CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2 Problems Abroad KEY QUESTION Why did events in Europe create problems for America? The United States was now independent, but it remained tied to European nations by treaty and through trade. Teach Britain was still the United States’s biggest trading partner. Problems Abroad France was allied with the United States by a treaty of 1778. When European nations went to war, Americans Talk About It feared being dragged into the conflict. Trouble in France In 1789, a financial crisis led the • How was Jay’s Treaty successful? How was French people to rebel against their government. As in it unsuccessful? (British agreed to leave Ohio the American Revolution, the French revolutionaries Valley and pay damages for seized U.S. vessels; demanded liberty and equality. At first, Americans sup- it did not open British Caribbean trade.) ported the French Revolution . By 1792, however, the revo- • Summarize Why was the French Revolution lution had become very violent. Thousands were killed. a problem for the United States? (The French Then, in 1793, the revolutionaries executed both the king Revolution had become very violent. France and queen of France. declared war on Britain, the primary trading Other European monarchs believed the revolution partner of the United States.) History through Art threatened their own thrones by spreading outside of France. They joined in opposition to the revolution. This engraving, The Women of Les Halles France soon declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain. Marching to Versailles, 5th October 1789, is Britain took the lead in the fight against France. History through Art by French artist Jean-Francois Janinet (1752–1814). France and Britain at War War between France and Britain put the United States in an awkward position. Janinet was an artist who invented a The work shows hungry, angry French women marching in support of the revolution. They France had backed America in the Revolution against the color engraving method. He sometimes are out to confront the French royal British. Also, many ordinary Americans saw France’s revo- sidestepped government restrictions on art. family who live in the palace of Versailles, lution as proof that the American cause had been just. • Why might an artist make an engraving about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Paris, Jefferson felt that a move to crush the French Revolu- the capital of France. of a newsworthy event? (Possible Answer: tion was an attack on liberty everywhere. But Hamilton Before photography, engravings were one argued that Britain was the United States’ primary trading partner, and British trade was too vital to risk war. In way to illustrate newsworthy events.) CRITICAL VIEWING Why did the artist choose to portray some ordinary people of the revolution? April 1793, Washington declared that the United States CRITICAL VIEWING ANSWER would remain neutral, meaning it would not take sides. Congress then passed a law forbidding the United States Possible Answer: to show that the masses to help either Britain or France. support change in French government Hamilton and Jefferson came to agree that entering a war was not in the new nation’s interest. But Federalists attacked Jefferson for his support Unit 4 Resource Book of France anyway. Jefferson was also tired of Washington’s support of • Interdisciplinary Projects, pp. 31–32 Hamilton’s ideas. In 1793, Jefferson resigned as secretary of state. Britain made it hard for the United States to remain neutral. The British were seizing the cargoes of American ships carrying goods from the French West Indies. Chief Justice John Jay went to England for talks about the CONNECT to the Essential Question seizure of U.S. ships. Jay also hoped to persuade the British to give up their forts on the northwest frontier. What political traditions and tensions 322 Chapter 9 first appeared in the early years of the new republic? Ask students what they have learned so far DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES that can help them answer this question. Students might mention: OBJECTIVE Create and complete a chart analyzing the Whiskey Rebellion. • The government secured the Northwest Territory as part of its responsibility to Basic On Level Challenge protect American interests. • The government put down the Whiskey Create a three-column Have students brainstorm Have students brainstorm Rebellion and established its power to chart with these headings: and fill in the second column and complete the third enforce its laws. “Reasons,“ “People of the chart: “People column of the chart: Affected,” and “Importance.” Affected.” Students should “Importance.” Students • The United States chose to remain neutral Students should brainstorm provide: should explain the: in the war between Britain and France “Reasons” and have a • locations of people • importance of putting and negotiated treaties with Britain and representative complete the • reasons the tax greatly down the Whiskey Spain to establish American rights. first column with: affected them Rebellion • dates of the problems • their work, outlook, and • importance of putting • description and reasons for relationship to federal down the rebellion for the tax government foreign countries 322 • Chapter 9 Jay’s Treaty During the talks in 1794, news came of the U.S. victory at CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2 the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Fearing another entanglement, the British agreed to leave the Ohio Valley by 1796. In what is called Jay’s Treaty, the British also agreed to pay damages for U.S. vessels they had seized. Jay failed, however, to open up the profitable British Caribbean trade More About . . . to Americans. Because of this, Jay’s Treaty got through the House and Senate with great difficulty. Western settlers, for example, were angry Opposition to Jay’s Treaty that the British were still allowed to continue their fur trade on the American side of the U.S.-Canadian border. In spite of criticism, Jay’s Because John Jay was unsuccessful in Treaty did help to reduce frontier tensions. opening trade in the British Caribbean, Like Jay, U.S. diplomat Thomas Pinckney helped reduce tensions along opposition to the treaty was intense. the frontier with the signing of Pinckney’s (PINK•neez) Treaty of 1795. The Alexander Hamilton was stoned by a crowd United States won favorable terms with Spain in the peace treaty. in New York when speaking in support • Americans had the right to travel freely on the Mississippi River, of the treaty. Jay was burned in effigy so • U.S. goods could be stored at the port of New Orleans free of many times that he commented that he customs duties. could travel down the Eastern coast using • Spain accepted the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida only the light of his burning effigies. With and the southern boundary of the United States. Washington’s support, the treaty was Together, Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty gave Americans a greater sense Answer: The United ratified by the Senate with exactly the 2/3 States had ties to both of security. With far less fear of European hostility, more Americans were vote it needed, 20–10. moving west. But when Washington announced he would not run again Great Britain and France. The two European for president, Americans were deeply divided over how the nation should countries were at war be governed. with each other. Each demanded that the 4 Assess & Reteach ANALYZE Describe how crises in Europe created challenges for the new American United States take its government. side in the confl ict. Assess Have students complete the Section Assessment. ONLINE QUIZ Section Assessment For test practice, go to 2 Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com Unit 4 Resource Book • Section Quiz, p. 44 TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS 1. Explain the importance of: 3. Why did Washington consider it important to put Interactive Review • Battle of Fallen • French Revolution down the Whiskey Rebellion? @ ClassZone.com Timbers • Jay’s Treaty 4. How did the French Revolution create problems for • Treaty of Greenville • Pinckney’s Treaty the United States? Power Presentations • Whiskey Rebellion CRITICAL THINKING Test Generator USING YOUR READING NOTES 5. Evaluate What were some of the advantages of the new nation remaining neutral? 2. Summarize Complete the diagram you started at Reteach Write each of the two main headings Connect to Today the beginning of the section. 6. The Whiskey Rebellion on the board. Ask the class to provide bullets threatened civil order. What are some more current First U.S example of citizens threatening civil order in the points under each heading and then provide an Government belief that their cause is just? explanation of each orally. Challenge Response 7. Connect Economics & History How did Pinckney’s From Spain Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty protect American interests? Unit 4 Resource Book From Britain 8. Geography/Art Map Make a map that shows • Reteaching Activity, p. 47 From France a plan of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, or draw a scene from that battle.

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SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS

Terms & Names Critical Thinking 1. Battle of Fallen Timbers, p. 320; Treaty of 5. It allowed continued trade relations with Map/Display Rubric Greenville, p. 321; Whiskey Rebellion, p. 321; Britain and did not require war with France. French Revolution, p. 322; Jay’s Treaty, p. 323; 6. Possible Answers: civil rights movement, Historical Content Pinckney’s Treaty, p. 323 antiwar movement during Vietnam War, Accuracy labor strikes Using Your Reading Notes 4 excellent; displays all no errors 2. law requiring neutrality (response to Britain 7. It allowed continued trade on the Mississippi important features and France) River and allowed storage of goods in New Orleans without paying duties. 3 good; displays some few/minor Key Ideas 8. Maps should show the location of the battle; important features errors 3. to show that the federal government could art should include fallen trees. Use the rubric 2 fair; displays few important several errors enforce its own laws to score students’ maps. features 4. Many Americans believed in its ideals, but it became very violent and involved conflicts with 1 poor; displays no important many errors features Britain and others.

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