A History of Nerve Functions Sidney Ochs Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-24742-9 — A History of Nerve Functions Sidney Ochs Index More Information

INDEX

∼P Allen video-enhanced contrast differential in anoxic nerve, 260 interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) 125I-labeled tetanus toxin microscopy, 258 and retrograde transport, 236 all-or-none transport, 242 2,4-dinitrophenol, 260, 292 aluminum (Al), 298–299 2,5-hexanedione, 300 Alzheimer’s disease, 303 2-4 dinitrophenol, 292 amblystoma 3,4 dimethyl-2,5 hexanedione, development, 313 300 amines, 3H-thymidine, 344 fluorescence of, 252 A23187, 288 amitriptyline, 291 5HT (see serotonin) amoeboidism acetylcholine (ACh), 128 of axon terminals, 205, 320 fast transport of, 247 amplifiers receptor, 184 vacuum tube, 125 release, 184 recording nerve potentials, 125 responses of muscle receptors to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML), 303 184 Anaxagoras, 9 acetylcholinesterase, block by Anaximenes, 9 diflurophosphate, 347 Anima mundi (see Cosmos) AChE (see acetylcholinesterase) animal electricity acrylamide, 299 and animal spirits, 118 glycolysis, 299 evidence for, 122 action potential (Galvani), 118–121 amplifiers, 125–126 (Matteucci), 122 groups in nerve, 125–126 produced by cerebrum (Galvani), 120 in single fiber, 125 rejected by Volta, 121 muscle, properties, 125, 128 animal magnetism adaptation a cure, 117 in Aplysia, 333 suggestibility, 117 adrenergic system, 251–255 animal spirits agglutination of flow in brain ventricles, 22 cut nerve, 187 in brain substance, 30 air in insects, “less perfect forms”, 308 entry into brain, 27 in muscle, 67 Alcmaeon, 10 in “pipes”, 79 Alhazen, 46 movement in nerve, 79–80 Al-Kindi, 45 project onto pineal gland, 66

421

422 INDEX

animal spirits (cont.) neuron viability, 355 vital spirits transformed into, 27 signals for, 355 volatile liquor, 81 axoplasmic viscosity, 265 animism, 2–7 axostasis, 296 ankyrin azide in membrane skeleton, 162 blocks oxidation, 260 anoxia, 292 blocks transport, 292 anti-localization in brain, 318 Aplysia, Bacon, Sir Frances, 57 conditioning in, 318 Baglivi, Georgio, 91 Aqueduct of Sylvius, 29 Tarantula spider venom, 91–92 Aristotle Baron d’Holbach, 100 chorda tendinea as nerves, 20 batrachotoxin (BTX) four causes, 19 transport block, 287 heart as seat of the soul, 18, 20 batteries immortality, 19 metalic, 121 saliens punctum,20 Bayliss, Sir William Maddock, 148 arterial sleeves beading, 130, 222 compression of nerve, 217 apical dendrite, 167 arteries augmented by cytoskeletal disruption, 298 blood in, 27 distribution in isolated fibers, 156–158 spirit in, 26 induced by spider venom, 165–168 artificial electricity induced by stretch, 153–155 as a cure, 116–117 induced by substance P, 167 association-inductance theory, 128 in normal fiber, 166 associationism, 362 membrane skeleton, 158–162 asymmetric transport nerve function, 163, 166 T-shaped neurons, 234 produced by membrane skeleton, 163 atomic structure resealing of cut fiber, 167 and sensation, 21 starting and stopping of regeneration, 219 atomism, 15–17 transformation of fiber form, 153–155 ATP behaviorism, 356, 363 and transport, 259, 267 Bell, Charles, 169 ATP-ase activity Bell-Magendie law, 169–170 kinesin, 269 Bernard, Claude, 176 attention, 327 binding problem, 359 autistic brain bipolar cells, 141 idiot savants, 358 blank slate of brain (Locke), 64, 359 sensory disarray in, 350 challenged, 363 autoradiography, 224 blood-brain-barrier soluble cytoskeletal proteins, 281 and precursor uptake, 225 transport rate, 230 in spinal cord, 224 unmyelinated fibers, 231 blood in AVEC-DIC microscopy arteries, 26–27 particles visualized, 258, 303 body image Averroes, 48 genetic, 359 intromission theory, 46 Boerhaave, Hermann Avicenna (Ibn-Sina), 45 fiber theory, 93 intromission theory, 46 “nerves” as blood vessels, 94–95 axoplasm Borelli, Giovanni Alphonso, 84 fluid, 221–222 boutons – nerve terminals, 327 semisolid, 217 BPAU (see p-bromophenylacetylurea) axoplasmic transport brain energy requiring, 259–262 clean slate, 359 functional component supply, 355 eating of and Kuru, 6–7

INDEX 423

glandular organ, 86 cell poles ruling organ, 61 origin of fibers, 174 brain cells cell theory labeled with 3H-thymidine, 345 brain ventricles, 41–42 labeled with BrdU, 345 cerebral cortex increase on learning, 344 thickness, 319 brain pulsations Cesalpina, Andrea driving animal spirits, 101 “major circulation”,59 brain size C-fos in domesticated animals, 319 in learning, 333 BrdU (5-bromomo-3′ deoxyuridine) ChAc (see choline acetyltransferase) mitosis in mature brain, 345 channeling – routing, 208 breath of life, 5 channels of low viscosity, 274 Broca’s speech area, 318 chick brain bulk flow hypothesis learning, 336–339 slow transport, 274–275 chimpanzees use of tools, 356 C57BL/6/Ola mouse nerve, 279 choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), 247 CA3 region of hippocampus cholinergic system, 247–251 Cadmium, 338 chorda tendinae in heart Caenorhabditis elegans as nerves, 60 axons, 295 choroid plexus, 27 calcium Christian church, 37 effect on transport, 288–290 and Greek philosophy, 37 sheath impermeability, 288 chromatolysis, 215 calcium/calmodulin RNA and protein in, 202 at calcium channel, 335 Chrysippus, 17 calcium ionophore (A23187) Church teaching on permeabilizes sheath and axolemma, 288 resurrection, 51 callosal tract, 353 Circle of Willis, 75 calmodulin circulation of blood blocking agents of, 288 (William Harvey), 58–62 regulates enzymes, 290 City of Hippocrates translocated to nucleus, signal for CREB, (Salerno), 44 335 clamping of axons, 126 calpain classical conditioning in dendrite spines, 330 and cortex, 342 CAMP (see cyclic AMP) cobalt blue canaries transport, 233 learning songs, 344 coelenterata capillaries, 60 neural cells of, 315 carbon disulfide (CD) cognitive functions, 362–363 and slow transport, 300 cognitive map cargo in rats, 362 carried by kinesin tails, 269 cognitive psychology, 356, 563 cause and effect an colcemid innate faculty, 362 and growth cone, 277 cell assembly colchicine, 294 microtubules and neurofilaments, 276 block of consolidation, 343 cell-assembly, 327 cold-block, 250 (Hebb), 326–328 transport halted, 239 cell body, 202–203 cold-fixation, 155 axoplasm moves into its fiber, 221 compound action potential (CAP), 166 increase in RNA, protein in chromatolysis, compound reflexes 202 and higher behavior, 354

424 INDEX

compressorium Cruickshank, William separation of fibers, 132, 153 vagotomy and regeneration, 192 conditioned stimulus, 325 Crusaders, 44 conditioning CS (see conditioned stimulus) classical (Pavlovian), 325 cyanide conduction velocity blocks transport, 292 nerve impulse, 122–123 cyclic AMP conectionist theory of learning, 326 inducible genes, 335 confocal imaging transcription activators, 335 dendrite spine changes, 331 cycloheximide consciousness block of protein synthesis, 284 in spinal animal, 309 cytochalasin B consolidation disrupts microfilaments in growth cones, of memories, 326 211 protein synthesis in, 332–335 cytoplasmic dynein (dynein) Constantinus the African, 45 retrograde transport motor, 259, 269 constriction in myelinated fibers cytoskeletal proteins (Cajal), 158 half-life of, 276 contact closeness (synapse), 322 cytoskeleton contraction assembly in growth cones, 211 at cut end of nerve fibers, 222 degradation in terminals, 276 copper, 296 matrix hypotheses, 163 cortex is stationary, 277–281 localization of functions in, 317–319 nerve fluid from blood vessels, 94 damming cortex thickness, 323 (Weiss), 217–220 dendritic extensions and increased and regeneration rate, 217 synapses, 319 regenerating sprouts in, 219 cortical Darwin, Charles faculties, 317 expression of emotions, 361 sensory area daughter fibers shifts in thalamuis, 351 volume of axoplasm, 219 thinning and mental function, 323 DCR (see direct cortical responses) Cosmos DCV (see dense core vesicle) Intelligence in, 10 decorticated dog Costa ben Luca – memories, 318 spirit and soul, 46–47 degeneration reaction, 200 cowering responses in birds, 359 Deiters, Otto Freidrich, 141 creatine phosphate (CrP) Demiurge ∼P supply to ATP, 259 creator of world and man, 8 creation de novo,8–9, 44 Democritus CREB atoms, 16 activating genes for PKA, growth of new dendrites synapses, 335 serve for nutrition (Golgi), 142, 320 crest of sites of excitation (Cajal), 320 fast outflow pattern, 227 transport in, 233 drop-off, 232–233 dendritic contact (synapse), 320 critical period dendritic potentials, 331 in ducklings, 314 dendritic spines critical-point fixation, 274 decrease in schizophrenia, 323 Croone, William change shape, 329 animal spirits and muscle, 81 change with Ca2+, 331 nerve impulse a vibration, 81 polyribosomes at base of, cross-innervation shorten in LTP, 329 of muscles, 197 site of synapse, 322

INDEX 425

dendritic varicosities (beading) drop-off of crest and function, 322 cut nerve, 232–233 denervated muscle garfish nerves, 233 stimulation, 183 du Bois-Reymond, Emil dense-core vesicles, 253 nerve conduction velocity, 123 deoxyglucose label dualism, 64–65, 358 increase after learning, 337 Sherrington, 311–312 increase in chick brain with learning, dura mater 337 driving force, 95 departure technique dying back and dying forward, fast rates for AChE, 249–250 299–302 fast rate for NA, 253 dynamic process depolarization by K+ and in growth cones, 277 transport, 287 dynein Descartes, Rene´ retrograde transport, 272–273 animal spirits, 64–66 dysbinden dualism, soul and body, 64–65, 358 in schizophrenia, 351 fibrils within nerve fibers, 70 muscle contraction, 67–68 Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 134 nerve fibers, hollow tubes, 65–66 electric fish pineal, 73–75 discharge, 115, 121 reciprocal action of muscles, 69–70 electric organ, 113–115 reflexes, 70–73 electric machine, 110 visual field projection onto retina, electric shock 66 therapy, 115–116 desipramine electrical fields anti-calmodulin agent, 291 and brain unity, 319 DFP (see di-isopropylfluorophosphate) electrical theory of polyneuropathy, 302 synaptic transmission, 129, 327–328 diabetic neuropathy, 293 electricity, 109–110 difluophosphate (DFP) as a cure, 115–118 block of AChE, 247 as animal spirits, 111–112 di-isopropylfluorophosphate, 301 artificial, 111 dimethylsulfoxide, 296 conductors, nonconductors, 111 di-n-butyl dichlorvas (DBDCP) effluvium, 109 retrograde transport, 302 natural, 111 2, 4 dinitrophenol, 292 nerve agent, 111 Diogenes, 10 not nerve agent, 112–113 Direct cortical responses, 331 one fluid theory, 109 disulfiram phlogiston, 115 block of DBH, 253 produced by metals, 121 DMSO (see dimethylsulfoxide) therapeutic use of, 115–118 DNA two kinds, 109 block, 286 unknown matter, 112–113 domestication and electrotonic effects on dogs behaviors, 359 cells and axons, 327 dopamine (DA), 253 elements – dopamine-β′-hydroxylase, 253 four, 24–25 double vagotomy Empedocles, 9 lethality, 195–196 sensory channels, 21 doxorubicin (adriomycin), 286 encephalization, 310 dreams – evolution and, 310 concept of soul, 6 end plate potential (EPP), 128 drive – endoplasmic reticulum (ER) reflex behavior, 313 transport route, 273

426 INDEX

English empiricists and length of nerve, 230–233 no innate ideas (Hume, Locke), 358 different animal species, 230 entelechy, 45 in sensory and motor fibers, 230 Epicurus size of animal, 230 atomism, 16 temperature, 230 EPP (see end plate potential) Fernel, Jean EPSP “life soul”,54 excitatory post synaptic potential, 129 physiology textbook, 53 ER (see endoplasmic reticulum) fibers Erasistratus axoplasm in, 220 nerve distinguished from tendon, 22 damming of, 217 ether embryogenesis of, 142 throughout space (Newton), 89 emerging from cells, 136–139 ether in nerve gel-like or fluid content, 137 spirit action, 89 hollow, 87–88 ethologists in invertebrates, 142 chained reflexes, 312 in the brain evolution partial compression of, 219 of nervous system, 311, 314–316 of Remak excitatory postsynaptic potential, 129 unmyelinated, 147 extromission theory, 21 fibrillary material eye in nerve fibers, 263–264 injected with labeled precursor, 241 fibrils within nerve fibers, 148 FA (see fluoracetate) open trap doors over fibers, 70 Fabricius ab Aquapendente field theory, 326 valves in veins, 60 filopodia, 210 face stimulation flexor withdrawal reflex evokes phantom limb, 349 nociceptive stimulus and, 307 faculties Fludd, Robert (Flud), 54 not localized in brain, 318 heart and sun, 60–61 faculties of reason fluid outflow transcendental (Kant), 362 from cut fibers, 221–222 fast rate of transport of fluidity of HNS hormones and neurophysins, 258 membrane lipids, 164, 166 fast transport fluoracetate (FA), 262 of AChE, 247 Fontana, Felice “all-or-none”, 231 fiber is cylindrical, 132–134 characterized using 3H labeled amino regeneration, 194 acid, 226–228 form, soul as, 45 in non-mammalian species, 239–241 formyl-leurosin, 286 models not based on motor molecules, fos protein 273–274 binds to DNA, 333 models of, 264–274 four elements, 24 motor molecules, 269–273 Franklin, Benjamin pattern in dorsal columns, 233 one-fluid theory of electricity, 109 of AChE by departure, 249 freeze-substitution of NA , fixation to “hold”fiber form, 144, 153, by departure, 253–254 165 of particles, 258 Freud, Sigmund, 148 shown using double ligations, 247 front fast transport rate fast transport pattern, 227 advance of front, 228 frontal lobotomy and age, 230 schizoid symptoms, 351 and fiber diameter, 230–231 fundamental period of lamellae, 146

INDEX 427

Galen glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase 4th ventricle function, 33–34 (GPOH) alternate mechanical view of nerve, blocked by IAA, 261 33–34, 102 glycolysis blood in arteries, 26–27 block by iodoacetic acid, 261, 292 exteroceptive concept of vision, 32 Golgi silver stain of flow of spirits in ventricles, 29 individual neurons, 320 hemiplegia and cord section, 30 GPDH (see glyceraldehyde phosphate importance in Middle Ages, 24 dehydrogenase) mechanical action of nerve, 33–35 grain in nerve fiber soul, temperament, 26 animal spirits, 132–134 vision, 32 Greek learning voice, 31–32 transmitted to the West, 43–45 Galenism growth associated protein in Middle Ages, 36 increase with learning, 338 Galileo Galilei growth cone new physics, 58 acts as battering ram, 204 Gall and Spurzheim, 318 processes in, 204, 210–211 Galvani, Luigi Guy de Chauliac animal electricity, 118 nerve regeneration, 188 galvanometer resuturing cut nerves, 188 recording of potentials, 123 ganglia habituation, 325 “little brains”, 104 Haighton, John H. accelerate flow of nerve spirits, 104 vagus nerve regeneration, 194–195 act by muscle, 104 half-lives of control by the will, 104 microtubules and neurofilaments, 277 limits power of volition, 104 Hall, Marshall mechanical action of, 105 reflexes, 308 GAP proteins Haller, Albrecht von, 95 and phosphokinase C, 338 Harvey, William, 58–62 Gaskell, Walter Holbrooke chorda tendeneae in heart as nerves, and Schwann’s hypothesis, 144 60 Gassendi, Pierre circulation, 62 revival of atomism, 64 nerves pipes not reins, 62 generator potential overturn of Galenic physiology in sensory terminals, 126 Hebb, Donald O., 326 genetic defect Hebbian learning, 326 in use of language, 363 hegemonikon, 11 Gerard of Cremona control of intelligence, 11 transmission of medical literature, 45 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig von Gestalt psychology, 363–365 fibers from cells, 138 concept of a field, 365 Henle, Jakob Friedrich, 137 ghost Heraclitus supernumary limb, 350 everything changes, 18, 20 giant nerve fiber, 126 Herophilus Gilbert Angelicus, 188 brain structure, 22 Gilbert, William herpes simplex virus magnetism and electricity, 109 transport of, 286–287 glandular cells in cortex, 88 herpes virus fragment glossocomion transport carrier to cell bodies, 219 analogy to laryngeal nerve, 33 hexacarbons glucose, 261–262 neurofilament excess, 299–300 glutamate high energy phosphate bond (∼P) NMDA receptors on spines, 330 drives transport, 259

428 INDEX

Hinam ibn Isbaq immortality extromission theory, 46 “proved” in Meno, 49 Hippocrates imprinting, 314 sacred disease natural, 14 incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann, 153, 165 trepanation, 15 inhibitory post synaptic potential, 129 histodynamic factor injury potential – in nerve, 207 demarcation potential, 122 HNS (see hypothalamo-neurohypophysial innateness of sensory expectation – system) courtship rituals, 360 Hobbes, Thomas instinct vibrations in nerve, 63 evolutionarily determined, 359 homunculus innate behavior, 312–314 somethetic map in cortex, 347 innate but alterable, 359 hormone-like material individual variations, 360 transported by neurofibrils, 264 thinking in, 360 horseradish peroxidase variations, 360 in canary brain, 345 β-integrin retrograde transport intra-axon, 236 membrane skeleton component, 161 trace fibers, 233 Intelligence HRP (see horseradish peroxidase) instinctive behavior and, 360 humoral balance as not related to size of animal, 40 state of health, 25 interaction Hunayn medicine material sensory, immaterial mind, 358 Galenic basis of, 36 intercostals Hunter, John, 190 branch from the vagus, 103 hunting by falcon shows separate from vagus nerves, 103 chained reflex behavior, 312 intermediate transport rates, 243 γ -hydroxybutyric acid, 262 internodes, 146 hyperawareness in autism, 358 earliest change in degeneration, 177 hyperbeading, 154 intra-axonal transport hyperconnectivity – of toxins, virus, enzymes, 236 autism, 351 intromission theory of hypersensitivity in sight, 21 denervated muscle, 184 introspection, 355 hypothalamo-neurophysial system (HNS) intuition – transport, 257–258 direct apprehension, 362 invertebrate nerves, reunion of, 202 IAA (see iodoacetic acid) involuntary nervous system iatrochemists, 93 autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system, iatrophysicists, 93 102–104 Iatrotheology – iodoacetic acid (IAA) church medicine, 37 blocks glycolysis, 261 idiot savant ion basis of autistic capabilities, 358 membrane potentials, 124 IDPN (see β-β′ iminodipropionitrile) IPSP (see inhibitory post synaptic potential) β,β′-iminodipropionitrile iron-wire model, 146 effect on neurofilaments, 161 irritability, 96 increased drop-off of NF subunits, 298 Ishi – an general disruption of cytoskeleton American Indian stone-age man, 3 organelles, 298 Isogogue selective block of neurofilaments, 297 outline of medicine, 41 β, β′ iminodipropionitrile, 296–299 isotope tracer characterize transport, imipramine 223–228 anti-calmodulin, 291 immediate recognition Jackson, John Hughling, 311 loss in prosopagnostics, 357 John Philoponus, 42–43

INDEX 429

Kant, Immanuel lesser circulation cause and effect, 362–363 through lungs, 59 sensation, perception, 361–362 leupeptin and E64 kinesin augment neurofilaments in terminals, anterograde transport motor, 259 301 anterograde movement, 269 protease inhibitors block turnaround, ATPase of, 270 301 inactive state, 270 levels of nervous system, 310–311 micromechanical action, 270 Leyden jar molecular properties, 269–272 storage of electrical charge, 110 kinesin heads limb regeneration bind to tubulin, 271–272 in newts, 202 move along microtubules, 271 limbic system – processive movement, 271 emotion and memory, 328 kinesin molecule lipid utilization, 292 globular heads, 269 local synthesis in kinesin tail peripheral nerve, 224 cargo attaches to, 271 local uptake of labeled amino acids Kuru in tectum, lateral geniculate, 242 eating brains cause of, 6–7 localization of function and brain lesions, 318 lamellae of myelin sheath, 144 Locke, John La Mettrie, Julian Offray de mind a tabula rasa at birth, 64 atomism, 99 long term potentiation (LTP) materialist, atheism, 98 in hippocampus, 328–331 la Roche, Daniel de long-term memory nerve regeneration, 190 ascent of PKA to the nucleus in Aplysia, labeled tetanus toxin 333 to trace transport, 236 LTP (see long term potentiation) language Lucretius – atomism, 16 evolved only in humans, 363 genetic defect in, 362–363 macrocosm – inborn – the Cosmos, 10 generalized grammar rules, 363 Magendie, Francois, 170 laryngeal nerve magnesium ligation shows function in vocalization, substitute for calcium, 288 31 magnetism, 109 movement around a pulley, 33 magnetoencephalography (MEG) later wave shows cortical activity, 349 shows slow transport, 243 maimonides, 43–44 l-DOPA major circulation to DA, 254 through body, 59 learned bar pressing learned in Malabranche, de Nicolas one hemisphere with SD, 343 “occasionalism”,95 learned behavior vs Malpighi, Marcello innate behavior, 312 brain a “glandular” organ, 86 learning capacity and capillaries, 60 amount of cortex, 319 nerve cells, 88–89 learning in Aplysia MAO (see monoamine oxidase) molecular basis of, 333–335 MAPs (see microtubule associated proteins) retention of, 339–344 mating behavior – Leeuwenhoek, Antony van stereotyped responses, 312 fiber form, 131 matrix transport hypothesis – of Leonardo de Vinci interconnected organelles, 153, 245 anatomical studies, 51–53 maturation wax casts of ventricles, 52 of nerve fiber, 207

430 INDEX

Mayow, John transport, 149, 264 animal spirits from brain into cord, 308 tubulin subunit turnover, 149 muscle contraction a fermentation, 81 mind maytansine, 295 brain organization, 98 maze mind-body problem, 65 intelligence test, 319 intermediating substance (Hartley), 107 MBK (see methyl-n-butyl ketone) miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP) membrane activity – fast transport and, 251 relation to transport rate, 287 Mitchell, S. Weir, 185 membrane destabilization phantom limb, 346 exposes NMDA receptors, 330 mitochondria membrane potential ATP production, 261 ionic basis of, 124 transport by microtubules, 265, 283 resting, 126–127 mitotic blocking agents, 294 membrane skeleton modeccin, 286 control of cell form, 153, 162, 331 Mondino de Luzzi memory consolidation, 328 early anatomy, 51 memory proteins monoamine oxidase, 253 need a changed DNA to be perpetuated, motor map 332 in cortex, 318 memory traces motor molecules, 268 cell-assembly (Hebb), 327 movement mental chemistry, 362 in severed body parts, 306–307 MEPP (see miniature end-plate potential) mRNA (see messenger RNA) fast transport of, 251 mucous mercury, 296 discharge, 76 Mesmer, 117 flow from ventricles, 76 messenger RNA, 284 Muller,¨ Johannes, 134 at base of spines, 335–336 fiber looping, 139 metabolic blocking agents Remak’s early neuron view, 139 halt transport, 292–294 muscle metallic ions atrophy on denervation, 182–183 effect on transport, 296 Leyden jar analogy, 118 methyl – Hg2+, 296 membrane changes on denervation, methyl n-butyl ketone, 299 184–185 neurofilament increase, 300 rhomboids, 84 microcosm – sponge-like action, 84 man, 10 muscle contraction microelectrode recording of ebullation in, 84 membrane potentials, 127–129 muscles neurotransmission, 128 irritability, 96 microfilaments music cure for tarantism, 91 actin, 153 musical festival for tarantism microperistalsis “the woman’s little carnival”,92 and slow transport, 274 myelin in Wallerian degeneration, 275 fundamental period, 146 microtrabecular network lamellae, 146 transport model, 274 lipid components shift on beading, microtubule associated proteins, 150 163–164 microtubule inhibitor, 294–295 membranes composition, 144–146 microtubules myelin fiber assembly in growth cones, 277 incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann, 147 in routing, 235 myelin formation, 146 stationary in mature nerve fibers, 281–282 myelin lamellae stationary in neurites, 278–279 fine structure, 163, 166

INDEX 431

myelin sheath nerve fiber (neurite) infoldings, 164 growth in vivo, 207–208 intrusions, 164 varicosities (beading), 134 leafing, 143, 165 vibrations, 96 thickness in beading constrictions and nerve fibers expansions, 156 continuous loops of, 138 water content, 144, 165 flow in, 97 myosin movement by concussion, 86 microfilament movement, 273 nerve agent, 97 lever-like action, 273 same for sensation and motion, 98 succus nervens in, 85 natural spirit nerve growth factor (NGF), 210 embryo in utero,25 routing of, 210 venous blood, 27 uptake by terminals, 210, 235 nature nerve impulse image of God, 38 duration, 123 Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa, 41 mechanical, by little bodies (Willis), soul, material, 26 79 Neoplatonism, 34 velocity, 122–123 Nernst equation – nerve particles membrane potential, 124 fluid–like, 107 nerve nerve principle, 121 channels for sensation and motion, 10 nerve puncture concussions, sensation and movement, feared by Galen, 190 85–86 nerve regeneration, 190 impulse by “little bodies”,79 bands of Fontana in, 194 individual senses of, 96 nerve reunion, 201 mechanical action, 33 nerve spirits resutured with rapid functional between fibers, 79–80 restitution, 198 nerve tubules tendons confounded with, 1–3 propagates by shaking, 85 undulations in, 79 spongy contents, 85 vibration of ether, 89 nerve-muscle preparation, 82 nerve agent nerves for neither spirit or electrical, 105 sensibility, 96 Newton’s elastic fluid, 106 nervous system vibration, 106–107 levels of, 310–311 nerve callous N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), 296 uniting cut nerve, 192 networks nerve cells innately organized, 365 analogy to secreting gland cells, neuregulin 1 215 in synapses, 351 energy generators, 137 neurite supply of nutritive energy, 174 rate of growth, 212 nerve channels neurobiotaxis, 321, 325 oily substance, 119–120 neuroblastoma cells and nerve conduction BTX, 287 etherial, 89–91 neurofibrils in nerve factor and jellyfish nerve fibers, 148 contractility, 184–185 neurofilaments nerve fiber fluorescent label in, 279 animal spirits in, 86 stationary in fiber, 277–279 form of, 130 toxic agents acting on, 296–299 formed by chained cells, 144 triplet of protein subunits, 149 myelin segments, 146 variation along fibers, 277

432 INDEX

neurogenesis, 345 noradrenaline (NA) in mature brain, 344–346 fast transport rate, 252 prefrontal cortex of macaque, 345 nous – neuromas mind, reason, 9 cause of phantom limb pain, 347 neuromatrix ocular dominance bands, 242 phantom limb pain, 347 Ola mouse (C57BL/6/Ola) nerve neuron doctrine, 130, 142–143 delayed cytoskeletal disaggregation, early neuron doctrine of Remak, 180 143 slow anterograde and retrograde neuron schematization transport, 279–281 of functions, 353 one-trial learning, 325 neuronal spread in one-trial passive avoidance in cortical regions, 348 new hatched chicks, 336 neurons operant conditioning, 342 and behavior, 324–325 organ culture confused with tendon, 1 neurite growth, 207 longevity in cortex, 319 Oribasis, 40 visual stimulus responses, 359 orientation reaction, 325 neuromatrix, 347 overshoot, 126 neuropathies due to inductive element, 127 transport defects, 303–304 oxytocin, 257 neurophysins in vesicles with HNS hormones, 257 pain neuropil – neuron processes, 320–325 breaking of fibrils, 71–72 neurorheuma – excessive sense stimulation, 73 nervous energy, 124 in medulla of nerves, 96 neurosecretion, 257 neuroma, 286 neurotransmission – Paracelsus and neuromuscular junction, 128 Galen’s teachings, 53 spinal cord, 129 parachloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid neurotransmitter transport, 247–257 (PCMBS), 296 neurotrophic control, 185–186, 210 Pare,´ Ambroise neurotropic factor, 208–209 treatment nerve wounds, 189–190 in nerve, 205 particle transport protein, 209 visualized with AVEC-DIC microscopy, neurotropic factor, 204–206 258–259 Newton, Sir Isaac, 89–91 passive avoidance conditioning, 326 NF (see neurofilaments) Paul of Aegina, 187 NGF (see nerve growth factor) Pavlov, Ivan, 325 NGF uptake in terminals, 210 Pavlovian conditioning Nissl bodies (particles), 215 in Aplysia, 333 RNA of, 202 parachloromercuribenzene, 296 nitro-aerial particle (matter), 81–82 p-bromophenylacetylurea (BPAU) animal spirits, 81–82 dying back neuropathy, 300–301 functionally like oxygen, 81–82 PCMBS (see parachloromercuribenzene) in muscle, 81 perception shift nitrogen anoxia illusionary figures, 364 blocks transport, 292 perceptions N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in innately organized, 359–360 spine heads, 330 perceptual shift and contraction by nonmetallic arc, 122 shift of theories, 364 Nobili, Leopold Perkins’ tractors – an contraction by nonmetallic arc, 122 electrical “cure”, 117 nodes of Ranvier, 146 Pfluger-Lotze¨ controversy changes in degeneration, 177 spinal soul, 308

INDEX 433

Phaedo – porging immortality of the soul (Plato), 38 removal of nerve, 3 phantom limb, 346–350 Poseidonios described by Pare,´ 346 cell theory, 41 in patients born without limbs, 346 posterior pituitary gland, 257 locus in brain, 347 prefrontal lobe perception without sense data, 357 cortex in schizophrenics, 351 projecting body part loss, 350 pressure of rapid appearance on amputation, 350 fiber wall, 221 supernumary limb, 350 primary sensory region, 350 phase-sequence primitive man cell-assemblies, 327 animism, belief in, 1 Philoponus primitive nerve fiber, 132 vision in lens of eye, 43 printing, phrenology Gutenberg, 50 cortical localization of faculties (Gall and procaine action on Spurzheim), 318 transport, 287 physiologist procion yellow study of nature, 9 dye transport, 233 physis propagated potentials – nature, 9 failure to record, 122 Pineal gland prosopagnosia, 357 control of animal spirits, 54 protease inhibitors – Galen description of, 29 complex actions of, 301 location outside ventricle known to protein factor Galen, 67 initiates chromatolysis, 204 not delicately poised, 73 proteinkinase C, outside ventricle, 73 protein synthesis pivotal function in Descartes’ theory, 67 DNA and RNA control of, 217 PKC (see phosphokinase C) protein transport phosphokinase C inhibitors groups, 245 block retention of one-trial learning, protofilaments – 338 microtubule wall, 150 plateau protozoa drop-off from crest, 232 membrane processes, 315 fast outflow pattern, 227 pruning of neurites, 207–208 Plato psychotropic drugs brain the leading organ, 11–13 disrupt spider web, 360 Demiurge constructs nervous system, Purkinje, Johannes Evangelista – 12–13 axis cylinder, 136 Forms, 13 puromycin intellectual soul, 12 block of consolidation, 332 spinal cord production of semen, 13 block protein synthesis, 284 tripartate soul, 12 pyroantimonate plethysmography localization of calcium, 288 volume of contracting muscle, 82–83 Pythagoras, 9 Plotinus Neoplatonism. Soul an emanation of the Q10 “One”,40 scaling of temperatures, 239 pneuma Q10 of 2.0–2.5 cognate with spirit, 5 and metabolic process, 239 pneumatology, 4–6 polio virus Ranvier, Louis-Antoine transport of, 235 T-shaped cells, 141 polyribosomes rate of fast transport at base of dendritic spines, 330 in visual system, 243

434 INDEX

reciprocal innervation, 69 Roman empire, 37 recirculation of activity – routing memory, 326 in Aplysia fibers, 255 recognition – an into fiber branches of T-shaped cells, integration of sensory elements, 357 233–235 recovery without reunion, 199 in neurites, 208 redundant neurites, to neuron spines, 335 pruning of, 208 Ruysch, Frederick reflex pattern injection of blood vessels, 94 laid down as a whole, 313 reflexes, 70 Salerno fossilized intelligence, 310 City of Hippocrates, 44 integrated, 355 saltatory conduction purposeful, 307 myelinated nerve fiber, 147 reflexologic school SCa reflex chaining during development, 313 compatibility with regeneration rate, 276 regenerating fibers – decrease with distance along nerve, 276 following partial compression, 219 slow component a, 245 regeneration SCb discribed by Waller, 198 slow component b, 245 in fibers of CNS, 142 schizophrenia into their own functional type, 197–198 genetic changes in, 351 of limb nerves, 196–197 Schleiden, Matthias Jakob peripheral fibers, 142 plant cells, 143 Remak, Robert Schwann, Theodore early neuron doctrine, 136–138 animal cells, 143 form of nerve, 134–135 Schwann cell 3-germ layers, 144, 165 proliferative spread in Wallerian Jewishness and acceptance of his early degeneration, 182 neuron theory, 143, 165 Schwann cells Remak–Valentin nerve fibers formed by, 143–144 controversy, 136–142 sciatic nerve resonance eating of proscribed by Cherokee Indians, brain unity, 319 3 respiration movements eating of proscribed in Bible, 2–3 act on ganglia, 106 sciatica in brain and animal spirits, 101 described by Cotugno, 115, 121 resting potential oily substance obstruction, 121 muscle, 128 scriptoria rete mirabili, 27, 75 manuscript transcriptions, 47 Galen description of, 27 SDS-PAGE protein separation, 245 retrograde transport, 235–236 secretory cells of HNS reunion paraventricular nucleus (PVN), 257 accepted by Waller, 200–201 supraophic nucleus (SON), 257 analogy to soldering, 200 sensation contra regeneration, 198–200 a priori formal conditions of (Kant), reverberatory activity 361–362 trace formation in cell-assembly, 327 involves higher processes, 361–362 rheotome sensation to perception, 358 form of action potential, 123 sense data ricin, 286 primary cortex reception, 356 Roger of Salerno, 187 senses Roland of Parma, 188 vibration of ether, 90 rolling vesicle sensible and irritable tissues model of transport, 266 of body, 96

INDEX 435

Sensitization cannot be divided, 54 in Aplysia, 333 divisible, 305–307 sensorium commune,34–35 immaterial, occupies no space, 39 sensory code, 125 immortality, resurrection, 25–26 sensory fiber material fiery nature, 77 repetitive discharge, 125, 358 of brutes, corporeal, 77 sensory receptor areas of man rational, immaterial, immortal, 78 in cortex, 347–348, 358 pineal gland location in, 67 shift in, 349 conceptual thought in man, 78 sensory-motor integration resembles body in form, 38 in perception, 357 thinking soul, 65 sentient principle, 307 soul divisible in reflexes, 307 insects, 305, 306 Sephadex spinal dog, 306 protein separation, 244 soul in inanimate objects serotonin magnetism and electricity, 109 in conditioning, 333 soul, sensitive, 82 fast transport in single nerve fibers, 255 souls generates cAMP and PKA in Aplysia, 333 two seen on spinalization, 309 transport in vesicles, 255–257 sound Servetus, Michael cortical maps of, 358 “lesser circulation”–through lungs, 58 spectrin and Sherrington, Charles Scott form of spines, 331 reflex studies, 142 membrane and beading, 331 side-arms of microtubules α-spectrin/fodrin transport model, 267 in membrane skeleton, 162 Skinner box, 342 speech region sinew in brain, 318 Biblical reference to sciatic nerve spinal animal see tendon, 2 spontaneity lost, 307 slow component a (SCa), 245 spinal cord slow component b (SCb), 245 consciousness in, 309 slow transport extension of brain, 305 models, 274–281 hemisection, hemiplegia, 30 movement of microtubules and regeneration, 212–214 neurofilaments, 275 regeneration feeble in mammals, 212 in C57BL/6/Ola nerves, 279–281 transection shows function, 30 Social Darwinians, 356 spine, dendritic sodium form change with Ca2+, 331 transport, 287 shortening and sodium cyanide synaptic strength, 329 blocks oxidation, 260 spirit Sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent essential for life (see soul), 5–6 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis spirits (SDS-PAGE) animating (things, animals, people), 3–6 protein separation, 245 split-brain restricts sodium hypothesis, 126–127 learning in one hemisphere, 339 sodium pump, 127 visual engram to one hemisphere, 339 somesthetic map – sponges body sensation, 358 specialized contractile cells, 315 soul spreading depression an emanation of the “One”,40 restricts learning to one hemisphere, 340 appetites of, 6 St. Augustine – atoms of, 16–17 soul extended throughout body, 39–40 brain location, 31 soul learns, 40

436 INDEX

St. Thomas Aquinas, 48–49 tarantela spider, 89–91 static electricity tarantella discovered by Thales, 108 music dissolves coagulum in nerve, 91 Steno, Nicolaus venom coagulates spirits in nerve, 91 pineal gland fixed – contradicts Descartes’ tarantella dancing theory, 73 orgiastic, 91 stereotype responses hysterical phenomenon, 91 reflexes, 312 taxol stimulation at high rates and microtubule assembly, 295 transport, 287 neuropathy, 296 Stoicism temperament, reason in Cosmos (see macrocosm), balance of elements, qualities, 26 17–18 temperature stop-flow – shows effect on transport rate, 239 fast rate for AChE, 250 tendon fast rate for noradrenaline, 253 confused with nerve, 1 stream of thought, 355 tensegrity theory streptozotocin (STZ), 293 cell form hypothesis, 161 string of pearls Tertullian beading, 167 Greek philosophy, hostility to, 38 strontium material soul, a breath, immortal spirit, substitutes for calcium, 288 38–39 structural hypothesis Neoplatonism, 39 slow transport of cytoskeletal organelles, tetanus toxin 275–277 transport, 235 STZ (see streptozotocin) tetanus toxin fragment suicide axoplasmic transport, 286 carrier for DNA alterants, 236 sulfhydril blockers, 296 tetrodotoxin and supernumary phantom transport, 287 limb, 350 TFP (see trifluoperizine) sural nerve thalamic reorganization in biopsies of, 303 macaque, 351 surface tension Thales of Miletus models of (Plateau), 222 electricity, 108 suturing water as arche,9 divided nerve, 187 Theophrastus Swammerdam, Jan, 82 channels for sensation, perception, 20 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 100 thinking soul res cogitans synapse, 142 in pineal gland (Descartes), 64 term introduced by Sherrington, Timaeus, 11–14 320 Tinel sign, 212 synapses in cortex and trace – higher functions, 320–325 memory, 327 synaptic influences transfer of memory over long distances, 327 in chick brain, 338 synaptic delay, 128 hippocampus and cortex, 338–339 synaptic knobs (boutons), 327 learned engram in cortex, 339–340, synthesis block of protein and 343 transport failure, 284–287 transfer RNA (tRNA), 284 synthetic a priori truths transport in Kant’s philosophy, 361 dependance on oxidative metabolism, 238 tabula rasa failure on anoxia, 259 no innate ideas, 64, 314 of ferment-like substances, 216 tags of hormone-like material, 216 for calmodulin guidance, 335 measured in functional nerve, 241

INDEX 437

of metabolic – related substances, 216 vacuum behavior models of, 263–283 in hungry coelenterata, 313 of respiratory ferments, 216 in hungry starlings, 313 in vitro, 237–238 vagal nerve transport by filaments innervation of heart, 52–53 hypothesized, 264 regeneration of, 190 transport filament vagotomy model, 266–268 esophageal function defect, 196 transport rate depends on lethal effects, 191 drop-off kinetics from carriers, 282 vagus nerve trepanation, 6 regeneration of, 190 for spirits, 6–7 Valentin, Gabriel Gustave medical procedure, 7 fibers and cell separate entities, 136 tricarboxylic acid cycle, 261 valves in veins block by fluoracetate, 292 toward the heart, 60 trifluoperazine varicosities (beading), 153 anti-calmodulin agent, 291 artifacts of preparation, 134 tripartate soul, 25 early phase of degeneration, 180–181 tritium (3H) amino acid precursor normal nerve property, 134 protein transport tracer, 224, 226 see beading, 153 triton X-100 caused by DFP, 301 permeabilizes sheath and axolemma, in unmyelinated axons, 181 288 vasa nervorum tRNA (see transfer RNA) blood supply of nerve, 164, 166 trophic influence of cells vasopressin, 257 on its fibers, 172–173 ventricles trophic nerve fibers, 185 compression and incision of, 30–31 tropic influences on vermis regenerating sciatic nerve fibers, 205 valve between brain cells, 29, 41 TTX (see tetrodotoxin) ventricular fluid flow control, 29 tubulin Vesalius, Andreas assembly into microtubules, 211 anatomy demonstration at Bologna, 55 subunits, α and β, 149 challenges to Galenic teaching, 55, 57 tubulin binding agents, 294 De corporis humani fabrica,55 microtubule block, 265 function of laryngeal nerve, 55 tulidora nerve sheath not a path for animal spirits, neuropathy, 302 57 turnaround, 236 remnants of Galenic teaching, 55 thiol proteases in, 301 similarity of brain parts in animals and two-dimensional protein separation, man, 56 246 transformation of spirits in brain tyrosine substance, 56 to l-DOPA, 254 vesicle movement tyrosine hydroxylase transport of, 254 by kinesin, 268–273 vesicles unconditioned stimulus, 325 roll along microtubule, 265–266 unit membrane, 146 vibrations unit reaction in in solid nerve fibers, 89 reflex integration, 353 vinblastine, 294 Unitary Hypothesis vinca alkaloids for all rates of transport, 282–283 iontophoretically administered, 286 universities vincristine, 294 growth of, 48 visual cortex uptake in nerve terminals thinner in kittens raised in darkness, 324 “back-door” for pathogens and toxins and visual field mapped viruses, 235 in visual cortex, 359

438 INDEX

visual unit responses Waller’s second law of a visual object, 359 fiber viability depends on its cell, 172–176 visual sensation wax tablet mechanical stimulation, 90 analogy to sensation, 34 visual system Weber-Fechner law transport in, 241–244 sensory perception, 126 vital spirit, 27 Wepfer, Johann Jakob volkensin, 286 circle of Willis precursor, 75 whole pattern of behavior, 313 Waldeyer, Wilhelm wholeness neuron doctrine, 142 in perception, 363 Waller, Augustine Volney, 171 Whytt, Robert reunion, 200 soul in brain and spinal cord, 307 Waller, Augustus Desire,´ 175 Willis, Thomas Waller, Mary A. animal spirits in gray matter, 76 drawing of cells and fibers, 175 distillation of animal spirits, 75 Wallerian degeneration, 169, 170 fixed position of pineal gland outside beading and ovoids spread along fibers, ventricle, 75 177 higher functions in brain parts, 76 blocks axoplasmic transport, 284 soul extended throughout body, 77 in fish lateral-line nerve, 176 wind lag of onset, 178 air, life-giving power (see macrocosm), 4 proximo-distal spread along nerve, impregnation of mares by, 4–6 176–178 wind egg, 4 regeneration, 198 simultaneous onset along nerve fibers, Zeno 177 Stoic arguments against motion, 17 of unmyelinated fibers, 181–182 Zinc, 296 Waller’s first law zinc pyridinethione, 301 to trace fibers, 171 turnaround inhibition, 301