Early Cha lenges ~?J·m:tl~ <01(. ·: : What challenges did : the United States face : during Washington's American Diary ·:. ..administration?...... In 1791 Congress passed a tax on the Reading Guide manufacture and sale of whiskey. content Vocabulary neutrality impressment Opposition to the tax was strong in (p. 262) (p. 263) western Pennsylvania. Farmers refused Academic Vocabulary to pay and attacked tax collectors. The challenge (p. 261) maintain (p. 261) Key People and Events federal government took action against Whiskey Rebellion (p. 261) the Whiskey Rebellion. Alexander Battle of Fallen Timbers (p. 262) Treaty of Greenville (p. 262) Hamilton believed that using force to Edmond Genet (p. 263) stop the rebellion would: udo us a great Jay's Treaty (p. 263) Pinckney's Treaty (p. 263) deal ofgood and add to the solidity of Reading Strategy every thing in this country." Taking Notes As you read, use - from American Politics in the Early Republic a diagram like the one below to summarize how the treaties described In this section affected the United States. The Whiskey Rebellion and buildings. This armed protest, called the Whiskey Rebellion, alarmed government the West leaders. Washington and his advisers decided to crush the challenge. This action sent mes­ sages that the government would use force when necessary to maintain, or keep, the History and You Have you ever opposed a social order. government action? Read to learn how the new government handled rebellious citizens. Struggle Over the West The new government also faced difficult •• • •••• • ••••• • •••••••• • • tl ...... problems in the West. Washington worried T he Whiskey Rebellion was only one about European ambitions in the Northwest challenge, or demanding situation, faced by Territory. He signed treaties with the Native the new government. Native Americans, Americans, hoping to lessen the influence of aided by the British and Spanish, were resist­ the British and Spanish on them. American ing the American settlers' expansion west­ settlers ignored the treaties and moved onto ward. Britain and France were pressuring the lands promised to the Native Americans. United States to become more involved in Fighting broke out between the two groups. their conflicts. President Washington stood Washington sent an army under General firm by not involving the United States in Arthur St. Clair to restore order in the North­ foreign conflicts. west Territory. In November 1791, St. Clair's forces were defeated by Little Turtle, chief of The Whiskey Rebellion the Miami people. More than 600 American Washington was concerned about the soldiers died in the battle by the Wabash growing resistance of western Pennsylvania River. farmers to the tax on whiskey. Their protest Many Americans believed an alliance with turned violent in July 1794. An armed mob France would help them defeat the British, attacked tax collectors and burned down Spanish, and Native Americans in the West.

Primary Source The Whiskey Rebellion

Thomas Jefferson accused Hamilton of orchestrating the rebellion: "an insurrection [rebellion] was announced & proclaimed & armed against, but could never be found?'

Rebels tar and feather a tax collector Explaining How did Alexan­ during the Whiskey Rebellion. der Hamilton want to respond to the rebellion? General Anthony Wayne wrote to the Secretary of war after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, saying, "{The Indians) abandoned themselves to flight ... leaving our victorious army in full and quiet possession of the field of battle ~

Native Americans who signed the Treaty of Greenville believed they had retained

control of their lands. ~ I; ....

Map Skills Place In what present-day state was ...,.. Little Turtle was most of the land ceded by the Native .,_ Route of General a spokesperson for Anthony Wayne Americans in the Treaty of Greenville? the Native Ameri­ cans at the peace talks.

The possibility of French involvement Problems With Europe prompted Britain to take action in the West. In 1794 the British government urged Native l ~ifi l tiJ O @i President Washington wanted the Americans to destroy American settlements nation to remain neutral in foreign conflicts. west of the Appalachians. The British also History and You Have you ever been in the middle began building a new fort in Ohio. of a disagreement between two friends? Read why The Native Americans demanded that all Washington looked for middle ground in a war settlers north of the Ohio River leave the between Britain and France.

territory. Washington sent another army + • + + • • • • • • • • t1 • • ' e ' • 9 t1 9 I t1 9 ' ' It t1 + + + + I + I • under Anthony Wayne, a former Revolution­ ary War general, to challenge their demands. M ost Americans cheered the French Revo­ In August 1794 his army defeated more than lution of 1789 because of its similarity to 1,000 Native Americans led by the Shawnee America's own revolution. By 1793, however, chief Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen the French Revolution turned bloody. Public Timbers (near present-day Toledo, Ohio). opinion was now divided. The Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed the When Britain and France went to war in Native Americans' hopes of keeping their 1793, some Americans sympathized with land. In the Treaty of Greenville (1795), France and others supported Britain. Wash­ they agreed to surrender most of the land in ington hoped that the United States could what is now Ohio. maintain its neutrality-not taking sides in the conflict between France and Britain. As Reading Check Analyzing Why did some time passed, however, remaining neutral Americans want to form an alliance with France? became more difficult.

262 Chapter 8 The Federalist Era Washington Proclaims Neutrality Treaty With Spain The French tried to involve the United Spanish leaders feared that the United States in their conflict with Britain. They sent States and Great Britain would work together diplomat Edmond Genet (zhuh•NAY) to against them in North America. Thomas recruit American volunteers to attack British Pinckney was sent to Spain to settle the ships. In response, President Washington differences between the United States and issued a Proclamation of Neutrality, which Spain. In 1795 Pinckney's Treaty gave the prohibited American citizens from fighting Americans free navigation of the Mississippi in the war. It also barred French and British River and the right to trade at New Orleans. warships from American ports. The British Washington's Farewell captured American ships that traded with Washington decided not to seek a third the French and forced the American crews term. In his Farewell Address, he attacked into the British navy. This practice of political parties and involvement in foreign impressment angered the Americans. affairs. He also urged his fellow citizens to: Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court, to negotiate a peaceful PRIMARY SOURCE solution with Britain. Few Americans "Observe good faith and justice toward all nations .... approved of Jay's Treaty. In it, the British . .. It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent agreed to withdraw from American soil. alliances." However, the treaty did not deal with the -from The Annals of America issue of impressment or British interference These parting words influenced the nation's with American trade. Washington found fault foreign policy for more than 100 years. with the treaty but realized it would end the crisis. The Senate narrowly approved it after Reading Check Explaining What was the a fierce debate. significance of Jay's Treaty?

Vocabulary Critical Thinking 6. Persuasive Writing Imagine 1. Write headlines for newspaper 4. Comparing and Contrast- that you disagree with Washing­ stories about the U.S. role in the ing Compare and contrast U.S. ton's policy of neutrality in the Britain-France conflict. Use and attitudes and actions toward the war between France and Britain. show understanding of the Native Americans and U.S. Write a letter to the president to terms: actions in foreign affairs. persuade him to side with France. 5. Determining Cause and Effect Main Ideas Use a diagram like the one below to show the causes and 2. Identifying What did Washing­ the effect of the Battle of Fallen What challenges did the United ton's actions in crushing the Timbers. States face during Washington's Whiskey Rebellion signify to the administration? country? Cause; Effect 3. Discussing How did the British Effect: ~ Battle challenge U.S. neutrality in the of Fallen II war between France and Britain? Timbers

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The Federalist Era Chapter 8 263