Massachusetts Historical Society, Adams Papers Editorial Project
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' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament. -
John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and the Quasi-War with France
John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and the Quasi-War with France David Loudon General University Honors Professor Robert Griffith, Faculty Advisor American University, Spring 2010 1 John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and the Quasi-War with France Abstract This paper examines the split of the Federalist Party and subsequent election defeat in 1800 through the views of John Adams and Alexander Hamilton on the Quasi-War with France. More specifically, I will be focusing on what caused their split on the French issue. I argue that the main source of conflict between the two men was ideological differences on parties in contemporary American politics. While Adams believed that there were two parties in America and his job was to remain independent of both, Hamilton saw only one party (the Republicans), and believed that it was the goal of all “real” Americans to do whatever was needed to defeat that faction. This ideological difference between the two men resulted in their personal disdain for one another and eventually their split on the French issue. Introduction National politics in the early American republic was a very uncertain venture. The founding fathers had no historical precedents to rely upon. The kind of government created in the American constitution had never been attempted in the Western World; it was a piecemeal system designed in many ways more to gain individual state approval than for practical implementation. Furthermore, while the fathers knew they wanted opposition within their political system, they rejected political parties as evil and dangerous to the public good. This tension between the belief in opposition and the rejection of party sentiment led to confusion and high tensions during the early American republic. -
Abigail Adams, Letters to from John Adams and John Quincy Adams
___Presented, and asterisked footnotes added, by the National Humanities Center for use in a Professional Development Seminar___ Mass. Hist. Soc. Mass. Hist. Soc. ABIGAIL ADAMS LETTERS TO HER SON JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 20 March 1780 Abigail Adams 26 December 1783 John Quincy Adams In Letters of Mrs. Adams, The Wife of John Adams, ed., Charles Francis Adams 3d. edition, Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841. 20 March, 1780. MY DEAR SON, Your letter, last evening received from Bilboa,* relieved me from much anxiety; for, having a day or two before received letters from your papa, Mr. Thaxter,1 and brother, in which packet I found none from you, nor any mention made of you, my mind, ever fruitful in conjectures, was instantly alarmed. I feared you were sick, unable to write, and your papa, unwilling to give me uneasiness, had concealed it from me; and this apprehension was confirmed by every person’s omitting to say how long they should continue in Bilboa. Your father’s letters came to Salem, yours to Newburyport, and soon gave ease to my anxiety, 10 at the same time that it excited gratitude and thankfulness to Heaven, for the preservation you all experienced in the imminent dangers which threatened you. You express in both your letters a degree of thankfulness. I hope it amounts to more than words, and that you will never be insensible to the particular preservation you have experienced in both your voyages. You have seen how inadequate the aid of man would have been, if the winds and the seas had not been under the particular government of * John Quincy Adams (13) and his younger brother Charles sailed to Europe in late 1779 with their father, John Adams, who had been appointed special envoy to Europe during the American Revolution. -
From the Chairman Volume 4 • Issue 3, 2017
Notes FROM THE CHAIRMAN VOLUME 4 • ISSUE 3, 2017 INDEPENDENT SPIRIT • RELENTLESS DEDICATION 2017 has proven to be an exciting year for Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company. When I last reported to you, we were expecting to move our offices for the first time in 16 years, and changing our software platform for the first time in over 30 years. I am now pleased to report that both of these momentous changes were completed in May and June of this year, and the results are everything we had hoped and planned for – and more! (Read on >) IN THIS ISSUE 2 Letter from the Chairman 9 New Record Keeping Platform Escrow Agent Services 4 New Office 10 2017 New Transfer 5 Get to Know Our Team Agent Customers On-Demand Certificates 6 Who Is Keane, Inc.? 11 Continental Stock Transfer 7 Welcome to Our New Talent will be launching OTC Market Group’s Program 8 Hurricane Relief Shareholder Services Association 67309_NL.indd 1 10/17/17 12:17 PM LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN Our new offices at 1 State Street are state-of-the-art in every way. Our technology center and our mail facility have been expanded and enhanced significantly to meet the needs and expectations of our expanding customer base. In addition, our offices have breathtaking views of all of New York Harbor, as well as expanded state-of-the- art conference facilities. Please come visit! Likewise, we completed in June the long and arduous process of moving SunGard’s CSSII mainframe software system to TS Partners’ TranStar platform – a flexible and nimble web-based platform which offers enhanced customer and shareholder stock/equity solutions. -
Unit 3 the FEDERALIST ERA
Unit 3 THE FEDERALIST ERA CHAPTER 1 THE NEW NATION ..........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2 HAMILTON AND JEFFERSON— THE MEN AND THEIR PHILOSOPHIES .....................6 CHAPTER 3 PAYING THE NATIONAL DEBT ................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 4 ..............................................................................................................................................................16 HAMILTON, JEFFERSON, AND THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF THE UNITED STATES.............16 CHAPTER 5 THE WHISKEY REBELLION ........................................................................................................20 CHAPTER 6 NEUTRALITY AND THE JAY TREATY .....................................................................................24 CHAPTER 7 THE SEDITION ACT AND THE VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS ...........28 CHAPTER 8 THE ELECTION OF 1800................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER 9 JEFFERSONIANS IN OFFICE.......................................................................................................38 by Thomas Ladenburg, copyright, 1974, 1998, 2001, 2007 100 Brantwood Road, Arlington, MA 02476 781-646-4577 [email protected] Page 1 Chapter 1 The New Nation A Search for Answers hile the Founding Fathers at the Constitutional Convention debated what powers should be -
20 Thomas Jefferson.Pdf
d WHAT WE THINK ABOUT WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THOMAS JEFFERSON Todd Estes Thomas Jefferson is America’s most protean historical figure. His meaning is ever-changing and ever-changeable. And in the years since his death in 1826, his symbolic legacy has varied greatly. Because he was literally present at the creation of the Declaration of Independence that is forever linked with him, so many elements of subsequent American life—good and bad—have always attached to Jefferson as well. For a quarter of a century—as an undergraduate, then a graduate student, and now as a professor of early American his- tory—I have grappled with understanding Jefferson. If I have a pretty good handle on the other prominent founders and can grasp the essence of Washington, Madison, Hamilton, Adams and others (even the famously opaque Franklin), I have never been able to say the same of Jefferson. But at least I am in good company. Jefferson biographer Merrill Peterson, who spent a scholarly lifetime devoted to studying him, noted that of his contemporaries Jefferson was “the hardest to sound to the depths of being,” and conceded, famously, “It is a mortifying confession but he remains for me, finally, an impenetrable man.” This in the preface to a thousand page biography! Pe- terson’s successor as Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor at Mr. Jefferson’s University of Virginia, Peter S. Onuf, has noted the difficulty of knowing how to think about Jefferson 21 once we sift through the reams of evidence and confesses “as I always do when pressed, that I am ‘deeply conflicted.’”1 The more I read, learn, write, and teach about Jefferson, the more puzzled and conflicted I remain, too. -
George Washington Papers, Series 2, Letterbooks 1754-1799
George Washington Papers, Series 2, Letterbooks 1754-1799 To LUND WASHINGTON February 28, 1778. …If you should happen to draw a prize in the militia , I must provide a man, either there or here, in your room; as nothing but your having the charge of my business, and the entire confidence I repose in you, could make me tolerable easy from home for such a length of time as I have been, and am likely to be. This therefore leads me to say, that I hope no motive, however powerful, will induce you to leave my business, whilst I, in a manner, am banished from home; because I should be unhappy to see it in common hands. For this reason, altho' from accidents and misfortunes not to be averted by human foresight, I make little or nothing from my Estate, I am still willing to increase your wages, and make it worth your while to continue with me. To go on in the improvement of my Estate in the manner heretofore described to you, fulfilling my plans, and keeping my property together, are the principal objects I have in view during these troubles; and firmly believing that they will be accomplished under your management, as far as circumstances and acts of providence will allow, I feel quite easy under disappointments; which I should not do, if my business was in common hands, 38 liable to suspicions. I am, etc. 38. Extract in “Washington's Letter Book, No. 5.” Lund answered (March 18): “By your letter I should suppose you were apprehensive I intended to leave you. -
THE CORRESPONDENCE of ISAAC CRAIG DURING the WHISKEY REBELLION Edited by Kenneth A
"SUCH DISORDERS CAN ONLY BE CURED BY COPIOUS BLEEDINGS": THE CORRESPONDENCE OF ISAAC CRAIG DURING THE WHISKEY REBELLION Edited by Kenneth A. White of the surprisingly underutilized sources on the early history Oneof Pittsburgh is the Craig Papers. Acase inpoint is Isaac Craig's correspondence during the Whiskey Rebellion. Although some of his letters from that period have been published, 1 most have not. This omission is particularly curious, because only a few eyewitness ac- counts of the insurrection exist and most ofthose were written from an Antifederalist viewpoint. These letters have a value beyond the narration of events, how- ever. One of the questions debated by historians is why the federal government resorted to force to put down the insurrection. Many have blamed Alexander Hamilton for the action, attributing it to his per- sonal approach to problems or to his desire to strengthen the central government. 2 These critics tend to overlook one fact : government officials make decisions based not only on their personal philosophy but also on the facts available to them. As a federal officer on the scene, Craig provided Washington and his cabinet with their informa- Kenneth White received his B.A. and M.A.degrees from Duquesne Uni- versity. While working on his master's degree he completed internships with the Adams Papers and the Institute of Early American History and Culture. Mr. White is presently working as a fieldarchivist for the Pennsylvania His- torical and Museum Commission's County Records Survey and Planning Study.— Editor 1 Portions of this correspondence have been published. For example, all or parts of six of these letters appeared in Harold C. -
American Principles of Self-Government
8 American Principles of Self-Government Michael Reber Introduction The prevailing modem way of handling exceptional moral con- duct is by categorizing it as supererogatory, where this is un- derstood to represent conduct that is morally good to do, but We have seen at the beginning of this new millennium a not morally bad not to do. But this means that exceptional moral test of the American Experiment. The corruption scandals of conduct is not required of anyone, which is to say that moral companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and their auditors development is not a moral requirement. Clearly this concep- Arthur Anderson, only highlight the greater problem of our tion of supererogatory conduct reinforces moral minimalism Republic in the 21" century—Modern Moral Minimalism. (p. 42). Modern Moral Minimalism is a moral system grounded in the ethics of realpolitik and classical liberalism. The most However, noblesse oblige is grounded in an ethics that Norton influential writers of realpolitik are Niccold Machiavelli terms eudaimonism or self-actualization. It holds that each (1947), Francis Bacon (1952), and Thomas Hobbes (1998). person is unique and each should discover whom one is (the On behalf of classical liberalism, John Locke (1988) is most daimon within) and actualize one's true potential to live the noted by scholars of political thought. Modern Moral good life within the congeniality and complementarity of Minimalism holds that we can only expect minimal moral excellences of fellow citizens (Norton, 1976). Thus, through conduct from all people. Machiavelli's moral code for princes the course of self-actualization, a person is obligated to live in Chapter XVIII of his classic work, The Prince, epitomizes up to individual expectations and the expectations of the this belief system: community. -
The Federalist Era
historysage.com The Federalist Era THE FEDERALIST ERA (1789-1801) DOMESTIC POLICY I. America c. 1790 A. Population nearly 4 million in 1790 census: doubling every 25 years. 1. About 90% of Americans lived on farms 2. Relatively few large towns existed: -- Exceptions: Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston, Baltimore 3. 5% lived east of the Allegheny mountains -- New states: Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee 1796; Ohio 1803; B. Finances of the new nation were precarious 1. Public debt was enormous; revenue had significantly declined 2. Worthless paper money, both state & national, was in heavy circulation. C. Foreign challenges by Britain and Spain threatened the unity of the U.S. II. President Washington's Administration A. Washington unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in 1789 – only Presidential nominee ever to be honored unanimously. 1. Many believe Congress was willing to give the presidency power due to Washington's immense respectability 2. Took oath of office on April 30, 1789 in temporary capital of NYC. -- John Adams sworn in as vice president B. Washington's cabinet 1. Precedent: Consulting of cabinet members (department heads) in order to make decisions. 2. Constitution does not mention a cabinet 3. The cabinet has become an integral part of the "unwritten constitution." 4. In the beginning, only three full-fledged department heads existed: a. Secretary of State -- Thomas Jefferson b. Secretary of the Treasury -- Alexander Hamilton c. Secretary of War -- Henry Knox d. Edmund Randolph--Attorney General; became the 4th major cabinet member after passage of Judiciary Act of 1789. 5. Cabinet characterized by bickering between Hamilton and Jefferson. -
The Louisiana Purchase Sarah Collinge
The Louisiana Purchase Sarah Collinge In 1492, Christopher Columbus, representing Spain, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a water route to China. Thirty-six days later, Columbus and his crew discovered what is now the Ba- hamas. His discovery opened up the Americas to colonization. By 1763, Spain owned much of North America, including Florida and the land west of the Missis- sippi River. Great Britain owned the land east of the Mississippi River, and much of Canada. The original thirteen colonies were established and flourished fairly independently. In 1764, Great Britain started imposing taxes on the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War. Disagreements regarding taxation led to the American Revolution, which took place between 1775 and 1783. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Revolution and officially established the former British colonies as states of the United States of America. After the Revolutionary War, the colonists began moving further west into what was known as the frontier. At that time, there were no railroads or ways to transport goods quickly across land. Fron- tiersmen needed to be able to use the Mississippi River to transport goods to the Port of New Or- leans, where those goods could then be placed on ships and sent to the eastern states or to foreign countries for trade. At the time, the Port of New Orleans was owned by Spain. In 1795, Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo, which gave the U.S. rights to use the Mississippi and the Port of New Orleans for trade. -
DONOVAN, Timothy Paul. HENRY ADAMS and BROOKS ADAMS: the SEARCH for a LAW
This dissertation has beenmicrofilmed exactly asreceived Mic 60-5186 DONOVAN, Timothy Paul. HENRY ADAMS AND BROOKS ADAMS: THE SEARCH FOR A LAW. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1960 History, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE HENRY ADAMS AND BROOKS ADAMS: THE SEARCH FOR A LAIV A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY TIMOTHY PAUL DONOVAN Norman, Oklahoma i960 HENRY ADAMS AND BROOKS ADAMS; THE SEARCH FOR A LAW APPROVED BY c : A , bvL'iZ ^2if7S^ DISSERTATION COMMITTEE TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. AMERICA AND AMERICAN HISTORY.... ..................... 1 II. HENRY ADAMS: THE SEARCH .............................. 25 III. BROOKS ADAMS: THE SEARCH ............................ 63 INTERLUDE .................... 99 IV. HENRY ADAMS: THE LAW ................................. IO8 V. BROOKS ADAMS: THE L A W ................................ I38 INTERLUDE .......................................... 16? VI. THE ADAMSES AND THE AMERICAN DREAM ................. 175 VII. THE ADAMSES AND AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ............. 211 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................... 222 iix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express his deep gratitude to Dr. John S. Ezell who first showed him the fascination of intel lectual history and who was of immeasurable aid in the direction of the dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Donnell M. Owings who read the first draft and made many valuable suggestions. Thanks are due to the other members of the committee, Dr. Herbert J. Ellison, Dr. Cortez A. M. Ewing, and Dr. William E. Livezey for their advice and counsel. A special debt is owed to Dr. Bert James Loewenberg of Sarah Lawrence College who by correspondence and interview directed the author's attention to the significance of Henry and Brooks Adams.