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Java Sea Wreck ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT Archaeological Recovery of the JAVA SEA WRECK PACIFIC SEA RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT Java Sea Wreck Pacific Sea Resources MATHERS FLECKER 1997 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT Archaeological Recovery of the Java Sea Wreck Edited by WILLIAM M. MATHERS MICHAEL FLECKER Pacific Sea Resources 1997 Editors: William M. Mathers Michael Flecker Authors: History - John Miksic, Ph.D. Iron - Bennet Bronson, Ph.D. Ceramics - Roxanna Brown Archaeology - Michael Flecker Layout & Design: Catherine Noon Pacific Sea Resources, Inc. 726 Second Street Annapolis, Maryland 21403 U.S.A. Telephone: 410-268-5661 Facsimile: 410-268-9371 1997 Pacific Sea Resources, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from Pacific Sea Resources, Inc., except for brief passages which may be quoted for reviews. THE JAVA SEA WRECK ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Locating the Wreck 1 1.3 Political Considerations 4 2.0 Historical Background 5 2.1 China’s Position in the Nan Hai Trade from 500 B.C. Through the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 906) 5 2.2 Trade Interaction During the Song Dynasty (A.D. 960-1260) 18 2.3 Trade Interaction During the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1260-1367) 23 2.4 Trade Commodities 27 2.5 Monetary System 30 3.0 Archaeological Program 34 3.1 Archaeological Objectives 34 3.2 Recovery Vessel and Diving System 36 3.3 Excavation Techniques 43 3.4 Photographic Procedures 46 3.5 Registration System 50 3.6 Ceramics and Artifact Handling Procedure 53 3.7 Conservation 56 4.0 Site Conditions 58 4.1 Site Description 58 4.2 Oceanographic and Meteorological Conditions 59 4.3 Environmental Monitoring and Marine Life 60 5.0 The Wrecking Process 64 6.0 Interpreting the Ship 67 6.1 Hull Structure 67 6.2 Stowage Pattern and Cargo Capacity 70 6.3 Wood Identification 71 6.4 Identifying the Ship 72 6.5 Dating the Ship 76 7.0 Artifacts 77 7.1 Iron 77 7.2 Ivory 80 7.3 Resin 81 7.4 Balance Weights and Bars 81 7.5 Figurines and Finials 83 7.6 Trays 85 7.7 Gongs 86 7.8 Copper Ingots 87 7.9 Miscellaneous Copper Alloy Artifacts 88 7.10 Glassware 89 7.11 Rocks 91 7.12 Sharpening Stones 92 7.13 Organic Finds 93 7.14 Tin Ingots 94 8.0 The Iron Industry and Trade 95 8.1 The History of Iron Production in Asia 95 8.2 Iron-Making Technology 97 8.3 Historical and Archaeological Parallels 99 8.4 Analysis of Iron from the Wreck 101 9.0 High-Fired Ceramics of Song Dynasty China: The Java Sea Cargo in Context 103 9.1 Introduction 103 9.2 China’s Supremacy 103 9.3 Sources and Properties of Clay 104 9.4 Firing Temperatures 105 9.5 Glazes 105 9.6 High-Temperature Glazes 106 9.7 Glaze Color 106 9.8 The Java Sea Ceramics Cargo 107 10.0 Thirteenth-Century Potting Techniques: as Evidenced by the Java Sea Cargo 110 10.1 Collecting and Preparing the Materials 110 10.2 Preparing the Glaze 110 10.3 Furnishing the Kiln 111 10.4 Making the Molds 111 10.5 The Potter’s Wheel 111 10.6 Finishing the Form 112 10.7 Decoration 112 10.8 Firing 112 10.9 Illustrating the Potting Process 113 iv 11.0 Ceramics Inventory 116 11.1 Painted Ware 116 11.2 Black-Glazed Ware 130 11.3 Molded White/Qingbai Ware 131 11.4 Qingbai Ware 137 11.5 Celadon and Olive-Glazed Ware 149 11.6 Decorated Green-Glazed Ware 153 11.7 Undecorated Green-Glazed Ware 160 11.8 Brown-Glazed Ware 165 11.9 Indian-Style Earthenware 172 11.10 Miscellaneous Ceramics 178 12.0 Conclusion 182 Bibliography 185 Appendices 191 A. Artifact Database 191 B. Selected Pages from Artifact Registration Report 198 C. Artifact Distribution Plan 203 D. Ceramics Distribution Plots 205 E. List of Marine Species 218 F. Soil Analysis Data 223 G. Wood Identification 231 H. C14 Dating of Resin 241 I. Tin Ingot Analysis 244 J. Iron Analysis 257 K. Project Personnel 261 L. Acknowledgments 265 v 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives and Results In March 1996 Pacific Sea Resources (PSR) learned of a shipwreck in the Java Sea. The wreck had a cargo of iron and thirteenth-century Song dynasty Chinese ceramics. It became known as the Java Sea Wreck. Through Indonesian partner PT Sulung Segarajaya, PSR was awarded a license to salvage the Java Sea Wreck in July 1996. During August a barge, tug, equipment and personnel were mobilized in Singapore. Departure was on 28 August, and after clearing in at Belitung the excavation vessel was anchored over the wreck site on 30 August 1996. Excavation took two months. On 29 October the anchors were retrieved and the barge and finds returned to Singapore, arriving there on 4 November. In a conservation laboratory in Singapore, the ceramics cargo was cleaned, desalinated, and then systematically shelved for cataloguing and study. This Archaeological Report details the historical background at the time of the loss, describes the archaeological methods that were used to excavate and document the wreck, and discusses the site, the ship, and the likely wrecking process. It presents the artifacts and ceramics in inventory form and goes on to study the context of the finds in time and place. The iron cargo, the most extensive ever discovered on a ship of this era, is discussed in terms of the history and technology of iron production in Asia. The ceramics present a wonderful cross section of export wares from southern China. Over half of the ceramics cargo consists of simple, utilitarian bowls and dishes, provincial ware for day-to-day use. At the other end of the spectrum are exquisitely molded qingbai (pale blue) ewers with dragon handles and rare Cizhou-type ewers and bowls, obviously meant for the elite. In between are dozens of varieties of fine bowls, dishes, vases, bottles, boxes, and jars, in all shades from white through green to blue. None of the ship’s structure has survived. However, from evidence gleaned from the iron concretions and fragments of wood, it seems that the ship was of Thai origin. The primary cargo of iron cauldrons and bars was loaded in holds the full length of the ship. Tens of thousands of ceramics from the kilns of southern China were stowed on top of the iron. The ship then made its way south along the coastal route, possibly stopping in Vietnam, Thailand, and Sumatra, where it traded for ivory, earthenware kendis, and aromatic resins. Having passed through the treacherous Banka Strait, it headed on towards eastern Java where the Majapahit empire was taking shape. But for reasons never to be discovered, it sank in the Java Sea, well short of its final destination. 1.2 Locating the Wreck The wreck lies in the northwest region of the Java Sea. There is no land in sight. There is no bottom trawling. And yet fishermen found the shipwreck and can return to it again and again. It is thought to have been first discovered in the late 1980s. It is most likely that birds gave away the position that had remained a secret for over seven hundred years. Birds feed on schools of fish that are attracted to the wreck. On an otherwise featureless sandy seabed, a wreck provides food and shelter for huge schools of fish and large individuals - a place for corals, 1 sponges, and oyster shells to thrive. Birds are always feeding on schools of fish, but most of the schools are pelagic and therefore move around. Fish over a wreck stay in more or less the same location. When fishermen observe birds feeding for a long time in one location, it is a very good sign that a wreck lies below. Java Sea Wreck location map. 2 The fishermen are usually more interested in fish than the wreck itself. They keep the position to themselves, as it provides a continuous supply of red snapper and grouper. Their ability to relocate the site is remarkable, considering the birds are only there on the rare occasions that the schools of fish come to the surface. In the case of the Java Sea Wreck the closest navigation marker is an offshore oil-production platform more than thirty miles away. By steaming for, say, four hours at 10° from the platform, they come to the area using only a watch and a rudimentary compass as instruments. Sometimes they go straight to it and confirm the location by catching reef fish where normally there would only be pelagic species. Otherwise, they drop a marker buoy and do a slow search using a lead bar on a rope. When the bar hits an iron hull, a ballast stone, or a piece of porcelain, they can feel it and confirm it by fresh marks in the lead. In no time they are anchored over the site, pulling snapper in one after the other. It is normally only a matter of time before a hook snags on the bottom and, when pulled free, comes to the surface with a lump of iron concretion or a ceramic shard. Many of the fishermen in the southern portion of the Java Sea live on a few islands in the Thousand Island Group just north of Jakarta. Several of them are also sea cucumber and aquarium fish divers and have small compressors rigged on their boats.
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