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Integrating the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia International REVIEW OF Neurobiology Volume 78 International REVIEW OF Neurobiology Volume 78 SERIES EDITORS RONALD J. BRADLEY Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, USA R. ADRON HARRIS Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Drug Addiction Research The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA PETER JENNER Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics GKT School of Biomedical Sciences King’s College, London, UK EDITORIAL BOARD ERIC AAMODT HUDA AKIL PHILIPPE ASCHER MATTHEW J. DURING DONARD S. DWYER DAVID FINK MARTIN GIURFA MICHAEL F. GLABUS PAUL GREENGARD BARRY HALLIWELL NOBU HATTORI JON KAAS DARCY KELLEY LEAH KRUBITZER BEAU LOTTO KEVIN MCNAUGHT MICAELA MORELLI JOSE´ A. OBESO JUDITH PRATT CATHY J. PRICE EVAN SNYDER SOLOMON H. SNYDER JOHN WADDINGTON STEPHEN G. WAXMAN Integrating the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia EDITED BY ANISSA ABI-DARGHAM Department of Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons New York State Psychiatric Institute Columbia University, New York, USA OLIVIER GUILLIN Unite´ de Psychiatrie CHU ch. Nicolle Rouen, France AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright ß 2007, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (www.copyright.com), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2007 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0074-7742/2007 $35.00 Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting ‘‘Support & Contact’’ then ‘‘Copyright and Permission’’ and then ‘‘Obtaining Permissions.’’ For information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com ISBN-13: 978-0-12-373737-3 ISBN-10: 0-12-373737-0 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 07080910987654321 CONTENTS Contributors......................................................................... xi Preface ................................................................................... xiii Neurobiology of Dopamine in Schizophrenia Olivier Guillin,Anissa Abi-Dargham, and Marc Laruelle I. Introduction .................................................................... 1 II. Dopaminergic System in the Brain.......................................... 3 III. Evidence Supporting Alterations of DA Systems in Schizophrenia .... 9 IV. Conclusions ..................................................................... 25 References ...................................................................... 26 The Dopamine System and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia: A Basic Science Perspective Yukiori Goto and Anthony A. Grace I. Introduction .................................................................... 42 II. Neuroanatomy of DA Systems ............................................... 42 III. DA Neuron Activity and Release............................................. 45 IV. Cellular Actions of DA ........................................................ 49 V. Roles of DA on Cognitive and AVective Functions ....................... 51 VI. Development and Maturation of the DA System.......................... 53 VII. DA Deficits in Schizophrenia ................................................ 55 VIII. Conclusions ..................................................................... 58 References ...................................................................... 58 Glutamate and Schizophrenia: Phencyclidine, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors, and Dopamine–Glutamate Interactions Daniel C. Javitt I. Introduction .................................................................... 70 II. Glutamatergic Physiology ..................................................... 71 III. Glutamatergic Models of Schizophrenia ................................... 75 IV. Clinical Studies with NMDA Agonists....................................... 81 v vi CONTENTS V. Potential Causes of Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia ...... 90 VI. Future Research and Treatment Implications ............................. 96 References ....................................................................... 96 Deciphering the Disease Process of Schizophrenia: The Contribution of Cortical GABA Neurons David A. Lewis and Takanori Hashimoto I. Working Memory Impairments: A Core Feature of Schizophrenia ..................................................... 109 II. Working Memory Impairments and Altered GABA Neurotransmission in the DLPFC ................................... 110 III. Potential Pathogenetic Mechanisms for Cell Type-Specific Alterations in GABA Neurons ............................... 118 IV. Connecting Alterations in PV-Positive Neurons to Working Memory Impairments: Decreased Gamma Band Synchrony in Schizophrenia........................................... 122 V. Treatment Implications........................................................ 123 References ....................................................................... 124 Alterations of Serotonin Transmission in Schizophrenia Anissa Abi-Dargham I. Introduction..................................................................... 133 II. Alteration of 5-HT Receptors in Schizophrenia ........................... 134 III. Pharmacological Manipulation of 5-HT Transmission in Schizophrenia................................................................ 141 IV. 5-HT–DA Interactions Relevant to Schizophrenia......................... 149 V. Discussions....................................................................... 151 References ....................................................................... 153 Serotonin and Dopamine Interactions in Rodents and Primates: Implications for Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drug Development Gerard J. Marek I. Introduction..................................................................... 166 II. Dopamine and 5-HT Receptors .............................................. 167 III. Psychomotor Stimulants: A Dopamine–Serotonin Interaction ‘‘Case Study’’.................................................................... 168 IV. Monoaminergic Nuclei Interactions......................................... 170 V. Serotonin and Dopamine in the Thalamus ................................ 172 VI. Dopamine and Serotonin in the Striatum.................................. 174 VII. Dopamine and Serotonin in the Hippocampal Formation .............. 176 VIII. Dopamine and Serotonin in the Prefrontal Cortex/Neocortex ........ 177 IX. Animal Models.................................................................. 181 CONTENTS vii X. Conclusions ..................................................................... 183 References ...................................................................... 183 Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Joshua A. Berman,David A. Talmage, and Lorna W. Role I. Introduction .................................................................... 194 II. ACh in Brain Regions Implicated in Schizophrenia...................... 195 III. Physiology of ACh Circuits and Signaling in Brain Regions Implicated in Schizophrenia Pathology .................................... 198 IV. Developmental and Genetic Deficits in Schizophrenia That May Influence Function and Assembly of Cholinergic Systems .............. 203 V. Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Deficits in Components of Brain Cholinergic Systems in Schizophrenia .............................. 206 VI. Evidence for Cholinergic Contributions to Schizophrenia Pathophysiology from Clinical and Preclinical Psychopharmacology............................................. 208 VII. Conclusions ..................................................................... 213 References ...................................................................... 214 Schizophrenia and the 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Laura F. Martin and Robert Freedman I. Introduction .................................................................... 226 II. Neurobiological and Neurogenetic Evidence for a Link Between the 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Schizophrenia ........... 226 III. The Prototypic 7 Nicotinic Agonist, Nicotine, and Schizophrenia ... 228 IV. The Search
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