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Challenges for SECTION 3

the New Nation TEKS 5A, 5E, 21A

If YOU were there... What You Will Learn… You are the captain of an American merchant ship in the . Main Ideas Your ship has just picked up cargo in the French West Indies. You are 1. The tried to remain neutral regarding headed back to your home port of Philadelphia. Suddenly, a Brit- events in Europe. ish warship pulls alongside your ship. Marines swarm aboard. They 2. The United States and Native Americans came into conflict order you into the nearest harbor and seize your goods. in the . 3. The tested How would this incident affect ’s administration. your views of Great Britain? 4. In his Farewell Address, Wash- ington advised the nation.

The Big Idea BUILDing BACKGROUND As the new nation tried to get orga- The United States faced nized, it faced economic problems and internal divisions. Even more dif- significant foreign and domestic challenges under Washington. ficult challenges came from conflicts in Europe. The United States could not avoid being caught up in fighting between France and Great Britain. Key Terms and People French Revolution, p. 243 Neutrality Proclamation, p. 244 Remaining Neutral privateers, p. 244 Tensions between France and Britain began to build after the French Jay’s Treaty, p. 245 people rebelled against their king. On July 14, 1789, citizens of Paris Pinckney’s Treaty, p. 245 Little , p. 246 attacked and captured the Bastille, a hated fortress and prison that , p. 247 stood as a mighty symbol of royal power. , p. 247 The storming of the Bastille was one of the first acts of the Whiskey Rebellion, p. 247

French Revolution — a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789. The French people overthrew their king and created a republican government.

French revolutionaries storm the Bastille. Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on the challenges faced by the new nation during Washing- ton’s administration.

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FOCUS ON Many French citizens had been inspired Some members of Congress criticized Reading to take action by the . Washington’s ideas. believed What can you Many Americans, in turn, supported the that the president had gone beyond his infer about France before French Revolution. They thought that France authority. He questioned Washington’s right 1793 using this was creating the same kind of democracy as to issue the proclamation without the paragraph and the United States. approval of Congress. what you already know about Some Americans worried about the democracies? French Revolution’s violent riots and attacks The French Question on traditional authority. Revolutionaries France’s new representative to the United shocked many Americans by beheading King States, Edmond Genet (zhuh-nay), asked Louis XVI in January 1793 and Queen Marie- American sailors to help France fight England Antoinette later that year. by commanding privateers. Privateers were A few years after the French Revolution private ships hired by a country to attack its started, France and Great Britain went to war. enemies. Washington told Genet that using Some Americans supported the French, while American privateers violated U.S. neutrality. Ac ademic others backed the British. Some wanted to Jefferson wanted the French revolutionaries Vocy abular remain neutral. to succeed, but even he agreed that allowing neutral unbiased, not The Neutrality Proclamation France to use American privateers against favoring either England was a bad idea. The debate divided Congress and Washing- side in a conflict Jefferson was still upset by U.S. policy ton’s cabinet. Washington presented his opin- toward France. He believed that the United ion to Congress on April 22, 1793: States should back France because France had “The duty and interest of the United States supported the United States during the Revo- require that they should with sincerity and good lutionary War. , on the other hand, faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and was pro-British. He hoped to strengthen trad- impartial [unbiased] towards the belligerent ing ties with Britain—the most powerful trad- [fighting] powers.” —, quoted in The Real George ing nation in the world at the time. Jefferson Washington by Parry et al. thought that Hamilton had too much influ- This Neutrality Proclamation stated that ence on the president’s foreign policy and the United States would not take sides with that Hamilton consequently interfered with any European countries that were at war. Jefferson’s role as secretary of state. Jefferson Washington believed his plan was the safest decided to resign from Washington’s cabinet for the long run, but not everyone agreed. in 1793.

Time Line The Struggle for Neutrality April 1789 George Washington April 1793 President Washington becomes president. issues the Neutrality Proclamation. 1789 1793 July 1789 October 1790 November 1794 French citizens British-backed Jay’s Treaty storm the Little Turtle sparks protest Bastille. defeats U.S. throughout the forces under United States. General Josiah Harmar.

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Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty There were other threats to U.S. neutrality. American businesses faced problems as well. In late 1793 the British seized ships carrying The Spanish disputed the border between the food to the French West Indies. Hundreds of United States and Florida. Spain closed the the ships were neutral American merchant port of New Orleans to U.S. trade in 1784. ships. Also, British officers were helping This hurt the American economy because all Native Americans fight settlers. goods moving down the Mississippi to places Washington wanted to prevent another in the East or overseas had to pass through war with the British. He sent Chief Justice John New Orleans. Jay to London to work out a compromise. The Washington asked Ambassador Thomas British knew the United States lacked a strong Pinckney to meet with Spanish officials to navy and that U.S. businesses relied heavily discuss the problem. He asked the Spaniards on British trade. However, the British did not to reopen New Orleans to U.S. trade. Pinck- want to fight another war in America. ney also asked for the right of deposit in New In November 1794 the two sides signed Orleans. This right would allow American Jay’s Treaty. Jay’s Treaty settled the disputes boats to transfer goods in New Orleans with- that had arisen between the United States and out paying cargo fees. Great Britain in the early 1790s. The British Spanish minister Manuel de Godoy (goh- would pay damages on seized American ships thoy) tried to delay reaching an agreement, and abandon their forts on the northwestern hoping Pinckney would become desperate frontier. The United States agreed to pay debts and sign a treaty that favored the Spanish. it owed the British. He was worried that the United States and The treaty was unpopular and sparked Great Britain might join against Spain after violent protests. Citizens and congressional signing Jay’s Treaty. Pinckney was patient, leaders thought the treaty hurt trade and however, and his patience was rewarded. did not punish Britain enough for some In October 1795, Godoy agreed to of its actions. Southerners were especially Pinckney’s Treaty, which settled the border angry that the treaty did not ask Britain to and trade disputes with Spain. Under the repay them for slaves that Britain had set treaty Spain agreed to recognize the U.S. free during the Revolutionary War. Wash- southern boundary as 31˚N latitude. Spain’s ington did not like the treaty but believed government also reopened the port at it was the most that could be done. At his urging the Senate approved the treaty. Pinckney’s Treaty

SPANISH UNITED STATES TERRITORY

Pinckney's Treaty, 1795 31°N

August 1795 The Treaty of Greenville 30°N New Orleans ends fighting in the Northwest Territory. 80°W 1795 Gulf of Mexico October 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty N 0 100 200 Miles reopens the port of New Orleans. W E 0 100 200 Kilometers S 90°W ANALYSIS skill Reading Time Lines To what extent was President Washington successful in maintaining American neutrality?

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HRW Middle School American History ah06se_c06map012a.ai Spanish and US Territories HRW Middle School American History Map Area: 27p6 wide x 16p high ah06se_c06leg012a.ai Spanish and US Territories 3rd proof date - 11/01/04 Map Area 27p6 wide x 16p high Approved: 11/09/04 2nd proof date - 10/18/04 Approved: 11/09/04 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A

Fighting in the Northwest Territory

HRW American History ah06se_c06loc010ba.ai CANADA Conflicts in the NW Terr, 1790-Locator NORTHWEST Map Area: 1.75"x 1.15" TERRITORY F3 - 11/04/04 Approved: 11/09/04

Ft. Miami PA Ft. Wayne Battle of N Fallen Timbers E Harmar’s W Battle S St. Clair’s Battle Ft. Greenville VA O hio River Northwest Territory

Land ceded by Native Americans KY in Treaty of Greenville (1795) Indian victory American victory ANALYSIS Analyzing Visuals Fort skill 70°W 0 50 100 Miles What types of weapons were used in the fighting in

0 50 100 Kilometers the Northwest Territory?

New Orleans to American ships and gave them General Wayne Takes Command the right of deposit. Because it opened the In 1792 President Washington gave com- frontier to more expansion, Washington and mand of the army in the West to General most other Americans believed that Pinckney’s . Wayne’s task was to bring Treaty was a successful compromise. troops to the frontier to fight against the Reading Check Summarizing Why did Indians. In 1793 General Wayneah09se_c06map010aa, arrived in 05/01/07 President Washington want the United States to Ohio. Many of his men wereConflicts ill from in small the Northwest- Territory, c. 1790 p/u ah06se_c06map010aa.ai remain neutral? pox and influenza, so they were unable to fight well. Conflict in the Northwest Wayne’s troops moved north and built Fort Greenville, where they remained Territoryah06se_c06map010aa_leg.ai during the winter. They built additional Conflicts in the Northwest Territory, c. 1790 legend As Mtheap United Area: 18p States wide dealt x 19p6 with high international forts for protection and to have supplies conflicts, trouble was also brewing at home. at hand. AmericansFinal Proof continued Date: 10 to/29 settle/04 the Northwest As the summer of 1794 neared, several Territory despite Native Americans’ protests. Native American groups led by Little Turtle Supplied by British traders with guns, Native attacked a supply train near the fort. Wayne Americans went to war. In 1790 a Native and his men responded. They attacked Native American alliance under the command of American towns and burned crops. Miami chief Little Turtle defeated U.S. forces The British no longer aided the Native under General Josiah Harmar. Then in 1791, Americans after this defeat, and Little Native Americans defeated General Arthur Turtle realized that he was outmatched. He St. Clair’s troops. urged his people to seek peace.

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“The trail has been long and bloody; it has no the corn. Because cash was rare, whiskey end. The [whites] . . . are many. They are like became like money in their region. The farm- the leaves of the trees. When the frost comes ers believed that the tax was aimed specifi- they fall and are blown away. But when the cally at them. sunshine comes again they come back more Farmers who produced small amounts plentiful than ever before.” of whiskey for trade argued that they could —Little Turtle, quoted in The Ohio Frontier by Douglas Hurt not afford the tax. They believed they should be able to keep the money they had made The End of Conflict from a product they created themselves. Pro- On August 20, 1794, Native Americans fought tests in 1792 led President Washington to Wayne’s troops in the Battle of Fallen Timbers issue a proclamation saying that people had and were defeated. The battle was named for to obey the law. an area where many trees had been destroyed Westerners also disliked the fact that cases by a tornado. Wayne’s forces burned Indians’ about the law were to be tried in a district villages and fields. The strength of Indian court. These courts were usually far away forces in the region was broken. from the people they affected and were a The frontier war soon ended. In August great inconvenience to them. 1795, Native American leaders signed the Treaty of Greenville, which gave the United Whiskey Rebellion Is Crushed States claim to most Indian lands in the The complaints of western Pennsylvanians Northwest Territory. The treaty also guaran- were at first expressed peacefully. But by 1794 teed the safety of citizens there. In exchange, fighting had broken out.In what became Native Americans received $20,000 worth known as the Whiskey Rebellion, farmers of goods and an acknowledgment of their lashed out against the tax on whiskey. Protest- claim to the lands they still held. ers refused to pay the tax. They even tarred and feathered tax collectors. Some called Reading Check Finding Main Ideas What themselves the new . conflicts did the United States face in the late 1700s? Incidents of violence spread to other states. President Washington feared that the The Whiskey Rebellion rebels threatened the federal government’s authority. He believed he needed to make Other conflicts occurred on the frontier. Con- people understand that the Constitution gress passed a tax on American-made whiskey gave Congress the right to pass and enforce in March 1791. The tax was part of Hamilton’s the tax. plan to raise money to help pay the federal Washington declared that he could “no lon- debt. He was also testing the power of the fed- ger remain a passive [inactive] spectator” in the eral government to control the states’ actions. event. He personally led the army in military action against the rebellion—the first and only Reaction in the West time an American president has done so. The People in areas such as western Pennsylvania army of about 13,000 men approached western were bitter about the tax. They were already Pennsylvania in November 1794. By this time angry with the federal government, which most of the rebels had fled. The Whiskey Rebel- they believed did not protect settlers from lion ended without a battle. Native American attacks and did not allow settlers enough opportunities for trade. The Reading Check Supporting a farmers’ corn crops were often made into Defend the viewpoint of the Pennsylvania farmers whiskey, which was easier to transport than who did not want to pay the whiskey tax.

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Primary Source

Historical Document Washington’s Farewell Address On September 19,1796, President George Washington’s Farewell Address first appeared in a Philadelphia newspaper. In it, Washington wrote about the nation’s economy, political parties, and foreign policy.

While, then, every part of our country . . . feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass . . . greater strength, greater resource, proportionally greater security from external danger, [and] a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations; . . .

I have already intimated1 to you the danger of [political] parties in the state, with 2 particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations . Let Washington lists the 3 me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn man- benefits of uniting 4 ner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. the states under one government. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification5 of the constitu- tional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment . . . In this phrase, Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general Washington diffusion6 of knowledge . . . As the structure of a government gives force to pub- emphasizes his lic opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened . . . warning against the dangers of [Avoid] likewise the accumulation of debt, . . . not ungenerously throwing upon political parties. posterity7 the burden, which we ourselves ought to bear . . .

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate8 peace and harmony Washington points with all . . . out the need for education. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is . . . to have with them as little political connection as possible.

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the This is Washington’s 9 foreign world . . . There can be no greater error than to expect, or calculate upon advice to the new nation real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion, which experience must cure, about foreign policy. which a just pride ought to discard.

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred . . . from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation . . . to maintain inviolate10 the relations of peace and amity11 towards other nations.­

1 intimated: told 8 cultivate: seek 2 discriminations: differences 9 calculate: plan 3 comprehensive: complete 10 inviolate: unchanging 4 baneful: destructive 11 amity: friendship 5 modification: change ANALYSIS 6 diffusion: spreading skill ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES 7 posterity: future generations 1. What events happened before Washington left office that might have led to his warning against political parties? 2. Why did Washington suggest neutrality as a foreign policy?

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Washington Says Farewell groups weakened government. Political unity, he said, was a key to national success. Wash- In 1796 Washington decided not to run for a ington left office warning the nation to work third presidential term. He wrote that he was out its differences and protect its indepen- “tired of public life” and “devoutly [strongly] dence. Washington also warned against too wished for retirement.” He also wanted to much public debt. He thought the government remind Americans that the people were the should try not to borrow money. He wanted country’s true leaders. future generations to be protected from debt. With the help of He concluded his speech by looking and James Madison, Washington wrote his forward to his retirement and praising his Farewell Address. In it he spoke about what ­country. “I anticipate . . . the sweet enjoy- he believed were the greatest dangers to the ment . . . of good laws under a free govern- American republic. Among these were the ment, the ever favorite object of my heart.” dangers of foreign ties and political con- flicts at home. Washington warned against Reading Check Finding Main Ideas forming permanent ties with other coun- What issues did Washington believe were most tries because choosing sides could draw the dangerous to the future of the new nation? United States into war. The nation would try to follow a course of non-involvement for S Ummary and preview Americans res- another century, but some involvement with ponded to foreign and domestic conflict other governments seemed unavoidable. during Washington’s presidency. In the He also worried about growing politi- next section you will read about the admin- cal conflicts within the nation. Washington istration of . believed that disagreements between political

Section 3 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People b. Draw Conclusions Why did Washington not run 1. a. Describe What did Washington’s Neutrality for a third term as president? Proclamation state? Critical Thinking b. Compare and Contrast In what ways were Jay’s 5. Categorizing Review your notes on the challenges Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty similar and different? the young United States faced. Then categorize How did they affect areas important to the United those challenges as either foreign or domestic in a States? graphic organizer like this one. 2. a. Identify Who were the leaders of American Indian and U.S. forces in the conflict in the North- Challenges west Territory? Foreign b. Predict What are some possible consequences of the Treaty of Greenville for American Indians in Domestic the Northwest Territory? 3. a. Recall Why did Congress tax American-made whiskey? Focus on Writing b. Explain How did the tax lead to the Whiskey Rebellion? 6. Thinking about Washington, Hamilton, and c. Elaborate Why do you think that President Jefferson In this section you read about the Washington personally led the army against west- activities of these three men during a difficult erners in the Whiskey Rebellion? time for our country. What did you learn that 4. a. Identify What warnings did Washington give the you could add to a Nobel Prize nomination for nation in his Farewell Address? Explain the impact any of these leaders? of the Address.

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