunca (Brady, 1868) 212. 205. AC, dorsal view, x 72 209. JRV, external lateral view, x 88 210. ALV, external lateral view, x 83 211. ALV, internal lateral view, x 105 212. JLV, internal lateral view, x 94

Figs 206, 213, Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao & Whatley, 1989 214. 206. AC, dorsal view, x 82 213. ARV, external lateral view, x 110 214. ARV, internal lateral view, x 110

Figs 215-217. Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, 1948 215. ARV, external lateral view, x 88 216. ARV, internal lateral view, x 88 217. AC, dorsal view, x 88

Figs 218-219. Hemikrithe orientalis van den Bold, 1950 218. ALV, external lateral view, x 110 219. ALV, internal lateral view, x 132

Figs 220-221. Hemikrithe peterseni Jain, 1978 220. ALV, external lateral view, x 83 221. ALV, internal lateral view, x 83

Figs 222-223. Xestoleberis malaysiana Zhao & Whatley, 1989 222. ALV, external lateral view, x 171 223. ARV, internal lateral view, x 150

Figs 224, 226, Foveoleberis cypraeoides (Brady, 1868) 227, 229. 224. ALV, external lateral view, x 83 226. AC, dorsal view, x 83 227. ARV, external lateral view, x 83 229. muscle scars area, x 539

Figs 225, 228. Foveoleberis cypraeoides baweani ssp. nov. 225. AC, dorsal view, x 138 228. JLV, external lateral view, x 121

Figs 230, 231. Argilloecia cf. hanaii Ishizaki, in Zhao et al., 1985 230. ARV, external lateral view, x 139 231. ARV, internal lateral view, x 105

Fig. 232. Paradoxostoma sp. 232. ARV, external lateral view, x 88

Figs 233, 234. Xiphichilus lanceaeformis Mostafawi, 1992 233. ARV, external lateral view, x 72 234. ALV, internal lateral view, x 72

Fig. 235. 1 Ornatoleberis sp. 235. ALV, external view, x 87

Figs 236-237. Undetermined immature forms 236. JLV, external view, x 72 237. JRV, internal view, x 72

Figs 238-240. Undetermined new species and genus 238. ARV, external lateral view, x 116 239. ALV, internal lateral view, x 116 240. ARV, enlargement of flange, x 430